Analysis of National Climate Change and Development Policies Yukta Kumar International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu, Nepal Research Overview Mountain systems and communities 1. How are mountain systems and communities integrated into climate change and national development policies? Gender National Development policies National Climate change policies 2. How do climate change policies address livelihood vulnerabilities? 3. How do national development policies mainstream climate change? 4. How is gender mainstreamed into the policies? (focus on climate change strategies) 1
Overview of Policies Country NAPA Country CC Plan PRSP Development Plan Afghanistan NAPA (2009) National Development Strategy (2008-2013) Bangladesh Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy (2008) National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction (2009-2011) Bhutan NAPA (2006) 10 th Year Plan (2008-2013) China India National Climate Change Policy (2006) National Action Plan on Climate Change (2008) 11 th Five Year Plan (2006-2010) (outline) 11 th Five Year Plan (2007-2012) Nepal NAPA (2010) Three year Interim Plan (2007-2010) Pakistan Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper II (2008-2011) Research Question 1 How are mountain systems and communities integrated into national climate change and development policies? 2
Integrating Mountain Systems and Communities Afgha nistan Bangl adesh Bhuta n China India Nepal Pakist an Concern for Mountain areas Mountain specificities Upstream- Down stream links XXX XXX XXX XX XXX XXX XXX Methodology -Assign values of X to XXX -Dependent of how a country X XX XXX addresses each context and the X XX XX XX extent details are in the paper -Non-comparative and not weighted XX XX XXX X -Provide XXX a simplified XX regional XXX overview Integrating Mountain Systems and Communities Afghanistan: Limited integration of mountain specificities due to emphasis on security and governance Pakistan: Relatively limited funding for rural infrastructure projects Nepal: Targeted programmes for certain areas but not part of the overall strategy Bhutan: Mountain dominant country and it has integrated mountain specificities and addressed upstream-downstream linkages Bangladesh: Chittagong Hill Tracts have a unique development plan India: There is extra central funding and mountain specific state plans China: Development zoning has ensured different policies and programmes 3
Research Question 2 How do climate change policies address livelihood vulnerabilities? Climate change policies - NAPA NAPA COUNTRIES Afghanistan Bhutan Nepal Exposure X XXX XXX Adaptive Capacity X X XXX Sensitivity XXX X XXX Methodology -Use the IPCC definition of vulnerability combined with a livelihood vulnerability framework -Identify the focus of the NAPA projects and what aspect of climate change vulnerability is addressed? 4
Climate change policies National Policies Bangladesh: BCCSAP has broad range of projects and compliments the poverty reduction policy India: NAPCC is the climate change policy of India and depending on the mission, has a broad range of programmes and projects. China: Mitigation focused primarily addresses GHG emissions, limited attention to adaptation Research Question 3 How do national development policies mainstream climate change? 5
Mainstreaming Climate Change in Development Policies Afgha nista n Bangl adesh Bhuta n China India Nepal Pakis tan Climate change scenarios and vulnerabilities Povertyclimate links Institutional Framework X XXX XXX XX XX X XX Methodology -Assign values of X to XXX -Depends on the extent that a X XXX country addresses each criteria XX that X identifies XX how countries X XX mainstream climate change into national development policies. X XXX XX XX XX X X Mainstreaming Climate Change in Development Policies Afghanistan, Nepal and Pakistan: Limited recognition of climate change concerns (focus on environmental protection and post disaster response and management) China: Limited attention to adaptation as the focus is on mitigation and reducing GHG emissions Bangladesh and India: Poverty reduction policies are complimented by national climate change policies Bhutan: Recognizes and addresses the increased vulnerability of mountain ecosystems to climate change 6
Research question 4 How is gender mainstreamed into national climate change policies? Gender mainstreaming in climate change policies Countries Genderspecific vulnerability Gender equality programming Afghan istan Bangla desh Bhutan China India Nepal X XXX X X XX XXX -Assess gender mainstreaming using a specific criteria X -Assign 1X to 3X depending on XXX how policies X recognise X and X XX integrated gender in their policies Participation X XX XX X X XX 7
Gender mainstreaming in climate change policies Countries Genderspecific vulnerability Gender equality programming Afghan istan Bangla desh Bhutan China India Nepal X XXX -Afghanistan X Limited X or no mention XX XXX of gender specific vulnerabilities -Bhutan no discussion of gender specific vulnerabilities but women participated in the formulating the X XXX policy X X X XX -Nepal report on gender specific vulnerability and women recognised as a vulnerable group but no specific projects or targets in projects Participation X XX XX X X XX Gender mainstreaming in climate change policies Countries Afghan istan Bangla desh Bhutan China India Nepal Genderspecific X XXX X X XX XXX -China: No discussion on gender specific vulnerability vulnerabilities or projects -Bangladesh addresses gender vulnerabilities: Specific Gender projects and X women were XXX consulted X in the X X XX drafting equality process -India recognised gender specific vulnerabilities but it programming is not discussed or part of the programming in the NAPCC but details are in the different missions Participation X XX XX X X XX 8
Conclusion 1) Integration of mountain systems and communities in policies? Need to focus on contextualizing programmes and projects in mountain areas 2) Climate change policies address livelihood vulnerabilities Integrate NAPAs into long term national policies and strategies. Increased attention to building adaptive capacity long term 3) Mainstreaming climate change? For most RMCs the current poverty strategies do not reflect an integration of climate change concerns Conclusions (cont.) 4) Gender mainstreaming in policies (focus on climate change) There is limited gender mainstreaming in climate change policies There is a need to further research gender mainstreaming in national development policies and strategies to ensure there is the institutional capacity to effectively implement gender sensitive projects 9
Gender Analysis of Climate Change Policies 10
Methodology Methodology 11
Methodology Example Tables 12
Example Tables 13