Active Communities: Headline Findings from the 2003 Home Office Citizenship Survey. Tony Munton and Andrew Zurawan

Active Communities: Headline Findings from the 2003 Home Office Citizenship Survey Tony Munton and Andrew Zurawan

Active Communities: Headline Findings from the 2003 Home Office Citizenship Survey Tony Munton and Andrew Zurawan Executive summary This short report uses initial findings from the 2003 Home Office Citizenship Survey to look at how patterns of active community participation in England have changed since 2001. Active citizenship is a key element of the Home Secretary s civil renewal agenda set out in his 2003 Edith Kahn Memorial lecture. The Home Office has commissioned two Citizenship Surveys to date, in 2001 and 2003, and plans to conduct a third in 2005. The 2003 Citizenship Survey involved interviews with a nationally representative sample of 9,486 people in England and Wales, and an additional sample of 4,571 people from minority ethnic groups. Data concerning active participation in communities provide information to monitor progress against a key Home Office Public Service Agreement, PSA 8: To increase voluntary and community sector activity, including increasing community participation, by five per cent by 2006. The Citizenship Survey asked people about three specific types of active community participation: Civic participation activities that include signing a petition, contacting a local councillor or public official working for a local council, attending a public meeting or rally, or contacting an MP. Informal volunteering giving unpaid help to an individual or others who are not members of the family. Formal volunteering giving unpaid help through groups, clubs or organisations to benefit other people or the environment (e.g. the protection of wildlife or improvement of public open spaces). Key points to emerge from initial findings of the 2003 Citizenship Survey are: The proportion of the population in England 1, aged 16 and over, engaged in active community participation (civic participation, informal or formal volunteering) at least once a month in the 12 months prior to interview has risen significantly, from 48 per cent in 2001 to 51 per cent in 2003. Extrapolating from survey percentages to the population of England as a whole, whilst never an exact science, suggests that around 18.8 million people were engaged in active community participation in 2001, compared to 20.3 million people in 2003, a rise of more than one and a half million 2. The proportion of people engaged in civic participation and formal volunteering has not changed significantly, but the proportion engaged in informal volunteering rose significantly from 34 per cent in 2001 (or around 13.5 million people), to 37 per cent in 2003 (14.9 million people). Achieving the PSA target of an increase of five per cent required an additional 932,000 people to be involved in community participation over the period 2001 to 2006, 1. PSA8 applies only to community participation in England. Consequently the analyses reported exclude Citizenship Survey data collected in Wales. 2. Grossed up figures used in the 2001 Citizenship Survey report (Attwood et al., 2003) were based on the 2001 Census. This report uses more recent ONS mid-year estimates for 2001 based on results from the Manchester matching exercise. These figures will differ slightly. 1

Introduction Civil renewal The Home Secretary outlined a framework for civil renewal in his 2003 Edith Kahn Memorial Lecture. Civil renewal, he said, must form the centrepiece of the government s reform agenda. 3 Personal volunteering, he concluded, strengthens communities, and helps people learn and care about the wider society and democracy of which they are a part. In a more recent pamphlet, Active Citizens, Strong Communities: Progressing Civil Renewal 4, he described civil renewal as being about engaging local people and groups actively in the decisions that affect them. The pamphlet reiterated the vital importance of civil renewal and set out ideas about how it can work in practice, identifying three elements necessary for communities to bring about change: Active citizenship: people given more opportunities and support to become actively involved in defining and tackling the problems of their communities, and improving their quality of life. Strengthened communities: communities helped to develop their capacity to form and sustain their own organisations, bringing people together to deal with their common concerns. Partnership in meeting public needs: public bodies involving citizens and communities more effectively in improving the planning and delivery of public services. This report examines early progress towards fulfilling the civil renewal agenda by focussing on how patterns of active participation in communities have changed between 2001 and 2003. It examines four key questions:. How many people participate in civic affairs and what do they do? How many people are involved in informal volunteering and what do they do? How many people volunteer formally and what do they do? Does active participation vary according to the relative deprivation of areas in which people live? Methodology The Home Office Citizenship Survey is a biennial survey designed to provide information concerning the delivery of Home Office s Aim 7 5. Specifically, the Citizenship Survey is designed to: be an effective policy tool, informing both policy development and delivery; and provide information for the measurement of Home Office Public Service Agreements. To that end, the Citizenship Survey includes questions that provide information on policies covering the areas of: active citizenship; racial prejudice and discrimination; people and their neighbourhoods; active community participation; and family networks and parenting. The 2003 Home Office Citizenship Survey includes data from a nationally representative sample of 9,486 people aged 16 and over living in private households in England and Wales. 6 The response rate was 64 per cent. In addition, the Survey included a minority ethnic booster sample of 4,571 people, drawn by using a combination of two approaches: 3. Civil Renewal: A New Agenda. The CSV Edith Kahn Memorial Lecture, 11 June 2003. Published by the Home Office Communication Directorate. 4. Active Citizens, Strong Communities: Progressing Civil Renewal is available on the Home Office website at www.homeoffice.gov.uk. 5. Aim 7: To support strong and active communities in which people of all races and backgrounds are valued and participate on equal terms by developing social policy to build a fair prosperous and cohesive society in which everyone has a stake. To work with other departments and local government agencies and community groups to regenerate neighbourhoods, to support families; to develop the potential of every individual; to build the confidence and capacity of the whole community to be part of the solution; and to promote good race and community relations, combating prejudice and xenophobia. To promote equal opportunities both within the Home Office and more widely and to ensure that active citizenship contributes to the enhancement of democracy and the development of civil society. 6. Random probability without replacement, stratified by minority ethnic density, population density, non-manual head of household and unemployment. 2

Over-sampling in areas where greater than 18 per cent of households contained people from minority ethnic groups, based on the 1991 Census. Focussed enumeration sampling at households two doors either side of each household drawn in the main sample, where households contained people from minority ethnic groups. The Office for National Statistics conducted interviews between March and September 2003. Interviews were conducted using Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI). Active participation in communities The Citizenship Survey defines active community participation in terms of three different activities: Civic participation activities that include signing a petition, contacting a local councillor or public official working for a local council, attending a public meeting or rally, or contacting an MP. Informal volunteering giving unpaid help to an individual or others who are not members of the family. Formal volunteering giving unpaid help through groups, clubs or organisations to benefit other people or the environment (e.g. the protection of wildlife or improvement of public open spaces). The proportion of people involved in active community participation has risen significantly since 2001. Forty-eight per cent of people in England aged 16 and over, were engaged in active community participation at least once a month in the 12 months prior to interview, compared with 51 per cent in 2003 (equivalent to around 20.3 million people). Whilst it is difficult to extrapolate with certainty from survey percentages to the entire population, the figures suggest that in the region of an additional 1.6 million people were involved regularly in active community participation over the period, a statistically significant increase. Analysis includes data on deprived areas in England. The Office of the Deputy Prime Minister s Index of Multiple Deprivation has been used to divide areas into ten groups (from the least to the most deprived). The Government Actuary s Department supplied data on populations in the form of 2002-based projections for 2003, which will be superseded by the Office for National Statistics mid-year estimate for 2003, when it becomes available. These data were correct at 4 January 2004. Figure 1 shows changes in the relative proportions across the three different types of active community participation. Rates of civic participation and formal volunteering have not changed significantly over the period. However, the increase in rates of informal volunteering from 34 per cent (or around 13.5 million people) to 37 per cent (or around 14.9 million people) is statistically significant. The remainder of this report looks in more detail at how patterns of active participation in communities have changed between 2001 and 2003 by examining four questions: How many people participate in civic affairs and what do they do? How many people are involved in informal volunteering and what do they do? How many people volunteer formally and what do they do? Does active participation vary according to the relative deprivation of the areas in which people live? 1. How many people participate in civic affairs and what do they do? The proportion of people who said they participated in civic affairs at least once a month during the 12 months before interview stayed constant at around 3 per cent during 2001 and 2003; that is equivalent to approximately 1.2 million people in England. 7 7. The 2003 population base was taken from 2002-based projections for 2003 from the Government Actuary s Department (GAD). 3

Figure 1: Participation in voluntary and community activities at least once a month in the 12 months before interview, by type of activity, 2001 and 2003 (%) Civic participation 3 3 Informal volunteering 34 37 2001 2003 Formal volunteering 27 28 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Note: respondents in England, excluding don t know/not stated The Citizenship Survey defines participation in civic affairs as being involved in at least one of the following: Contacting a local councillor. Contacting a Member of Parliament. Contacting a public official working for the local council. Contacting a Government official. Contacting an elected member of the Greater London Assembly including the Mayor of London. Contacting a public official working for the Greater London Assembly. Attending a public meeting or rally. Taking part in a public demonstration or protest. Signing a petition. People who reported participating in civic affairs once a month in the 12 months before interview were most likely to be involved in the following activities: signing a petition (60%); contacting a local councillor (43%); attending a meeting or rally (43%); contacting a public official working for the local council (41%). Although the same four activities were the most popular in 2001, there were some differences in the rank order and proportion of people engaged in these activities. In 2001, the most popular activity related to contacting public officials working for a local council whereas in 2003 it related to signing petitions. Significantly greater proportions of participants in civic affairs reported involvement in signing petitions in 2003 than in 2001 (60% in 2003 compared with 43% in 2001). This was also the case regarding taking part in public demonstrations or protests (9% compared with 22%). On the other hand, significantly lower proportions of respondents who participated in civic affairs reported involvement in contacting a public official working for the local council in 2003 than in 2001 (41% in 2003 compared with 64% in 2001). Further details can be found in Table A.4, Annex A. People of mixed race were more likely than those from other ethnic groups to participate in civic affairs (9%) in 2003, as they were in 2001 (see Table A.2, Annex A). The proportion of white men participating in civic affairs declined significantly over the period, from 5 per cent in 2001, to 3 per cent in 2003 (Table A.3, Annex A). No other significant variations were evident. 4

2. How many people are involved in informal volunteering and what do they do? Rates of informal volunteering increased significantly over the period 2001 2003. The proportion of people who said they had done some informal volunteering at least once a month in the 12 months before interview rose from 34 per cent (or around 13.5 million people) in 2001 to 37 per cent (around 14.9 million people) in 2003. That is an increase of around 1.4 million people in England informally volunteering every month. Informal volunteering is defined as giving unpaid help to someone, who is not a member of the respondent s family. People who reported involvement at least once a month during the 12 months prior to interview were most likely to be involved: giving advice to someone (50%); looking after property or a pet for someone who was away (36%); transporting or escorting someone (36%); babysitting or caring for children (33%); keeping in touch with someone (33%); doing shopping, collecting pension or paying bills (29%). Like civic participation, there were some differences in the rank order and proportion of people engaged in these activities. In 2001, for example, the second most popular activity related to looking after property or pets for someone who is away (36%), but in 2003 it was the fourth most popular activity (37%), though the proportions reporting this remained relatively stable. Significantly lower proportions of participants in informal volunteering reported involvement in giving advice (50% in 2003 compared with 55% in 2001); transporting and escorting people (36% compared with 40%); keeping in touch with someone who has difficulty getting out and about (33% compared with 39%) and doing shopping, collecting pensions or paying bills for someone (29% compared with 35%). Further details can be found in Table A.5, Annex A. Younger people, aged 16 to 24, were more likely to be involved in informal volunteering than any other age group. Forty-five per cent reported having been involved at least once a month in some informal volunteering activity in the 2003 survey. This pattern was roughly the same as in 2001 (Table A.1, Annex A). Amongst different ethnic groups, white people (38%), black people (38%) and people of mixed race (46%) were more likely than Asian people (33%) and Chinese/other people (26%) to be involved in informal volunteering. In 2001 the pattern was roughly the same, but between 2001 and 2003 there were significant increases in the participation of white people (from 35% to 38%) and Asian people (from 28% to 33%) (Table A.2, Annex A). The proportions of white men (31% to 34%), white women (38% to 41%) and Asian men (26% to 33%) participating in informal volunteering increased significantly over the period 2001 to 2003 (Table A.3, Annex A). The proportion of people who reported volunteering informally at least once in the 12 months before interview (as opposed to at least once a month) fell significantly, from 67 per cent (or around 26.5 million people) in 2001, to 63 per cent (around 25.1 million people) in 2003, a difference of roughly 1.4 million people. However, those that did volunteer at least once in the previous year put more hours in relative to 2001. Around 25.1 million people contributed on average around 70 hours each, compared with roughly 26.5 million people contributing around 63 hours in 2001. That is a total of approximately 1.8 billion hours (the equivalent of around 1 million full-time workers) in 2003. At the national average wage ( 12.10 per hour in 2003), their contribution was worth around 21.3 billion in 2003, compared to around 17.4 billion in 2001. 5

3. How many people volunteer formally and what do they do? The numbers of people involved in formal volunteering in England did not change significantly over the period 2001 to 2003. In 2003, 28 per cent of people volunteered formally at least once a month in the 12 months before interview (around 11.1 million people). Formal volunteering is defined as giving unpaid help to a group, club or organisation. Those 11.1 million people were most likely to be involved in: organising or helping to run an activity or event (57%); raising and handling money (54%); leading a group/being a member of a committee (40%); giving other practical help (32%). Although this pattern of activities was broadly similar to that found in 2001, there were some differences in the proportion of people engaged in these activities. Significantly lower proportions of participants in formal volunteering reported involvement in organising or helping to run an activity or event in 2003 than in 2001 (57% in 2003 compared with 61% in 2001); leading a group or being a member of a committee (40% compared with 44%); giving advice, information or counselling (28% compared with 34%); representing (16% compared with 20%) and giving other practical help (32% compared with 40%). Further details can be found in Table A.6, Annex A. People who reported participating in formal volunteering once a month in the 12 months before interview were most likely to have been working in the following areas: sports and exercise (43%); hobbies/recreation/arts/social clubs (40%); children s education/schools (37%); religion (37%). Although the same four areas were the most popular in 2001, there were some differences in the rank order and proportion of people engaged in these activities. In 2001, the second most popular field of interest was children s education and schools, whereas in 2003 it was hobbies, recreation, arts and social clubs. Similarly, in 2001 religion was the fourth most popular field of interest but in 2003 it was the third most popular field of interest. Among the 11 million or so people involved in formal volunteering, the proportions involved in different fields of interest changed. For example, the proportion involved in citizens groups increased significantly, from 6 per cent to 9 per cent. A similar pattern was evident across other activities: safety and first aid (up from 7% to 9%); adult education (up from 12% to 23%); the environment/animals (from 12% to 18%); local community or neighbourhood groups (from 15% to 21%); health, disability and social welfare (from 17% to 23%); youth and children s activities outside school (from 21% to 26%); religion (from 26% to 37%); hobbies, recreation, arts and social clubs (from 28% to 40%) children s education and schools (from 30% to 37%); sports and exercise (from 37% to 43%). Further details can be found in Table A.7, Annex A. Amongst different ethnic groups, white people (29%) and black people (27%) were more likely than any other to be involved in formal volunteering activities (Table A.2, Annex A). The proportion of white women involved in formal volunteering rose significantly, from 27 per cent in 2001 to 29 per cent in 2003 (Table A.3, Annex A). 6

The proportion of people who reported volunteering formally at least once in the 12 months before interview (as opposed to at least once a month) rose significantly, from 39 per cent (or around 15.4 million people) in 2001, to 42 per cent (around 17 million people) in 2003, a difference of roughly 1.6 million people. However, those that did volunteer at least once in the previous year put fewer hours in relative to 2001. Around 17 million people contributed on average around 104 hours each, compared with roughly 15.3 million people contributing around 106 hours in 2001. That is a total of approximately 1.8 billion hours (the equivalent of around 1 million fulltime workers) in 2003. At the national average wage ( 12.10 per hour in 2003), their contribution was worth around 21.3 billion in 2003, compared to around 16.9 billion in 2001. 4. Does active participation vary according to the relative deprivation of the areas in which people live? Data from both the 2003 and 2001 surveys suggest that people living in the least deprived areas are generally more likely to report higher rates of participation in formal volunteering than those living in the most deprived areas. The difference in the proportions of people reporting having participated in formal volunteering at least once a month in the 12 months before interview in the least deprived areas (Band 1) and in the most deprived areas (Band 10) was 15 per cent. This difference was quite similar to that reported in 2001. However, a somewhat different picture emerges when it comes to informal volunteering. Figures for 2003 show a gap of only 3 per cent between Band 1 and Band 9. People living in Bands from across the spectrum of deprivation reported significant increases in informal volunteering: Band 1 (up from 36% to 42%), Band 3 (up from 34% to 41%), Band 4 (up from 35% to 41%) and Band 8 (up from 32% to 39%). The relationship between active community participation and relative deprivation is not a simple one. Differences tend to be more marked for formal, rather than informal volunteering (Table A.8, Annex A). Conclusion Initial findings from the 2003 Citizenship Survey suggest people in England are increasingly active in their communities. The proportion of the population engaged in active community participation at least once a month rose significantly, from 48 per cent in 2001 to 51 per cent in 2003, an increase of around 1.6 million people. The rise is largely attributable to increases in the numbers of people engaging in informal volunteering activities, defined as giving unpaid help to a person who is not a member of one s family. Giving advice, looking after a neighbour s property or pets while they are away, transporting or accompanying someone and providing babysitting or caring for children were the most common activities. Young people are the most active in this area, as were particular ethnic groups, including white people, black people and people of mixed ethnic origins. People living in both relatively affluent and deprived areas seem to be engaging in more informal volunteering activities. As the proportion of people who reported volunteering informally at least once a month over the previous year went up, so the proportion that said they volunteered at least once a year went down. It may well be the case that the increase in informal volunteering is a case of the same people doing more rather than more people getting involved in volunteering per se. However given the data available, this particular hypothesis remains for the moment, purely speculative. Similarly, analyses done so far provide few clues as to why people are engaging in more informal volunteering. 7

References Attwood, C., Singh, G., Prime, D., Creasey, R., and others (2003): 2001 Home Office Citizenship Survey: people, families and communities. Home Office Research Study 270. London: Home Office. Thanks to ONS for providing some of the information contained within this report. Further details will be available in a more detailed report by ONS, available later in 2004. 8

Annex A Tables showing rates of participation in community activities Tables A.1, A.2, A.3 and A.8 show how participation rates vary by the type of activity; people s gender, age and ethnic group; and the level of deprivation in the areas in which they live. Tables A.4, A.5, A.6 and A.7 refer to activities undertaken and fields of interest. Table A.1: Participation in voluntary and community activities at least once a month in the 12 months before interview, by age, 2001 and 2003 (%) Civic participation Informal volunteering Formal volunteering 2001 2003 2001 2003 2001 2003 All 8 3 3 34 37 * 27 28 16 24 2 3 41 45 26 25 25 34 3 3 36 40 23 25 35 49 4 3 34 36 30 32 50 64 4 3 31 33 28 29 65 74 5 3 36 39 28 30 75+ 3 2 27 32 19 21 Respondents 9,426 8,895 9,318 8,918 9,388 8,919 Core sample, weighted percentages, unweighted respondents. *indicates statistically significant difference from the 2001 survey (5% level). England only. Table A.2: Participation in voluntary and community activities at least once a month in the 12 months before to interview, by ethnic group, 2001 and 2003 (%) Civic participation Informal volunteering Formal volunteering 2001 2003 2001 2003 2001 2003 All 3 3 34 37 * 27 28 White 4 3 35 38 * 27 29 * Mixed 6 9 40 46 25 22 Asian 3 3 28 33 * 23 23 Black 3 3 36 38 30 27 Chinese/Other 4 4 28 26 26 17 * Respondents 14,824 13,392 14,578 13,441 14,744 13,446 Core and minority ethnic boost, weighted percentages, unweighted respondents. *indicates statistically significant difference from the 2001 survey (5% level). England only. 8. The All row in this and subsequent tables has been included for reference and sets out total participation rates for the core England nationally representative sample, and does not include the minority ethnic booster sample. 9

Table A.3: Participation in voluntary and community activities at least once a month in the 12 months before interview, by ethnic group and gender, 2001 and 2003 (%) Civic participation Informal volunteering Formal volunteering 2001 2003 2001 2003 2001 2003 All 3 3 34 37 * 27 28 White men 5 3 * 31 34 * 27 28 White women 3 3 38 41 * 27 30 * Asian men 4 4 26 33 * 25 25 Asian women 2 2 31 33 20 22 Black men 4 3 33 34 27 22 Black women 3 4 39 40 33 32 Respondents 13,854 12,529 13,630 12,525 13,782 12,528 Core and minority ethnic boost, weighted percentages, unweighted respondents. *indicates statistically significant difference from the 2001 survey (5% level). England only. Table A.4: Participation in civic affairs, by activity, 2001 and 2003 (%) Activity Percentage of Percentage of Percentage civic participants civic participants difference reporting activity reporting activity in 2001 in 2003 Signing a petition 43 60 * +17 Contacting a local councillor 46 43-3 Attending a meeting or rally 38 43 +5 Contacting a public official working for the local council 64 41 * -23 Contacting a Member of Parliament 33 29-4 Taking part in a public demonstration or protest. 9 22 * +13 Contacting a Government official 24 16-8 Contacting a public official working for the Greater London Assembly - 2 +2 Contacting an elected member of the Greater London Assembly including the Mayor of London 1 2 +1 Respondents 334 267 Core sample, weighted percentages, unweighted respondents. * indicates statistically significant difference from the 2001 survey (5% level). England only. indicates less than.5% 10

Table A.5: Participation in informal volunteering, by activity, 2001 and 2003 (%) Activity Percentage of Percentage of Percentage informal volunteers informal volunteers difference reporting activity reporting activity in 2001 in 2003 Giving advice to someone 55 50 * -5 Looking after property or a pet for someone who is away 37 36-1 Transporting or escorting someone 40 36 * -4 Babysitting of caring for children 34 33-1 Keeping in touch with someone who has difficulty getting out and about 39 33 * -6 Doing shopping, collecting pensions or paying bills for someone 35 29 * -6 Writing letters of filling in forms for someone 27 26-1 Cooking, Cleaning, laundry, gardening or other routine household jobs for someone 24 22-2 Decorating or doing any kind of home or car repairs for someone 17 17 0 Any other activities 3 8 * +5 * Representing someone 8 7-1 Sitting with or providing personal care for someone who is sick or frail 7 7 0 Respondents 3,244 3,389 Core sample, weighted percentages, unweighted respondents. * indicates statistically significant difference from the 2001 survey (5% level). England only. indicates less than.5% Table A.6: Participation in formal volunteering, by activity, 2001 and 2003 (%) Activity Percentage of Percentage of Percentage formal volunteers formal volunteers difference reporting activity reporting activity in 2001 in 2003 Raising or handling money 56 54-2 Organising or helping to run an activity or event 61 57 * -4 Giving other practical help 40 32 * -8 Leading a group/being a member of a committee 44 40 * -4 Giving advice/information/counselling 34 28 * -6 Provide transport/driving 31 29-2 befriending/mentoring people Not in 2001 19 n/a Secretarial, admin. or clerical work 24 24 0 Representing 20 16 * -4 Campaigning 14 9 * -5 Any other help 8 9 +1 Respondents 2,506 2,500 Core sample, weighted percentages, unweighted respondents. * indicates statistically significant difference from the 2001 survey (5% level). England only. indicates less than.5% 11

Table A.7: Participation in formal volunteering, by field of interest, 2001 and 2003 (%) Field of interest Percentage of Percentage of Percentage formal volunteers formal volunteers difference reporting field of reporting field of interest in 2001 interest in 2003 Sports/exercise 37 43 * +6 Children s education/schools 30 37 * +7 Hobbies/recreation/arts/social clubs 28 40 * +12 Religion 26 37 * +11 Youth/children s activities (outside school) 21 26 * +5 Health/disability/social welfare 17 19 +2 Local community or neighbourhood groups 17 23 * +6 The environment/animals 12 18 * +6 Education for adults 12 23 * +11 The elderly 14 16 +2 Safety/first aid 7 9 * +2 Trade union activity 5 5 0 Citizen s groups 6 9 * +3 Justice/human rights 5 6 +1 Politics 5 5 0 Respondents 2,506 2,500 Core sample, weighted percentages, unweighted respondents. * indicates statistically significant difference from the 2001 survey (5% level). England only. indicates less than.5% Table A.8: Participation in voluntary and community activities at least once a month in the 12 months before interview, by level of deprivation in area (%), England only, 2001 and 2003 (%) Civic participation Informal volunteering Formal volunteering 2001 2003 2001 2003 2001 2003 All 3 3 34 37 * 27 28 1 Least deprived 3 2 36 42 * 33 35 2 3 2 34 37 28 33 3 4 3 34 41 * 31 33 4 3 2 35 41 * 27 31 5 2 2 37 37 29 30 6 3 4 33 37 28 30 7 4 3 35 36 26 28 8 3 3 32 39 * 26 25 9 4 4 35 35 24 24 10 Most deprived 5 4 33 32 20 20 Respondents 9,435 8,895 9,327 8,918 9,397 8,919 Core sample, weighted percentages, unweighted respondents. *Indicates statistically significant difference from the 2001 survey (5% level). England only. 12

Produced by the Research Development and Statistics Directorate, Home Office This document is available only in Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) through the RDS website Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate Communication Development Unit Room 264 50 Queen Anne s Gate London SW1H 9AT Tel: 020 7273 2084 (answerphone outside of office hours) Fax: 020 7222 0211 Email: publications.rds@homeoffice.gsi.gov.uk ISBN 1 84473 305 X Crown copyright 2004