HOSP 1860 (Financial Acct) Learning Centre Adjusting the Accounts Anytime we prepare financial statements or reach the end of an accounting period, there are account adjustments that need to be made to ensure that revenues are recorded in the time period in which they were earned and expenses are recognized in the period in which they were incurred, following the accrual basis of accounting. The three reasons adjusting entries have to be made are: a) some events are not recorded daily because it is time consuming and inefficient to do so, b) some costs are not recorded on a daily basis because they expire with the passage of time, rather than being a specific transaction on a single day, and c) some items may simply not be recorded yet. Adjusting entries can be classified as either dealing with prepayments and accruals. Prepayments are paid in advance of the service being provided (unearned revenue) or of the service being used/consumed (prepaid expenses). Adjusting entries for unearned revenue will be about adjusting for a partially or fully completed amount of a prepaid service during the accounting period. Adjusting entries for prepaid expenses will be about recognizing that a prepaid asset (e.g. prepaid insurance) has been used over time and the expense of the used amount of the asset must be recognized. Accruals are revenues or expenses that have built up in time (accumulated) but have not been recorded or paid in cash yet. These are usually for transactions that are too inconvenient to record on a daily basis. For example, if a business has an interestearning investment, it will not recognize the accrued revenue from that investment until the end of an accounting period. It would be a waste of time and energy to enter the interest earned every day as a single transaction. You can memorize the following table that summarizes the entries needed for each type of adjustment, but it will be better in the long run to understand the reasoning behind each, rather than just remembering which accounts should be debited or credited. Type of Adjustment Prepaid Expenses Unearned Revenues Accrued Revenues Accrued Expenses Reason for Adjustment Prepaid expenses originally recorded as assets have been partially or completely used Unearned revenues already recorded as a liability have now been partially or fully earned Revenues have been earned but not yet recorded or cash received Expenses have been incurred but not yet recorded or paid in cash Adjusting Entries Dr. Expenses Cr. Assets Dr. Liabilities Cr. Revenues Dr. Assets Cr. Revenues Dr. Expenses Cr. Liabilities Student review only. May not be reproduced for classes. Authored by Nabeela Rahman & Emily Simpson
Example 1: A company has prepaid $1200 for a year s worth of insurance at the beginning of the year. At the end of June, the company wants to prepare its financial statements. What adjustments must be made? Solution: This question has to do with prepaid expenses. The prepaid insurance account value of $1200 is overstated in value at the end of the 6 months. This asset account must be credited to reduce its value. The business has used 6 months worth of insurance from January to June and must recognize that as an expense. June 30 Insurance expense $600 ($1200 x 6/12) Prepaid insurance 600 Example 2: Thalia Productions completed $3,750 worth of filming services on August 14 for Amina Rupert who had prepaid $5,000 to the company. What adjustments must be made? Solution: This question has to do with unearned revenue. Now that part of the service has been completed, the value of the liability is overstated and the value of revenue is understated. The revenue earned must be recognized. September 30 Unearned Revenue $3,750 Service Revenue 3,750 Example 3: On February 28, Mejong Restaurant owed employees $400 in salaries to be paid on March 1. To prepare the monthly financial statements for February, what adjusting entries need to be made? Solution: This question has to do with accrued expenses. The restaurant needs to recognize salaries expense of $400 even though it hasn t paid it or recorded it yet. Otherwise it is understating the amount of expenses for the month. It also needs to recognize a liability of salaries payable or it will be understating its amount of liabilities. February 28 Salaries expense $400 Salaries payable 400 Once the adjustments are made in the general journal, they are posted to the ledger, and then an adjusted trial balance can be prepared. Practice Exercises 1. Write the adjusting entries for the following information: a. Inventory on February 1 was $1,050. At the end of February, inventory on hand is $400. b. Depreciation on kitchen equipment is estimated to be $2,400 for the year. Adjust for depreciation during the first quarter of the year. c. Unearned revenue at the beginning of March is $4,500. One-half of the unearned revenue was earned in March. Student review only. May not be reproduced for classes. 2
d. A $12,000 six-month note payable requiring an annual interest rate of 8% was signed on January 1. Adjust for interest as of January 31. e. In March, the company earned $300 for services that were not billed to clients before March 31. 2. Sammy Wilson and friends started a consulting firm, Wilson Consultants Inc., on January 01, 2010. The company helps organizations improve their performance by analyzing existing business problems and developing plans for improvements. This is how the trial balance looks on January 31, 2010. Wilson Consultants Inc. Trial Balance January 31, 2010 Account No. Account Debit Credit 100 Cash 7,750 110 Accounts Receivable 6,000 120 Prepaid Insurance 2,400 130 Supplies 2,000 135 Office Equipment 15,000 200 Accounts payable 4,500 230 Unearned Service Revenue 4,000 311 Common Stock 21,750 400 Service Revenue 7,900 510 Salaries Expense 4,000 520 Rent Expense 1,000 In addition to these accounts listed on the trial balance, the chart of accounts for Wilson Consultants Inc. also contains the following accounts and account numbers: No. 136 Accumulated Depreciation-Office Equipment; No. 210 Utilities Payable; No. 220 Salaries Payable; No. 530 Depreciation Expense; No. 540 Insurance Expense; No. 550 Utilities Expense; and No 560 Supplies Expense. Additional Information: i. Supplies on hand on January 31 are $1,300. ii. A utility bill for $150 has not been recorded and will not be paid until next month. iii. The insurance policy is for a year. iv. $2,500 of unearned service revenue has been earned at the end of the month. v. Salaries of $1,500 are accrued on January 31, 2010. vi. The office equipment has a 5-year life and a residual value of $3,000. Use straight-line depreciation method. vii. Invoices representing $3,000 of services performed during the month have not been recorded as of January 31, 2010. Instructions: a. Prepare adjusting entries. Use J1 as the page number for your journal. b. Post the adjusting entries to the ledger accounts. c. Prepare an adjusted trial balance on January 31, 2010. Student review only. May not be reproduced for classes. 3
Solutions 1. a. Inventory Expense $650 ($1,050 400 = $650) Inventory $650 b. Depreciation Expense $600 ($2,400 4 12 ) Acc- Depreciation $600 c. Unearned Revenue $2,250 Service Revenue $2,250 d. Interest Expense $80 ($12,000 0.08 1 12 ) Interest Payable $80 e. Accounts Receivable $300 Service Revenue $300 2. a. Date Account Title & Explanation Ref. Debit Credit Jan 31 Supplies Expense 560 700 Supplies 130 700 Jan 31 Utilities Expense 550 150 Utilities Payable 210 150 Jan 31 Insurance Expense ($2,400 12 months) 540 200 Prepaid Insurance 120 200 Jan 31 Unearned Service Revenue 230 2,500 Service Revenue 400 2,500 Jan 31 Salaries Expense 510 1,500 Salaries Payable 220 1,500 Jan 31 Depreciation Expense 530 200 Accumulated Depreciation- Office Equipment 136 200 Jan 31 Accounts Receivable 110 3,000 Service Revenue 400 3,000 b. Account Title: Cash No. 100 Jan 31 Balance 7,750 Account Title: Accounts Receivable No. 110 Jan 31 Balance 6,000 Jan 31 Adjusting J1 3,000 9,000 Account Title: Prepaid Insurance No. 120 Jan 31 Balance 2,400 Jan 31 Adjusting J1 200 2,200 Account Title: Supplies No. 130 Jan 31 Balance 2,000 Jan 31 Adjusting J1 700 1,300 Student review only. May not be reproduced for classes. 4
Account Title: Office Equipment No. 135 Jan 31 Balance 15,000 Account Title: Accumulated Depreciation- Office Equipment No. 136 Jan 31 Adjusting J1 200 200 Account Title: Accounts Payable No. 200 Jan 31 Balance 4,500 Account Title: Utilities Payable No. 210 Jan 31 Adjusting J1 150 150 Account Title: Salaries Payable No. 220 Jan 31 Adjusting J1 1,500 1,500 Account Title: Unearned Service Revenue No. 230 Jan 31 Balance 4,000 Jan 31 Adjusting J1 2,500 1,500 Account Title: Common Stock No. 311 Jan 31 Balance 21,750 Account Title: Service Revenue No. 400 Jan 31 Balance 7,900 Jan 31 Adjusting J1 2,500 10,400 Jan 31 Adjusting J1 3,000 13,400 Account Title: Salaries Expense No. 510 Jan 31 Balance 4,000 Jan 31 Adjusting J1 1,500 5,500 Account Title: Rent Expense No. 520 Jan 31 Balance 1,000 Account Title: Depreciation Expense No. 530 Jan 31 Adjusting J1 200 200 Account Title: Insurance Expense No. 540 Jan 31 Adjusting J1 200 200 Student review only. May not be reproduced for classes. 5
Account Title: Utilities Expense No. 550 Jan 31 Adjusting J1 150 150 Account Title: Supplies Expense No. 560 Jan 31 Adjusting J1 700 700 c. Wilson Consultants Inc. Adjusted Trial Balance January 31, 2010 Account No. Account Debit Credit 100 Cash $ 7,750 110 Accounts Receivable 9,000 120 Prepaid Insurance 2,200 130 Supplies 1,300 135 Office Equipment 15,000 136 Accumulated Depreciation- Office $ 200 Equipment 200 Accounts payable 4,500 210 Utilities payable 150 220 Salaries payable 1,500 230 Unearned Service Revenue 1,500 311 Common Stock 21,750 400 Service Revenue 13,400 510 Salaries Expense 5,500 520 Rent Expense 1,000 530 Depreciation Expense 200 540 Insurance Expense 200 550 Utilities Expense 150 560 Supplies Expense 700 Total $43,000 $43,000 Reference: Weygandt, J. et al. Hospitality Financial Accounting. Second Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New Jersey. 2009 Student review only. May not be reproduced for classes. 6