REPRINTED FROM POINT OF VIEW OCTOBER 2018 SUSTAINABLE INVESTING: 10 PRINCIPLES TO WEED OUT ILL-GOVERNED COMPANIES INVESTORS WANT SUSTAINABLE INVESTMENTS, BUT WHAT ARE THE CRITERIA? THE UNITED NATIONS HAS GUIDANCE. The United Nations Global Compact is a series of principles (Exhibit 1) that have become a universal standard for good business. Approximately 9,800 companies from 164 countries, representing nearly every sector and size, have committed to supporting the principles. Investors increasingly see compliance to the Global Compact as an indicator of the base level of sustainability and risks in their investments. MAMADOU-ABOU SARR Director of Product Development and Sustainable Investing EASY TO IMPLEMENT, EASY TO EXPLAIN United Nations Global Compact screening has become the most common exclusionary screen for sustainable and ESG (environmental, social and governance) investment strategies, especially in Europe. The principles are part of STOXX Global ESG Leaders, STOXX Global ESG Impact, and Solactive L&G ESG index families. Indirectly, via controversy scores, the Global Compact is also included in MSCI ESG Leaders and SRI indexes. Investors achieve at least two things with this approach: ethical well-being and avoidance of reputational risks. Divesting a company that is involved JULIA KOCHETYGOVA Senior Sustainable Investing Analyst 1
with violations of labor standards that may lead into ecological catastrophes, corruption or human rights related scandals allows investors to feel better. Many investors find this approach consistent with their investment philosophy. It is also easy to implement and explain to beneficiaries. And it can be easily combined with other investment tools, such as ethical exclusions of specific business activities. EXHIBIT 1: THE 10 PRINCIPLES The United Nations adopted 10 principles of doing business called the Global Compact in 2000. The principles are designed to reflect the most fundamental values of the modern civilization. Human Rights 1. Businesses should support and respect the protection of internationally proclaimed human rights; and 2. Make sure that they are not complicit in human rights abuses. Labor 3. Businesses should uphold the freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining; It is also easy to implement and explain to beneficiaries. And it can be easily combined with other investment tools, such as ethical exclusions of specific business activities. 90% OF COMPANIES THAT HAVE JOINIED THE GLOBAL COMPACT HAVE POLICIES AND PRACTICES IN PLACE FOR ALL 10 PRINCIPLES 4. The elimination of all forms of forced and compulsory labor; 5. The effective abolition of child labor; and 6. The elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation. Environment 7. Businesses should support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges; 8. Undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility; and 9. Encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies. Anti-Corruption 10. Businesses should work against corruption in all its forms, including extortion and bribery. SOURCE: United Nations COMPLIANCE WITH THE GLOBAL COMPACT: SPOTTING THE `FAILS Compliance with the 10 principles means integrating sustainability into business operations and relationships, allowing for greater transparency, accountability and inclusiveness. More than 90% of companies that have joined the Global Compact have policies and practices in place for all 10 principles; particularly high levels of compliance are recorded on human rights and anti-corruption, according to a United Nations Global Compact progress report in 2017. However, only 58% of them conduct impact assessment on environmental compliance, 31% on labor, 22% on anticorruption and 15% on human rights. In practice, investors would assume a company is compliant if there is no evidence of violations. The decision on either fail or pass involves 2
judgement call on a wide range of sensitive behavioral issues and the severity of their impacts. For example, MSCI ESG research defines global norms violations as the most severe type of ESG controversies related to the four Global Compact themes (human rights, labor, environment, bribery and corruption), where there are credible allegations that the company or its management inflicted serious large scale harm through a disregard of the law or international norms of behavior. The fail signal is applied to such cases that are either ongoing or concluded within the last three years. We manage about $11.6 billion using the Global Compact principles and are among the first to use them. But we apply even more conservative compliance criteria, where any red flag (existence of very severe controversies) in the four categories is assessed as a fail. One of the differentiating examples would be the well-documented fraudulent activity of Wells Fargo, which is not assessed as non-compliance by MSCI. However, under our more strict criteria, it is non-compliance. We observe that the exclusions don t significantly affect performance. Exclusions in our strategies have amounted to 2.5%-3.5% of assets and tracking errors from standard benchmarks have stayed below 0.5%. $11.6 billion ASSETS MANAGED BY NORTHERN TRUST ASSET MANAGEMENT UNDER GLOBAL COMPACT PRINCIPLES EXCLUSION IN PRACTICE Our custom ESG equity index funds, which recently had their five-year anniversary, apply the Global Compact screen along with other screens, including controversial weapons and tobacco. In emerging markets, they also have corporate governance screens. Because of the MSCI s policy to maintain the fail signal for at least three years, the list of Global Compact based exclusions is relatively stable over time. It currently screens out 14 companies in World Custom ESG Index and also 14 in the EM Custom ESG Index. A few changes have happened. In the second quarter of 2018, Novartis got added to the world exclusions list due to a corruption scandal in Greece. NTPC got added to the emerging markets exclusions list for labor rights controversies. Also, Gail India was deleted from the emerging markets exclusions list because its allegations on human rights controversies have been resolved. We observe that the exclusions don t significantly affect performance. Exclusions in our strategies have amounted to 2.5%-3.5% of assets and Global Compact-related tracking errors from standard benchmarks have stayed below 0.3% in developed markets 0.5% in emerging markets. YOU DON T ALWAYS HAVE TO TAKE THE LOSS FIRST Of course, exclusions mean sell, but selling a company stock after the controversy event already happened and the stock price fell usually means fixing a loss. Clearly, there is no economic benefit, as the stock price may come back to the same or nearly the same level. 3
There is one important consideration though. Severe controversies can come as a result of poor risk controls, strategic vision and corporate governance, which can lead to improper behavior. An example is the emissions scandal in September 2015 at Volkswagen, where risk management and governance were weak. ESG expert groups such as Vigeo and MSCI claim they have pointed out governance weaknesses prior to the scandal. For example MSCI s corporate governance score of Volkswagen was in the 28th percentile (100 th percentile having the highest governance score) and falling since 2014. The fact that governance risks materialized in the 2015 scandal proves embedded weaknesses and does not suggest that they are going away soon. To this point, Volkswagen still has highly concentrated ownership structure and a board with minimal independence, diversity and technical expertise. The Global Compact screen strengthens the focus on governance and corporate culture for any sustainability strategy, based on the understanding that deficiencies foreshadow future corporate behavior. ANALYZING AND UNDERSTANDING YOUR RISKS The Global Compact screen strengthens the focus on governance and corporate culture for any sustainability strategy, based on the understanding that deficiencies foreshadow future corporate behavior. This can come in the form of lack of transparency, management accountability and financial prudence along with the inability to pick up strategic opportunities. In this sense, investors can see exclusion of illgoverned companies as a longer-term risk management tool. 4
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