U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics October Third quarter 2000 averages for household survey data

U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics October In this issue: Third quarter averages for household survey data

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Alexis M. Herman, Secretary BUREAU Ol" LABOR STATISTICS Katharine G. Abraham, Commissioner Employment & Earnings (ISSN 00136840; USPS 485010). is published monthly and prepared in the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics in collaboration with the Office of Publications. The data are collected by the Bureau of the Census (Department of Commerce) and State employment security agencies, in cooperation with the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The State agencies are listed on the inside back cover. Employment & Earnings may be ordered from: New Orders, Superintendent of Documents, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 152507954. Phone (202) 5121800. Subscription price per year $40 domestic and $50 foreign. Single copy $16 domestic and $20 foreign. Prices are subject to change by the U.S. Government Printing Office. Correspondence concerning subscriptions, including address changes and missing issues, should be sent to the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Phone (202) 5121800. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Employment & Earnings, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Communications on material in this publication should be addressed to: Editors, Employment & Earnings. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC 20212. Specific questions concerning the data in this publication, or their availability, should be directed as follows: Household data: Telephone: (202) 6916378 Email: CPSInfo@bls.gov Internet: http:/''stats.bls.gov.'cpshome.htm National establishment data: Telephone: (202) 6916555 Email: CESI nfo@ b 1 s.gov Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/ceshome.htm State and area establishment data: Telephone: (202) 6916559 Email: DataSA @bls.gov Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/790home.htm Region, State, and area labor force data: Telephone: (202)6916392 Email: Lauslnfo@bls.gov Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/lauhome.htm Periodicals postage paid at Washington, DC, and at additional mailing addresses. Information in this publication will be made available r> sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone (202)6915200; Federal Relay Service: 18008778339. Material in this publication is in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. October Vol. 47 No. 10 Calendar of Features In addition to the monthly data appearing regularly in Employment & Earnings, special features appear in most of the issues as shown below. Household data Revised seasonally adjusted series Annual averages Earnings by detailed occupation Union affiliation Minimum wage data Lmployee absences Quarterly averages: Seasonally adjusted data, persons of Hispanic origin, Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans, and weekly earnings data Establishment data National annual averages: Industry divisions (preliminary) Industry detail Women employees National data revised to reflect new benchmarks and new seasonal adjustment factors State and area annual averages Area definitions Region, State, and area labor force data Annual averages Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan., Apr.,, Oct. Jan. March, June March, June June May May May Cover Design: Keith Tapscott

Employment^EarnhiDS Editor John F. Stinson Jr. Design and Layout Phyllis L. Lott Irma Mayfield Contents Page List of statistical tables ii Contents to the explanatory notes and estimates of error v Employment and unemployment developments, September 1 Summary tables and charts 3 Explanatory notes and estimates of error 160 Index to statistical tables 204 Statistical tables Source Historical Seasonally adjusted Not seasonally adjusted Household data 18 Establishment data: Employment: National State Area Hours and earnings: National State and area 44 45 48 53 61 65 78 78 96 119 Local area labor force data: Region State Area 123 125 130 130 Household data: Quarterly averages 136 147

Monthly Household Data Historical Page Al. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over, 1966 to date 5 A2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1988 to date 6 Seasonally Adjusted Data Employment Status A3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age 7 A4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin 8 A5. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 years and over by educational attainment 10 A6. and unemployed full and parttime workers by sex and age 11 Characteristics of the A7. persons by marital status, occupation, class of worker, and parttime status 12 A8. persons by age and sex 13 Characteristics of the A9. persons by age and sex 14 A10. s by age and sex 15 Al 1. s by occupation, industry, and selected demographic characteristics 16 A12. persons by reason for unemployment 17 A13. persons by duration of unemployment 17 Not Seasonally Adjusted Data Employment Status A14. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race 18 A15. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, and age 21 A16. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 to 24 years of age by school enrollment, educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin 22 A17. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 years and over by educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin 24 A18. and unemployed full and parttime workers by age, sex, and race 25 Characteristics of the A19. persons by occupation, sex, and age 26 A20. persons by occupation, race, and sex 27 A21. persons by industry and occupation 28 A22. persons in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by age, sex, and class of worker 29 A23. Persons at work in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by hours of work 30 A24. Persons at work 1 to 34 hours in all and nonagricultural industries by reason for working less than 35 hours and usual full or parttime status 30 A25. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by class of worker and usual full or parttime status 31 A26. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by age, sex, race, marital status, and usual full or parttime status.. 32 A27. Persons at work in nonfarm occupations by sex and usual full or parttime status 33 Characteristics of the A28. persons by marital status, race, age, and sex 34 A29. persons by occupation and sex 35 A30. persons by industry and sex 36 A31. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and race 37 A32. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duration of unemployment 38 A33. total and fulltime workers by duration of unemployment 38 A34. persons by age, sex, race, marital status, and duration of unemployment 39 A35. persons by occupation, industry, and duration of unemployment 40 Persons Not in the Labor Force A36. Persons not in the labor force by desire and availability for work, age, and sex 40 Multiple Jobholders A37. Multiple jobholders by selected demographic and economic characteristics 41 Vietnamera Veterans and Nonveterans A38. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age 42

Monthly Establishment Data Page Historical Bl. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 1948 to date 44 B2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 1964 to date 45 Seasonally Adjusted Data Employment National States B3. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and selected component groups 48 B4. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 50 B5. Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 51 B6. Diffusion indexes of employment change 52 B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry 53 Hours and Earnings National B8. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 61 B9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 62 B10. Hours of wage and salary workers on nonfarm payrolls by major industry 63 Bl 1. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry 64 Not Seasonally Adjusted Data Employment National B12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry 65 Bl3. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 77 States and Areas B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry 78 Hours and Earnings National Bl5. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry 96 Bl5a. Average hourly earnings in aircraft (SIC 3721) and guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 3761) manufacturing 116 B16. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, of production workers on manufacturing payrolls 117 Bl7. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, in current and constant (1982) dollars 118 States and Areas Bl8. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas 119 Monthly Regional, State, and Area Labor Force Data Seasonally Adjusted Data Cl. Labor force status by census region and division 123 C2. Labor force status by State 125 Not Seasonally Adjusted Data C3. Labor force status by State and metropolitan area 130 iii

Quarterly Household Data Page Seasonally Adjusted Data Employment Status Dl. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age 136 D2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin 137 D3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 years and over by educational attainment 139 D4. and unemployed full and parttime workers by sex and age 140 Characteristics of the D5. persons by marital status, occupation, class of worker, and parttime status 141 D6. persons by age and sex 142 Characteristics of the D7. persons by age and sex 143 D8. s by age and sex 144 D9. s by occupation, industry, and selected demographic characteristics 145 D10. persons by reason for unemployment 146 Dl 1. persons by duration of unemployment 146 Not Seasonally Adjusted Data Employment Status Dl2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin 147 Dl3. Employment status of the Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cubanorigin population by sex and age 148 Characteristics of the Dl4. white, black, and Hispanicorigin workers by sex, occupation, class of worker, and full or parttime status 149 Dl5. Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cubanorigin workers by sex, occupation, class of worker, and full or parttime status 150 D16. persons by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin 151 Characteristics of the D17. s by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin 152 Dl8. persons by reason for unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin 153 Dl9. persons by duration of unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin 154 Weekly Earnings Data D20. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics 155 D21. Median weekly earnings of parttime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics 156 D22. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by occupation and sex 157 Vietnamera Veterans and Nonveterans Data D23. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age 158 D24. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age, race, and Hispanic origin 159 IV

Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error Page Page Introduction 160 Relationship between the household and establishment series 160 Comparability of household data with other series 161 Comparability of payroll employment data with other series 161 Household data 162 Collection and coverage 162 Concepts and definitions 162 Historical comparability 164 Changes in concepts and methods 164 Noncomparability of labor force levels 166 Changes in the occupational and industrial classification systems 168 Sampling 168 Selection of sample areas 169 Selection of sample households 169 Rotation of sample 170 CPS sample, 1947 to present 170 Estimating methods 170 Noninterview adjustment 171 Ratio estimates 171 First stage 171 Second stage 171 Composite estimation procedure 172 Rounding of estimates 172 Reliability of the estimates 172 Nonsampling error 172 Sampling error (Revised effective Oct. ) 173 Tables 1B through 1H 173 Establishment data 180 Data collection 180 Concepts 180 Estimating methods 183 Benchmarks 183 Monthly estimation 183 Stratification 183 Link relative technique 183 Bias adjustment 183 Establishment data Continued Summary of methods table 184 Measures of error table 185 The sample 186 Design 186 Coverage 187 Reliability 187 Benchmark revision as a measure of survey error 187 Estimated standard errors for employment, hours, and earnings 187 Standard errors for differences between industries and times 187 Revisions between preliminary and final data 188 CES sample redesign 188 Original sample design limitations 188 The new CES sample design 188 Frame and sample selection 188 Sample enrollment activities 194 Estimation 194 Benchmarking 195 Business birth and death estimation 195 Difference between the birth/death model and bias adjustment 196 Variance estimation for CES redesign estimates 196 Appropriate uses of sampling variances in CES 196 Sampling errors for wholesale trade 196 Statistics for States and areas 197 Region, State, and area labor force data 199 FederalState cooperative program 199 Estimating methods 199 Estimates for States 199 Current monthly estimates 199 Benchmark correction procedures 199 Estimates for substate areas 200 Preliminary estimate: Employment 200 Unemployment 200 SubState adjustment for additivity 200 Benchmark correction 200 Seasonal adjustment 201 Note on Temporary Census Workers The hiring of temporary workers for Census affects current levels of Federal Government employment and higher aggregates that include the Federal Government. Estimates of these workers are 32,000, 72,000, 189,000, 262,000, 618,000, 480,000, 199,000, 33,000, and 6,000 in January, February, March, April, May, June,,, and September, respectively. Preliminary employment estimates ("B" tables) that include these workers may be subject to larger than normal revisions. For additional information, see "Counting the counters: effects of Census on employment" in the February issue of the Monthly Labor Review.

Employment and Unemployment Developments, September Total nonfarm employment rose by 252,000 in September, and the unemployment rate declined to percent. After adjusting for the net return of striking workers (75,000) and a further decline in the number of temporary census jobs (27,000), nonfarm employment was up by 204,000. Job gains were very strong in the services industry, but the overall employment change was tempered by widespread job losses in manufacturing. Unemployment Both the number of unemployed persons, million, and the unemployment rate, percent, declined in September. Over the past year, the rate has ranged from percent to percent. Over the month, the unemployment rates decreased for adult women ( percent) and blacks (7.0 percent). Rates for the other major worker groups adult men ( percent), teenagers (1 percent), whites ( percent), and Hispanics ( percent) showed little or no change. (See tables A3 and A4.) Total employment and the labor force Total employment was little changed at 13 million, seasonally adjusted, in September. The employmentpopulation ratio the proportion of the population age 16 and older with jobs was 6 percent, unchanged from. The civilian labor force, 140.6 million, and the labor force participation rate, 66.9 percent, were both essentially unchanged in September. (See table A3.) The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons (those who would have preferred fulltime work) was million in September. The number of these involuntary parttime workers has ranged from to million since. (See table A7.) About 7.5 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one job in September. These multiple jobholders represented percent of total employment, compared with 5.7 percent a year earlier. (See table A37.) Persons not in the labor force About 1.2 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally attached to the labor force in September, about the same number as a year earlier. These people wanted and were available to work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months. They were not counted as unemployed, however, because they had not actively searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers was 250,000 in September. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not currently looking for work specifically because they believed no jobs were available for them. (See table A36.) Industry payroll employment Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 252,000 to 13 million in September. Contributing to this increase was the net return of 75,000 striking workers to their jobs. At the same time, the number also reflects the conclusion of 27,000 temporary census jobs. After adjusting for both effects, payroll employment increased by 204,000 in September. (The strike adjustment primarily reflects the return of 87,000 communications workers who were off company payrolls in, which was partly offset by new strikes involving 12,000 workers.) So far this year, employment has increased by an average of 192,000 per month compared to 229,000 per month for all of. (See table B3.) Employment in the services industry rose by 200,000 in September, seasonally adjusted. Monthtomonth growth in services employment has varied widely this year, although the average monthly change (119,000) is close to the monthly average for all of. Employment in help supply services increased by 69,000 in September, after showing little net growth in the prior 3 months. Over the month, job gains continued in health services and in engineering and management services. In September, as in, there were large employment increases in job training services (within social services) and civic and social organizations (within membership organizations) after seasonal adjustment; these increases resulted from lighterthannormal seasonal layoffs that followed weak summer hiring. Construction employment rose by 30,000 in September, seasonally adjusted, following 3 months of very small gains. Seasonal declines in construction usually begin in September. This year those seasonal layoffs were smaller than normal, perhaps reflecting the relatively light hiring over the summer. Thus far this year, construction employment has increased by 17,000 per month on average, compared with 25,000 per month for all of. Employment in transportation and public utilities rose by 105,000 in September, largely reflecting the return of 87,000 telephone communications workers from a strike that kept them off payrolls during the reference period. Apart from the strike effect, employment in the communications industry increased by 7,000, and the transportation industry continued to grow. Finance, insurance, and real estate employment rose by 16,000 in September, following a similar gain in. In the first 7 months of the year, however, the industry had averaged monthly job losses of 4,000. In September, security brokerages added 6,000 jobs, continuing a strong growth trend. Employment also increased in mortgage brokerages and in real estate. Employment in manufacturing fell by 66,000 in Septem 1

ber, following an even larger decline of 117,000 in, as revised. Part of September's decline resulted from 10,000 workers being off payrolls due to strikes in transportation equipment and food and kindred products during the survey reference period. September's losses were widespread, with employment down in both durable and nondurable goods manufacturing. Employment fell in industrial machinery and equipment (9,000), apparel (9,000), rubber and miscellaneous plastics (8,000), and fabricated metal products (6,000). The only manufacturing industry to show consistent growth this year has been electronic components, which added 4,000 jobs in September and has added 46,000 jobs since April. Retail trade employment was essentially unchanged in September, as gains in most component industries were offset by losses in eating and drinking places and in building materials stores. The number of jobs in eating and drinking establishments declined for the second consecutive month, following strong gains in June and. Wholesale trade showed little change in September. Federal Government employment fell in September, as 27,000 temporary Census workers completed their assignments. As of September, only about 6,000 temporary census workers remained on the Federal Government payroll, down from a peak of 618,000 in May. Weekly hours The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls was up by 0 hour in September to 3 hours, seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing workweek edged down by 0 hour to 41.2 hours, following a drop of 0.4 hour in. In September, manufacturing overtime declined by 0 hour for the second consecutive month to hours. (See table B8.) The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.3 percent to 151.4 (1982=100), seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing index fell by 0.7 percent to 10. (See table B9.) Hourly and weekly earnings Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 3 cents in September to $13, seasonally adjusted. Over the month, average weekly earnings increased by 0.5 percent to $475.75. Over the year, average hourly earnings rose by percent and average weekly earnings grew by percent. Twelvemonth growth rates in hourly earnings have been in the range of to percent since February. (See table Bl 1.) Expansion of the Current Population Survey (Household Survey) Sample The Census Bureau is expanding the monthly sample for the Current Population Survey (CPS) in response to a legislative mandate under the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). This expansion, which will occur in 31 States and the District of Columbia, will increase the total number of households eligible for the monthly survey from about 50,000 to about 60,000. The additional households are being introduced into the survey over a 3month period beginning with September. The SCHIP legislation requires that the Census Bureau improve State estimates of the number of children who live in lowincome families and lack health insurance. The expansion of the monthly CPS sample is one part of the Census Bureau's plan for improving the SCHIP estimates. Other parts of the plan include an increase in the number of households that will be asked the questions from the annual March supplement to the CPS, the source of information on income and access to health insurance. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) does not plan to use the expanded sample for the official national labor force estimates until at least 2001, after the data collected from the new households have been evaluated. BLS will review estimates for November through April 2001 produced from the expanded sample. If persistent differences are observed between the estimates derived from the current and expanded samples during this period of review, the use of the expanded sample in the official estimates may be further delayed. The announcement of the final decision on whether the expanded sample will be used in the official data for 2001 (scheduled for release in ) will be made in early June. Scheduled Release Dates Employment and unemployment data are scheduled for initial release on the following dates: Reference month Release date Reference month Release date October November 3 January February 2 November December 8 February March 9 December January 5 March April 6

Summary table A. Major labor force status categories, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Category Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June Labor force status Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of DODulation Percent of population... Not in labor force 208,265 139,475 67.0 133,650 6 5,825 68,790 208,483 139,697 67.0 133,940 6 5,757 68,786 208,666 139,834 67.0 134,098 6 5,736 68,832 208,832 140,108 67 134,420 6 5,688 68,724 208,782 140,910 67.5 135,221 6 5,689 67,872 208,907 141,165 67.6 135,362 6 5,804 67,742 209,053 140,867 67.4 135,159 6 5,708 68,187 209,216 141,230 67.5 135,706 6 5,524 67,986 s 209,371 140,489 67 134,715 6 5,774 68,882 209,543 140,762 67.2 135,179 6 5,583 68,781 209,727 140,399 66.9 134,749 6 5,650 69,329 209,935 140,742 67.0 134,912 6 5,829 69,193 210,161 140,639 66.9 135,161 6 5,477 69,522 All workers Men 20 years and over Women 20 years and over Both sexes 16 to 19 years White Black Hispanic origin 1 8.3 6.6 1 8.3 6.3 1 8.0 6 1 7.9 5.9 1 8.2 1 7.8 5.7 1 7.3 6.3 1 7.2 1 8.0 5.8 11.6 7.9 1 7.7 1 8.0 5.7 1 7.0 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Summary table B. Employment, hours, and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Industry Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June P P Employment Total Total private Goodsproducing industries Mining Construction Manufacturing Serviceproducing industries Transportation and public utilities... Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government 129,265 109,042 25,460 527 6,439 18,494 103,805 6,866 6,962 22,844 7,589 39,321 20,223 129,523 109,275 25,483 529 6,470 18,484 104,040 6,875 6,973 22,863 7,599 39,482 20,248 129,788 109,517 25,527 527 6,516 18,484 104,261 22,893 7,604 39,606 20,271 130,038 109,730 25,561 530 6,552 18,479 104,477 6,911 7,002 22,936 7,613 39,707 20,308 130,387 110,036 25,677 530 6,652 18,495 104,710 6,925 7,005 22,973 7,612 39,844 20,351 130,482 110,088 25,624 533 6,618 18,473 104,858 6,937 7,011 22,978 7,624 39,914 20,394 131,009 110,462 25,738 536 6,726 18,476 105,271 6,953 7,033 23,027 7,621 40,090 20,547 131,419 110,752 25,725 539 6,694 18,492 105,694 6,970 7,055 23,197 7,610 40,195 20,667 131,590 110,578 25,684 539 6,666 18,479 105,906 6,962 7,048 23,064 7,600 40,220 21,012 131,647 110,845 25,700 539 6,668 18,493 105,947 6,985 7,049 23,122 7,588 40,401 20,802 131,607 111,001 25,756 538 6,670 18,548 105,851 7,010 7,050 23,196 7,586 40,403 20,606 131,516 111,018 25,643 537 6,675 18,431 105,873 6,941 7,062 23,188 7,606 40,578 20,498 131,768 111,306 25,606 536 6,705 18,365 106,162 7,046 7,065 23,189 7,622 40,778 20,462 Overthemonth change Total Total private Goodsproducing industries Mining Construction Manufacturing Serviceproducing industries Transportation and public utilities... Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government 208 196 30 1 38 9 178 18 16 3 1 130 12 258 233 23 2 31 10 235 9 11 19 10 161 25 265 242 44 2 46 0 221 23 16 30 5 124 23 250 213 34 3 36 5 216 13 13 43 9 101 37 349 306 116 0 100 16 233 14 3 37 1 137 43 95 52 53 3 34 22 148 12 6 5 12 70 43 527 374 114 3 108 3 413 16 22 49 3 176 153 410 290 13 3 32 16 423 17 22 170 11 105 120 171 174 41 0 28 13 212 8 7 133 10 25 345 57 267 16 0 2 14 41 23 1 58 12 181 210 40 156 56 1 2 55 96 25 1 74 2 2 196 91 17 113 1 5 117 22 69 12 8 20 175 108 252 288 37 1 30 105 3 1 16 200 36 Hours of work 1 Total private Manufacturing Overtime 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 41.4 3 41.6 3 4 3 41.3 3 41.2 Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (1982=100) 1 Total private Manufacturing 148.6 107 149.3 107.0 149.6 106.8 149.8 106.7 150.6 107.0 150.6 107.0 151.0 106.7 15 107.9 150.5 106.0 151.3 106.4 151.4 107.2 151.0 10 151.4 10 Earnings 1 Average hourly earnings, total private: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars 2 Average weekly earnings, total private $15 7.86 460.58 $18 7.87 461.61 $11 7.87 465 $14 7.87 468 $19 7.88 461 $14 7.87 468.48 $18 7.83 468.51 $14 7.87 474 $16 7.87 469.90 $10 7.85 475 $15 7.86 470 $10 7.90 474 $13 N.A. 475.75 1 Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers. 2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPIW) is used to deflate this series. The data in this series have been revised from January through due to corrections in the CPIW. N.A. = not available. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 1996 forward are subject to revision.

Chart 1. Nonfarm payroll employment, seasonally adjusted, 1996 Thousands 132,500 Thousands 132,500 130,000 130,000 127,500 ~ 127,500 125,000 125,000 122,500 122,500 120,000 120,000 117,500 1996 1997 1998 117,500 Chart 2., seasonally adjusted, 1996 Percent 6.0 Percent 6.0 1996 1997 1998 NOTE: Beginning in 1997, data incorporate revisions in the population controls. Beginning in 1998, data incorporate new composite estimation procedures and updated population controls. Beginning in and, data incorporate revisions in the population controls. These changes affect comparability with data for prior periods.

HOUSEHOLD DATA HISTORICAL A1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over, 1966 to date (Numbers in thousands) Year and month Civilian noninstitutional population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force Annual averages 1966. 1967. 1968. 1969. 128,058 129,874 132,028 134,335 75,770 77,347 78,737 80,734 59.2 59.6 59.6 60 72,895 74,372 75,920 77,902 56.9 57.3 57.5 58.0 3,979 3,844 3,817 3,606 68,915 70,527 72,103 74,296 2,875 2,975 2,817 2,832 52,288 52,527 53,291 53,602 1970. 1971. 1972 1 1973 1 1974. 1975. 1976. 1977. 1978 1 1979. 137,085 140,216 144,126 147,096 150,120 153,153 156,150 159,033 161,910 164,863 82,771 84,382 87,034 89,429 91,949 93,775 96,158 99,009 102,251 104,962 60.4 60.2 60.4 60.8 61.3 61.2 61.6 6 6 6 78,678 79,367 82,153 85,064 86,794 85,846 88,752 92,017 96,048 98,824 57.4 56.6 57.0 57.8 57.8 56 56.8 57.9 59.3 59.9 3,463 3,394 3,484 3,470 3,515 3,408 3,331 3,283 3,387 3,347 75,215 75,972 78,669 81,594 83,279 82,438 85,421 88,734 92,661 95,477 4,093 5,016 4,882 4,365 5,156 7,929 7,406 6,991 6,202 6,137 5.9 8.5 7.7 7 6 5.8 54,315 55,834 57,091 57,667 58,171 59,377 59,991 60,025 59,659 59,900 1980. 1981. 1982. 1983. 1984. 1985. 1986 1 1987. 1988. 1989. 167,745 170,130 172,271 174,215 176,383 178,206 180,587 182,753 184,613 186,393 106,940 108,670 110,204 111,550 113,544 115,461 117,834 119,865 121,669 123,869 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 65.9 66.5 99,303 100,397 99,526 100,834 105,005 107,150 109,597 112,440 114,968 117,342 59.2 59.0 57.8 57.9 59.5 60 60.7 61.5 6 6 3,364 3,368 3,401 3,383 3,321 3,179 3,163 3,208 3,169 3,199 95,938 97,030 96,125 97,450 101,685 103,971 106,434 109,232 111,800 114,142 7,637 8,273 10,678 10,717 8,539 8,312 8,237 7,425 6,701 6,528 7 7.6 9.7 9.6 7.5 7.2 7.0 6.2 60,806 61,460 62,067 62,665 62,839 62,744 62,752 62,888 62,944 62,523 1990 1 1991. 1992. 1993. 1994 1 1995. 1996. 1997 1 1998 1 1 189,164 190,925 192,805 194,838 196,814 198,584 200,591 203,133 205,220 207,753 125,840 126,346 128,105 129,200 131,056 132,304 133,943 136,297 137,673 139,368 66.5 66.2 66.4 66.3 66.6 66.6 66.8 67 67 67 118,793 117,718 118,492 120,259 123,060 124,900 126,708 129,558 131,463 133,488 6 6 61.5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 3,223 3,269 3,247 3,115 3,409 3,440 3,443 3,399 3,378 3,281 115,570 114,449 115,245 117,144 119,651 121,460 123,264 126,159 128,085 130,207 7,047 8,628 9,613 8,940 7,996 7,404 7,236 6,739 6,210 5,880 6.8 7.5 6.9 6 63,324 64,578 64,700 65,638 65,758 66,280 66,647 66,837 67,547 68,385 Monthly data, seasonally adjusted 2 : September. October November.. December.. 208,265 208,483 208,666 208,832 139,475 139,697 139,834 140,108 67.0 67.0 67.0 67 133,650 133,940 134,098 134,420 6 6 6 6 3,179 3,238 3,310 3,279 130,471 130,702 130,788 131,141 5,825 5,757 5,736 5,688 68,790 68,786 68,832 68,724 : January 3... February... March April May June September. 208,782 208,907 209,053 209,216 209,371 209,543 209,727 209,935 210,161 140,910 141,165 140,867 141,230 140,489 140,762 140,399 140,742 140,639 67.5 67.6 67.4 67.5 67 67.2 66.9 67.0 66.9 135,221 135,362 135,159 135,706 134,715 135,179 134,749 134,912 135,161 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 3,371 3,408 3,359 3,355 3,298 3,321 3,299 3,344 3,340 131,850 131,954 131,801 132,351 131,417 131,858 131,450 131,569 131,821 5,689 5,804 5,708 5,524 5,774 5,583 5,650 5,829 5,477 67,872 67,742 68,187 67,986 68,882 68,781 69,329 69,193 69,522 1 Not strictly comparable with prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error. 2 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. 3 Beginning in January, data are not strictly comparable with data for and earlier years because of revisions in the population controls used in the household survey. For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January " in the February issue of this publication.

HOUSEHOLD DATA HISTORICAL A2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1988 to date (Numbers in thousands) Sex, year, and month Civilian noninstitutional population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population Agriculture Annual averages Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force 1988 1989 MEN 87,857 88,762 66,927 67,840 76.2 76.4 63,273 64,315 7 7 2,493 2,513 60,780 61,802 3,655 3,525 20,930 20,923 19901 1991 1992 1993 19941 1995 1996 19971 19981 1 90,377 91,278 92,270 93,332 94,355 95,178 96,206 97,715 98,758 99.722 69,011 69,168 69,964 70,404 70,817 71,360 72,087 73,261 73,959 712 76.4 75.8 75.8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 65,104 64,223 64,440 65,349 66,450 67,377 68,207 69,685 70,693 71,446 7 70.4 69.8 70.0 70.4 70.8 70.9 71.3 71.6 71.6 2,546 2,589 2,575 2,478 2,554 2,559 2,573 2,552 2,553 2,432 62,559 61,634 61,866 62,871 63,896 64,818 65,634 67,133 68,140 69,014 3,906 4,946 5,523 5,055 4,367 3,983 3,880 3,577 3,266 3,066 5.7 7.2 7.9 7.2 6.2 21,367 22,110 22,306 22,927 23,538 23,818 24,119 24,454 299 25,210 Monthly data, seasonally adjusted 2 : September October... November December 99,976 100,088 100,179 100,264 74,643 74,680 74,728 74,930 7 7 7 7 71,630 71,623 71,732 71,927 71.6 71.6 71.6 7 2,361 2,389 2,501 2,440 69,269 69,234 69,231 69,487 3,013 3,057 2,996 3,003 25,333 25,408 25,451 25,334 : January 3.. February.. March April May June September 100,266 100,330 100,405 100,487 100,566 100,654 100,745 100,847 100,963 75,304 75,594 75,198 75,189 74,883 75,120 74,917 75,412 75,233 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 72,358 72,473 72,313 72,307 71,948 72,217 72,063 72,407 72,352 7 7 7 7 71.5 7 71.5 7 7 2,495 2,494 2,409 2,384 2,381 2,429 2,465 2,465 2,548 69,862 69,979 69,904 69,923 69,568 69,789 69,598 69,942 69,805 2,946 3,121 2,885 2,882 2,934 2,903 2,854 3,005 2,881 24,963 237 25,206 298 25,683 25,534 25,828 25,435 25,730 Annual averages 1988 1989 WOMEN 96,756 97,630 54,742 56,030 56.6 57.4 51,696 53,027 5 5 676 687 51,020 52,341 3,046 03 414 41.601 19901 1991 1992 1993 19941 1995 1996 19971 19981 1 98,787 99,646 100,535 101,506 102,460 103,406 104,385 105,418 106,462 108.031 56,829 5778 58,141 58,795 60,239 60,944 61,857 63,036 63,714 64,855 57.5 57.4 57.8 57.9 58.8 58.9 59.3 59.8 59.8 60.0 53,689 53,496 54,052 54,910 56,610 57,523 58,501 59,873 60,771 62,042 5 5 5 5 5 5 56.0 56.8 57 57.4 678 680 672 637 855 881 871 847 825 849 53,011 52,815 53,380 54,273 55,755 56,642 57,630 59,026 59,945 61,193 40 3,683 4,090 3,885 3,629 3,421 3,356 3,162 2,944 14 6.4 7.0 6.6 6.0 41,957 42,468 42,394 42,711 42,221 42,462 42,528 42,382 42,748 475 Monthly data, seasonally adjuste<j2 : September October... November December 108,289 108.395 108,487 108,569 64,832 617 65,106 65,178 59.9 60.0 60.0 60.0 62,020 62,317 62,366 62,493 57.3 57.5 57.5 57.6 818 849 809 839 61,202 61,468 61,557 61.654 2,812 2,700 2,740 2,685 43,457 43,378 43,381 491 : January3.. February... March April May June September 108,516 108,577 108,649 108,729 108,805 108.889 108,983 109,088 109,198 65,606 65,572 65,668 66,041 65,606 65,642 65,482 65,330 65,406 60.5 60.4 60.4 60.7 60.3 60.3 60 59.9 59.9 62,863 62,889 62,846 63,399 62,767 62,962 62,686 62,505 62,809 57.9 57.9 57.8 58.3 57.7 57.8 57.5 57.3 57.5 875 914 950 971 918 893 834 878 792 61,988 61,975 61,896 62,428 61,849 62,070 61,852 61,627 62,016 2,743 2,683 2,823 2,642 2,839 2,680 2,796 24 2,597 42,910 405 42,980 488 43,199 43,247 401 458 43,793 1 Not strictly comparable with prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical Comparability* under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error. 2 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. 3 Beginning in January, data are not strictly comparable with data for and earlier years because of revisions in the population controls used in the household survey. For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January " in the February issue of this publication.

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, sex, and age Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Not in labor force Persons who currently want a job Men, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 208,265 139,475 67.0 133,650 6 5,825 68,790 4,352 99,976 74,643 7 71,630 71.6 2,361 69,269 3,013 25,333 208,483 139,697 67.0 133,940 6 5,757 68,786 4,331 100,088 74,680 7 71,623 71.6 2,389 69,234 3,057 25,408 208,666 139,834 67.0 134,098 6 5,736 68,832 4,429 100,179 74,728 7 71,732 71.6 2,501 69,231 2,996 25,451 208,832 140,108 67 134,420 6 5,688 68,724 4,467 100,264 74,930 7 71,927 7 2,440 69,487 3,003 25,334 208,782 140,910 67.5 135,221 6 5,689 67,872 4,252 100,266 75,304 7 72,358 7 2,495 69,862 2,946 24,963 208,907 141,165 67.6 135,362 6 5,804 67,742 4,374 100,330 75,594 7 72,473 7 2,494 69,979 3,121 24,737 209,053 140,867 67.4 135,159 6 5,708 68,187 4,594 100,405 75,198 7 72,313 7 2,409 69,904 2,885 25,206 209,216 141,230 67.5 135,706 6 5,524 67,986 4,352 100,487 75,189 7 72,307 7 2,384 69,923 2,882 25,298 209,371 140,489 67 134,715 6 5,774 68,882 4,412 100,566 74,883 7 71,948 71.5 2,381 69,568 2,934 25,683 209,543 140,762 67.2 135,179 6 5,583 68,781 4,254 100,654 75,120 7 72,217 7 2,429 69,789 2,903 25,534 209,727 140,399 66.9 134,749 6 5,650 69,329 4,478 100,745 74,917 7 72,063 71.5 2,465 69,598 2,854 25,828 209,935 140,742 67.0 134,912 6 5,829 69,193 4,213 100,847 75,412 7 72,407 7 2,465 69,942 3,005 25,435 210,161 140,639 66.9 135,161 6 5,477 69,522 4,349 100,963 75,233 7 72,352 7 2,548 69,805 2,881 25,730 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 91,793 70,328 76.6 67,943 7 2,189 65,754 2,385 21,465 91,896 70,339 76.5 67,898 7 2,206 65,692 2,441 21,557 91,986 70,388 76.5 68,037 7 2,262 65,775 2,351 21,598 92,052 70,529 76.6 68,197 7 2,227 65,970 2,332 21,523 92,057 70,917 77.0 68,585 7 2,303 66,282 2,332 21,139 92,092 71,120 77.2 68,691 7 2,309 66,382 2,429 20,972 92,145 70,822 76.9 68,480 7 2,232 66,249 2,342 21,323 92,303 70,761 76.7 68,481 7 2,213 66,269 2,280 21,542 92,408 70,603 76.4 68,230 7 2,217 66,013 2,373 21,805 92,546 70,714 76.4 68,430 7 2,269 66,161 2,284 21,832 92,642 70,702 76.3 68,440 7 2,296 66,144 2,263 21,940 92,754 71,067 76.6 68,757 7 2,288 66,469 2,309 21,688 92,863 71,002 76.5 68,699 7 2,350 66,349 2,303 21,861 Women, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 108,289 64,832 59.9 62,020 57.3 818 61,202 2,812 43,457 100,385 60,860 60.6 58,630 58.4 778 57,852 2,230 39,525 108,395 65,017 60.0 62,317 57.5 849 61,468 2,700 43,378 100,458 60,955 60.7 58,800 58.5 800 58,000 2,155 39,503 108,487 65,106 60.0 62,366 57.5 809 61,557 2,740 43,381 100,573 61,052 60.7 58,838 58.5 768 58,070 2,214 39,521 108,569 65,178 60.0 62,493 57.6 839 61,654 2,685 43,391 100,666 61,154 60.7 58,958 58.6 791 58,167 2,196 39,512 108,516 65,606 60.5 62,863 57.9 875 61,988 2,743 42,910 100,579 61,576 61.2 59,280 58.9 826 58,454 2,297 39,003 108,577 65,572 60.4 62,889 57.9 914 61,975 2,683 43,005 100,666 61,575 61.2 59,398 59.0 871 58,526 2,178 39,090 108,649 65,668 60.4 62,846 57.8 950 61,896 2,823 42,980 100,713 61,671 61.2 59,422 59.0 894 58,528 2,249 39,042 108,729 66,041 60.7 63,399 58.3 971 62,428 2,642 42,688 100,809 61,920 61.4 59,757 59.3 899 58,858 2,163 38,889 108,805 65,606 60.3 62,767 57.7 918 61,849 2,839 43,199 100,929 61,614 61.0 59,248 58.7 864 58,383 2,367 39,314 108,889 65,642 60.3 62,962 57.8 893 62,070 2,680 43,247 101,007 61,596 61.0 59,278 58.7 834 58,444 2,318 39,410 108,983 65,482 60 62,686 57.5 834 61,852 2,796 43,501 101,111 61,508 60.8 59,222 58.6 792 58,430 2,286 39,603 109,088 65,330 59.9 62,505 57.3 878 61,627 2,824 43,758 101,209 61,260 60.5 58,949 58.2 824 58,125 2,311 39,949 109,198 65,406 59.9 62,809 57.5 792 62,016 2,597 43,793 101,321 61,386 60.6 59,268 58.5 744 58,524 2,118 39,935 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 16,086 8,287 51.5 7,077 4 212 6,865 1,210 1 7,799 16,129 8,403 5 7,242 4 232 7,010 1,161 1 7,726 16,107 8,394 5 7,223 4 280 6,943 1,171 1 7,713 16,114 8,425 5 7,265 4 261 7,004 1,160 1 7,689 16,147 8,416 5 7,356 4 242 7,114 1,060 1 7,730 16,149 8,470 5 7,273 4 228 7,046 1,197 1 7,679 16,196 8,374 5 7,257 4 233 7,024 1,117 1 7,822 16,104 8,549 5 7,467 46.4 243 7,224 1,082 1 7,555 16,034 8,271 51.6 7,237 4 217 7,020 1,034 1 7,762 15,991 8,452 5 7,471 46.7 218 7,253 981 11.6 7,539 15,974 8,189 51.3 7,087 4 211 6,876 1,101 1 7,786 15,972 8,415 5 7,206 4 232 6,974 1,209 1 7,557 15,977 8,251 51.6 7,195 4 247 6,948 1,056 1 7,726 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in tables A3 through A13 will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June Sept WHITE Civilian noninstitutional population 1.. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Men, 20 years and over 173,432 116,495 67.2 112,303 6 4,192 173,585 116,654 67.2 112,548 6 4,106 173,709 116,703 67.2 112,611 6 4,092 173,821 117,008 67.3 112,951 6 4,057 173,812 117,716 67.7 113,704 6 4,011 173,886 117,821 67.8 113,634 6 4,187 173,983 117,832 67.7 113,630 6 4,202 174,092 117,988 67.8 113,915 6 4,073 174,197 117,097 67.2 112,988 6 4,108 174,316 117,451 67.4 113,484 6 3,967 174,443 117,258 67.2 113,156 6 4,103 174,587 117,551 67.3 113,352 6 4,199 174,745 117,535 67.3 113,450 6 4,085 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 59,841 77 58,102 7 1,739 59,777 77.0 58,043 7 1,734 59,761 76.9 58,067 7 1,694 59,889 77.0 58,221 7 1,668 60,179 77.3 58,487 7 1,693 60,387 77.6 58,631 7 1,756 60,282 77.4 58,541 7 1,742 60,048 77.0 58,386 7 1,662 59,882 76.7 58,184 7 1,698 60,074 76.9 58,409 7 1,666 59,950 76.7 58,302 7 1,647 60,358 77 58,701 7 1,657 60,275 77.0 58,543 7 1,732 Women, 20 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 49,593 59.7 48,010 57.8 1,583 49.733 59.8 48,203 58.0 1,530 49,814 59.9 48,273 58.0 1,541 50,011 60 48,486 58.2 1,525 50,404 60.5 48,857 58.7 1,547 50,335 60.4 48,792 58.6 1,544 50.448 60.5 48,820 58.6 1,628 50,726 60.8 49,150 58.9 1,576 50,237 60.2 48,567 58.2 1,670 50,246 60.2 48,616 58.2 1,630 50,356 60.2 48,700 58.3 1,656 50,060 59.8 48,388 57.8 1,673 50,235 60.0 48,688 58.2 1,546 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio Women 7,061 5 6,191 48.6 870 1 1 1 7,144 56 6,302 49.5 842 1 1 1 7,128 56.0 6,271 49.2 857 1 1 11.2 7,108 55.8 6,244 49.0 864 1 1 10.9 7,132 56.0 6,360 50.0 772 10.8 1 9 7,099 55.8 6,211 48.8 888 1 1 10.4 7,102 55.8 6,270 49.3 832 1 11.3 1 7,214 56.7 6,379 50.2 835 11.6 1 10.0 6,978 5 6,237 49 740 10.6 10.7 10.5 7,130 56 6,458 50.8 672 9.4 11.2 7.4 6,953 5 6,153 48.4 800 11.5 1 10.3 7,133 56.2 6,264 49.3 869 1 1 11.0 7,025 5 6,219 49.0 806 11.5 1 10.7 BLACK Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... 24,946 16,474 66.0 15,114 60.6 1,360 8.3 24,985 16,489 66.0 15,124 60.5 1,365 8.3 25,019 16,508 66.0 15,187 60.7 1,321 8.0 25,051 16,513 65.9 15,204 60.7 1,309 7.9 25,047 16,622 66.4 15,254 60.9 1,368 8.2 25,076 16,785 66.9 15,471 6 1,314 7.8 25,105 16,572 66.0 15,356 61.2 1,216 7.3 25,135 16,636 66.2 15,444 61.4 1,191 7.2 25,161 16,596 66.0 15,261 60.7 1,335 8.0 291 16,577 65.8 15,275 60.6 1,302 7.9 25,221 16,456 6 15,190 60.2 1,266 7.7 25,258 16.512 6 15,190 60 1,322 8.0 25,299 16,403 6 15,246 60.3 1,156 7.0 Men, 20 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... 7,205 7 6,696 67.2 509 7 7,281 7 6,717 67.3 564 7.7 7,277 7 6,767 67.7 510 7.0 7,273 7 6,766 67.5 507 7.0 7,386 7 6,839 68.2 547 7.4 7,441 7 6,910 68.9 532 7 7,300 7 6,830 68.0 469 6.4 7,351 7 6,864 68.2 487 6.6 7,261 7 6,736 66.8 524 7.2 7,263 7 6,761 67.0 502 6.9 7,292 7 6,803 67.3 489 6.7 7,337 7 6,797 67 540 7.4 7,274 7 6,813 67 461 6.3 Women, 20 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... 8,316 66.5 7,759 6 557 6.7 8,252 65.9 7,745 6 507 6 8,305 66.3 7,757 6 548 6.6 8,260 65.8 7,706 61.4 554 6.7 8,315 66.3 7,715 61.5 600 7.2 8,344 66.4 7,805 6 539 6.5 8,314 66 7,808 6 506 6 8,291 65.8 7,807 6 484 5.8 8,384 66.5 7,801 6 583 7.0 8,347 66 7,792 6 554 6.6 8.217 6 7,691 60.8 525 6.4 8,230 6 7,710 60.9 520 6.3 8,197 6 7,724 60.9 472 5.8 See footnotes at end of table.

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June BLACKContinued Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... Men Women 953 38.4 659 26.5 294 30.8 30.3 31.4 956 38.5 662 26.7 294 30.8 3 26 926 37.3 663 26.7 263 28.4 31.0 25.9 980 39.5 732 29.5 248 2 27.5 2 921 37.2 701 28.3 220 2 2 2 999 40.4 756 30.6 243 2 2 26.6 958 38.7 718 29.0 240 2 21.3 28.9 993 40.2 773 31.3 220 2 2 2 951 38.5 724 29.3 227 2 27.7 20.2 967 39.2 722 29.2 245 2 3 18.2 947 38.4 696 28.2 252 26.6 2 27.9 945 38.4 682 27.7 262 27.8 3 2 932 37.8 709 28.8 223 2 26.7 21.5 HISPANIC ORIGIN Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... 21,820 14,766 67.7 13,795 6 971 6.6 21,881 14,809 67.7 13,879 6 930 6.3 21,947 14,887 67.8 13,979 6 908 6 22,008 14,984 68 14,095 6 889 5.9 22,047 15,251 69.2 14,395 6 856 22,108 15,249 69.0 14,382 6 868 5.7 22,166 15,313 69 14,355 6 958 6.3 22,231 15,355 69 14,524 6 831 22,292 15,322 68.7 14,432 6 890 5.8 22,355 15,325 68.6 14,461 6 864 22,422 15,188 67.7 14,339 6 849 22,488 15,248 67.8 14,371 6 876 5.7 22,555 15,536 68.9 14,666 6 871 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A5. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 years and over by educational attainment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Educational attainment Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June Sept Less than a high school diploma Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 28,583 12,151 4 11,327 39.6 824 6.8 28,246 12,201 4 11,401 40.4 800 6.6 28,228 12,132 4 11,347 40.2 785 6.5 28,144 11,956 4 11,243 39.9 713 6.0 27,995 11,895 4 11,106 39.7 789 6.6 27,376 11,971 4 11,257 41 714 6.0 27,523 11,726 4 10,918 39.7 808 6.9 28,069 11,945 4 11,218 40.0 727 6 28,096 11,815 4 10,984 39 832 7.0 28,227 12,004 4 11,239 39.8 765 6.4 27,888 12,328 4 11,544 41.4 784 6.4 28,306 12,441 4 11,677 41.3 764 6 28,346 12,417 4 11,662 41 755 6 High school graduates, no college 2 Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 57,518 37,188 6 35,879 6 1,309 57,275 37,080 6 35,874 6 1,206 57,789 37,671 6 36,445 6 1,226 57,590 37,362 6 36,071 6 1,291 57,768 37,617 6 36,305 6 1,311 57,471 37,603 6 36,294 6 1,309 58,033 37,671 6 36,401 6 1,270 58,015 37,666 6 36,401 6 1,265 57,746 37,224 6 35,895 6 1,329 57,581 36,910 6 35,659 6 1,251 57,144 37,018 6 35,782 6 1,236 56,882 36,589 6 35,238 6 1,350 57,244 36,682 6 35,463 6 1,219 Less than a bachelor's degree 3 Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 42,955 32,140 7 31,269 7 871 43,787 32,203 7 31,330 71.6 873 44,070 32,312 7 31,444 71.3 868 44,069 32,404 7 31,586 7 818 43,689 32,397 7 31,564 7 833 44,486 32,544 7 31,595 71.0 949 44,225 32,967 7 32,090 7 878 43,896 32,684 7 31,843 7 841 44,153 33,065 7 32,228 7 838 44,250 33,094 7 32,132 7 962 44,724 32,952 7 32,029 71.6 923 44,616 33,175 7 32,230 7 946 44,191 32,934 7 32,091 7 843 College graduates Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 45,081 35,722 79.2 35,112 77.9 610 44,986 35,721 79.4 35,106 78.0 615 44,365 35,264 79.5 34,655 78 609 44,821 35,824 79.9 35,186 78.5 638 45,058 36,205 80.4 35,540 78.9 665 45,247 36,265 80 35,678 78.9 587 1.6 44,838 36,060 80.4 35,481 79 579 1.6 44,864 36,099 80.5 35,545 79.2 553 1.5 45,029 36,011 80.0 35,433 78.7 577 1.6 45,092 35,988 79.8 35,437 78.6 551 1.5 45,549 35,877 78.8 35,254 77.4 623 45,718 35,903 78.5 35,250 77 653 45,863 36,017 78.5 35,319 77.0 697 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. 2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent. 3 Includes the categories, some college, no degree; and associate degree. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 10

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A6. and unemployed full and parttime workers by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Full and parttime status, sex, and age Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June EMPLOYED Fulltime workers Men, 16 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 110,413 63,985 62,621 46,452 45,497 2,295 110,877 64,005 62,607 46,847 45,822 2,448 111,227 64,259 62,825 46,968 45,907 2,495 111,562 64,358 62,914 47,161 46,094 2,554 112,089 64,727 63,407 47,152 46,189 2,493 112,129 64,883 63,468 47,195 46,187 2,474 112,248 64,933 63,501 47,253 46,357 2,389 113,054 65,097 63,620 47,841 46,787 2,646 112,271 64,772 63,238 47,442 46,387 2,645 112,326 65,009 63,427 47,424 46,331 2,568 112,051 65,038 63,548 47,115 46,089 2,415 112,154 65,346 63,815 46,888 45,900 2,439 112,509 65,006 63,560 47,576 46,435 2,515 Parttime workers Men, 16 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 23,205 7,613 5,302 15,666 13,169 4,734 23,081 7,610 5,255 15,483 12,996 4,830 22,946 7,485 5,213 15,450 12,964 4,769 22,975 7,581 5,295 15,377 12,932 4,748 23,224 7,552 5,197 15,641 13,075 4,951 23,210 7,557 5,193 15,627 13,157 4,860 23,105 7,489 5,101 15,619 13,107 4,898 22,697 7,180 4,877 15,509 12,954 4,865 22,508 7,184 4,963 15,350 12,884 4,661 22,808 7,241 5,030 15,531 12,983 4,795 22,517 7,045 4,901 15,533 13,029 4,587 22,696 7,071 4,997 15,607 13,013 4,686 22,619 7,364 5,104 15,355 12,857 4,658 UNEMPLOYED Looking for fulltime work Men, 16 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 4,568 2,533 2,172 2,068 1,792 604 4,614 2,588 2,224 2,068 1,771 619 4,536 2,526 2,151 2,068 1,792 593 4,540 2,493 2,109 2,065 1,799 632 4,554 2,389 2,125 2,093 1,864 566 4,595 2,512 2,234 1,978 1,738 623 4,489 2 326 2,106 2,076 1,764 619 4,427 2,393 2,039 2,082 1,753 636 4,592 2,478 2,176 2,140 1,896 520 4,420 2,477 2,090 1,997 1,875 455 4,362 2,370 2,038 1,959 1,798 526 4,631 2,497 2,093 2,155 1,933 604 4,386 2,443 2,090 1,969 1,755 542 Looking for parttime work Men, 16 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 1,228 504 207 707 424 597 1,146 499 216 625 377 553 1,191 502 199 686 406 586 1,175 520 236 640 384 555 1,112 483 213 615 415 483 1,191 508 201 707 452 539 1,243 462 225 772 514 505 1,093 512 223 619 428 442 1,258 525 230 730 502 527 1,162 484 199 687 445 517 1,257 488 217 767 474 566 1,194 506 207 666 382 605 1,081 452 206 611 365 509 UNEMPLOYMENT RATES 1 Fulltime workers Men, 16 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 20.8 20.2 19.2 19.8 18.5 20 20.6 19.4 16.4 1 17.9 19.9 17.7 Parttime workers Men, 16 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 6.2 11.2 6.2 10.3 6.3 10.9 6.4 10.5 6.0 8.9 6.3 10.0 5.8 9.3 6.7 8.3 6.8 10.2 6.3 9.7 6.5 11.0 6.7 11.4 5.8 9.9 1 These rates reflect a refined definition of the full and parttime labor force and differ from the rates published elsewhere in this publication prior to 1994. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 11

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A7. persons by marital status, occupation, class of worker, and parttime status, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Category Oct. Nov. Dec, Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June MARITAL STATUS Total Married men, spouse present Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families 133,650 43,367 33,275 8,312 133,940 43,206 33,521 8,398 134,098 43,273 33,635 8,526 134,420 43,283 33,762 8,375 135,221 43,951 34,166 8,362 135,362 43,535 33,882 8,220 135,159 43,297 33,780 8,082 135,706 43,272 33,877 8,307 134,715 43,216 33,786 8,301 135,179 43,357 33,824 8,280 134,749 43,284 33,618 8,483 134,912 43,372 33,413 8,519 135,161 43,324 33,402 8,548 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Service occupations Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 40,784 38,634 17,876 14,659 18,227 3,365 40,718 39,023 17,694 14,836 18,340 3,365 40,363 39,283 17,633 14,903 18,476 3,407 40,800 39,311 17,706 14,940 18,299 3,367 40,924 39,614 18,155 14,610 18,385 3,574 40,806 39,703 18,344 14,681 18,279 3,630 40,595 39,510 18,711 14,520 18,334 3,562 40,665 39,680 18,885 14,501 18,453 3,477 40,858 39,537 18,181 14,867 18,020 3,410 41,148 39,270 18,090 14,888 18,430 3,368 40,784 39,239 17,877 15,236 18,296 3,309 40,937 39,026 17,675 15,263 18,592 3,400 40,963 38,966 18,128 15,156 18,501 3,395 CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers Private industries Private households Other industries Government Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers 1,930 1,198 40 121,583 102,503 1,035 101,468 19,080 8,791 100 1,936 1,267 42 121,654 102,837 939 101,898 18,817 8,833 101 2,049 1,216 41 121,965 103,063 944 102,119 18,902 8,686 108 2,018 1,211 36 122,426 103,467 948 102,519 18,959 8,662 98 2,024 1,320 38 122,823 103,810 952 102,858 19,013 8,802 92 2,025 1,344 51 123,166 103,772 1,016 102,756 19,394 8,793 74 2,043 1,292 42 123,169 103,571 998 102,573 19,598 8,704 107 2,054 1,272 43 123,623 104,343 1,019 103,324 19,280 8,750 103 2,006 1,252 38 122,860 103,691 953 102,738 19,169 8,714 82 2,059 1,175 50 123,002 104,225 957 103,268 18,777 8,665 71 2,079 1,182 40 122,681 104,184 807 103,377 18,497 8,609 80 2,056 1,258 37 122,773 104,277 716 103,561 18,496 8,590 116 2,010 1,288 39 122,992 104,013 812 103,201 18,979 8,799 105 PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME 1 All industries: Part time for economic reasons Slack work or business conditions Could only find parttime work Part time for noneconomic reasons 3,283 1,922 1,073 18,801 3,179 1,928 993 18,799 3,274 1,930 1,032 18,651 3,320 1,951 1,025 18,618 3,219 1,893 1,012 18,889 3,139 1,807 1,023 19,031 3,124 1,820 953 18,770 3,124 1,844 1,016 18,474 3,248 1,962 978 18,409 3,117 1,811 1,022 18,308 3,071 1,846 900 18,558 3,164 1,997 855 18,709 3,189 2,101 815 18,456 Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons Slack work or business conditions Could only find parttime work Part time for noneconomic reasons 3,112 1,806 1,063 18,273 2,983 1,807 964 18,249 3,105 1,815 1,013 18,083 3,157 1,843 1,018 18,061 3,066 1,801 986 18,347 2,985 1,705 1,005 18,406 3,003 1,766 922 18,184 3,021 1,782 989 17,943 3,096 1,840 962 17,853 2,967 1,713 994 17,743 2,940 1,750 881 18,041 3,038 1,924 838 18,190 3,021 1,983 804 17,879 1 Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 12

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A8. persons by age and sex, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Age and sex Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June Total, 16 years and over... 133,650 133,940 134,098 134,420 135,221 135,362 135,159 135,706 134,715 135,179 134,749 134,912 135,161 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 20,106 7,077 2,765 4,309 13,029 113,539 96,200 17,377 20,226 7,242 2,834 4,411 12,984 113,666 96,436 17,255 20,188 7,223 2,797 4,421 12,965 113,897 96,635 17,252 20,334 7,265 2,803 4,461 13,069 114,075 96,729 17,406 20,621 7,356 2,855 4,492 13,265 114,641 97,199 17,447 20,473 7,273 2,794 4,452 13,200 114,810 97,246 17,603 20,478 7,257 2,832 4,432 13,221 114,737 97,120 17,604 20,743 7,467 2,817 4,632 13,276 115,009 97,349 17,620 20,211 7,237 2,732 4,539 12,974 114,585 96,841 17,617 20,683 7,471 2,914 4,561 13,212 114,453 96,790 17,683 20,292 7,087 2,615 4,454 13,205 114,478 96,768 17,735 20,538 7,206 2,737 4,472 13,332 114,440 96,566 17,888 20,762 7,195 2,785 4,413 13,567 114,413 96,657 17,823 Men, 16 years and over 71,630 71,623 71,732 71,927 72,358 72,473 72,313 72,307 71,948 72,217 72,063 72,407 72,352 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 10,540 3,687 1,421 2,247 6,853 61,083 51,431 9,649 10,521 3,725 1,462 2,267 6,796 61,073 51,523 9,542 10,508 3,695 1,439 2,234 6,813 61,202 51,673 9,574 10,570 3,730 1,445 2,278 6,840 61,349 51,732 9,649 10,727 3,773 1,471 2,301 6,954 61,585 51,944 9,658 10,745 3,782 1,494 2,267 6,963 61,702 51,928 9,784 10,858 3,833 1,510 2,334 7,025 61,482 51,800 9,723 10,858 3,825 1,436 2,385 7,033 61,426 51,796 9,630 10,556 3,718 1,404 2,349 6,838 61,430 51,664 9,691 10,748 3,787 1,486 2,306 6,962 61,456 51,781 9,679 10,556 3,623 1,313 2,296 6,933 61,530 51,803 9,739 10,683 3,650 1,389 2,256 7,032 61,771 51,851 9,952 10,737 3,654 1,394 2,256 7,084 61,618 51,823 9,801 Women, 16 years and over 62,020 62,317 62,366 62,493 62,863 62,889 62,846 63,399 62,767 62,962 62,686 62,505 62,809 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 9,566 3,390 1,344 2,062 6,176 52,456 44,769 7,728 9,705 3,517 1,372 2,144 6,188 52,593 44,913 7,713 9,680 3,528 1,358 2,187 6,152 52,695 44,962 7,678 9,764 3,535 1,358 2,183 6,229 52,726 44,997 7,757 9,894 3,584 1,385 2,190 6,310 53,056 45,254 7,788 9,728 3,491 1,300 2,185 6,237 53,108 45,319 7,818 9,620 3,424 1,322 2,098 6,196 53,255 45,321 7,882 9,885 3,642 1,381 2,247 6,243 53,583 45,553 7,990 9,655 3,519 1,328 2,190 6,136 53,155 45,177 7,926 9,934 3,684 1,428 2,254 6,250 52,997 45,009 8,004 9,736 3,464 1,302 2,158 6,271 52,947 44,965 7,996 9,855 3,556 1,348 2,216 6,299 52,669 44,715 7,936 10,024 3,541 1,391 2,157 6,483 52,795 44,834 8,023 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 13

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A9. persons by age and sex, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Age and sex Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June Total, 16 years and over... 5,825 5,757 5,736 5,688 5,689 5,804 5,708 5,524 5,774 83 5,650 5,829 5,477 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 2,226 1,210 531 690 1,016 3,618 3,147 461 2,247 1,161 536 623 1,086 3,510 3,043 472 2,249 1,171 553 619 1,078 3,488 3,048 459 2,209 1,160 553 612 1,049 3,479 2,987 477 2,119 1,060 465 577 1,059 3,578 3,089 494 2,267 1,197 529 653 1,071 3,520 2,997 546 2,199 1,117 510 607 1,082 3,531 3,044 498 2,115 1,082 481 597 1,033 3,411 2,964 427 2,198 1,034 521 525 1,164 3,556 3,132 440 2,048 981 439 543 1,067 3,515 3,118 418 2,066 1,101 515 577 965 3,581 3,158 430 2,128 1,209 566 644 919 3,700 3,219 486 1,977 1,056 519 554 921 3,518 3,009 518 Men, 16 years and over 3,013 3,057 2,996 3,003 2,946 3,121 2,885 2,882 2,934 2,903 2,854 3,005 2,881 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 1,163 628 283 341 535 1,859 1,575 292 1,222 616 268 346 606 1,842 1,578 278 1,194 645 292 353 549 1,789 1,531 252 1,252 671 311 356 581 1,757 1,493 246 1,150 613 246 364 537 1,800 1,552 248 1,236 691 312 367 544 1,861 1,574 281 1,106 543 269 274 563 1,781 1,500 278 1,153 603 270 337 550 1,735 1,462 268 1,179 562 286 283 617 1,744 1,506 256 1,128 619 274 354 509 1,772 1,549 220 1,117 591 277 310 526 1,747 1,505 243 1,201 695 283 415 506 1,802 1,541 275 1,104 578 295 279 527 1,778 1,518 265 Women, 16 years and over 2,812 2,700 2,740 2,685 2,743 2,683 2,823 2,642 2,839 2,680 2,796 2,824 2,597 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 1,063 582 248 349 481 1,759 1,572 169 1,025 545 268 277 480 1,668 1,465 194 1,055 526 261 266 529 1,699 1,517 207 957 489 242 256 468 1,722 1,494 231 969 447 219 213 522 1,778 1,537 245 1,032 505 217 286 526 1,659 1,424 266 1,093 574 241 334 520 1,751 1,544 219 962 479 211 260 483 1,676 1,502 159 1,019 472 235 241 546 1,811 1,625 184 919 362 165 190 558 1,742 1,568 198 949 510 238 266 439 1,834 1,653 187 927 514 283 229 413 1,899 1,678 211 872 479 225 275 394 1,740 1,491 253 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 14

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A10. s by age and sex, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Age and sex Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June Total, 16 years and over... 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 10.0 1 16 1 7.2 10.0 1 15.9 1 7.7 10.0 1 16.5 1 7.7 9.8 1 16.5 1 7.4 9.3 1 1 11.4 7.4 10.0 1 15.9 1 7.5 9.7 1 1 1 7.6 9.3 1 1 11.4 7.2 9.8 1 16.0 10.4 8.2 9.0 11.6 1 10.6 7.5 9.2 1 16.5 11.5 6.8 9.4 1 17 1 6.4 8.7 1 15.7 11.2 6.4 Men, 16 years and over 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 9.9 1 16.6 1 7.2 10.4 1 1 1 8.2 10.2 1 16.9 1 7.5 10.6 1 17.7 1 7.8 9.7 1 1 1 7.2 10.3 1 17.3 1 7.3 9.2 1 1 10.5 7.4 9.6 1 15.8 1 7.3 10.0 1 16.9 10.8 8.3 9.5 1 1 1 6.8 9.6 1 17.4 1 7 10 16.0 16.9 1 6.7 9.3 1 17.4 11.0 6.9 Women, 16 years and over 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 10.0 1 1 1 7.2 9.6 1 16.3 11.4 7.2 9.8 1 16 10.8 7.9 8.9 1 1 10.5 7.0 8.9 11 1 8.9 7.6 9.6 1 1 11.6 7.8 10.2 1 1 1 7.7 8.9 11.6 1 10.4 7.2 9.5 1 1 9.9 8.2 8.5 8.9 10.4 7.8 8.2 8.9 1 1 11.0 6.5 8.6 1 17.3 9.4 6.2 8.0 1 1 11.3 5.7 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 15

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A11. s by occupation, industry, and selected demographic characteristics, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Category Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June CHARACTERISTIC Total Men, 20 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11.6 1 1 1 White Black and other Black Hispanic origin 7.2 8.3 6.6 7.2 8.3 6.3 7 8.0 6 7.0 7.9 5.9 7 8.2 6.9 7.8 5.7 6.6 7.3 6.3 6.3 7.2 7.2 8.0 5.8 6.9 7.9 6.7 7.7 7.0 8.0 5.7 6 7.0 Married men, spouse present Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families 6.4 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.2 6 6.8 6.3 6.5 6 6.0 OCCUPATION 1 Managerial and professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 6.4 6.3 5.8 6.2 6.7 6 5.8 6 1.6 6 5.7 6.4 6.6 7.0 6.3 1.6 6 6.3 5.7 6.4 6.4 6 INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers Goodsproducing industries Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Serviceproducing industries Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government workers Agricultural wage and salary workers 6.7 6.9 5.7 6.7 7.7 5.7 8.3 6.6 7 6.4 7.5 6.5 6.9 8.4 5.8 7.6 5.9 7.3 5.9 7.0 6.5 8.5 5.8 6.4 7.8 1 Seasonally adjusted data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trendcycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 16

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A12. persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Reason Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs... On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 2,573 869 1,704 758 1,967 504 2,518 802 1,716 778 1,958 511 2,493 851 1,642 821 1,935 485 2,401 795 1,606 825 2,036 453 2,477 739 1,739 776 2,043 393 2,616 838 1,778 759 1,975 387 2,541 781 1,759 824 1,979 434 2,306 703 1,602 833 1,961 408 2,483 894 1,589 774 2,093 500 2,450 959 1,491 671 2,076 343 2,417 856 1,561 799 1,961 402 2,615 940 1,674 782 1,919 514 2,511 823 1,688 746 1,774 411 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs... On temdorarv lavoff Not on temporary layoff Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 4 1 29.4 1 3 8.7 4 1 29.8 1 3 8.9 4 1 28.6 1 3 8.5 4 1 28 1 3 7.9 4 1 30.6 1 35.9 6.9 4 1 31.0 1 3 6.7 4 1 30.5 1 3 7.5 4 1 29 1 3 7.4 4 1 27.2 1 35.8 8.5 4 17.3 26.9 1 37.5 6.2 4 1 28.0 1 3 7.2 4 16 28.7 1 3 8.8 46.2 1 31.0 1 3 7.5 UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs... Job leavers Reentrants New entrants.5 1.4.4.6 1.4.4.6 1.4.3.6 1.5.3.6 1.4.3.5 1.4.3.6 1.4.3 1.6.6 1.4.3.6 1.5.4.5 1.5.2.6 1.4.3.6 1.4.4 5 1 3.3 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. A13. persons by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Duration Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks 15 weeks and over 15 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over 2,582 1,805 1,412 708 704 2,545 1,811 1,434 719 715 2,601 1,760 1,401 725 676 2,620 1,694 1,388 693 695 2,447 1,754 1,372 667 705 2,603 1,864 1,277 673 604 2,824 1,719 1,295 657 637 2,455 1,868 1,250 670 580 2,531 1,953 1,337 677 660 2,595 1,759 1,242 593 649 2,470 1,812 1,331 654 677 2,594 1,846 1,384 679 705 2,487 1,717 1,226 602 624 Average (mean) duration, in weeks Median duration, in weeks 1 5.9 1 6.3 1 6.2 1 5.9 1 5.7 1 6 1 6.0 1 6.0 1 5.8 1 5.8 1 6.0 1 6.2 1 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks 15 weeks and over 15 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over 100.0 4 31 2 1 1 100.0 4 31.3 2 1 1 100.0 4 30.5 2 1 1 100.0 45.9 29.7 2 1 1 100.0 4 31.5 2 1 1 100.0 4 3 2 1 10.5 100.0 48.4 29.4 2 11.3 10.9 100.0 4 3 2 1 10.4 100.0 4 3 2 11.6 11.3 100.0 46.4 31.4 2 10.6 11.6 100.0 4 3 2 1 1 100.0 4 3 2 1 1 100.0 45.8 31.6 2 11 11.5 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 17

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A14. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race (Numbers in thousands) September Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Total Percent of population Total Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force TOTAL 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over... 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over. 210,161 15,977 7,928 8,049 18,540 119,046 37,289 17,884 19,405 44,662 21,991 22,671 37,095 19,904 17,190 23,804 13,260 10,544 32,794 9,258 8,523 15,012 140,357 7,852 3,156 4,696 14,305 99,810 31,346 15,005 16,341 37,853 18,537 19,316 30,611 16,792 13,819 14,097 9,117 4,980 4,293 2,318 1,174 801 66.8 49 39.8 58.3 77.2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 80.4 59.2 68.8 47.2 1 2 1 135,033 6,840 2,726 4,114 13,390 96,897 30,237 14,434 15,803 36,802 18,022 18,780 29,858 16,336 13,522 13,766 8,911 4,855 4,139 2,226 1,125 788 6 4 3 51 7 81.4 81 80.7 81.4 8 8 8 80.5 8 78.7 57.8 67.2 46.0 1 2 1 3,510 249 116 132 344 2,098 609 284 325 831 435 396 657 370 287 475 208 266 346 163 93 90 131.523 6,591 2,610 81 13,047 94,800 29,627 14,150 15,478 35,971 17,587 18,384 29,201 15,966 13,235 13,292 8,703 4,589 3,794 2,063 1,033 697 5,324 1,012 430 582 915 2,913 109 571 538 1,051 515 536 753 456 297 331 206 125 153 91 49 13 1 1 1 6.4 1.6 69,804 8,125 4,772 53 4,235 19,236 5,943 2,879 3,065 6,809 3,454 3,355 6.483 3,112 3,372 9,707 4,142 5,564 28,501 6,941 7,349 14,211 Men 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over... 100,963 8,100 4,055 4,044 9,226 58,317 18,211 8.685 9,525 22,001 10,831 11,170 18,106 9,758 8,348 11,344 6,361 4,983 13,976 4,294 75 5,907 74,983 4,029 1,606 2,424 7,499 53,315 16,901 7,939 8,962 20,317 10,076 10,241 16,097 8,800 7,296 7,658 4,956 2,702 2,482 1.342 679 461 7 49.7 39.6 59.9 81.3 91.4 9 91.4 9 9 9 9 88.9 90.2 87.4 67.5 77.9 5 17.8 31.3 18.0 7.8 72,317 3,494 1,369 2,125 7,008 51,938 16,381 7,681 8,699 19,838 9,845 9,993 15,719 8,580 7,139 7,506 4,856 2,650 2,372 1,280 640 452 71.6 4 3 5 76.0 89 90.0 88.4 91.3 90.2 90.9 89.5 86.8 87.9 8 66.2 76.3 5 17.0 29.8 17.0 7.6 73 199 87 112 278 1.576 461 216 245 627 337 290 488 283 204 351 170 181 269 122 67 79 69,644 3,295 1,282 2,013 6,730 50.361 15.920 7,465 8,454 19.210 9,507 9,703 131 8,297 6,935 7,155 4,686 69 2,103 158 573 373 2,666 536 237 299 491 1,377 520 258 262 480 232 248 377 220 157 152 100 52 110 62 39 10 1 1 1 6.5 5.7 25.980 4,071 2,450 1,621 27 5,002 1.309 746 563 1.684 754 929 2,009 957 1,052 3,686 1,405 2,281 11,494 2,952 3,096 5,445 Women 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 109,198 7,877 3,873 4,005 9.314 60.728 19,079 9,199 9,880 22,661 11,160 11,501 18,989 10,147 8,842 12,461 6,899 5,562 18,818 4,964 4,748 9,105 65,374 3,823 1,551 2,272 6.807 46.495 14,445 7,066 7,379 17,536 8,461 9.075 14,515 7,992 6,522 6,439 4,161 2,278 11 976 495 340 59.9 48.5 40.0 56.7 7 76.6 75.7 76.8 7 77.4 75.8 78.9 76.4 78.8 7 5 60.3 41.0 9.6 19.7 10.4 62,716 3,346 1,357 1,989 6.383 460 156 6,752 704 16,965 8,177 8,787 14,139 7,756 6,383 6,260 4,055 2,206 1,768 946 485 336 57.4 4 3 49.7 68.5 7 7 7 7 7 7 76.4 7 76.4 7 50.2 58.8 39.7 9.4 19 10.2 837 50 29 21 66 521 148 68 80 204 98 106 169 86 83 123 38 85 77 40 25 11 61,879 96 1.328 68 6.317 438 13,708 6,684 7,023 16.761 8,080 8,681 13,970 7,670 6,300 6,137 4,016 2,120 1,691 906 460 325 2,658 477 194 283 424 1,535 589 313 275 571 283 288 376 236 140 179 107 72 43 29 10 4 1 1 1 6.2 1 43,824 55 2,322 1,733 2,507 14,233 4,634 2,133 01 5,125 2,700 2,426 4,474 2,155 2,319 6,021 2,737 3,284 17,007 3,989 4,253 8,766 See footnotes at end of table. 18

A14. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race Continued (Numbers in thousands) September Civi ian labor force HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Total Percent of population Total Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force WHITE 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 174,745 12,699 6,298 6,401 14,812 97,819 29,852 14,182 170 36.657 17,979 18,678 31,311 16,640 14,671 20,428 11,372 9,056 28.986 7,957 7,529 13,501 117.237 6.654 12 42 11,780 82,699 25,221 12,006 115 31.329 15,240 16,090 2648 14,186 11,963 12,284 7,911 4,372 3,819 2,026 1,068 726 67 5 4 61.6 79.5 8 8 8 8 8 8 86 8 8 81.5 60 69.6 48.3 1 2 1 1134 5,888 2,386 3,502 11,180 80,584 24,467 11,608 12,859 30,564 14,876 15,687 253 132 121 11,993 7,739 4,254 3,689 1,949 1,024 716 6 46.4 37.9 5 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 81.6 8 79.9 58.7 68 47.0 1 2 1 3,277 240 111 129 312 1,960 569 273 296 799 418 381 593 341 252 439 192 246 326 154 89 82 110,057 5,648 2,275 73 10,868 78,623 298 11.334 12,564 29,765 14,459 15,306 24,960 13,491 11,470 11,554 7,547 4,007 3,364 95 935 634 3,903 766 326 441 600 2,115 754 398 356 766 363 402 595 354 241 291 172 119 130 77 44 10 11.5 1 11.2 1.4 57,508 6,045 3,586 2,459 3,032 120 4,630 2,176 55 28 2,739 2,588 5,162 54 2,708 8,145 3,461 4,684 25,167 5,931 6,461 12,775 Men 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 84,811 6,491 3,243 3,249 7,468 48,572 14,819 7,032 7,787 18,288 8,964 9,324 15,466 8,252 7,214 9,861 5,524 4,337 12,419 3,719 83 16 63,683 3,456 1,384 2,071 6,282 44,956 13,924 6,523 7,401 17,107 8,428 8,679 13,924 7,530 6,395 6,754 4,358 2,396 2,236 1,193 620 422 7 5 4 6 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 90.0 91.2 88.6 68.5 78.9 5 18.0 3 18.3 7.9 61,703 3,043 1,202 1,842 5,947 43,966 13,565 6,334 7,232 16,762 8,257 8,505 13,639 7,366 6,273 6,609 4,265 2,344 2,137 1,139 586 413 7 46.9 37 56.7 79.6 90.5 91.5 90 9 9 9 91.2 88.2 89.3 87.0 67.0 77.2 5 17.2 30.6 17.3 7.8 2,462 190 82 108 250 1,455 427 208 219 600 323 277 428 255 173 317 154 163 249 114 64 71 59,242 2,853 1,120 1,734 5,697 42,511 13,138 6,126 7,012 16,162 7,933 8,228 13,211 7,112 6,100 6,292 11 2,181 1,889 1,025 522 342 1,980 412 183 230 335 989 359 189 169 346 172 174 285 163 122 145 92 52 98 55 34 10 1 1 11 21,128 3,036 1,858 1,177 1,185 3,617 895 508 386 1,180 535 645 1,542 723 819 3,107 1,167 1,941 10,183 2,525 2,764 4,894 Women 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 89,934 6,208 3,055 3,152 7,344 49,247 15,033 7,150 7,883 18,369 9.016 9,353 15,845 8,388 7,457 10,567 5,848 4,719 16,567 4,238 4,145 884 53,554 3,198 1,328 1,871 5,498 37,743 11,297 5,483 5,815 14,222 6.811 7,411 12,224 6.656 5,568 5,530 3,554 1,976 1,584 833 448 303 59.5 51.5 4 59.3 7 76.6 7 76.7 7 77.4 7 79.2 77 79.4 7 5 60.8 4 9.6 19.6 10.8 51,630 2,844 1,185 1,660 5,233 36,618 10,902 74 5,628 13,802 6,620 7,182 11,914 6,466 5,449 5,384 3,474 1,910 1.552 811 438 303 57.4 45.8 38.8 5 71.2 7 7 7 71.4 7 7 76.8 7 77 7 50.9 59.4 40.5 9.4 19 10.6 815 50 29 21 62 505 141 65 76 199 95 104 165 86 79 122 38 83 77 40 25 11 50,815 2,795 1,155 1,639 5,171 36,112 10,760 5,208 5,552 13,603 6,525 7,078 11,749 6,379 5,370 5,262 3,436 1,826 1,475 770 413 292 1,924 354 143 211 265 1,126 396 209 187 420 192 228 310 191 119 146 80 67 32 22 10 11 10.8 11.3 36,380 3,009 1,728 1,281 1,847 11,503 36 1,667 2,068 4,147 2,204 1,943 3,621 1,732 1,889 5,037 2,294 2,743 14,984 3,405 3,697 7,881 See footnotes at end of table. 19

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A14. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race Continued (Numbers in thousands) September Age, sex, and race Civilian noninstitutional population Total Percent of population Total Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force BLACK 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 25,299 63 1.243 1,220 2,710 14,967 5,138 2,518 2,619 5,677 2,854 2,823 4,152 2,358 94 2,380 1.309 1,071 80 945 714 121 16.426 902 350 552 47 12,102 4,288 2,081 2,207 4,629 2,370 2,259 3,185 1,875 1,310 1.221 820 402 353 208 75 69 6 36.6 28 4 68.2 80.9 8 8 8 81.5 8 80.0 76.7 79.5 7 51.3 6 37.5 1 2 10.5 6.2 144 677 254 423 1,597 11,438 4,003 46 2,057 4,392 2,246 2,146 3,044 1,781 1.263 1,198 801 397 333 196 70 66 60.3 27.5 20.5 3 58.9 76.4 77.9 77.3 78.5 77.4 78.7 76.0 7 7 70.4 50.4 61.2 37 1 20.8 9.9 5.9 167 9 5 4 30 96 28 6 23 24 13 11 44 22 22 19 10 10 13 5 8 15,077 669 250 419 1.567 11,342 3,975 1,940 2,035 4,368 2,233 2,135 2,999 59 1,241 1,179 791 388 320 191 70 59 1,182 225 95 129 250 664 285 135 150 238 124 114 141 94 48 23 18 5 20 12 4 3 7.2 2 27.3 2 1 6.6 6.5 6.8 1 5.7 5.9 6.0 8.874 1.561 893 668 862 2,865 850 437 412 1,048 484 564 967 483 484 1,158 489 669 2,428 737 639 1.052 Men 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 11.359 1.211 624 586 1,244 6.768 2,297 112 1,185 2,601 1.301 1,300 70 1.072 798 1,029 567 463 1,106 412 277 418 7,706 421 174 247 863 5,680 90 943 1,047 2,194 133 1,062 1,496 877 618 574 381 193 168 96 38 34 67.8 3 27.8 4 69.3 8 86.6 8 88.4 8 87 81.6 80.0 8 77.5 55.8 67.3 4 1 2 1 8 7,139 313 124 188 738 5,361 1,862 890 972 2,083 1,081 1.002 1.415 827 589 571 379 193 157 89 34 34 6 25.8 19.9 3 59.3 79.2 81 80.0 8 80 8 77 75.7 77 7 5 66.8 4 1 21.6 1 8 154 9 5 4 27 86 24 3 21 21 9 11 42 22 21 19 10 10 13 5 8 6.985 304 120 184 711 5,274 1,838 887 951 2,063 1,071 991 1,373 804 569 552 369 183 144 84 34 26 567 109 49 59 125 319 128 53 76 111 52 59 80 51 29 3 3 12 7 4 7.4 25.8 28.4 2 1 6.4 7.2 5.8.5.7 6.8 7.3 (M 53 789 451 339 381 1.088 307 169 138 407 168 239 374 195 180 455 185 270 938 316 238 384 Women 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 25 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 years and over 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over 141 1,252 619 633 1,466 8,199 2,840 1,406 1,434 3,076 1,553 1,523 2,283 1,286 996 1,351 742 608 1,674 533 437 704 8,720 481 176 305 984 6,422 2,298 138 159 2,435 1,237 1,198 1,690 998 692 647 438 209 185 113 37 36 6 38.4 28.5 48 67.2 78.3 80.9 81.0 80.8 79.2 79.7 78.7 7 77.6 69.4 47.9 59.0 3 11.0 21 8.4 805 365 130 235 859 6.077 2,141 1.056 1,085 08 1,165 1,143 1,628 954 674 627 422 205 176 107 37 32 58 29 21.0 37 58.6 7 7 7 75.7 7 7 7 71.3 7 67.6 46.4 56.9 3 10.5 20 8.4 13 3 10 5 3 2 3 3 2 2 8,092 365 130 235 856 6,068 2,136 1,053 1,083 2,305 162 1,143 1.626 954 671 627 422 205 176 107 37 32 615 116 46 70 125 345 157 83 74 127 72 55 61 43 18 20 16 5 9 5 3 7 2 26.2 2 1 6.8 7.3 6.4 5.8 5,221 771 442 329 481 1,776 543 268 275 641 316 325 593 288 305 703 304 399 1,489 421 401 668 1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 20

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A15. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, and age (Numbers in thousands) Employment status and race Total Men, 20 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 208,265 139,217 66.8 133,555 3,342 130,214 5,661 69,048 210,161 140,357 66.8 135,033 3,510 131,523 5,324 69,804 91,793 70,286 76.6 68,078 2,296 65,782 2,208 21,508 92,863 70,954 76.4 68,823 2,474 66,349 2,130 21,909 100,385 61,053 60.8 58,753 833 57,920 2,299 39,332 101,321 61,552 60.7 59,370 787 58,583 2,182 39,769 16,086 7,878 49.0 6,724 212 6,512 1,154 1 8,208 15,977 7,852 49 6,840 249 6,591 1,012 1 8,125 White Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 173,432 116,243 67.0 112,241 3,157 109,084 4,002 57,189 174,745 117,237 67 113,334 3,277 110,057 3,903 57,508 77,586 59,808 77 58,236 2,160 56,076 1,571 17,779 78,320 60,227 76.9 58,660 2,272 56,388 1,567 18,092 83,102 49,746 59.9 48,138 795 47,343 1,608 356 83,726 50,355 60 48,786 765 48,020 1,570 33,371 12,743 6,690 5 5,867 202 5,665 823 1 6,053 12,699 6,654 5 5,888 240 5,648 766 11.5 6,045 Black Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricuitural industries Not in labor force 24,946 16,494 66 15,113 109 15,004 1,381 8.4 8,452 25,299 16,426 6 15,244 167 15,077 1,182 7.2 8,874 9,965 7,216 7 6,711 85 6,626 506 7.0 2,749 10,148 7,285 7 6,826 145 6,681 458 6.3 2,863 12,496 8.361 66.9 7,774 18 7,756 587 7.0 4,135 12,689 8,239 6 7,740 13 7,727 499 6 4,450 2,484 917 36.9 628 6 622 289 31.5 1,567 2,463 902 36.6 677 9 669 225 2 1,561 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 21

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A16. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 to 24 years of age by school enrollment, educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) September Enrollment status, educational attainment, race, and Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population Total Percent of population Total Full time Part time Total Looking for fulltime work Looking for parttime work Percent of labor force TOTAL ENROLLED Total. 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 1860 110 5,950 8,755 5,026 3,729 48.2 41.2 6 8,013 61 3,552 28 547 1.381 6,085 3,914 2,171 742 565 177 149 97 52 593 468 125 8.5 11.2 High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 8,616 9.545 7,959 1,586 3,346 5,409 4,079 1,331 38.8 56.7 51.2 8 2,922 91 20 1,271 198 1,730 849 880 2,724 3,362 71 391 424 318 259 60 86 63 37 27 338 255 222 33 1 5.9 6.3 Men, 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 9.036 6,168 67 4,224 2,491 33 46.7 40.4 60.4 3,855 2,198 1.657 999 296 703 2,856 1,903 954 369 293 76 82 62 20 287 231 56 8.7 1 High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 4,658 4,377 55 823 1,787 2,437 1,741 696 38.4 55.7 49.0 8 1.553 02 1,627 675 130 868 407 461 1,422 1,434 1,220 214 234 135 114 21 55 27 14 13 179 108 100 9 1 6.5 Women, 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 925 6.042 3,083 31 2,535 1,996 49.7 4 6 58 2,262 96 929 251 678 3,229 2,011 1,218 373 272 101 67 35 33 306 238 68 8.2 10.7 High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 58 5,167 04 763 1,559 2,972 2,338 635 39.4 57.5 5 8 1.369 2,789 2,193 596 68 861 442 419 1,301 28 1,751 177 190 183 145 38 31 37 22 14 159 146 122 24 1 6.2 6.2 6 White Total, 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 14,303 9,667 4,636 7,402 4,308 3,094 5 4 66.7 6,857 3,879 2,978 1,648 496 1,152 5,209 3,383 26 545 429,116 96 64 31 449 365 84 7.4 10.0 Men Women 7,175 728 3,617 85 50.4 5 3,341 16 877 771 2,464 2,745 276 268 52 44 224 225 7.6 7 High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 6,743 7.560 6,293 1.267 84 4,518 3,417 1,100 4 59.8 5 86.9 74 4,283 3,219 1,063 182 1,466 732 735 2,392 2,816 2,488 329 310 235 198 37 61 35 24 10 249 200 174 26 10.7 5.8 Black Total. 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 17 56 861 904 500 404 3 26.9 46.9 748 375 373 203 35 168 545 339 205 156 125 31 42 28 15 114 97 16 17.3 2 7.7 Men Women 1,284 1.433 379 525 29.5 36.6 311 437 84 119 227 318 68 88 22 20 45 68 17.9 16.8 High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 1,433 1,285 1,074 211 357 546 399 147 2 4 37.2 69.8 249 499 367 131 11 193 96 96 238 306 271 35 108 48 32 16 24 18 5 13 84 30 27 3 30.3 8.7 8.0 10.6 Hispanic origin Total. 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 75 1,558 617 924 497 427 4 3 69.2 806 405 401 304 89 215 502 316 186 118 92 26 28 19 9 90 73 17 1 18.5 6.0 Men Women 104 1.071 460 464 41.6 4 393 413 157 147 236 266 67 51 16 12 51 39 1 11.0 High school College Fulltime students Parttime students 1,236 939 664 275 324 600 357 243 26.2 6 5 88.6 247 559 327 232 45 259 104 155 202 300 223 77 77 41 29 12 23 5 3 2 54 36 26 10 2 6.8 8.3 See footnotes at end of table. 22

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A16. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutionai population 16 to 24 years of age by school enrollment, educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Continued (Numbers in thousands) September Enrollment status, educational attainment, race, and Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutionai population Total Percent of population Total Full time Part time Total Looking for fulltime work Looking for parttime work Percent of labor force TOTAL NOT ENROLLED Total, 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 16,357 3,767 12,590 13,402 2,826 10,576 8 7 8 12,217 2,379 9,838 10,405 1,742 8,663 1,812 637 1,175 1,185 447 738 1,073 397 676 113 50 63 8.8 15.8 7.0 Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates 3,888 7,224 3,490 1,755 2,684 6,031 3,069 1,618 69.0 8 88.0 9 2,247 5,505 14 1,551 1,758 4,645 2,521 1,480 489 860 393 70 436 526 156 67 384 497 125 67 53 29 31 16.3 8.7 Men, 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 8,290 1,931 6,359 7,304 1,538 5,766 88 79.6 90.7 6,646 1,295 5,351 5,964 1,011 4,953 682 284 398 658 243 415 623 229 394 35 14 21 9.0 15.8 7.2 Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates 2,093 3,817 1,711 670 1,698 3,386 1,577 643 81 88.7 9 95.9 1,447 3,090 1,492 617 1,224 2,771 1,374 595 223 319 118 22 251 296 85 26 242 284 71 26 9 12 14 1 8.7 Women, 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 8,067 1,836 6,231 6.098 1,288 4,810 7 70.2 77.2 5,571 1,084 4,487 4,441 731 3,710 1,130 353 111 528 204 323 450 168 282 78 36 42 8.7 15.9 6.7 Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates 1,795 3,407 1,779 1,085 986 2,645 1,493 975 5 77.6 8 89.9 800 2,415 1,422 934 534 1,874 1,147 885 266 541 275 48 185 230 71 41 142 213 54 41 44 17 17 18.8 8.7 White Total, 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 13,208 3,032 10,176 11.033 2,346 8,687 8 77.4 8 10,211 2,009 8,202 8,712 1,491 7,221 1,499 518 981 822 337 485 754 308 447 68 30 38 7.5 1 Men Women 6,783 6,424 6,121 4,912 90.2 76.5 5,650 4,561 5,095 3,616 555 945 471 351 454 301 17 50 7.7 7 Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates 3,152 5,702 2,854 1,500 2,226 4,865 2,542 1,400 70.6 8 89 9 1,907 4,514 2,445 1,345 1,506 3,797 2,123 1,285 401 717 322 59 319 351 97 55 289 329 81 55 30 21 16 1 7.2 Black Total, 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 2,455 607 1,849 1,846 402 1,443 7 66.3 78 1,527 303 1,224 1,277 208 1,070 249 95 154 319 100 219 287 82 205 32 18 14 17.3 2 1 Men Women 1,170 1,285 905 940 77.3 7 740 787 634 643 106 144 166 153 153 134 13 19 18.3 16.3 Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates 600 1,241 487 128 376 956 400 114 6 77 8 89.0 266 797 360 104 198 675 307 97 68 121 53 7 110 160 40 9 90 155 33 9 20 5 7 29.3 16.7 10.0 8 Hispanic origin Total, 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 3,080 790 2,290 2,389 554 1,835 77.5 70 80 2,192 468 1,724 1,859 362 1,498 332 106 226 197 86 111 176 79 97 21 7 14 8.2 1 6 Men Women 1,640 1,441 1,488 901 90.7 6 1,369 822 1,241 619 129 203 118 79 110 66 8 13 8.0 8.7 Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Less than a bachelor's degree College graduates 1,430 1,157 414 80 996 971 345 77 69.6 8 8 96.2 907 877 336 71 762 736 289 71 145 140 47 89 95 8 5 80 82 8 5 9 12 8.9 9.8 6.9 NOTE: In the summer months, the educational attainment levels of youth not enrolled in school are increased by the temporary movement of high school and college students into that group. Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 23

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A17. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 years and over by educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Educational attainment Total Men Women White Black Hispanic origin TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population... Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 174,136 117,439 67.4 113,947 6 3,492 175,644 118,200 67.3 114,803 6 3,397 82,842 62,992 76.0 61.277 7 1,715 83,637 63,455 75.9 61,816 7 1,639 91,294 54,447 59.6 52,670 57.7 1,777 92,007 54,745 59.5 52,988 57.6 1,757 146,231 98,155 67 95,693 6 2,462 147,234 98,802 67 96,266 6 2,537 19,832 13,671 68.9 12,843 6 828 6 20,127 13,676 68.0 12,969 6 707 16,785 11,678 69.6 11,112 66.2 567 17,299 12,212 70.6 11,668 67.4 544 Less than a high school diploma Civilian noninstitutional population... Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 28,583 12,275 4 11,506 40.3 769 6.3 28,346 178 4 11,872 4 706 13,680 7.477 5 7,093 5 385 13,655 7,666 56 7,309 5 357 14,903 4,798 3 4,413 29.6 385 8.0 14,691 4,912 3 4,563 31 349 7 23,000 9,976 4 9,473 41.2 503 22,701 10,249 4 9,740 4 510 4,219 1,678 39.8 1,457 3 221 1 4,315 1,692 39.2 1.527 3 165 9.7 7,317 4,342 59.3 4,085 55.8 256 5.9 7,552 4,643 61.5 4,375 57.9 268 5.8 High school graduates, no college Civilian noninstitutional population., Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... 57,518 37,286 6 36,022 6 1,264 57,244 36,712 6 35,534 6 1,178 26,024 19,721 75.8 19,151 7 570 25,954 19,418 7 18,845 7 572 31,494 17,565 55.8 16,870 5 695 31,289 17,294 5 16.689 5 605 48,508 30,987 6 30,110 6 877 48,146 30,510 6 29,693 6 817 7,112 5,109 7 4,781 67.2 328 6.4 7,011 4,877 69.6 4,552 6 324 6.7 4,530 3,387 7 3,190 70.4 197 5.8 4,658 3,475 7 3,311 71 163 Less than a bachelor's degree 1 Civilian noninstitutional population. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... 42,955 31,930 7 31,086 7 844 44,191 32,683 7 31,866 7 817 19,806 16,147 81.5 15,735 79.4 411 20,353 16,526 81.2 16,150 79.4 376 23,149 15,783 68.2 15,351 66.3 433 238 16,157 67.8 15,716 65.9 441 36,056 26,472 7 25,874 7 599 3727 27,148 7 26,507 71.4 642 5,280 4,216 79.8 11 76.0 205 5,418 4,306 79.5 71 77.0 136 3,032 2,391 78.9 2,321 76.6 70 2,979 2,353 79.0 2,275 76.4 78 Some college, no degree Civilian noninstitutional population. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... 29,624 21.499 7 20,888 70.5 610 30,328 21,848 7 21,257 70 591 14,066 1174 79.4 10,882 77.4 292 14,353 11.453 79.8 11,183 77.9 270 15,559 10,324 66.4 10,007 6 318 15,974 10,395 6 10,074 6 321 24,685 17,636 71.4 17,224 69.8 412 25,350 17.987 71.0 17,522 69 465 3,853 34 78.7 2,864 7 170 3,872 3,012 77.8 2,911 7 102 2,109 1,675 79.4 1,633 77.4 43 2,102 1,653 78.6 1,595 75.9 58 Associate degree Civilian noninstitutional population. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... 13,330 10,431 78.3 10,197 76.5 234 13,863 10,835 78.2 10,609 76.5 226 5,740 4,972 86.6 4,853 8 119 5,999 5,073 8 4,967 8 106 7.590 59 7 5,344 70.4 115 7,864 5,763 7 5,642 7 120 11,372 8,837 77.7 8,650 76 187 11,777 9,162 77.8 8,985 76.3 177 1,427 1,182 8 1,147 80.3 35 1,546 1,294 8 1,260 81.5 34 922 716 77.6 688 7 28 877 700 79.9 680 77.5 20 College graduates Civilian noninstitutional population. Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio... 45,081 35,948 79.7 35,333 78.4 615 45,863 36,227 79.0 35,531 77.5 696 23,331 19,647 8 19,298 8 349 23,675 19,845 8 19,512 8 334 21,750 16,301 7 16,035 7 266 1.6 22,189 16,382 7 16,020 7 362 38.667 30,720 79.4 30,237 78.2 483 1.6 39,260 30,895 78.7 30,327 77.2 568 3,221 2,667 8 2,593 80.5 74 3,382 2,802 8 2,719 80.4 82 1,908 1,558 8 1,515 79.4 43 2,110 1,741 8 1,707 80.9 35 1 Includes the categories, some college, no degree; and associate degree. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 24

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A18. and unemployed full and parttime workers by age, sex, and race (In thousands) September 1 Fulltime workers Parttime workers Age, sex, and race Total 35 hours or more At work 1 to 34 hours for economic or noneconomic reasons Not at work Total Part time for economic reasons At work 2 Part time for noneconomic reasons Not at work Looking for fulltime work Looking for parttime work TOTAL Total, 16 years and over... 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 112,567 2,289 264 2,025 110,278 10,044 100,234 86,812 13,422 101,204 1,945 206 1,738 99,259 8,951 90,308 78,586 11,722 8,003 310 52 258 7,693 862 6,831 5,656 1,175 3,360 34 5 28 3,327 231 3,095 2,570 525 22,466 4,551 2,462 2,089 17,915 3,346 14,569 10,086 4,484 1,725 205 22 183 1,520 301 1,219 1,019 200 19,542 4,212 2,369 1,843 15,330 2,930 12,400 8,458 3,941 1,199 134 71 63 1,066 115 951 608 342 4,152 494 112 382 3,658 728 2,930 2,590 340 1,172 518 319 200 654 187 466 323 144 Men, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 65,057 1,307 63,750 5,656 58,095 50,085 8,009 59,336 1,126 58,210 5,096 53,114 46,041 7,073 4,037 165 3,873 447 3,426 2,804 622 1,684 17 1,667 113 1,555 1,240 315 7,260 2,187 5,073 1,352 3,721 1,852 1,868 702 110 592 151 441 357 83 6,204 2,015 4,189 1,158 3,031 1,394 1,637 354 61 293 43 249 101 148 2,174 291 1,883 414 1,469 1,284 185 492 245 248 78 170 93 77 Women, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 47,509 982 46,528 4,388 42,139 36,727 5,413 41,868 819 41,049 3,855 37,194 32,545 4,649 3,965 146 3,820 415 3,405 2,852 553 1,676 17 1,659 119 1,540 1,330 210 15,207 2,364 12,842 1,994 10,848 8,233 2,615 1,023 95 928 150 778 661 117 13,339 2,197 11,141 1,773 9,369 7,064 2,304 845 72 773 72 701 507 194 1,979 203 1,776 315 1,461 1,306 156 679 274 406 110 296 230 67 White Men, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 55,504 1,178 54,326 4,794 49,532 42,479 7,053 50,666 1,017 49,648 4,335 45,314 39,085 6,229 3,403 145 3,259 383 2,875 2,330 545 1,435 16 1,419 76 1,343 1,064 279 6,199 1,865 4,334 1,153 3,181 1,488 1,693 551 89 462 120 342 272 70 5,336 1,729 3,606 990 2,616 1,128 1,488 313 47 266 42 223 88 136 1,589 217 1,373 289 1,083 915 168 390 195 195 46 149 74 74 Women, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 38,301 809 37,492 3,579 33,913 29,334 4,579 33,782 666 33,117 3,145 29,972 26,037 3,935 3,213 129 3,084 339 2,745 2,268 477 1,305 14 1,291 95 1,196 1,029 167 13,329 2,035 11,294 1,654 9,640 7,283 2,357 791 77 714 133 581 484 97 11,781 1,900 9,881 1,456 8,425 6,338 2,086 757 58 699 65 634 461 173 1,383 155 1,228 189 1,039 921 118 540 199 341 76 265 205 61 Black Men, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 6,467 96 6,371 622 5,749 5,144 605 5,850 79 5,770 548 5,222 4,707 515 453 17 436 52 384 318 66 164 164 21 143 118 25 672 216 456 116 340 217 123 112 17 95 21 74 61 13 533 191 342 95 247 147 100 28 9 19 19 9 10 490 64 426 112 314 303 11 77 45 32 13 19 16 3 Women, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 6,811 147 6,664 616 6,049 5,439 610 5,876 130 5,746 535 5,211 4,706 506 644 14 630 67 563 494 69 292 3 289 14 275 239 35 1,293 218 1,075 244 832 639 193 194 13 181 15 166 150 16 1,042 194 847 221 626 464 162 58 11 47 7 40 25 15 506 46 461 108 353 328 25 109 70 38 18 21 17 4 1 persons are classified as full or parttime workers based on their usual weekly hours at all jobs regardless of the number of hours they are at work during the reference week. Persons absent from work also are classified according to their usual status. 2 Includes some persons at work 35 hours or more classified by their reason for working part time. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 25

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A19. persons by occupation, sex, and age (In thousands) Total Men Women Occupation 16 years and over 16 years and over 20 years and over 16 years and over 20 years and over Total 133,555 135,033 71,603 72,317 68,078 68,823 61,952 62,716 58,753 59,370 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Officials and administrators, public administration Other executive, administrative, and managerial Managementrelated occupations Professional specialty Engineers Mathematical and computer scientists Natural scientists Health diagnosing occupations Health assessment and treating occupations Teachers, college and university Teachers, except college and university Lawyers and judges Other professional specialty occupations 40,892 19,623 667 14,105 4,851 21,269 1,966 1,942 556 1,089 3,113 931 5,376 931 5,364 41,106 19,592 702 13,963 4,927 21,514 2,041 2,109 594 1,011 3,180 954 5,405 893 5,326 20,649 11,020 332 8,575 2,112 9,629 1,762 1,344 375 792 395 512 1,348 638 2,464 20,451 10,674 364 8,187 2,122 9,777 1,849 1,431 396 748 448 552 1,304 633 2,417 20,497 10,958 332 8,514 2,111 9,539 1,762 1,334 375 792 393 512 1,330 638 2,404 20,323 10,621 362 8,151 2,107 9,702 1,839 1,422 396 748 446 549 1,286 633 2,384 20,243 8,603 335 5,530 2,739 11,640 204 598 181 297 2,718 419 4,028 293 2,900 20,655 8,918 338 5,776 2,805 11,737 192 678 198 264 2,732 402 4,101 260 2,909 20,080 8,534 335 5,479 2,720 11,547 204 598 181 297 2,714 415 3,992 293 2,852 20,486 8,862 338 5,722 2,802 11,624 192 678 198 264 2,722 402 4,050 260 2,857 Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Health technologists and technicians Engineering and science technicians Technicians, except health, engineering, and science Sales occupations Supervisors and proprietors Sales representatives, finance and business services Sales representatives, commodities, except retail Sales workers, retail and personal services Salesrelated occupations Administrative support, including clerical Supervisors Computer equipment operators Secretaries, stenographers, and typists Financial records processing Mail and message distributing Other administrative support, including clerical 38,519 4,439 1,706 1,205 1,529 15,918 4,884 2,744 1,632 6,578 79 18,161 640 361 3,340 2,136 916 10,769 38,810 4,313 1,668 1,270 1,375 16,100 4,920 2,908 1,610 6,567 95 18,397 687 304 3,189 2,266 985 10,966 13,908 2,102 303 920 879 7,953 2,795 1,558 1,197 2,371 33 3,853 255 152 71 206 520 2,649 14,101 2,133 321 958 854 8,196 2,979 1,599 1,143 2,444 31 3,772 216 147 58 193 587 2,571 12,957 2,052 299 896 857 7,284 2,761 1,526 1,191 1,772 33 3,621 253 146 69 191 498 2,464 13,261 2,102 316 940 846 7,579 2,933 1,569 1,134 1,910 31 3,580 216 140 58 191 579 2,396 24,611 2,337 1,402 285 650 7,965 2,090 1,187 435 4,207 46 14,308 385 209 3,269 1,929 396 8,119 24,708 2,180 1,347 312 520 7,904 1,941 1,309 467 4,123 64 14,625 470 158 3,132 2,072 398 8,395 22,950 2,288 1,363 278 647 6,943 2,048 1,155 428 3,266 46 13,719 383 202 3,184 1,904 380 7,667 22,992 2,134 1,321 302 510 6,877 1,906 1,264 462 3,180 64 13,982 468 153 3,075 2,044 391 7,850 Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Foodservice Health service Cleaning and building service Personal service 17,817 876 2,439 14,502 6,029 2,462 3,066 2,945 18,019 708 2,369 14,942 6,403 2,451 3,088 3,000 7,058 24 1,987 5,048 2,568 293 1,622 565 7,066 39 1,937 5,090 2,631 258 1,566 635 6,149 20 1,937 4,192 1,922 278 1,515 477 6,101 37 1,904 4,161 1,929 242 1,464 526 10,759 852 453 9,454 3,461 2,169 1,444 2,379 10,953 668 432 9,852 3,772 2,193 1,522 2,365 9,647 776 429 8,442 2,763 2,097 1,374 2,208 9,789 604 405 8,779 3,005 2,105 1,443 2,227 Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair 14,531 4,728 5,918 3,885 15,005 4,843 6,368 3,794 13,283 4,514 5,795 2,974 13,714 4,608 6,213 2,893 12,967 4,424 5,614 2,928 13,391 4,525 6,026 2,840 1,248 214 124 910 1,290 234 155 901 1,227 211 122 894 1,267 230 146 891 Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Motor vehicle operators Other transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 18,202 7,360 5,617 4,288 1,328 5,226 922 4,303 18,482 7,262 5,767 4,321 1,446 5,453 1,073 4,380 13,789 4,539 5,060 3,815 1,245 4,191 896 3,294 14,063 4,417 5,232 3,866 1,367 4,413 1,046 3,367 12,812 4,392 4,968 3,748 1,220 3,452 830 2,622 13,042 4,286 5,096 3,756 1,341 3,660 954 2,706 4,414 2,822 557 474 83 1,035 26 1,009 4,419 2,844 535 455 79 1,040 27 1,012 4,208 2,748 543 460 83 917 26 891 4,199 2,739 524 448 76 936 27 909 Farming, forestry, and fishing Farm operators and managers Other farming, forestry, and fishing occupations 3,594 1,072 2,522 3,612 1,243 2,369 2,916 815 2,100 2,921 939 1,982 2,696 815 1,881 2,705 937 1,769 678 256 422 691 304 387 641 255 385 638 302 337 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 26

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A20. persons by occupation, race, and sex (Percent distribution) Occupation and race Total Men Women TOTAL Total, 16 years and over (thousands) Percent 133,555 100.0 135,033 100.0 71,603 100.0 72,317 100.0 61,952 100.0 62,716 100.0 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 30.6 1 15.9 28.8 1 1 1.7 10.9 10.9 1 30.4 1 15.9 28.7 1 1 1.5 11 11 1 28.8 1 1 19.4 11 9.9 7.0 18.6 19.3 6.3 7 5.9 28.3 1 1 19.5 11.3 9.8 7.0 19.0 19.4 6 7.2 6 3 1 18.8 39.7 1 2 17.4 1.4.7 1 7.9 1 3 1 18.7 39.4 1 2 17.5 1.7 15.7 7.0.9 1 White Total, 16 years and over (thousands) Percent 112,241 100.0 113,334 100.0 61,318 100.0 61,703 100.0 50,923 100.0 51,630 100.0 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 31.6 1 16.2 29.0 1 1 1.7 9.8 11.5 1 31.3 1 16 28.8 1 1 1.5 10.2 11.6 1 29.7 16.3 1 19.6 11.6 8.7 6 19.4 18.2 6.0 6.7 29 1 1 19.5 1 9.0 6.4 19.8 18.4 5.7 6.8 5.8 3 1 19.5 40.3 1 2 16 1.4.6 1 6.5.8 1.6 1.2 3 1 19.3 39.9 1 2 16.3 1.0.6 1 6.5.8 1.6 1.3 Black Total, 16 years and over (thousands) Percent 15,113 100.0 15,244 100.0 7,029 100.0 7,139 100.0 8,084 100.0 8,105 100.0 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 21.6 9.8 1 28.6 9 16.5 2.7 17.6 7.3 19.6 8.0 6.0 1.2 2 9.6 1 29.0 9.6 15.9 21.7 17.5 7.5 19.2 7.5 6.3 1.5 18.3 8.8 9.4 17.9 7.5 8.0 17.5 1 1 30.5 9.4 11.2 9.9 17.9 8.3 9.6 19.0 7.9 8.2 16.0 1 1 30.3 9.3 1 9.0 2 10.6 1 37.9 10.5 2 2 1.2 2 10 6.8 1.5.3 2 10.7 1 37.8 11.2 2 2 1.3 1.5 2 9.5 6.0 1.2.2 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 27

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A21. persons by industry and occupation (In thousands) September Industry Total employed Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Other service 1 Private household Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing Agriculture Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Private households Other service industries Professional services Public administration 3,510 491 9,728 19,450 11,870 7,581 10,019 27,842 5,597 22,245 8,525 49,555 793 48,762 32,714 5,913 99 87 1,312 2,993 1,848 1,144 1,449 2,562 668 1,895 2,516 7,272 4 7,268 4,372 1,302 91 45 188 1,802 1,222 580 624 717 181 536 371 16,590 8 16,582 14,202 1,087 45 8 72 627 451 176 328 287 78 209 180 2,565 2,565 2,074 200 8 6 83 730 321 409 274 11452 2,269 9,183 2,269 1,255 2 1,253 196 22 155 31 424 1,744 953 791 2,531 2,276 783 1,493 2,629 7,415 8 7,407 5,395 1,191 708 708 29 13 28 293 165 129 283 5,479 72 5,407 266 9,178 39 9,139 5,322 1,741 56 170 5,780 3,671 2,554 1,117 1,365 1,401 347 1,054 181 2,145 2,145 474 235 9 25 100 5,851 3,432 2,418 88 358 160 198 12 796 796 164 24 59 86 603 681 384 297 2,502 1,154 568 586 6 626 2 624 315 50 15 20 1,126 988 478 510 563 2,087 421 1,667 32 600 4 596 109 23 2,945 10 71 61 11 12 69 52 18 63 405 18 387 90 37 1 Includes protective service, not shown separately. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 28

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A22. persons in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by age, sex, and class of worker (In thousands) September Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Age and sex Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Total Total Wage and salary workers Private industries Private household workers Other private industries Government Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Total, 16 years and over... 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 2,141 211 95 117 290 493 549 312 203 82 1,328 18 13 5 48 113 276 342 268 262 42 19 9 10 5 3 6 3 3 2 122,545 6,521 2,587 3,934 12,773 28,181 33,369 26,681 11,837 3,183 103,718 6,253 2,507 3,745 11,690 24,454 28,127 21,091 9,451 2,653 784 69 48 21 77 135 191 153 112 45 102,934 6,184 2,459 3,724 11,613 24,318 27,936 20,937 9,339 2,608 18,827 269 80 189 1,082 3,728 5,242 5,591 2,386 530 8,878 58 16 42 266 1,440 2,574 2,495 1,441 604 99 11 6 5 8 6 29 25 14 7 Men, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 1,646 168 69 99 231 372 411 242 152 69 996 15 13 3 41 88 210 246 197 199 32 15 5 10 5 1 6 2 2 64,243 3,241 1,265 1,976 6,548 15,130 17,630 13,716 6,250 1,729 56,055 3,129 1,239 1,889 6,137 13,581 15,421 11,152 5,176 1,461 60 5 5 7 19 13 6 3 8 55,996 3,124 1,235 1,889 6,130 13,562 15,409 11,146 5,173 1,453 8,188 112 25 87 411 1,550 2,209 2,564 1,074 268 5,363 43 11 32 174 787 1,578 1,513 894 373 38 11 6 5 8 2 2 2 11 1 Women, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 495 43 25 18 59 121 137 70 51 13 332 3 3 7 25 66 96 71 63 10 44 58,303 3,281 1,322 1,958 6,225 13,051 15,739 12,965 5,587 1,454 47,663 3,124 1,268 1,856 5,554 10,873 12,706 9,939 4,275 1,192 724 64 43 21 71 117 179 147 109 37 46,938 3,060 1,225 1,835 5,483 10,756 12,527 9,792 4,166 1,155 10,640 157 55 102 671 2,178 3,033 3,026 1,312 262 3,516 15 5 10 92 653 996 982 547 232 61 4 27 22 3 5 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 29

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A23. Persons at work in agriculture and nonagricuitural industries by hours of work September Hours of work Thousands of persons Percent distribution All industries Agriculture Nonagricuitural industries All industries Agriculture Nonagricuitural industries Total, 16 years and over 130,474 3,377 127,096 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 to 34 hours 1 to 4 hours 5 to 14 hours 15 to 29 hours 30 to 34 hours 28,392 1,064 4,808 14,305 8,216 905 59 213 378 255 27,487 1,004 4,595 13,927 7,961 2.8 11.0 6.3 26.8 6.3 11.2 7.5 21.6.8 11.0 6.3 35 hours and over 35 to 39 hours 40 hours 41 hours and over 41 to 48 hours 49 to 59 hours 60 hours and over 102,081 8,572 51,394 42,116 15,045 15,637 11,434 2,473 148 874 1,451 268 412 771 99,609 8,424 50,520 40,665 14,777 15,225 10,662 78.2 6.6 39.4 3 11.5 1 8.8 7 25.9 4 7.9 1 2 78.4 6.6 39.7 3 11.6 1 8.4 Average hours, total at work Average hours, persons who usually work full time 40 4 4 49.6 40.0 4 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. A24. Persons at work 1 to 34 hours in all and nonagricuitural industries by reason for working less than 35 hours and usual full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) September Reason for working less than 35 hours Total All industries Usually work full time Usually work part time Total Nonagricuitural industries Usually work full time Usually work part time Total, 16 years and over 28,392 8,003 20,390 27,487 7,775 19,712 Economic reasons Slack work or business conditions Could only find parttime work Seasonal work Job started or ended during week 2,854 1,837 784 53 180 1,215 1,002 34 180 1,639 835 784 19 2,724 1,747 769 34 174 1,159 965 21 174 1,565 783 769 13 Noneconomic reasons Childcare problems Other family or personal obligations Health or medical limitations In school or training Retired or Social Security limit on earnings Vacation or personal day Holiday, legal or religious Weatherrelated curtailment All other reasons 25,539 857 5,355 675 6,541 1,991 3,049 81 170 6,819 6,788 75 676 104 3,049 81 170 2,632 18,751 783 4,679 675 6,437 1,991 4,187 24,763 840 5,204 656 6,354 1,857 2,983 81 150 6,638 6,616 75 662 104 2,983 81 150 2,561 18,147 766 4,542 656 6,249 1,857 4,077 Average hours: Economic reasons Other reasons 2 21.2 2 2 2 19.7 2 21.2 2 2 2 19.8 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 30

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A25. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by class of worker and usual full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) September Worked 1 to 34 hours Average hours Industry and class of worker Total at work Total For economic reasons For noneconomic reasons Usually work full time Usually work part time Worked 35 hours or more Total at work Persons who usually work full time Total, 16 years and over 127,096 27,487 2,724 6,616 18,147 99,609 40.0 4 Wage and salary workers 118,664 24,930 2,404 6,158 16,368 93,734 40.0 4 Mining 470 28 7 10 10 442 50.5 51.3 Construction 7,822 1,088 242 461 385 6,735 4 4 Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods 18,562 11,336 7,227 1,875 990 886 220 94 125 937 559 378 718 336 382 16,687 10,346 6,341 4 4 4 4 4 4 Transportation and public utilities... Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate 9,178 25,565 7,558 1,281 7,854 1,216 153 818 70 483 1,116 393 644 5,920 753 7,897 17,710 6,341 4 37.8 40.8 4 4 4 Service industries Private households All other industries Public administration 43,863 738 43,125 5,646 10,841 427 10,413 748 866 77 788 29 2,323 32 2,291 433 7,651 318 7,334 285 33,023 311 32,712 4,898 38.8 28 39.0 4 4 40.2 4 4 Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers 8,333 99 2,507 50 320 456 2 1,731 48 5,826 49 39.8 3 46 1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 31

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A26. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by age, sex, race, marital status, and usual full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) September Worked 1 to 34 hours Average hours Age, sex, race, and marital status Total at work Total For economic reasons For noneconomic reasons Usually work full time Usually work part time Worked 35 hours or more Total at work Persons who usually work full time TOTAL Total, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 127,096 6,425 2,535 3,890 120,671 12,717 107,954 91,687 16,267 27,487 4,498 2,324 2,174 22,990 3,886 19,104 14,251 4,853 2,724 243 24 219 2,481 451 2,030 1,681 348 6,616 240 45 195 6,376 650 5,725 4,784 942 18,147 4,014 2,255 1,760 14,133 2,784 11,349 7,786 3,563 99,609 1,927 211 1,716 97,681 8,831 88,850 77,436 11,414 40.0 2 18.2 30.0 40.7 36.6 41.2 4 37.5 4 39.5 37 39.8 4 4 4 4 4 Men, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 67,698 3,218 1,244 1,974 64,480 6,583 57,897 49,067 8,830 10,088 2,120 1,133 987 7,968 1,630 6,338 4,271 2,067 1,304 115 13 101 1,190 247 943 754 189 3,187 129 26 103 3,058 309 2,749 2,278 471 5,597 1,877 1,094 783 3,720 1,074 2,646 1,239 1,407 57,609 1,098 111 987 56,512 4,953 51,558 44,796 6,763 4 27.0 19.0 3 4 38.4 4 4 40 4 40.4 36.9 40.8 4 4 4 4 4 Women, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 59,398 3,207 1,291 1,916 56,191 6,134 50,057 42,620 7,437 17,399 2,378 1,191 1,186 15,022 2,256 12,765 9,980 2,786 1,420 129 11 118 1,291 205 1,087 928 159 3,429 111 19 92 3,317 341 2,976 2,506 471 12,551 2,138 1,161 977 10,413 1,711 8,702 6,547 2,156 41,999 830 100 729 41,169 3,878 37,292 32,641 4,651 36.7 2 17.4 27.9 37.5 3 37.8 38.4 3 4 38.4 37.4 38.5 4 40.7 4 4 41 Race White, 16 years and over Men Women 106,373 57,580 48,793 23,472 8,545 14,927 2,095 1,011 1,084 5,508 2,717 2,791 15,869 4,817 11,052 82,900 49,035 33,866 40.0 4 36.5 4 4 4 Black, 16 years and over Men Women 14,538 6,797 7,742 2,848 1,021 1,827 498 213 285 874 331 542 1,476 477 999 11,691 5,775 5,915 39.4 41.2 37.8 4 4 40.8 Marital status Men, 16 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 40,913 8,045 18,740 4,184 1,087 4,817 489 218 597 1,936 424 827 1,759 445 3,392 36,729 6,958 13,923 4 4 38.5 45.9 4 4 Women, 16 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 31,494 12,057 15,848 9,112 2,723 5,564 591 336 493 1,769 820 839 6,752 1,568 4,231 22,381 9,334 10,284 36.7 39.0 3 41.6 4 4 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 32

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A27. Persons at work in nonfarm occupations by sex and usual full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) September Worked 1 to 34 hours Average hours Occupation and sex Total at work Total For economic reasons For noneconomic reasons Usually work full time Usually work part time Worked 35 hours or more Total at work Persons who usually work full time Total, 16 years and over 1 126,998 27,458 2,709 6,590 18,159 99,540 40.0 4 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 39,799 18,968 20,832 37,425 4,147 15,509 17,769 17,359 677 2,268 14,413 14,533 17,882 7,046 5,552 5,284 6,190 2,290 3,900 9,723 822 4,209 4,692 6,520 387 381 5,752 1,732 3,293 905 907 1,481 319 114 205 727 56 404 268 765 69 35 661 336 561 181 137 243 1,961 974 987 1,960 255 633 1,071 883 17 118 749 854 932 374 273 285 3,910 1,202 2,708 7,035 511 3,171 3,353 4,872 301 228 4,342 542 1,800 350 497 953 33,609 16,678 16,931 27,702 3,324 11,300 13,078 10,839 290 1,888 8,661 12,801 14,588 6,140 4,645 3,803 4 4 41.2 38 40.0 39.4 36.4 3 28.2 4 3 4 40.6 41 4 36.9 4 46 4 4 4 4 40.7 4 41 4 41.4 4 4 4 46 41 Men, 16 years and over 1 67,458 9,989 1,287 3,161 5,541 57,469 4 4 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 19,964 10,414 9,550 13,725 2,063 7,965 3,697 6,833 37 1,860 4,936 13,289 13,646 4,308 5,045 4,294 2,012 875 1,137 2,265 238 1,354 673 1,936 16 276 1,644 1,489 2,287 408 719 1,161 156 68 88 215 26 150 39 200 25 175 318 398 82 113 202 848 417 431 570 110 277 184 300 97 203 756 687 223 239 225 1,008 389 619 1,480 102 928 450 1,436 16 155 1,265 415 1,202 103 366 733 17,952 9,539 8,413 11,460 1,824 6,611 3,024 4,897 22 1,584 3,292 11,800 11,359 3,900 4,326 3,133 45.8 47.0 4 4 4 4 39.3 38.2 ( 2 ) 4 36.3 4 41.5 4 4 37.4 47.3 48 46.4 4 4 46.8 4 4 ( 2 ) 45.9 4 4 4 4 46.3 41.4 Women, 16 years and over 1 59,540 17,468 1,421 3,429 12,618 42,072 36.7 4 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 19,835 8,554 11,281 23,700 2,084 7,544 14,073 10,526 640 408 9,477 1,244 4,235 2,737 508 990 4,178 1,415 2,763 7,457 584 2,854 4,019 4,584 372 104 4,108 243 1,006 497 188 321 163 45 118 512 30 254 229 565 69 10 486 18 164 99 24 40 1,113 557 556 1,390 145 357 887 583 17 21 545 99 244 151 34 60 2,903 813 2,090 5,556 409 2,244 2,903 3,436 286 73 3,077 126 598 247 130 220 15,657 7,139 8,518 16,243 1,500 4,689 10,054 5,942 269 304 5,369 1,001 3,229 2,240 320 670 39.7 41.4 38.4 3 37.0 3 35.7 3 28.3 38.6 3 39.2 37.8 39.0 37.0 3 4 4 4 40.7 41 4 40 40.8 41.2 4 40.6 4 40.8 40.8 4 39.8 1 2 Excludes farming, forestry, and fishing occupations. Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 33

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A28. persons by marital status, race, age, and sex Men Women Marital status, race, and age Thousands of persons Unemployment rates Thousands of persons Unemployment rates Total, 16 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 2,790 872 366 1,552 2,666 832 354 1,480 7.4 6.9 2,871 901 528 1,442 2,658 949 534 1,175 8.2 6.6 White, 16 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 2,009 658 280 1,072 1,980 668 282 1,029 6.3 6.0 1,993 724 375 894 1,924 784 416 724 6.9 Black, 16 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 634 150 75 409 567 125 67 375 8.3 6.6 1 7.4 1 748 110 143 495 615 112 110 393 8.5 6.2 1 7 10.9 Total, 25 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 1,715 799 343 573 1,639 789 341 509 1,777 813 483 481 1,757 836 509 413 White, 25 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 1,209 603 263 343 1,232 643 271 318 1.6 1,253 647 339 266 1,305 690 394 220 Black, 25 years and over Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 394 131 70 192 333 110 67 156 6.2 6.2 10.6 5.7 8.2 434 102 133 198 374 100 107 167 5.9 5.9 8.4 7.2 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 34

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A29. persons by occupation and sex Thousands of persons s Occupation Total Total Men Women Total, 16 years and over 1 5,661 5,324 Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty 826 374 452 810 407 403 1.6 Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical 1,404 127 678 599 1,379 83 633 663 Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective 1,117 69 48 1,000 977 75 73 830 5.9 7.3 6.5 9.5 ( 2 ) 1.5 6.5 ( 2 ) 5.8 6.4 7.0 6.4 9.8 Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers, Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair 528 136 270 123 474 159 216 99 6.4 10 9.6 6.6 Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 1,147 449 191 508 107 401 1,122 431 224 467 129 338 5.9 5.7 8.9 10.4 8.5 5.7 7.9 10.7 7.2 8.9 10.6 8.4 7.9 10.8 6.9 7 6.7 6.0 8.9 ( 2 ) 9.0 7 7.0 6 7.9 2 ) 7.9 Farming, forestry, and fishing 146 148 No previous work experience, 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 464 302 74 88 382 272 65 44 1 Includes a small number of persons whose last job was in the Armed Forces. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 35

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A30. persons by industry and sex Thousands of persons s Industry Total Total Men Women Total, 16 years and over 5,661 5,324 Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers 4,504 4,209 Mining Construction 33 405 23 400 Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Machinery and computing equipment Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies Transportation equipment Automobiles Other transportation equipment Professional and photographic equipment Other durable goods industries 766 479 50 43 30 23 69 63 67 78 35 43 30 26 707 383 15 31 5 15 57 71 49 87 52 35 27 26 6 6.6 1.0 6.2 7.0.3 1.5 5.8 5.9 9.2 6.4 5.8 6.3 6.8 Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Other nondurable goods industries 287 54 17 76 18 65 19 26 11 324 75 15 64 24 53 27 42 25 9.8 1.6 8.4 8.4 1.2 1.2 10.5 1 6.5 1 6.5 Transportation and public utilities Transportation Communications and other public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Service industries Professional services Other service industries 218 136 82 1,378 141 1,237 204 1,501 670 831 268 205 63 1,270 118 1,152 174 1,366 508 859 5.7 5.7 5.8 1.6 6.0 6.4 6.4 5.8 6.6 Agricultural wage and salary workers Government, selfemployed, and unpaid family workers No previous work experience 95 598 464 140 593 382 6.2 8.3 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 36

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A31. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and race (Numbers In thousands) Reason Total, 16 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years White Black NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Total unemployed Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 5,661 2,299 620 1,678 1,158 520 871 2,028 464 5,324 2,258 595 1,662 1,104 558 853 1,832 382 2,208 1,225 314 912 637 275 328 611 43 2,130 1,199 328 871 578 292 394 497 40 2,299 834 230 604 462 141 427 919 119 2,182 894 219 675 480 195 365 855 69 1,154 240 77 163 59 104 116 497 302 1,012 165 48 117 46 71 94 480 272 4,002 1,644 484 1,160 810 350 702 1,369 287 3,903 1,660 463 1,197 820 377 648 1,310 285 1,381 529 114 415 268 146 136 587 130 1,182 496 106 389 241 148 177 428 81 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 40.6 11.0 29.6 1 35.8 8.2 4 11.2 31.2 16.0 3 7.2 5 1 41.3 1 27.7 56.3 1 40.9 18.5 2 36.3 10.0 26.3 18.6 40.0 41.0 10.0 30.9 16.7 39.2 20.8 6.6 1 10.0 4 26 16.3 11.5 9.3 47.5 26.9 41 1 29.0 17.5 3 7.2 4 1 30.7 16.6 3 7.3 38.3 8.3 30.0 9.8 4 9.4 4 9.0 3 1 36.2 6.9 UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants.6 1.5.3 1.6.6 1.3.3.5.9.6.7 1.4.7 1.5.2 1.5.6 1.4 1.5 6.3 1.2 6 1.4.6 1.2.2 1.4.6 1.2.8.8 1.5 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 37

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A32. persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duration of unemployment (Percent distribution) September Total unemployed Duration of unemployment Reason, sex, and age Thousands of persons Percent Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks Total 15 weeks and over 15 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over Total, 16 years and over Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 5,324 2,258 595 1,662 1,104 558 853 1,832 382 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 47.8 48.7 6 4 37.9 5 50.4 47.0 40.7 29.7 27.4 2 28.4 29.4 26.3 31.4 30.2 37.7 2 2 10.9 28.5 3 20.2 18.2 2 21.6 10.7 1 7.9 1 15.8 8.2 7.9 10.7 10.5 1 1 1 17.0 1 10.3 1 11 Men, 20 years and over Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 2,130 1,199 328 871 578 292 394 497 40 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 48 50.8 6 46 40 57.8 56 37.5 1 28.0 2 26.0 2 26.9 21.0 28.7 3 1 2 2 10.5 29.0 3 21 1 29.9 1 10.3 9.8 11.5 1 6.0 8.0 1 1 1 17.5 18.7 1 7.2 17.0 1 Women, 20 years and over Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 2,182 894 219 675 480 195 365 855 69 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4 40.5 59 3 3 38.2 4 4 1 31.0 3 27 3 3 39.8 3 28.7 1 26.3 26.7 1 30.8 3 2 2 26.0 1 1 16.3 1 17.2 19 1 9.9 1 1 1 10.4.3 1 1 9.5 1 1 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 1,012 165 48 117 46 71 94 480 272 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 58.5 77.9 71.4 () 5 60 4 30.6 1 17.4 () 37.8 30.3 38.7 10.9 7.9 11 () 7.9 9.6 15.9 5.9 1 ) 6.3 9.3 1 ) 7.5 ) 7.9 6.6 1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. A33. total and fulltime workers by duration of unemployment Total Fulltime workers Duration of unemployment Thousands of persons Percent distribution Thousands of persons Percent distribution Total 16 years and over Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks 5 to 10 weeks 11 to 14 weeks 15 weeks and over. 15 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over 27 to 51 weeks 52 weeks and over 5,661 2,627 1,664 1,099 566 1,370 672 698 326 372 5,324 2,547 1,583 1,091 492 1,194 571 623 313 310 100.0 46.4 29.4 19.4 10.0 2 1 1 5.8 6.6 100.0 47.8 29.7 20.5 9.2 2 10.7 1 5.9 5.8 4,335 1,847 1,294 855 439 1,193 575 619 304 315 4,152 1,807 1,298 898 401 1,047 491 557 285 271 100.0 4 29.9 19.7 10 27.5 1 1 7.0 7.3 100.0 4 31.3 21.6 9.6 2 1 1 6.9 6.5 Average (mean) duration in weeks Median duration in weeks 1 6.0 1 1 7.2 1 6.7 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 38

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A34. persons by age, sex, race, marital status, and duration of unemployment September Sex, age, race, and marital status Total Less than 5 weeks Thousands of persons 5 to 14 weeks Total 15 weeks and over 15 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over Average (mean) duration Weeks Median duration TOTAL Total, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 5,324 1,012 915 1,109 1,051 753 331 153 2,547 592 462 543 458 301 131 60 1,583 310 262 331 309 242 94 36 1,194 110 192 235 284 211 106 57 571 60 103 109 137 92 39 31 623 50 88 126 148 118 67 26 1 7.8 10.9 11.2 1 1 16.8 18.3 6.7 7.4 7.7 7.5 Men, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 2,666 536 491 520 480 377 152 110 1,336 312 245 269 217 172 76 45 761 165 136 156 149 100 32 22 569 59 110 95 113 106 44 43 252 33 63 36 51 45 7 17 317 26 47 59 62 60 37 26 1 7.6 11.3 10.8 1 1 19.3 2 6 6.5 8 Women, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 2,658 477 424 589 571 376 179 43 1,211 280 217 273 240 129 55 15 822 145 125 175 159 142 62 14 625 51 82 140 172 105 62 14 319 27 40 73 86 47 32 14 306 25 41 67 86 58 30 1 7.9 10.4 11.6 1 1 1 5.9 5.8 7 7.9 8.7 Race White, 16 years and over Men Women 3,903 1,980 1,924 1,957 1,053 904 1,170 555 615 776 372 404 420 189 231 357 183 174 10.9 10.8 10.9 Black, 16 years and over Men Women 1,182 567 615 489 240 249 357 168 189 336 158 178 123 46 77 213 112 101 1 1 1 7.6 7 8.2 Marital status Men, 16 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated... Single (never married) 832 354 1,480 429 153 754 219 103 438 183 98 288 76 42 134 108 55 154 1 1 10.6 7.6 Women, 16 years and over: Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated... Single (never married) 949 534 1,175 411 214 586 308 152 363 230 168 227 133 86 101 97 83 126 1 1 11 6.3 7.8 1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 39

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A35. persons by occupation, industry, and duration of unemployment September Thousands of persons Weeks Occupation and industry Total Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks Total 15 weeks and over 15 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over Average (mean) duration Median duration OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Service occupations Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 810 1,379 977 474 1,122 148 355 641 472 271 536 95 244 404 304 113 328 43 212 334 202 90 258 9 106 158 80 53 127 7 106 176 122 37 131 2 1 1 1 10.8 1 5.9 6.0 INDUSTRY 1 Agriculture Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Public administration 140 412 711 386 324 278 1,276 179 1,550 150 82 229 343 201 142 123 609 76 725 68 40 98 199 99 99 91 416 43 442 56 19 85 169 86 83 64 251 60 383 26 15 37 83 56 28 26 95 29 213 7 4 48 86 30 56 38 155 31 169 19 7 11.6 1 10.2 1 1 1 1 1 11.5 6.9 7.4 6.8 No previous work experience 382 155 144 82 40 42 1 7.7 1 Includes wage and salary workers only. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. A36. Persons not in the labor force by desire and availability for work, age, and sex (In thousands) Total Age Sex Category 16 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Men Women Total not in the labor force Do not want a job now 1 Want a job 1 Did not search for work in previous year Searched for work in previous year* Not available to work now Available to work now Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects 3 Reasons other than discouragement Family responsibilities In school or training Ill health or disability Other 4 69,048 64,853 4,196 2,486 1,709 537 1,172 289 883 117 252 84 430 69,804 65,619 4,184 2,548 1,636 478 1,158 250 908 110 199 96 504 12,351 10,846 1,505 775 730 214 516 95 421 25 209 13 175 12,360 10,896 1,464 828 635 193 443 57 386 21 151 24 189 18,768 16,926 1,842 1,088 754 273 481 141 340 80 39 40 181 19,236 17,282 1,954 1,124 829 248 581 149 432 89 47 55 241 37,929 37,081 848 623 226 51 175 53 122 13 31 74 38,208 37,441 767 596 171 37 134 44 90 17 73 25,582 23,785 1,797 1,012 785 207 578 158 420 28 164 40 188 25,980 24,116 1,863 1,047 817 223 594 168 425 12 106 36 271 43,466 41,068 2,398 1,474 924 330 594 131 463 88 88 44 242 43,824 41,503 2,321 1,502 819 255 564 81 483 98 93 60 232 1 Includes some persons who are not asked if they want a job. 2 Persons who had a job in the prior 12 months must have searched since the end of that job. 3 Includes believes no work available, could not find work, lacks necessary schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 4 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not ascertained. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 40

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A37. Multiple jobholders by selected demographic and economic characteristics (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Men Women Characteristic Number Rate 1 Number Rate 1 Number Rate 1 AGE Total, 16 years and over 2 16 to 19 years 20 years and over 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 55 to 64 years 65 years and over 7,584 327 7,257 699 6,559 5,766 793 659 133 7,471 311 7,160 712 6,449 5,577 871 742 129 5.7 5.7 5.8 6.0 5.8 3,899 137 3,762 304 3,458 3,003 454 372 82 3,930 132 3,798 323 3,475 2,951 524 428 96 5.8 5.7 5.7 3,685 190 3,495 395 3,101 2,763 338 287 51 3,541 178 3,362 389 2,973 2,626 347 314 33 5.9 5.9 5.9 6.5 5.9 6 5.7 6 5.8 RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN White Black Hispanic origin 6,476 794 404 6,383 821 500 5.8 3,332 422 215 3,373 412 286 6.0 5.8 3,144 373 189 3,010 410 214 6.2 5.8 MARITAL STATUS Married, spouse present Widowed, divorced, or separated Single (never married) 4,238 1,365 1,981 4,146 1,328 1,997 6.5 6.2 2,454 477 968 2,527 462 941 5.7 5.8 1,784 888 1,013 1,618 866 1,056 7 6.3 6.8 6.4 FULL OR PARTTIME STATUS Primary job full time, secondary job part time... Primary and secondary jobs both part time Primary and secondary jobs both full time Hours vary on primary or secondary job 4,171 1,667 279 1,420 4,072 1,566 336 1,447 2,430 482 193 766 2,338 527 239 805 1,742 1,186 86 654 1,734 1,039 96 642 1 Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed persons in specified group. 2 Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary jobs(s), not shown separately. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 41

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED A38. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age (Numbers in thousands) Civilian noninstitutional population Veteran status and age Total Number Percent of labor force VIETNAMERA VETERANS Total, 40 years and over 40 to 54 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 years and over 7,749 5,390 470 1,798 3,122 2,359 7,697 4,899 252 1,462 3,185 2,798 6,321 4,702 398 1,577 2,727 1,619 6,163 4,218 204 1,274 2,741 1,945 6,150 4,561 378 1,525 2,659 1,589 6,001 4,088 193 1,224 2,671 1,913 171 141 21 52 68 30 162 130 10 50 70 32 NONVETERANS Total, 40 to 54 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 21,529 9,478 7,429 4,623 22,543 9,700 7,934 4,909 19,414 8,763 6,697 3,954 20,463 8,924 7,200 4,339 18,980 8,568 6,549 3,863 19,989 8,697 7,039 4,253 434 195 148 91 474 227 161 87 NOTE: Male Vietnamera veterans are men who served in the Armed Forces between 5, 1964 and May 7, 1975. Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 42

Need information from the Bureau of Labor Statistics You can get it now on the WEB. Here are the Bureau's addresses. / \ Bureau of Labor Statistics Division of Information Services BLS Regional Offices Employment and Unemployment: Employment, hours, and earnings by industry National State and area National labor force statistics Region, State, and metropolitan area labor force data Longitudinal research Covered employment and wages Occupational employment statistics Mass layoff statistics Prices and Living Conditions: Consumer price indexes Producer price indexes Consumer Expenditure Survey Compensation and Working Conditions: National Compensation Survey Collective bargaining Employment cost trends Employee Benefits Survey Occupational Compensation Survey Safety and health Productivity: Quarterly labor productivity Industry productivity Multifactor productivity Employment Projections International data: Foreign labor statistics U.S. import and export price indexes http://stats.bls.gov http://stats.bls.gov/opbinfo.htm http://stats.bls.gov/regnhome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/ceshome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/790home.htm http://stats.bls.gov/cpshome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/lauhome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/nlshome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/cewhome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/oeshome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/lauhome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/cpihome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/ppihome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/csxhome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/comhome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/cbahome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/ecthome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/ebshome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/ocshome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/oshhome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/lprhome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/iprhome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/mprhome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/emphome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/flshome.htm http://stats.bls.gov/ipphome.htm

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HISTORICAL EMPLOYMENT B1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 1948 to date (In thousands) Year and month Total Total private Goodsproducing Total Mining Construction Manufacturing Serviceproducing Total Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government Federal State Local Annual averages 1948. 1949. 1950. 1951. 1952., 1953.. 1954. 1955. 1956. 1957. 1958. 1959 2 1960. 1961. 1962. 1963. 1964. 1965. 1966. 1967. 1968. 1969. 1970. 1971. 1972. 1973. 1974. 1975.. 1976.. 1977.. 1978. 1979.. 1980.. 1981.. 1982.. 1983.. 1984.. 1985.. 1986., 1987.. 1988.. 1989.. 1990.. 1991.. 1992.. 1993.. 1994.. 1995.. 1996.. 1997.. 1998.. : September.. October November... December... : January February March April May June P September? 44,866 43,754 45,197 47,819 48,793 50,202 48,990 50,641 52,369 52,855 51,322 53,270 54,189 53,999 55,549 56,653 58,283 60,763 63,901 65,803 67,897 70,384 70,880 71,211 73,675 76,790 78,265 76,945 79,382 82,471 86,697 89,823 90,406 91,152 89,544 90,152 94,408 97,387 99,344 101,958 105,209 107,884 109,403 108,249 108,601 110,713 114,163 117,191 119,608 122,690 125,865 128,786 129,265 129,523 129,788 130,038 130,387 130,482 131,009 131,419 131,590 131,647 131,607 131,516 131,768 39,216 37,897 39,170 41,430 42,185 43,556 42,238 43,727 45,091 45,239 43,483 45,186 45,836 45,404 46,660 47,429 48,686 50,689 53,116 54,413 56,058 58,189 58,325 58,331 60,341 63,058 64,095 62,259 64,511 67,344 71,026 73,876 74,166 75,121 73,707 74,282 78,384 80,992 82,651 84,948 87,823 90,105 91,098 89,847 89,956 91,872 95,036 97,885 100,189 103,133 106,042 108,616 18,774 17,565 18,506 19,959 20,198 21,074 19,751 20,513 21,104 20,967 19,513 20,411 20,434 19,857 20,451 20,640 21,005 21,926 23,158 23,308 23,737 24,361 23,578 22,935 23,668 24,893 24,794 22,600 23,352 24,346 25,585 26,461 25,658 25,497 23,812 23,330 24,718 24,842 24,533 24,674 25,125 25,254 24,905 23,745 23,231 23,352 23,908 24,265 24,493 24,962 25,414 25,482 994 930 901 929 898 866 791 792 822 828 751 732 712 672 650 635 634 632 627 613 606 619 623 609 628 642 697 752 779 813 851 958 1,027 1,139 1,128 952 966 927 777 717 713 692 709 689 635 610 601 581 580 596 590 535 2,198 2,194 2,364 2,637 2,668 2,659 2,646 2,839 3,039 2,962 2,817 3,004 2,926 2,859 2,948 3,010 3,097 3,232 3,317 3,248 3,350 3,575 3,588 3,704 3,889 4,097 4,020 3,525 3,576 3,851 4,229 4,463 4,346 4,188 3,904 3,946 4,380 4,668 4,810 4,958 5,098 5,171 5,120 4,650 4,492 4,668 4,986 5,160 5,418 5,691 6,020 6,404 15,582 14,441 15,241 16,393 16,632 17,549 16,314 16,882 17,243 17,176 15,945 16,675 16,796 16,326 16,853 16,995 17,274 18,062 19,214 19,447 19,781 20,167 19,367 18,623 19,151 20,154 20,077 18,323 18,997 19,682 20,505 21,040 20,285 20,170 18,780 18,432 19,372 19,248 18,947 18,999 19,314 19,391 19,076 18,406 18,104 18,075 18,321 18,524 18,495 18,675 18,805 18,543 26,092 26,189 26,691 27,860 28,595 29,128 29,239 30,128 31,264 31,889 31,811 32,857 33,755 34,142 35,098 36,013 37,278 38,839 40,743 42,495 44,158 46,023 47,302 48,276 50,007 51,897 53,471 54,345 56,030 58,125 61,113 63,363 64,748 65,655 65,732 66,821 69,690 72,544 74,811 77,284 80,084 82,630 84,497 84,504 85,370 87,361 90,256 92,925 95,115 97,727 100,451 103,304 4,189 4,001 4,034 4,226 4,248 4,290 4,084 4,141 4,244 4,241 3,976 4,011 4,004 3,903 3,906 3,903 3,951 4,036 4,158 4,268 4,318 4,442 4,515 4,476 4,541 4,656 4,725 4,542 4,582 4,713 4,923 5,136 5,146 5,165 5,081 4,952 5,156 5,233 5,247 5,362 5,512 5,614 5,777 5,755 5,718 5,811 5,984 6,132 6,253 6,408 6,611 6,826 2,612 2,610 2,643 2,735 2,821 2,862 2,875 2,934 3,027 3,037 2,989 3,092 3,153 3,142 3,207 3,258 3,347 3,477 3,608 3,700 91 3,919 06 4,014 4,127 4,291 4,447 4,430 4,562 4,723 4,985 5,221 5,292 5,375 5,295 5,283 5,568 5,727 5,761 5,848 6,030 6,187 6,173 6,081 5,997 5,981 6,162 6,378 6,482 6,648 6,800 6,924 6,659 6,654 6,743 7,007 7,184 7,385 7,360 7,601 7,831 7,848 7,761 8,035 8,238 8,195 8,359 8,520 8,812 9,239 9,637 9,906 10,308 10,785 11,034 11,338 11,822 12,315 12,539 12,630 13,193 13,792 14,556 14,972 15,018 15,171 15,158 15,587 16,512 17,315 17,880 18,422 19,023 19,475 19,601 19,284 19,356 19,773 20,507 21,187 21,597 21,966 22,295 22,788 1,800 1,828 1,888 1,956 2,035 2,111 2,200 2,298 2,389 2,438 2,481 2,549 2,628 2,688 2,754 2,830 2,911 2,977 3,058 3,185 3,337 3,512 3,645 3,772 3,908 4,046 4,148 4,165 4,271 4,467 4,724 4,975 5,160 5,298 5,340 5,466 5,684 5,948 6,273 6,533 6,630 6,668 6,709 6,646 6,602 6,757 6,806 6,911 7,109 7,389 7,569 5,181 5,239 5,356 5,547 5,699 5,835 5,969 6,240 6.497 6,708 6,765 7,087 7,378 7,619 7,982 8,277 8,660 9.036 9.498 10.045 10.567 1169 11.548 197 12,276 12,857 13,441 13,892 151 15,302 16,252 17,112 17,890 18,615 19.021 19,664 20.746 21,927 22,957 24,110 204 26,907 27,934 28,336 29,052 30,197 31,579 33,117 34,454 36,040 37,533 39,027 1,863 1,908 28 2,302 2,420 2,305 2,188 2,187 2,209 2,217 91 2,233 2,270 2,279 2,340 58 48 78 64 2,719 2,737 58 2,731 2,696 2,684 2,663 2,724 2,748 2,733 2,727 2,753 2,773 2,866 2,772 2,739 2,774 07 75 2,899 2,943 2,971 88 3,085 2,966 2,969 2,915 2,870 2,822 2,757 2,699 2,686 2,669 d) (1) (D 0) (1) 0) (D 168 1,250 1,328 1,415 1,484 1,536 1.607 1,668 47 1,856 1,996 2,141 2,302 2,442 2,533 2,664 2,747 2,859 2,923 3,039 3,179 3,273 3,377 3,474 3,541 3,610 3,640 3,640 3,662 3,734 3,832 93 3,967 4,076 4,182 4,305 55 4,408 4,488 4,576 4,635 4,606 4,582 4,612 4,695 Monthly data, seasonally adjusted 109,042 109,275 109,517 109,730 110,036 110,088 110,462 110,752 110,578 110,845 111,001 111,018 111,306 25,460 25,483 25,527 25,561 25,677 25,624 25,738 25,725 25,684 25,700 25,756 25,643 25,606 527 529 527 530 530 533 536 539 539 539 538 537 536 6,439 6,470 6,516 6,552 6,652 6,618 6,726 6,694 6,666 6,670 6,675 6,705 18,494 18,484 18,484 18,479 18,495 18,473 18,476 18,492 18,479 18,493 18,548 18,431 18,365 103,805 104,040 104,261 104,477 104,710 104,858 105,271 105,694 105,906 105,947 105,851 105,873 106,162 6,866 6,875 6,898 6,911 6,925 6,937 6,953 6,970 6,962 6,985 7,010 6,941 7,046 6,962 6,973 7,002 7,005 7,011 7,033 7,055 7,048 7,049 7,050 7,062 7,065 22,844 22,863 22,893 22,936 22,973 22,978 23,027 23,197 23,064 23,122 23,196 23,188 23,189 7,589 7,599 7,604 7,613 7,612 7,624 7,621 7,610 7,600 7,588 7,586 7,606 7,622 39,321 39,482 39,606 39,707 39,844 39,914 40,090 40,195 40,220 40,401 40,403 40,578 40,778 2,655 2,647 2,646 2,646 2,663 2,700 2,816 2,885 3,238 3,092 2,819 2,657 2,624 4,714 4,722 4,723 27 4,725 4,728 4,733 4,744 4,737 4,716 4,744 4,763 4,767 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 3,558 3,819 4,071 4,232 4,366 4,547 4,708 4,881 5,121 5,392 5,700 6,080 6.371 6,660 6.904 758 7,437 7.790 8,146 8,407 8,758 8,865 9,023 9,446 9,633 9.765 9,619 9.458 9,434 9,482 9,687 9,901 1000 10,339 10,609 10,914 11,081 11,267 11,438 11,682 11,849 156 176 12,525 12,806 154 12,879 12,902 12,935 12,963 12,966 12,998 13,038 13,037 194 143 178 171 1 Not available. 2 Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959. This inclusion resulted in an increase of 212,000 (0.4 percent) in the nonfarm total for the March 1959 benchmark month. P = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data (beginning April ) and all seasonally adjusted data (beginning January 1996) are subject to revision. 44

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HISTORICAL HOURS AND EARNINGS B2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 1964 to date Year and month Total private 1 Weekly hours Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Mining Weekly hours Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Construction Weekly hours Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Annual averages 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 : September. October November.. December.. : January February... March April May June P SeptemberP 38.7 38.8 38.6 38.0 37.8 37.7 37 36.9 37.0 36.9 36.5 36 36 36.0 35.8 35.7 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 $6 6 6 8 5 4 3 5 0 4 4 3 6 5 9 66 6.66 7.25 7.68 8.02 8.32 8.57 8.76 8.98 9.28 9.66 10.01 10.32 10.57 10.83 112 11.43 12 18 18 14 $91.33 95 98.82 104 107.73 111 119.83 127.31 136.90 149 156 163 175 189.00 200 219.91 230 250 267.26 280.70 296 299.09 305 310 322 334 345 358 361 374 385.86 394 406.61 429 449 456.78 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 $1 2 5 9 5 0 5 6 4 5 3 5.95 6.46 6.94 7.67 8.49 97 10.04 10.77 11.28 11.63 18 16 14 10 16 18 19 14 10 18 10 12 165 16.91 17.09 $117.74 122 130.24 135.89 141 150 160 174 1894 201.40 2194 249.31 270 301.20 338 367 397.06 438.75 459.88 479.40 508 519.93 525.81 530 541.44 5708 609 630.04 638.31 646.78 666.62 681 707.59 731 745 748.54 37.2 37.4 37.6 37.7 37.3 37.9 37.3 37.2 36.5 36.8 36.6 36.4 36.8 36.5 36.8 37.0 37.0 36.9 36.7 37 37.8 37.7 37.4 37.8 37.9 37.9 38.2 38 38.0 38.5 38.9 38.9 39.0 39.0 38.9 39 $5 0 9 1 1 9 4 9 6.06 6.41 6.81 7.31 7.71 80 8.66 9.27 9.94 10.82 11.63 14 13 12 18 11 18 14 17 10 15 18 13 19 17 16.04 16.61 178 Monthly data, not seasonally adjusted 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 $18 11 13 16 18 18 19 19 14 12 18 17 18 $458.93 469 464 465.72 4675 464 468 477 467.85 471.25 477.43 475 477.47 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 $173 17.05 17.01 179 17.30 17.20 17.28 17.29 179 17.09 173 16.94 179 $758.86 758.73 758.65 764 766.39 758.52 758.59 776.32 764 770.76 775.99 760 780.43 38.6 40.0 39.5 38.8 38.3 38.7 38.8 39.2 39.6 39.6 40.3 40.2 40.0 $17.46 17.54 17.42 17.47 17.39 17.42 17.54 17.66 17.71 17.74 17.95 18.05 189 $136 138.38 146.26 155 169 181.54 195 211.67 2219 235.89 249.25 266.08 283 295 318.69 349 367.78 399.26 426.82 447 458.51 466 466.75 480.44 495.73 517 526.01 530 537.70 553 570 587.00 603 626 6463 674 $676 701.60 688.09 677.84 666.04 675 680.55 697 701.32 700 729 721 727.60 See footnotes at end of table. 45

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HISTORICAL HOURS AND EARNINGS B2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 1964 to date Continued Year and month Manufacturing Weekly hours Hourly earnings Hourly earnings, excluding overtime Weekly earnings Transportation and public utilities Weekly hours Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Wholesale trade Weekly hours Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Annual averages 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 : September. October November.. December.. : January February... March April May June P SeptemberP 40.7 41.2 41.4 40.6 40.7 40.6 39.8 39.9 40.5 40.7 40.0 39.5 40 40.3 40.4 40.2 39.7 39.8 38.9 40 40.7 40.5 40.7 41.0 41 41.0 40.8 40.7 41.0 41.4 4 41.6 41.6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 41.6 41.5 41.5 4 41.4 4 41 41.4 4 $3 1 1 2 1 9 5 7 2 9 2 3 2 8 67 6.70 7.27 7.99 8.49 8.83 99 9.54 9.73 9.91 109 10.48 10.83 118 11.46 14 17 17 17 17 19 11 $3 0 9 1 8 5 3 5 6 1 5 7 2 4 5.91 6.43 7.02 7.72 8.25 8.52 8.82 96 9.34 9.48 9.73 10.02 10.37 10.71 10.95 118 11.43 14 12 15 19 18 $107 107.53 119 119 121 129.51 133 144 151 166.46 176.80 190.79 209.32 228.90 249.27 269.34 288.62 318.00 330.26 358 373 386.37 396.01 406.31 418.81 429.68 446 453 469.86 486.04 506.94 519 531.23 554 563 580.05 41 41.3 41.2 40.5 40.6 40.7 40.5 40 40.4 40.5 40.2 39.7 39.8 39.9 40.0 39.9 39.6 39.4 39.0 39.0 39.4 39.5 39.2 39.2 38.2 38.3 38.4 38 38.3 39.3 39.7 39.4 39.6 39.7 39.5 38.7 $9 3 1 3 2 3 5 1 5 2 1 5.88 6.45 6.99 7.57 86 8.87 9.70 10.32 10.79 112 11.40 10 13 14 17 12 10 13 15 18 13 15 12 11 19 $118.78 124 1283 130.82 138.85 147.74 155.93 168.82 187.86 201 217.48 234 256.71 278.90 300 328 351.25 388 408 420.81 4383 450.30 458.64 471.58 467.57 481.43 4963 502 517 532 547.07 556.72 572 592 605 607.20 40.7 40.8 40.7 40.3 40 40.2 39.9 39.4 39.4 39.2 38.8 38.6 38.7 38.8 38.8 38.8 38.4 38.5 38.3 38.5 38.5 38.4 38.3 38 38 38.0 38 38 38.2 38.2 38.4 38.3 38.3 38.4 38.3 38.3 $2 0 3 7 4 3 3 4 5 7 8 2 2 9 5.88 6.39 6.95 7.55 8.08 8.54 8.88 95 9.34 9.59 9.98 10.39 10.79 115 11.39 14 16 13 17 15 17 18 Monthly data, not seasonally adjusted $11 13 18 10 19 19 12 18 17 14 17 18 11 $13 16 10 10 17 17 19 14 14 18 14 12 12 $588.39 589.26 598 600 590.30 588.89 5903 598 590.78 597.98 590.61 593 607 38.5 38.4 38.3 38.4 38.3 38 38.0 38.8 38.2 38.5 39.2 38.9 38.9 $15.80 15.78 15.90 15.96 15.98 16.05 16.02 165 163 167 169 16.22 16.28 $608.30 605.95 608.97 616 613 611.51 608.76 626.62 6167 625 635 630.96 639 38.2 38.5 38.4 38.4 38.6 38 38.2 38.9 38.4 38.5 38.8 38.3 38.4 $18 14 16 15 19 11 13 14 19 14 15 16 15 $106 106.08 1111 116 120 129.85 136.86 142 151.69 159.54 169.94 189 197 2093 2284 247.93 266.88 290.68 309.46 328.79 348 351.36 357.72 368 380.24 392 4110 422 430 448.47 460 476.07 492 516.48 538.88 558.41 $560.78 567.49 566.78 570.24 578.61 568.07 566.51 588.95 572 579.04 590 580.63 589.44 See footnotes at end of table. 46

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HISTORICAL HOURS AND EARNINGS B2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 1964 to date Continued Year and month Weekly hours Retail trade Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Weekly hours Finance, insurance, and real estate Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Weekly hours Services Hourly earnings Weekly earnings Annual averages 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 37.0 36.6 35.9 3 3 3 $5 2 1 1 6 0 $65 66.61 68.57 70.95 75 78.66 37.3 37.2 37.3 37 37.0 37 $0 9 7 8 5 3 $85.79 88.91 93 95.72 105 108.70 36 35.9 3 3 3 3 $4 5 7 9 2 1 $70.03 70 77.04 80.38 87 90.57 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 31.6 31.0 30.6 4 0 5 1 4 6 7 5 0 3 87 87.62 95 96.32 108 108.86 110 121.66 130.20 138.62 36.7 36.6 36.6 36.6 36.5 36.5 36.4 36.4 36.4 36.2 7 2 6 3 7 6 7 4 9 7 117 117.85 128 129.20 137.61 1489 153 166 178.00 190.77 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 4 7 7 5 2 1 5 9 6 96.66 106 110.85 117.29 126.00 137 142 155 167 177 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 30.2 30 29.9 29.8 29.8 29.4 29.2 29.2 29 28.9 8 5 8 5.74 5.85 5.94 6.03 62 6.31 6.53 147.38 158.03 165 171.05 173 174 176.08 178.70 182 188.72 36.2 36.3 36.2 36.2 36.5 36.4 36.4 36.3 35.9 35.8 5.79 6.31 6.78 7.29 7.63 7.94 8.36 8.73 9.06 9.53 209.60 229.05 244 260 278.50 289.02 300 316.90 325 3417 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5.85 6.41 6.92 7.31 7.59 7.90 88 8.49 8.88 9.38 190.71 208.97 229 239.04 247.43 256.75 265.85 275.93 289.49 305.79 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 28.8 28.6 28.8 28.8 28.9 28.8 28.8 28.9 29.0 29.0 6.75 6.94 72 7.29 7.49 7.69 7.99 8.33 8.74 9.08 190 198.48 206 209.95 216.46 221.47 2301 240.74 256 262 35.8 35.7 35.8 35.8 35.8 35.9 35.9 36 36.4 36.2 9.97 10.39 10.82 11.35 13 12 10 14 17 12 356.93 370.92 387.36 406.33 421 449 459.52 481.57 515 529.24 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 9.83 10.23 10.54 10.78 11.04 11.39 19 18 14 16 319.48 331.45 345 350.35 358.80 369.04 380 400.33 418.58 434 Monthly data, not seasonally adjusted : September. October November.. December.. : January February... March April May June P SeptemberP 28.8 28.9 28.7 29.3 28.5 28.5 28.6 28.9 28.8 29.3 29.8 29.5 28.8 $99 9.21 9.22 9.26 9.33 9.35 9.37 9.42 9.39 9.38 9.38 9.41 9.57 $267 2667 261 271.32 265.91 266.48 267.98 274 270.43 273 279.52 277.60 272 36 36 36.0 36.2 36.8 36 35.9 36.7 35.9 36.2 36.7 36 36 $14 19 14 16 19 13 17 12 12 13 11 19 11 $528.50 530.31 530.64 531 551.63 538.97 537.42 550 539.22 540.47 550.87 5414 547 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 $15 11 17 15 18 17 17 13 16 18 14 10 16 $434 448 444 449 450.61 448.90 447.53 452 445.82 447.34 452 450.73 450 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 47

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B3. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and selected component groups, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Industry Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June P P Total 129,265 129,523 129,788 130,038 130,387 130,482 131,009 131,419 131,590 131,647 131,607 131,516 131,768 Total private 109,042 109,275 109,517 109,730 110,036 110,088 110,462 110,752 110,578 110,845 111,001 111,018 111,306 Goodsproducing 25,460 25,483 25,527 25,561 25,677 25,624 25,738 25,725 25,684 25,700 25,756 25,643 25,606 Mining Metal mining Coal mining Oil and gas extraction Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels... 527 45 83 287 112 529 45 83 289 112 527 45 82 288 112 530 45 83 291 111 530 45 81 293 111 533 45 81 296 111 536 45 80 300 111 539 45 80 303 111 539 44 80 305 110 539 44 79 306 110 538 43 79 306 110 537 44 80 304 109 536 44 81 303 108 Construction General building contractors Heavy construction, except building.. Special trade contractors 6,439 1,458 866 4,115 6,470 1,464 872 4,134 6,516 1,470 876 4,170 6,552 1,474 882 4,196 6,652 1,498 892 4,262 6,618 1,491 885 4,242 6,726 1,508 905 4,313 6,694 1,497 899 4,298 6,666 1,497 888 4,281 6,668 1,498 877 4,293 6,670 1,498 881 4,291 6,675 1,504 883 4,288 6,705 1,509 881 4,315 Manufacturing 18,494 18,484 18,484 18,479 18,495 18,473 18,476 18,492 18,479 18,493 18,548 18,431 18,365 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Computer and office equipment... Electronic and other electrical equipment Electronic components and accessories Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Aircraft and parts Instruments and related products... Miscellaneous manufacturing 11,090 830 551 563 697 1,518 2,133 370 1,670 636 1,880 1,025 483 852 396 11,083 831 553 562 697 1,519 2,130 369 1,672 638 1,873 1,022 478 849 397 11,085 831 553 564 698 1,520 2,131 370 1,670 638 1,870 1,022 473 850 398 11,087 831 552 565 698 1,521 2,132 370 1,673 640 1,867 1,023 470 849 399 11,099 830 553 568 699 1,523 2,130 369 1,679 642 1,871 1,027 469 847 399 11,088 832 553 567 699 1,525 2,131 368 1,684 645 1,855 1,029 453 844 398 11,094 830 555 568 701 1,528 2,124 366 1,682 646 1,865 1,028 467 844 397 11,104 830 557 567 699 1,534 2,126 364 1,691 651 1,859 1,026 461 844 397 11,106 828 558 566 699 1,535 2,125 360 1,693 654 1,863 1,026 463 845 394 11,120 827 558 568 699 1,540 2,130 360 1,697 661 1,864 1,030 460 844 393 11,161 825 564 571 698 1,539 2,137 361 1,719 670 1,863 1,029 460 849 396 11,086 818 557 566 695 1,538 2,132 363 1,719 675 1,818 993 456 848 395 11,045 814 557 564 692 1,532 2,123 361 1,712 679 1,811 989 457 846 394 Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products... Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products. Leather and leather products 7,404 1,673 38 552 678 666 1,551 1,031 133 1,005 77 7,401 1,673 38 550 674 665 1,551 1,032 133 1,008 77 7,399 1,675 38 552 672 665 1,549 1,031 132 1,009 76 7,392 1,674 38 549 669 665 1,548 1,030 132 1,011 76 7,396 1,681 38 548 666 664 1,549 1,031 132 1,011 76 7,385 1,672 37 549 665 663 1,550 1,031 132 1,010 76 7,382 1,671 35 549 665 662 1,551 1,031 132 1,010 76 7,388 1,678 37 548 665 662 1,554 1,030 132 1,007 75 7,373 1,675 37 545 660 661 1,552 1,028 132 1,008 75 7,373 1,679 37 542 652 663 1,558 1,028 132 1,008 74 7,387 1,680 37 544 656 662 1,561 1,026 131 1,014 76 7,345 1,669 34 541 644 660 1,560 1,023 133 1,006 75 7,320 1,664 36 539 635 657 1,560 1,026 131 998 74 Serviceproducing 103,805 104,040 104,261 104,477 104,710 104,858 105,271 105,694 105,906 105,947 105,851 105,873 106,162 Transportation and public utilities... Transportation Railroad transportation Local and interurban passenger transit Trucking and warehousing Water transportation Transportation by air Pipelines, except natural gas Transportation services Communications and public utilities., Communications Electric, gas, and sanitary services 6,866 4,436 226 488 1,816 189 1,238 13 466 2,430 1,565 865 6,875 4,441 226 489 1,818 190 1,241 13 464 2,434 1,572 862 6,898 4,453 226 490 1,823 190 1,246 13 465 2,445 1,581 864 6,911 4,459 226 491 1,818 192 1,253 13 466 2,452 1,588 864 6,925 4,470 225 493 1,827 192 1,256 13 464 2,455 1,591 864 6,937 4,479 225 494 1,828 196 1,259 12 465 2,458 1,598 860 6,953 4,492 222 494 1,833 197 1,268 12 466 2,461 1,602 859 6,970 4,509 221 498 1,839 200 1,270 12 469 2,461 1,604 857 6,962 4,501 219 498 1,834 200 1,269 12 469 2,461 1,606 855 6,985 4,510 217 493 1,834 202 1,279 12 473 2,475 1,619 856 7,010 4,536 219 502 1,846 199 1,282 13 475 2,474 1,618 856 6,941 4,548 221 504 1,844 204 1,288 12 475 2,393 1,538 855 7,046 4,558 220 505 1,850 202 1,291 12 478 2,488 1,632 856 Wholesale trade Durable goods Nondurable goods 6,962 4,143 2,819 6,973 4,155 2,818 6,989 4,165 2,824 7,002 4,173 2,829 7,005 4,174 2,831 7,011 4,177 2,834 7,033 4,185 2,848 7,055 4,201 2,854 7,048 4,199 2,849 7,049 4,195 2,854 7,050 4,205 2,845 7,062 4,201 2,861 7,065 4,196 2,869 See footnotes at end of table. 48

B3. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and selected component groups, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Industry Oct. Nov. Dec Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June P P Retail trade Building materials and garden supplies General merchandise stores Department stores Food stores Automotive dealers and service stations New and used car dealers Apparel and accessory stores Furniture and home furnishings stores Eating and drinking places Miscellaneous retail establishments 22,844 994 2,757 2,414 3,495 2,372 1,087 1,183 1,092 7,956 2,995 22,863 1,004 2,752 2,408 3,496 77 1,089 1,186 1,093 7,950 3,005 22,893 1,008 2,752 2,406 3,498 2,380 1,092 1,190 1,091 7,966 3,008 22,936 1,012 2,766 2,416 3,501 2,386 1,094 1,182 1,098 7,986 3,005 22,973 1,016 2,765 2,419 3,501 2,399 1,097 1,176 1,099 7,998 3,019 22,978 1,020 2,762 2,417 3,503 2,394 1,100 1,184 1,102 7,992 3,021 23,027 1,034 2,756 2,409 3,502 2,407 1,105 1,188 1,111 8,000 3,029 23,197 1,032 2,791 2,443 3,522 2,410 1,106 1,195 1,113 8,097 3,037 23,064 1,025 2,744 2,388 3,516 2,408 1,107 1,195 1,113 8,028 3,035 23,122 1,018 2,741 2,386 3,515 2,412 1,110 1,197 1,118 8,071 3,050 23,196 1,018 2,727 2,373 3,519 2,411 1,111 1,206 1,119 8,132 3,064 23,188 1,020 2,738 2,390 3,522 2,417 1,114 1,203 1,121 8,098 3,069 23,189 1,015 2,750 2,399 3,525 2,420 1,118 1,205 1,120 8,077 3,077 Finance, insurance, and real estate... Finance Depository institutions Commercial banks Savings institutions Nondepository institutions Mortgage bankers and brokers Security and commodity brokers Holding and other investment offices Insurance Insurance carriers Insurance agents, brokers, and service Real estate 7,589 3,702 2,063 1,476 250 711 353 697 231 2,376 1,610 766 1,511 7,599 3,704 2,063 1,475 250 706 348 703 232 2,378 1,612 766 1,517 7,604 3,707 2,061 1,473 250 704 345 709 233 2,375 1,608 767 1,522 7,613 3,710 2,059 1,471 248 704 343 713 234 2,378 1,610 768 1,525 7,612 3,709 2,058 1,470 247 699 339 716 236 2,372 1,606 766 1,531 7,624 3,717 2,057 1,469 245 699 338 723 238 2,373 1,606 767 1,534 7,621 3,713 2,054 1,466 243 692 330 728 239 2,373 1,605 766 1,535 7,610 3,709 2,052 1,464 243 686 323 732 239 2,365 1,597 768 1,536 7,600 3,703 2,044 1,456 243 684 322 736 239 2,361 1,594 767 1,536 7,588 3,705 2,042 1,454 242 682 321 741 240 2,359 1,593 766 1,524 7,586 3,708 2,036 1,449 240 683 321 748 241 2,354 1,585 769 1,524 7,606 3,716 2,037 1,451 240 683 319 752 244 2,357 1,587 770 1,533 7,622 3,727 2,036 1,449 239 688 324 758 245 2,355 1,584 771 1,540 Services 1 Agricultrual services Hotels and other lodging places Personal services Business services Services to buildings Personnel supply services Help supply services Computer and data processing services Auto repair, services, and parking Miscellaneous repair services Motion pictures Amusement and recreation services... Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Nursing and personal care facilities... Hospitals Home health care services Legal services Educational services Social services Child day care services Residential care Museums and botanical and zoological gardens Membership organizations Engineering and management services Engineering and architectural services Management and public relations 39,321 770 1,863 1,243 9,404 994 3,678 3,298 1,866 1,186 377 619 1,672 10,015 1,888 1,785 3,989 635 1,000 2,294 2,823 701 785 98 2,430 3,283 956 1,044 39,482 774 1,863 1,247 9,465 997 3,712 3,327 1,874 1,191 379 624 1,691 10,027 1,893 1,785 3,992 636 1,003 2,299 2,845 708 790 99 2,431 3,300 964 1,054 39,606 782 1,868 1,252 9,502 998 3,734 3,343 1,880 1,191 379 625 1,701 10,041 1,898 1,785 3,992 637 1,005 2,305 2,868 721 795 99 2,434 3,310 969 1,058 39,707 782 1,868 1,257 9,538 997 3,748 3,358 1,888 1,192 382 624 1,703 10,053 1,903 1,787 3,997 637 1,007 2,309 2,884 729 800 99 2,438 3,327 974 1,068 39,844 806 1,866 1,263 9,571 997 3,753 3,361 1,896 1,194 382 626 1,721 10,066 1,910 1,788 4,001 638 1,008 2,308 2,905 737 803 100 2,439 3,344 982 1,074 39,914 796 1,868 1,265 9,615 1,000 3,773 3,382 1,906 1,195 384 623 1,723 10,078 1,914 1,790 4,002 639 1,007 2,309 2,912 740 807 100 2,439 3,354 984 1,077 40,090 812 1,885 1,265 9,681 1,004 3,817 3,418 1,915 1,192 384 630 1,729 10,091 1,920 1,791 4,004 639 1,007 2,329 2,929 749 810 101 2,440 3,369 985 1,085 40,195 801 1,902 1,272 9,735 1,001 3,885 3,485 1,927 1,195 383 634 1,752 10,093 1,925 1,789 3,999 641 1,004 2,329 2,940 753 812 102 2,439 3,368 987 1,088 40,220 790 1,904 1,262 9,715 996 3,855 3,440 1,929 1,192 383 632 1,755 10,104 1,928 1,788 4,005 641 1,006 2,356 2,946 758 816 101 2,438 3,390 995 1,096 40,401 788 1,922 1,271 9,773 997 3,873 3,444 1,933 1,191 384 635 1,789 10,116 1,928 1,786 4,008 642 1,009 2,374 2,945 760 820 103 2,441 3,415 1,005 1,110 40,403 794 1,925 1,273 9,768 1,002 3,851 3,433 1,950 1,194 384 634 1,795 10,143 1,930 1,787 4,018 645 1,012 2,374 2,919 768 826 103 2,429 3,411 1,007 1,107 40,578 799 1,923 1,285 9,809 997 3,873 3,444 1,954 1,198 385 635 1,808 10,157 1,933 1,792 4,020 645 1,014 2,389 2,960 776 828 103 2,433 3,435 1,010 1,116 40,778 799 1,927 1,284 9,925 998 3,907 3,513 1,958 1,200 386 634 1,793 10,183 1,945 1,793 4,034 642 1,013 2,388 2,995 765 833 102 2,450 3,454 1,013 1,121 Government Federal Federal, except Postal Service State Education Other State government Local Education Other local government 20,223 2,655 1,785 4,714 1,978 2,736 12,854 7,299 5,555 20,248 2,647 1,779 4,722 1,979 2,743 12,879 7,308 5,571 20,271 2,646 1,780 4,723 1,980 2,743 12,902 7,323 5,579 20,308 2,646 1,780 4,727 1,983 2,744 12,935 7,343 5,592 20,351 2,663 1,797 4,725 1,981 2,744 12,963 7,356 5,607 20,394 2,700 1,835 4,728 1,981 2,747 12,966 7,355 5,611 20 s547 2,816 1,951 4,733 1,982 2,751 12,998 7,373 5,625 20,667 2,885 2,022 4,744 1,990 2,754 13,038 7,408 5,630 21,012 3,238 2,374 4,737 1,983 2,754 13,037 7,395 5,642 20,802 3,092 2,230 4,716 1,967 2,749 12,994 7,361 5,633 20,606 2,819 1,954 4,744 1,994 2,750 13,043 7,394 5,649 20,498 2,657 1,790 4,763 2,000 2,763 13,078 7,400 5,678 20,462 2,624 1,761 4,767 1,997 2,770 13,071 7,390 5,681 1 Includes other industries, not shown separately. P = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 1996 forward are subject to revision. 49

ESTABLISHMENT DATA WOMEN EMPLOYEES SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B4. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Industry Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June Total 62,395 62,487 62,591 62,713 62,822 62,936 63,078 63,137 63,315 63,616 63,737 63,772 63,738 Total private 51,066 51,127 51,209 51,318 51,396 51,493 51,604 51,644 51,740 51,967 51,919 52,053 52,179 Goodsproducing 6,684 6,667 6,666 6,661 6,659 6,673 6,678 6,682 6,670 6,685 6,685 6,681 6,713 Mining 79 78 77 77 76 75 74 74 74 74 73 74 73 Construction 713 716 718 721 723 730 732 737 737 740 746 749 749 Manufacturing 5,892 5,873 5,871 5,863 5,860 5,868 5,872 5,871 5,859 5,871 5,866 5,858 5,891 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 2,970 149 178 101 102 345 471 684 412 d) 173 2,958 149 176 100 102 343 469 680 411 0) 173 2,959 149 176 100 102 344 471 680 409 (1) 174 2,957 149 177 99 102 344 470 680 409 (D 174 2,956 149 177 100 102 344 472 679 406 0) 174 2,964 150 178 101 102 344 474 679 408 (1) 175 2,967 150 178 101 102 344 474 682 409 0) 175 2,969 151 178 101 102 345 473 683 411 (D 173 2,964 151 179 101 102 346 471 682 408 (1) 172 2,970 151 178 101 102 347 472 687 408 0) 173 2,971 150 179 101 102 347 474 686 409 (D 171 2,972 150 180 101 101 348 475 686 410 (1) 170 2,993 150 181 104 102 347 478 695 409 0) 173 Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products Serviceproducing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade 2,922 551 13 258 493 163 700 338 23 343 40 55,711 2,087 2,142 2,915 550 11 257 487 163 700 339 23 345 40 55,820 2,099 2,146 2,912 551 12 255 484 163 700 340 23 344 40 55,925 2,108 2,151 2,906 551 12 253 481 163 699 340 23 344 40 56,052 2,115 2,157 2,904 552 12 254 478 164 698 340 22 344 40 56,163 2,123 2,160 2,904 554 12 254 477 164 698 339 23 344 39 56,263 2,131 2,166 2,905 557 12 253 474 164 700 339 23 344 39 56,400 2,147 2,168 2,902 553 12 254 472 165 700 339 24 344 39 56,455 2,147 2,172 2,895 552 11 254 472 164 700 338 23 343 38 56,645 2,151 2,180 2,901 559 12 253 471 165 700 337 24 342 38 56,931 2,154 2,189 2,895 558 12 252 467 165 702 335 24 342 38 57,052 2,150 2,200 2,886 556 12 251 459 165 705 334 24 343 37 57,091 2,157 2,206 2,898 558 12 251 464 166 706 333 24 346 38 57,025 2,166 2,203 Retail trade 12,024 12,011 12,003 12,006 12,004 12,016 12,033 12,034 12,045 12,159 12,106 12,135 12,176 Finance, insurance, and real estate 4,738 4,748 4,750 4,754 4,752 4,752 4,756 4,761 4,761 4,759 4,752 4,746 4,748 Services 23,391 23,456 23,531 23,625 23,698 23,755 23,822 23,848 23,933 24,021 24,026 24,128 24,173 Government Federal State Local 11,329 1,128 2,413 7,788 11,360 1,128 2,419 7,813 11,382 1,130 2,426 7,826 11,395 1,128 2,432 7,835 11,426 1,131 2,439 7,856 11,443 1,130 2,440 7,873 11,474 1,141 2,441 7,892 11,493 1,161 2,443 7,889 11,575 1,219 2,447 7,909 11,649 1,257 2,452 7,940 11,818 1,429 2,447 7,942 11,719 1,360 2,443 7,916 11,559 1,227 2,452 7,880 1 This series is not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trendcycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 1996 forward are subject to revision. 50

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B5. Production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Industry Oct. Nov. Dec Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June P P Total private 89,238 89,491 89,659 89,847 90,185 90,199 90,474 90,799 90,624 90,835 91,024 91,003 91,195 Goodsproducing 18,070 18,101 18,134 18,156 18,318 18,255 18,297 18,272 18,243 18,247 18,302 18,176 18,171 Mining 397 400 398 400 400 400 402 404 403 403 402 398 397 Construction 4,973 4,999 5,034 5,055 5,205 5,158 5,212 5,179 5,158 5,161 5,159 5,149 5,182 Manufacturing 12,700 12,702 12,702 12,701 12,713 12,697 12,683 12,689 12,682 12,683 12,741 12,629 12,592 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 7,580 680 439 439 545 1,138 1,341 1,043 1,252 785 (2) 274 7,581 682 441 438 546 1,140 1,340 1,042 1,247 783 (2) 275 7,579 681 440 440 545 1,141 1,342 1,041 1,244 781 (2) 275 7,579 681 440 441 546 1,142 1,343 1,039 1,244 782 (2) 276 7,592 681 439 444 546 1,144 1,344 1,042 1,251 789 (2) 276 7,592 681 440 440 547 1,146 1,351 1,043 1,247 787 (2) 275 7,580 680 441 443 549 1,148 1,341 1,041 1,243 783 (2) 274 7,584 679 443 441 548 1,152 1,342 1,048 1,236 782 (2) 275 7,584 679 445 441 548 1,154 1,343 1,047 1,236 780 (2) 271 7,593 676 445 440 547 1,158 1,349 1,051 1,236 783 (2) 270 7,629 675 449 444 547 1,165 1,356 1,063 1,237 781 (2) 270 7,568 669 443 440 545 1,157 1,356 1,064 1,201 751 (2) 270 7,543 665 442 438 543 1,152 1,348 1,061 1,205 754 (2) 268 Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products 5,120 1,249 27 468 538 505 824 585 87 780 57 5,121 1,250 27 467 535 503 825 586 87 784 57 5,123 1,252 27 466 534 504 824 589 86 785 56 5,122 1,253 27 465 533 504 824 589 84 787 56 5,121 1,256 26 463 531 504 825 590 82 788 56 5,105 1,248 26 463 529 503 825 588 80 787 56 5,103 1,247 23 464 530 503 826 588 79 787 56 5,105 1,254 25 463 531 502 829 586 77 783 55 5,098 1,253 25 461 525 502 830 585 77 785 55 5,090 1,254 25 460 517 504 830 582 76 787 55 5,112 1,261 25 461 523 502 834 582 76 792 56 5,061 1,243 22 458 512 501 834 578 75 783 55 5,049 1,242 25 456 504 500 834 581 75 778 54 Serviceproducing 71,168 71,390 71,525 71,691 71,867 71,944 72,177 72,527 72,381 72,588 72,722 72,827 73,024 Transportation and public utilities 5,687 5,694 5,709 5,721 5,747 5,749 5,783 5,801 5,795 5,808 5,842 5,781 5,865 Wholesale trade 5,558 5,569 5,580 5,593 5,592 5,597 5,612 5,623 5,625 5,622 5,619 5,630 5,629 Retail trade 20,104 20,124 20,140 20,193 20,229 20,229 20,265 20,441 20,309 20,354 20,413 20,397 20,390 Finance, insurance, and real estate 5,553 5,555 5,558 5,560 5,564 5,567 5,562 5,555 5,549 5,545 5,552 5,567 5,585 Services 34,266 34,448 34,538 34,624 34,735 34,802 34,955 35,107 35,103 35,259 35,296 35,452 35,555 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. 2 This series is not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trendcycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. P = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 1996 forward are subject to revision. 51

ESTABLISHMENT DATA DIFFUSION INDEXES SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June Oct. Nov. Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries 1 Over 1month span: 1996 1997 1998 50.4 57.3 6 5 60.8 6 59.7 56.6 58.8 5 60.3 6 60.5 5 60.7 5 6 58.7 59.6 56 5 6 57.7 58.3 5 45.9 61.5 57.7 59.7 57.9 56.2 57.3 61.2 5 58.8 58.7 61.0 60 58 5 P50.8 57.9 61.5 56.2 57.3 P5 6 6 5 60.7 59.3 6 59.0 60.8 60.0 61.2 57.4 59.0 Over 3month span: 1996 1997 1998 61 6 6 58.3 61.0 6 6 66.6 57.3 6 6 66.3 6 58.4 6 6 66.7 66.3 5 57.4 6 6 6 57.3 56.7 6 6 58.0 58.8 58.3 6 61.5 57.4 58 P56.9 61.4 66.2 57.9 60.7 P5 6 67.4 59.7 59.6 6 69.4 58 6 6 69.0 58.6 6 6 69 59.4 6 Over 6month span: 1996 1997 1998 6 66.3 69.8 60.0 6 6 67.0 67.4 58.0 60.8 6 66.6 6 57.6 61.0 6 66.3 6 58.6 6 6 6 6 5 P59 6 67 61.4 59.7 P5 67.3 66.3 59.0 60.4 65.7 68.5 58.4 6 6 69.0 57.4 6 67 70.4 59.7 6 66.0 69.7 59.3 6 67.4 70.4 59 6 Over 12month span: 1996 1997 1998 6 69.0 69.7 60.3 6 66.7 67.3 67.3 58.3 P6 6 68.3 67.3 57.6 P60 6 69.7 65.9 59.4 68.5 69.5 6 59.6 67.3 70 6 60.5 67.7 70 61.5 6 66.4 70.4 6 61.0 68.0 70.5 61.0 6 69.9 70 59.8 6 68.7 69.4 59.8 6 66.9 70.4 58 6 Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries 1 Over 1 month span: 1996 1997 1998 4 49.6 57.9 4 5 5 5 50.7 41.0 47.8 48.2 56 5 4 51 4 5 50.7 46.4 51 5 51.4 47 40.3 45.7 5 5 50.0 46.4 51 47.8 50.7 37.8 5 57.6 5 5 50.0 38 P37.4 50.0 56.5 45.7 46.4 P37.4 56 6 39.9 5 50.4 60.4 4 51.4 5 5 4 50.4 Over 3month span: 1996 1997 1998 4 50.7 56.8 36.7 47.8 47.8 5 56.8 37 5 4 55.8 5 37 49.3 45.7 56 5 3 48.9 47 5 48.6 37.8 49.6 51.4 5 41.4 4 5 50.4 5 39.2 39.9 P4 49.6 55.8 40.3 4 P3 5 59.7 4 4 5 66.5 37 50.4 5 6 36.7 51 49.6 6 40.6 50.7 Over 6month span: 1996 1997 1998 4 5 60 3 51.4 4 5 5 3 47.5 46.8 5 50.4 3 50.4 46.0 5 39.9 37 5 4 5 4 3 P4 47.8 5 4 38.8 P3 5 5 38.8 41.0 50.4 61.2 36.7 45.7 50.7 61.2 36.0 48.2 5 6 39.9 4 5 6 3 48.6 5 6 3 51 Over 12month span: 1996 1997 1998 4 5 5 37.4 47.8 47.5 5 5 3 P4 4 5 5 3 P36.3 4 5 46.8 3 50.4 5 40.6 36.0 49.6 56.8 39.9 37 50.4 57.2 37.8 38.8 48.6 57.9 38 39.6 51 58.3 37 4 5 56.8 36.0 4 5 56.8 3 4 50.7 57.2 3 46.0 1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1, 3, and 6month spans and unadjusted data for the 12month span. Data are centered within the span. p = preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus onehalf of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data (beginning April ) and all seasonally adjusted data (beginning January 1996) are subject to revision. 52

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) State Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June P Total 1 Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan 2 Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 1,930.5 278 2,17 1,141.3 14,03 2,148.0 1,676.2 41 617.0 6,909.7 3,916 538.8 54 5,968 2,980.6 1,46 1,32 1,799.3 1,898 566.2 2,37 3,247.8 4,54 2,617.0 1,161.5 2,725.8 38 89 99 608.3 3,870.9 73 3,906.2 32 5,561.5 1,46 1,579.8 5,587 466.8 1,837.7 37 2,687.5 9,16 1,05 290.9 3,41 2,649.8 72 2,78 231.2 1,937 278.9 2,179.0 1,14 14,06 2,15 1,67 41 617 6,93 3,93 541.2 54 5,970.3 2,980.2 1,466.8 1,32 1,801.0 1,900.9 588.8 2,396.3 3,25 4,54 2,619.6 1,16 2,740.4 38 89 996.0 607.8 3,877.6 73 8,47 3,881.0 32 5,560.4 1,46 1,576.0 5,581.2 466.8 1,840.5 37 2,68 9,191.4 1,057.9 290.0 3,417.8 2,647 72 2,779.6 231.4 1,935.7 278.7 2,188.0 1,149 14,08 2,156.4 1,67 41 618 6,96 3,93 537 547.9 5,97 2,98 1,466.9 1,33 1,80 1,90 590.2 2,401.2 3,25 4,538.5 2,62 1,160.3 38.3 38 89 1,001.4 606.6 3,88 73 8,496.0 3,879.2 32 5,566.6 1,470 1,58 5,58 467.7 1,84 376.3 2,68 9,21 1,059.4 291.0 3,43 2,65 726.2 2,787.7 23 1,937.3 277.3 2,190.5 1,151.5 14,120.9 2,16 1,678.2 416.0 619.2 6,990.2 3,939 537.3 547.9 5,979.3 2,98 1,469.4 1,337.2 1,809.6 1,907.8 59 2,406.3 3,25 4,54 2,627.0 1,158.4 2,739.7 38 89 1,00 609.2 3,889.8 73 8,51 3,885.7 326.5 5,571.6 1,47 1,586.3 5,58 467.7 1,850.0 377.9 2,688.7 9,239.8 1,060.3 291.4 3,435.9 2,660 727.3 2,789.3 23 1,940.5 280.3 2,20 1,15 14,171.3 2,166.5 1,680.7 417.4 620.8 7,016.6 3,948 536.8 548.9 5,98 2,986.8 1,47 1,339.9 1,81 1,907.4 59 2,409.8 3,26 4,549.5 2,63 1,156.9 2,740 386.8 89 1,007.0 610.7 3,896.5 73 8,530.7 3,886.4 326 5,580.3 1,47 1,588.9 5,580.6 467.6 1,855.8 378.5 2,69 9,26 1,06 29 3,440.9 2,66 728.3 2,79 23 1,94 280 2,21 1,158.2 14,211.5 2,171.4 1,68 415.8 620.7 7,03 3,971.5 535.9 546.2 5,948.2 2,986.3 1,477.3 1,340.0 1,82 1,899.2 59 2,427.5 3,270.6 4,547.6 2,637.6 1,159.4 2,75 385.7 89 1,007.9 61 3,90 73 8,556.6 3,906.2 32 5,58 1,47 1,586 5,62 466 1,85 378.3 2,69 9,279 1,060.4 29 3,451.6 2,668.3 729 2,796.5 236 1,946.9 278.7 2,22 1,16 14,25 2,18 1,686.8 419.6 621.2 7,061.0 3,97 537.2 551.5 5,98 2,986.4 1,481.2 1,339.6 1,825.9 1,90 597.7 2,42 3,27 4,548.0 2,648.2 1,158.9 2,738.4 386.2 89 1,008.7 61 3,90 737.2 8,566.2 3,896.6 32 5,59 1,480.5 1,59 5,608.8 468.8 1,86 378.8 2,697.8 9,306.5 1,06 29 3,458.4 2,658.7 729 2,801.0 236 1,948.0 279.9 2,227.3 1,16 14,270 2,188.9 1,69 421.2 619.9 7,087.5 3,995.8 539.7 55 6,00 2,98 1,48 1,34 1,830.8 1,908.7 599.2 2,43 3,27 4,55 2,651.2 1,159.6 2,746.5 389.8 89 1,01 61 3,91 739.4 8,577.9 3,911.4 32 5,590.6 1,48 1,588.0 5,62 469.0 1,868.3 380.6 2,719.0 9,349 1,068.2 295.8 3,46 2,679.9 73 2,81 237.3 1,949.2 28 2,246.0 1,167.3 14,330.7 2,196.5 1,69 42 620.0 7,11 4,006.0 541.5 556.2 6,01 2,99 1,488.4 1,34 1,836.5 1,911.5 601.3 2,441.3 3,29 4,57 2,65 1,156.5 2,749.0 389.8 89 1,01 61 3,92 74 8,599.6 3,921.4 32 5,601.6 1,486 1,591.5 5,621.2 470.6 1,868.0 379.9 2,709.6 9,358 1,069.0 29 3,471 2,679.8 73 2,820.8 23 1,956.8 28 2,25 1,168.5 14,38 2,20 1,69 42 618.7 7,151 4,017.7 54 559 6,010.4 3,001.3 1,49 1,345.9 1,83 1,915.9 600.8 2,44 3,29 4,578.7 2,649.6 1,158 2,747.8 391 897.0 1,02 611.5 3,93 74 8,635.7 3,92 32 5,59 1,49 1,59 5,62 47 1,878.3 377 2,719.8 9,40 1,071.0 296.4 3,47 2,69 746.6 2,81 23 1,94 28 2,251.0 1,17 14,40 2,198.6 1,696.4 42 619.5 7,16 3,99 54 559.7 6,01 3,00 1,49 1,349.5 1,839.3 1,908.2 596.8 2,441.4 3,29 4,578.2 2,649.4 1,15 2,75 390.9 89 1,02 61 3,93 74 8,61 3,910.9 32 5,58 1,488.5 1,59 5,607.0 47 1,877.4 376.3 2,72 9,407.0 1,07 29 3,47 2,690.9 730.6 2,82 23 1,947.2 28 2,268 1,170.6 14,436.2 2,20 1,696.2 42 61 7,171.0 4,00 54 561.0 6,018.3 3,00 1,49 1,35 1,837.6 1,909.9 599.8 2,418.6 3,299.8 4,587.8 2,650.3 1,15 2,75 390.3 890.7 1,031.0 610.2 3,920.4 74 8,61 3,93 32 5,588.7 1,49 1,600.3 5,609.0 47 1,87 377.3 2,72 9,385.9 1,07 296.5 3,46 2,69 730.8 2,820.2 237.9 1,950.8 28 2,27 1,171.5 14,450.7 2,20 1,696.5 42 62 7,198.5 4,01 54 56 6,01 3,00 1,49 1,35 1,84 1,911.0 598 2,421 3,286.3 4,578.4 2,660.4 1,146.5 2,77 390.0 1,038 611.5 3,919.6 747.3 8,587.4 3,950.7 32 5,59 1,49 1,599 5,577.8 470.7 1,881.5 378.4 2,728.3 9,416.8 1,07 296.0 3,471.6 2,705.8 728.9 2,82 23 See footnotes at end of table. 53

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May P Construction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii 3 Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan 2 Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See footnotes at end of table. 10 1 157 50.0 68 150.3 60.2 2 9 366.9 199.8 21.5 3 25 146.5 6 65.8 86.8 129.3 28.3 15 118.8 190.9 11 5 141.3 19.3 4 89.3 2 137.4 4 31 226.2 17.2 23 58 8 235.7 18.2 11 17 12 531.5 7 1 196 15 3 120.9 17.0 10 1 157.5 49.8 690 150.5 60.8 2 9.2 366.8 199.5 21.6 3 25 147.0 6 66.3 86.6 130.0 28.6 15 120.0 190.9 11 5 141.3 19 4 89.8 2 137.7 4 31 225.8 17.3 235.8 58.4 8 236.2 18.2 11 17.2 12 53 7 1 195.9 15 3 120.5 17 10 1 157.5 50.5 69 15 61.2 2 9.4 368.0 200.9 21.5 36.7 25 147.4 6 66.6 87.4 130.8 28.8 151.6 120 190.8 11 5 141.4 19.3 4 90.5 2 139.0 4 31 22 17.4 236.8 58.8 8 237.6 18.4 116 17.0 12 53 7 1 198.5 155.9 3 121 17.0 10 1 158 50.9 700.2 15 6 2 9.4 368.7 200.7 21.6 36.5 25 147.6 6 670 88.0 131.6 29 15 120.7 19 11 56.0 140.8 19.4 4 91.3 2 139.3 4 316.8 22 18.0 237.2 59.0 8 238.9 18.7 116.7 17.8 12 537.0 7 1 199.8 156.5 3 12 17 105.8 1 158.8 51.2 70 15 6 2 9.5 369.6 200.8 2 36.8 25 147.6 65.7 67.5 88.4 131.5 29.4 15 12 19 118.8 56.2 140.9 19.9 4 9 2 139.8 4 319.5 22 17.9 238.2 58.8 8 238.5 18.6 117.2 17.4 125.7 538.6 7 1 201.3 157.9 3 12 17.3 107 1 157.5 5 71 157.4 6 2 9.4 37 200.2 2 36 25 146.7 66 68.6 90.6 126.8 29.7 159.3 12 19 120.2 56.3 14 19.9 4 91.6 26 14 4 328.2 227.0 19.0 239.2 58.7 8 248 17.7 117.2 17.6 12 539.6 76.8 1 20 156.7 3 12 18.2 107.9 1 159.5 5 720 16 6 2 9.3 376.0 200.8 2 37.3 25 149.5 67.8 67.9 88.7 130.2 30.8 157.7 12 19 119.6 55.8 140.5 20.3 4 91.6 26.3 14 4 326.9 226.3 17.3 241 59.7 8 24 17.7 118 17.9 126.6 545.7 77.3 1 20 158.3 3 12 18.7 108.6 1 157.6 5 716 16 6 2 9 377.6 20 2 37.7 26 15 68.6 69.6 90.0 129.5 30.7 158.5 126 19 120.5 5 14 21.0 4 9 26.3 14 4 326.2 228.5 17.0 240.9 59.7 8 24 18.0 118 18.5 126.9 549.4 76.7 1 20 158.6 3 127.0 18.5 108.5 1 159.8 5 729.0 166.4 6 2 9.2 378.6 201.0 2 37.3 259.2 151 69.4 69.2 89 131.5 31.0 158.3 127.6 19 120.2 5 141.6 21.3 4 9 26.2 14 4 329.0 229.3 17 237 60.4 8 24 18 118.4 17.9 128.9 55 76 1 20 159.2 3 12 17.6 108.6 1 159.7 5 729 165.8 6 2 9 377.8 200.4 2 38.3 25 149.7 68.8 69.5 88.5 131.0 29.4 158.4 127.6 19 11 5 14 20.8 4 9 26.0 14 4 328.8 228.9 15.9 23 59.8 8 240.4 18 119.2 17.3 128.6 55 7 1 20 160.3 3 12 16.7 109 1 157.5 5 73 166.8 6 2 8.9 379 197.4 2 39.0 25 149.8 69.6 69.6 89.9 130.9 30.4 157.6 126 19 11 5 14 21.3 4 9 26.0 14 4 329.4 229.9 1 23 59.5 85.7 237.7 18.5 119 17.3 130.0 555.9 7 1 20 161.2 3 12 17.3 109.9 1 156.9 5 740.4 166.3 6 2 9.0 380.0 199.6 2 38.3 25 147.5 68.9 69.6 88.6 13 30.2 158.2 126.6 19 11 5 141.0 20.2 4 91.6 26.2 14 4 331.4 231.0 16.0 237.8 60.6 88.4 237.4 18.7 120.4 16.7 129 556.6 7 1 20 16 3 12 17.3 108.9 1 158.4 5 741.4 16 6 2 9 380.6 200.6 2 39.0 25 146.5 69.5 69.9 87.7 13 30.8 157.4 127 19 11 5 14 20.2 4 9 25.9 145.8 4 33 230.6 15.7 236.8 61.0 87.4 236.8 19 120.7 16.2 129.3 557.9 7 1 20 16 3 12 17.6 54

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June P Manufacturing Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan 2 Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See footnotes at end of table. 368.2 1 211.6 25 1,92 20 268 59.5 1 486.7 600.8 16.6 76.8 955.7 69 261.2 21 320.6 188.3 85.8 177.3 43 981.6 438.9 246.2 41 2 116.9 4 106.5 46 4 891.3 798.6 2 1,089.2 18 239.3 929.3 7 34 49.8 511 1,08 13 47.9 397.3 36 81.3 61 11 367.4 1 21 25 1,926.5 20 267.3 59.4 1 486.3 599.8 16.6 76.7 955.8 69 260.4 210.9 321.4 187.9 86.0 177.4 43 979.8 439.3 24 409.4 2 116.9 4 106.3 46 4 889.7 797.2 2 1,08 18 239 929.3 7 34 50.0 510.2 1,081.4 13 47.7 397.4 359.4 81.4 61 11 367 1 21 25 1,92 20 266.5 59.6 1 485.9 599.8 16.6 76.9 95 69 259.9 211.3 321.2 187.6 85.9 176.9 43 97 439.9 24 408.2 2 117 4 106.3 46 4 889.2 795.7 2 1,08 18 240.2 929.7 7 34 50.5 510.5 1,08 13 47.8 396.9 357.2 8 61 11 366.6 1 21 25 1,92 20 267.0 59.6 1 485.9 600.2 16.7 76.8 95 69 259.9 211.3 32 187.4 86.2 177.3 43 97 439.5 24 406.6 2 117.0 4 106.4 46 41.6 889.5 79 2 1,08 18 241.6 929.7 7 34 50.5 509.8 1,08 13 47.8 396.8 356.6 8 61 11.2 365.8 1 21 25 1,92 20 266.9 59.6 1 48 600.4 16.6 76.9 95 69 260.3 211.3 32 186.8 86.2 177.4 43 970.4 439.9 24 40 2 116.9 4 106.2 46 41.6 79 2 1,08 18 24 929 7 34 50.4 508.5 1,08 13 47.8 397 356.2 8 61 11.2 36 1 21 25 1,921.3 20 26 58.3 1 487.0 60 16.5 76.9 950.7 69 259.8 21 32 186.7 86.2 178.6 430.8 969.0 440.8 24 407.5 2 117.0 4 105.7 46 41.6 891.4 79 2 1,08 18 24 931 7 34 50.2 507.9 1,081.6 13 48.3 35 8 61 11.0 366.2 11.6 21 25 1,92 20 266.6 59.7 1 487.0 60 16.8 77.2 95 69 260.9 211.6 32 186.7 86.4 177.3 431 969 440.7 24 40 2 116.9 4 10 46 4 79 2 1,08 18 24 928.0 7 34 50.0 506.6 1.08 13 48 396.6 339 8 616.3 11.3 366.9 1 21 25 1,920.0 20 265.7 59.7 1 488.4 60 16.7 77.4 95 691.4 260.5 211.3 32 187 86.0 177.5 430.7 967.4 439.9 24 401.0 2 117.4 4 10 46 4 888.4 790.6 2 1,08 18 24 930.3 7 34 49.9 507 1,08 13 48 396 35 8 61 11.3 366.6 1 21 25 1,92 20 26 59 1 489.7 607 16.7 77.2 951.0 690.8 261.4 211.5 32 187.5 85.9 178.0 431.5 969 439.5 24 401.5 2 117.7 4 10 46 4 885.8 789 2 1,08 18 24 929.4 7 34 49.3 507.0 1,078.5 13 47.9 39 35 8 61 11.2 366.2 1 21 25 1,92 20 26 58.4 1 489.7 606.8 16.8 77.2 95 691.3 26 211 320.3 186.3 8 177.8 430.7 971 438.6 24 40 2 117.8 4 10 46 4 88 788.0 2 1,078.6 18 240.8 929.9 7 34 48.6 507.2 1,081.6 13 47.8 39 35 8 61 11.0 36 1 21 25 1,925.8 20 26 58.6 1 489 60 16.7 76.7 95 69 26 211.3 320.8 185.7 8 177.9 43 97 438.8 241.5 40 2 117 4 10 46 4 881.5 78 2 1,078.8 18 240.0 93 7 341.6 48.9 506.9 1,08 13 48.0 39 35 8 61 10.8 36 1 216.2 25 1,920.7 20 266.7 58.8 1 490.3 60 16.8 77.2 95 69 26 21 319 185.7 8 177.2 429.7 978.2 438.5 240.9 40 2 117.2 4 106.0 460.4 4 88 781.6 2 1,080 18 240.8 93 7 34 48.9 507.4 1,08 13 47.9 39 350.3 8 61 11.0 36 1 216.6 25 1,92 20 266.2 59 1 490.0 605.7 16.6 75.9 951 69 26 21 318.6 185.8 8 177.0 431.4 97 437.3 240.8 40 2 116.7 4 10 458.8 4 881.5 77 2 1,079.0 18 238.8 931.3 7 341.4 49.2 507.2 1,086 13 47.9 39 351.4 81.2 61 10.8 55

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. I May June P Transportation and public utilities Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan 2 Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See footnotes at end of table. 9 26.4 10 69.3 72 138.4 77.8 16.8 16.8 349.7 258.0 (4) 27.0 346.0 147 7 78.8 105.7 11 2 11 139.8 176.7 130.9 55.9 17 2 57.6 5 2 26 35.7 420.6 178.0 18.5 245.9 81.6 78.3 29 16.2 88.4 16.8 17 56 59.6 1 178.9 140.0 38.3 131.2 1 9 26.3 10 69.5 72 139.2 77.8 17.0 17 351.2 259 (4) 27.0 346.3 147.3 7 78.8 106.2 11 2 11 139.9 176.9 130.7 56 17 2 57.7 5 21.6 26 35.7 420.6 178.7 18.5 246 8 78.7 29 16 88.5 16.7 17 56 59.9 1 179.4 140.4 38.3 131.2 1 9 26.5 10 69.5 72 139.9 78.4 17.0 17 35 260.0 (4) 27 346.4 147 7 78.8 106.3 11 2 11 140.2 176.9 130.7 55.9 17 2 57.6 5 21.6 26 36.0 420.6 178.4 18.4 246.2 8 78.7 29 16.2 88.4 16.6 17 567.6 60.3 1 179.8 140.5 38.5 13 1 95.7 26.5 105.9 69.8 728 141.5 78.7 17.3 17 35 260.8 (4) 27.0 346.2 146.9 7 79.2 106.6 11 2 11 140.2 177.0 130.3 56 17 2 57.6 5 21.6 26 36.0 421.5 178.4 18.6 246.2 8 78.8 29 16.2 88.6 16.6 17 569.9 60 1 180.6 140.8 38.4 131 1 96 26.5 106.2 69.6 730.4 141.2 78.9 17.2 17.0 357.0 26 (4) 26.9 345.9 147 7 78.8 107.0 11 2 11 140.8 177.4 129.9 56.3 17 2 57 5 21.6 26 36 421.5 178.0 18.6 246 8 78.5 29 16 89.0 16.7 17 57 59.9 1 181.4 140.5 38.4 130.8 1 95.7 26.7 10 70.3 73 14 79.7 17.7 18.2 355.7 266.5 (4) 27.0 348.0 14 7 78.6 108.9 11 2 11 139.4 177 129.4 56.9 170.2 2 57.7 5 21.5 26 3 419.9 178.3 18.7 245.7 8 78.5 298.7 15.7 88.9 16.9 171.6 57 59.4 1 18 140.6 38.4 130.0 1 96.5 26.7 107 70.4 738.3 141.6 79 17.8 18.2 356.2 26 (4) 27 348 146.8 7 78.8 108.0 11 2 11 139.3 178 129.8 56.5 171 2 58.0 5 2 26 35.8 420.9 178.0 18.4 246.8 8 78.7 297.0 15.8 89.2 17.0 170.7 57 59.4 1 18 140 38.0 130.2 1 96.6 26.7 107 70.5 739.4 14 79.2 17.8 18 357.2 26 (4) 27.5 348 146.9 7 78.9 108.3 11 2 11 139.4 178.4 130.3 57 171.5 2 57.8 5 2 26 35.8 421.3 179 18.3 246.5 8 79.2 297.5 15.7 89.7 17.0 170.8 577.0 59.8 1 18 140.6 38 131.0 1 95.8 26.6 108.6 70.6 741.3 14 78.5 17.9 18.2 356.9 26 (4) 27.6 350.6 145.8 7 78.9 107.3 11 2 11 139.7 178.8 130.9 57.8 170.7 2 58.5 5 2 26 36.2 42 179 18.5 248.2 8 79.7 299.6 15.9 89.4 T6.8 17 578 59.9 1 18 140.6 38 13 1 96 27.0 108.8 70.7 74 14 77.8 17.8 17.7 358.4 26 (4) 27.4 349.2 147.3 7 78.7 107.2 11 2 11 139.8 179.2 131.6 57.6 169.9 2 58.0 5 2 26 36 42 180.6 18.5 247.8 8 79.3 298.5 16.4 89.2 16.7 17 579.9 59.7 1 18 141.3 37.9 13 1 96.3 26.9 109 71 747 14 78.0 17.5 17.8 360.2 26 (4) 27 A 349.9 147.0 7 79.4 107.6 11 2 11 140.2 178.2 13 56.9 168.3 2 57.9 5 21.0 26 36.9 42 180.9 18.8 248.5 8 79.0 297.6 16.5 89.8 16.9 17 58 60.4 1 185.8 141 37.8 13 1 96.2 26.8 109.8 71.4 746 14 78.4 17.9 17.8 359.9 26 (4) 27.5 35 145.9 7 80.5 107.6 11 2 11 141.2 178.9 13 57.9 169 2 57.9 5 20.9 26 36.3 42 181 18.8 249.3 81.4 79.2 298 16 90.0 16.8 17 58 60.7 1 18 141.6 37.7 13 1 96.0 26.8 110.4 71.4 750.8 14 78.3 17.0 16.0 360.6 26 (4) 27.5 35 146.4 7 80.9 108.6 11 2 108.0 129.4 178.2 13 57.7 171.0 2 58.0 5 20.0 257.2 36.5 39 181.3 18.7 250.5 8 79.8 286.7 1 90.5 16.6 17 586.6 60.9 1 177.0 14 3 13 1 56

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June P Trade Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan 2 Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See footnotes at end of table. 448.5 57.5 51 26 3,210.6 510 361 90.5 47.6 1,730.5 979.3 13 136.3 1,349.2 706.4 35 317.5 427.4 44 146.2 55 74 1,06 620.8 25 645.9 101.6 216.7 20 161.4 908.5 171.3 1,71 877.2 81.4 1,33 337.6 388.0 1,25 10 44 91 627.7 2,188.0 249.0 66.8 750.6 636.3 16 629.9 5 449.4 57.4 516.2 26 3,21 511.4 359.0 90.8 47.7 1,73 981.3 13 136.5 1,347.5 706.2 35 316.7 427.0 44 146.5 55 74 1,066.0 621.6 25 646.0 10 216.5 20 161.2 910.4 17 1,71 878.0 8 1,33 338.2 388.7 1,25 10 44 91 631 2,19 249.6 66.8 749.4 636.3 16 628.9 5 450.3 57.3 517.7 26 3,210.5 51 359.2 91 47.6 1,738.2 98 13 137.8 1,346.6 706.9 35 319.2 428.0 44 147.4 55 74 1,067.2 62 25 646.4 10 215.7 206.2 160.7 91 171.5 1,719 877 81.5 1,33 340 390.3 1,25 10 44 9 629.5 2,196.7 250.4 75 640 16 631.5 5 451.4 57.5 518.5 26 3,217.7 51 360.5 91.5 47.8 1,739.0 987.9 13 137.5 1,347.5 710.3 355.9 320.6 429.3 44 148.4 55 74 1,070.9 62 25 646.4 10 21 206.9 161 91 17 1,72 878.3 81.4 1,33 340.7 390.0 1,25 10 44 9 631 2,20 250.4 67.2 75 64 16 63 5 45 57.4 520.4 266 3,235.9 51 361.3 9 48.2 1,741.6 990 13 137.7 1,349.6 71 356.6 32 430.8 44 148.8 55 74 1,07 62 25 647.2 10 21 207.8 161.2 916.5 17 1,726.6 877.3 81.3 1,338.4 34 390.6 1,25 10 446.7 9 63 2,210.7 251.0 67.4 75 64 16 63 5 45 57.9 52 267.4 3,228.5 51 36 9 48.5 1,74 997 13 137 1,338.5 706.7 35 32 43 439.9 149.0 558.4 74 1,070.7 62 251.6 646.5 10 21 207 16 918.0 170.9 1,727.2 88 79.3 1,33 340.4 390.2 1,26 105.8 447.7 9 630.0 2,209.5 251.4 68 75 647 16 638.0 5 45 57.8 521.6 268.8 3,246.7 517.3 36 9 48.5 1,745.9 1,001.4 13 137.9 1,348.4 705.9 356.8 32 43 441.6 149.8 561.0 74 1,071.3 628.7 250.7 646.4 10 21 207 16 917.8 17 1,731.3 879.5 81.4 1,340.4 34 39 1,257.6 106.6 449.5 9 63 2,218.8 25 67.9 75 648.3 16 636.3 5 45 57.6 520.9 267.7 3,246.9 519.4 36 9 48.5 1,751 1,008.0 13 139.2 1,346.7 70 357.3 321.5 43 440.8 149.8 56 741.2 1,07 628.5 249.6 645.7 10 21 208.0 16 92 17 1,73 880.7 81 1,340.6 34 388.8 1,257.7 106 450.3 9 637 2,23 25 67.6 75 649.3 16 639.4 5 45 58 52 268.5 3,26 519.9 365.9 9 48.3 1,750.0 1,01 13 138.7 1,348.9 70 358.7 32 43 441.4 150.6 56 74 1,077.0 631.2 248.4 648.9 10 21 208.9 16 926.6 17 1,738 886.0 81.5 1,34 34 389.7 1,25 107.5 448.9 9 636 2,23 25 67.9 756.6 650.3 16 64 5 45 57.5 526.8 267.9 3,26 52 36 9 48.6 1,751.4 1,01 13 138.9 1,347.4 70 359.2 32 43 440 149.6 560.4 741.4 1,07 628.4 246.9 649.9 10 21 210.0 161.0 926.5 17 1,740.9 879.6 81.2 1,341.6 34 39 1,25 106.9 450.3 91.5 63 2,241.5 25 67.8 75 65 16 640.5 5 45 57.9 529.4 3,270.8 521 36 9 48.7 1,760.6 1,01 13 138.9 1,351.3 70 360.2 32 436.2 441.3 148 4 558.3 74 1,077.2 631.0 247.8 649.7 10 21 211.2 16 92 17 1,74 877.5 81.3 1.339.8 34 391.3 1,25 107.7 45 9 638.4 2,25 25 67.9 75 65 16 64 5 45 57.8 529.6 268.5 3,280.3 52 36 9 48.9 1,768.5 1,016.0 135.9 140 1,35 70 361.4 3223 435.7 44 149.6 560.8 74 1,07 63 247.9 647.4 10 21 21 160.9 92 17 1,745.8 879 80.8 1,338.0 34 39 1,25 108.2 451.3 9 638.4 2,25 25 68.4 751.4 65 16 64 5 45 57.8 53 268.6 3,286.5 52 36 9 49.0 1,77 1,019.2 135.8 14 1,35 70 360.0 32 436.2 44 149.7 56 74 1,079.5 63 247.0 650.2 10 211.6 21 16 926.2 17 1,749.4 88 80.8 1,339.3 34 391.2 1,25 107.6 45 9 638.4 2,258.8 25 68.3 75 650.9 16 641.2 5 57

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan 2 Minnesota Mississippi Missouri... Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon.. Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin.. Wyoming Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June P Finance, insurance, and real estate 9 1 141 46.0 82 14 140.8 49.5 31.2 450.3 20 3 2 406.2 14 8 6 71.2 8 31.0 141 226.7 208.2 160.5 4 166.0 17.6 61.4 4 3 257.2 3 748.7 18 16.4 308.7 7 9 32 29.8 8 2 130.3 520.6 57.0 125 18 137.9 29.8 146.9 8.0 9 1 141.6 46.0 82 14 141 49.9 31.2 45 20 3 2 406.2 14 8 6 71.4 8 31.0 141.3 226.7 208.4 160.5 4 166.0 17.5 61.3 4 3 257.7 3 747.8 18 16.4 309.3 7 9 32 29.8 8 2 130.4 52 56.9 125 18 138.3 29.6 146.8 8.0 9 1 14 46.6 82 14 141.4 50 31 45 20 3 2 406.8 14 8 6 71.3 8 31 14 227.4 208.4 160.7 4 166.3 17.5 61 4 3 258.7 3 749 185.7 16.4 310 7 9 32 29.8 8 2 130.6 52 57.3 1 18 138.5 29.6 147.2 8 9 1 14 46.6 82 14 14 50.3 31.2 45 20 3 2 407.6 14 8 6 71.3 8 31.2 14 228.0 208.6 160.9 4 166.4 17.7 61.2 4 3 258.7 3 750.2 186.3 16.4 310.9 7 9 32 29.8 8 2 130.7 526.8 57.3 1 18 139.0 29.6 147.6 8 9 1 14 46.7 826.5 14 14 50.6 31.2 456.7 20 3 2 407.7 14 8 6 71.3 8 31 14 228.7 208.3 161.2 4 166.4 17.9 61 4 3 259.4 3 749.8 186.4 16.4 311.6 7 9 32 29.9 8 2 130.7 528.5 57.3 1 18 139.3 29.6 148.0 8.2 9 1 14 47 829 14 141.0 50.3 31.4 458.5 20 3 2 407 14 8 6 7 8 31 141.5 228.5 207.9 16 4 166.7 17.7 61 4 3 259.9 3 75 187 16.4 311.3 7 9 32 29.7 8 2 131.4 528.7 56.9 1 185.7 138 29.5 149.0 8 9 1 14 47.0 831 14 14 50.8 31.6 458.7 20 3 2 407.8 14 8 6 7 8 31 140.9 229 208 16 4 167.3 17.7 61.3 4 3 260 3 75 187.7 16 31 7 9 32 29.7 8 2 131.0 530.5 56.9 1 185.8 138.6 29.6 149.3 8 9 1 14 46.8 829.5 14 141.5 50.9 31.5 459.0 20 3 2 408.3 14 8 6 7 8 31 141.0 229.3 206.4 16 4 166.6 17.8 61.6 4 3 260.8 3 75 188 16.6 31 7 9 32 29.7 8 25.7 130.6 531.3 57.0 1 185.9 138.7 29.6 149.4 8 9 1 14 47.0 829.6 141.0 141.2 50.9 31.6 458.0 20 3 2 407 14 85.9 6 7 8 31 140.9 229.6 206.2 160.8 4 168.0 17.8 61.5 4 3 260.9 3 75 188.2 16.4 31 7 9 325.9 29.6 8 2 130.7 531.3 56.8 1 187.0 138.9 29.5 149.5 8.0 9 1 145.9 46.9 829 140 140.8 50.9 3 459.2 20 3 2 407.3 14 8 6 7 8 30.6 140.2 228.8 206.6 160.7 4 166.6 17.9 61.4 4 3 261.2 3 75 188.4 16.5 31 7 9 32 29.6 8 25.7 130.9 53 56.7 1 186.4 139.5 29.6 150.0 8.2 9 1 146 47.0 829.8 140.0 140.9 51.2 3 460.9 20 3 2 406.4 14 8 6 7 8 30.3 140.4 228.2 20 161.2 4 167.0 18.0 61.2 4 3 260.8 3 751 189.0 16.2 31 7 9 32 29.9 8 2 130.7 53 56.9 1 186.7 139.3 29.6 150.6 8 9 1 146.5 47 83 139.9 14 51.3 31.6 46 206.2 3 2 407.8 14 86 6 7 8 30.6 140.9 229.8 20 160.5 4 166.4 18.0 61.2 4 3 261.3 3 75 190.0 16.4 31 7 9 32 29.9 8 25.8 130.8 536.4 56.6 1 186.9 139.9 29.7 150.7 8.2 9 1 146.7 47.2 83 140.7 14 51.3 3 46 206.6 3 2 407.2 14 86.2 6 7 8 30.8 140.9 230.8 20 160.5 41.5 168.0 18 61.2 4 3 26 3 75 190 16.2 31 7 95.7 32 30.2 8 26.3 130.7 537.4 57.0 1 187.7 139.6 29.8 150.9 8.2 See footnotes at end of table. 58

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June P Services Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan 2 Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 460 70.9 270.2 4,405.7 660.2 531 118.2 276.7 2,549.3 1,077.8 17 13 1,81 73 386.5 34 466.0 52 17 818.8 1,168.7 1,24 757.5 27 771.3 11 24 43 178.3 1,268 21 2,936.9 1,001.4 9 1,558.6 417.7 428 1,82 160.0 451 100.5 718.5 0 29 88.3 1,086.3 739.3 217.7 737.3 5 460.8 70.9 689.5 271.0 4,417.2 530.4 117.6 277.2 2,566.3 1,079.3 17 13 1,816.2 73 387.9 34 466.5 526.5 17 819.6 1,170.3 1,246.8 756.0 27 77 11 24 43 178.8 1,269.9 21 2,94 1,00 9 1,560.9 418.6 429.5 1,81 160.2 45 100.5 719.3 2,611.0 296.3 88.4 1,088.9 741 217.2 738 5 461.3 71.0 69 27 4,43 66 529.5 118 277.3 2,587 1,08 17 135.8 1,821.2 73 387.8 346 468.0 528 176 82 1,17 1,246.6 758.2 27 77 11 24 43 177.8 1,27 21 2,95 1,007.7 9 1,56 420.9 43 1,81 160.4 45 10 721.2 2,616.8 297.4 88.7 1,096.5 74 218.9 740.6 5 46 71.2 69 27 4,446.6 66 529.6 118.0 277.8 2,60 1,086.7 17 136.2 1,82 73 388.9 347.5 469.7 530.6 176.3 82 1,17 1,248 760.4 27 776.5 11 24 435.7 179.7 1,27 21 2,960.8 1,01 9 1,566.2 421.5 43 1,811.6 160.2 45 10 72 2,62 298.4 88.8 1,098.7 745.8 219.6 740.8 5 46 71.4 700 27' 4,46 66 530.4 118.3 278.8 2,62 1,090.5 176 136.7 1,829.0 73 389.8 349.0 471 531.6 176.9 826.9 1,176.2 1,251.4 76 27 777.4 11 246.3 436.4 180.8 1,276.5 21 2,97 1,01 9 1,569.4 42 43 1,81 160.3 457.4 10 72 2,63 299 89.3 1,101 747.4 220.6 74 5 46 7 70 27 4,48 669.4 53 118 279.2 2,636.7 1,096.7 17 136.8 1,81 73 39 346.6 469.6 53 176.2 831.4 1,178.0 1,250.6 768.8 27 78 115.8 24 438.5 180.4 1,27 21 2,985.8 1,02 9 1,57 421.2 43 1,817.4 159.4 45 10 73 2,637.8 29 90 1,10 750.3 220.2 740.4 5 46 7 709.7 27 4,490.7 668.2 53 118.0 279.5 2,65 1,09 175.7 139.0 1,83 737 39 346.5 47 530.4 178.0 831.3 1,18 1,249.7 768.2 27 778.6 116.2 24 438.2 180.0 1,27 21 2,990.9 1,018.5 91.4 1,57 42 43 1,817.7 161 457.3 10 729.4 2,641.4 297.4 90.4 1,109.2 75 221.2 74 5 46 7 71 277.0 4,500.6 667.5 536.9 118.3 278.3 2,66 1,100.4 175.7 140.3 1,847.9 736.6 39 347.9 47 53 178.6 83 1,18 1,250.2 769.0 27 786 116.7 24 439.9 180.2 1,278.9 21 2,997.0 1,02 9 1,57 42 43 1,82 161.5 459 10 727.8 2,65 298.8 90.5 1,111.6 756.0 22 74 5 466.2 7 719.4 278.4 4,51 67 537 119.5 278.9 2,678 1,105.7 176.0 141 1,847.9 74 39 348.5 478.8 53 180.6 83 1,188.2 1,259.3 771.4 27 785.8 115.9 24 441.3 180.7 1,28 21 3,006.6 1,026 9 1,57 426.3 43 1,819.2 16 459.9 10 73 2,65 299.9 90.9 1,116.0 756.5 22 747.8 5 466.7 7 721.2 278.8 4,52 67 537.9 120 277.0 2,691.3 1,10 176.7 14 1,84 746.0 39 350.2 477.2 53 180.5 83 1,186 1,261.6 77 27 781.3 116.2 24 44 179.8 1,287.2 216 3,019.7 1,02 9 1,568.9 427.7 43 1,81 16 46 10 73 2,656.9 301.6 90.3 1,119.2 758.5 22 746.3 5 467.0 7 72 280.9 4,560.0 67 54 120.7 276.8 2,710.4 1,099.6 177.5 14 1,84 746.9 397.9 350.2 479.2 53 179.7 838.7 1,191.5 1,26 77 268.6 786.9 117.2 24 446.5 179.6 1,29 216.4 3,02 1,03 9 1,57 428.3 435.8 1,819.8 161.2 461.3 10 736.7 2,660.8 30 90.2 1,119.4 760.7 220.7 747.3 5 468.4 7 728.5 278.9 4,57 67 54 121.2 276.3 2,71 1,10 178 14 1,84 747.5 39 35 480.9 53 180.8 841.4 1,198.6 1,26 77 268.5 786.8 117.5 24 449.7 179.8 1,29 21 3,027 1,036.8 9 1,57 429.7 43 1,82 16 46 10 73 2,667 30 90.9 1,11 76 220.6 748.5 58.6 468.7 7 729.9 279.5 4,576 67 54 121.6 278.7 2,730.6 1,106.2 177.8 14 1,84 747 396.3 35 48 537.8 180.7 846 1,199.8 1,26 779.6 27 791.3 117 24 45 181.5 1,297.4 217.3 3,04 1,039.3 9 1,577.8 429.8 43 20.6 16 466.4 10 73 2,678.8 30 91.4 1,121.6 767.2 22 749.7 5 See footnotes at end of table. 59

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE EMPLOYMENT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry, seasonally adjusted Continued (In thousands) State Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June P Government Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California 35 7 34 188.0 2,240.9 357.3 7 347.3 188.0 2,245.9 35 7 350.9 188.6 2,247.9 35 7 347.4 188.9 2,256.6 35 7 351.2 189 2,26 35 7 358 189.5 2,27 35 7 356.8 189.4 2,280 355.8 7 359.6 19 2,29 35 7 36 19 2,30 36 7 368.0 19 2,346.9 351 7 361.5 19 2,31 35 7 370.6 19 2,317.7 356.5 7 369.9 19 2,31 Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida 330.3 236.3 5 22 970 331.3 237 5 22 971.3 330.5 237.7 5 22 97 33 238.2 5 22 97 33 238.5 55.7 22 977.6 330.3 239 5 22 97 33 238.7 56 0 22 978.3 337.9 240.4 57.0 22 98 337.6 240.8 57.3 22 99 34 245.8 58.3 22 1,017.0 337.4 24 59 22 998.7 341.2 240.4 58.0 219.6 991.2 340.8 240.6 57.3 228.6 991.4 Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana 589.8 115.9 107.0 83 40 601.5 117.9 105.9 83 40 590.5 11 107.4 83 40 591.3 11 107.7 83 40 59 11 107.6 83 40 59 11 106.3 826 408.3 59 11 106.9 827.8 405.7 60 11 106.9 82 408.2 60 11 108.3 837.4 408.9 61 11 109.2 84 41 60 11 109.4 845.8 41 600.5 11 108.6 840 418.7 60 11 110.0 84 417.0 Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine 238.6 239 300.2 357.7 9 240.7 237.9 300.5 367.8 97.0 240.0 241.6 300.8 368.8 96.8 240.3 24 301.4 369.9 96.6 241 241.6 30 369.9 96.7 24 24 30 369.5 97.0 24 24 30 371.3 97.7 24 24 311.2 37 98.9 24 24 310.0 37 97.7 24 24 311.6 379.8 100.7 241.3 245.7 31 3700 98.2 24 24 31 371.4 98 24 241.2 31 367.8 97 Maryland Massachusetts Michigan 2 Minnesota Mississippi 417.9 416.0 667.9 389.0 230.4 439 419.0 668.8 391 230.7 441 418.4 666.7 390.5 230.6 44 418 669 389.5 230.6 44 4180 670.2 389.7 230.2 44 42 671.3 38 229.3 440.6 42 67 39 230.2 447.8 421.6 678 39 231.6 451.4 428.6 680 39 23 456.9 436.0 686.7 39 236.8 451.6 428.4 68 391.4 238 42 427.8 685.9 39 239.2 426.3 421.2 678 39 228.7 Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire 41 79.2 15 117.8 8 426.5 79.4 15 116.4 8 42 79.4 15 118.8 8 42 79.4 15 119.2 8 42 79.5 15 119.6 8 428 78.9 15 118.4 8 42 78.5 15 119.3 8 427.5 80.3 15 119.9 8 427.3 80.3 15 120 8 429.4 8 158.2 12 8 431.5 80.0 155.9 12 8 430.5 80.4 15 12 8 439.4 80.8 15 12 8 New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota 569.3 181.6 1,44 635.7 70.2 57 18 1,44 607.5 71.5 57 181.0 1,447.2 60 7 57 181.6 1,448.4 607.2 7 57 181.6 1,446.7 608.8 7 57 181.3 1,44 611 7 57 18 1,447.5 610.7 7 576 18 1,45 617.9 7 579 18 1,460.6 619.7 7 587.5 18 1,48 630.3 7 58 18 1,459 61 71.2 57 18 1,446 631.3 71.3 570.2 18 1,426.6 650.8 71.2 Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island 775.8 28 266 708.7 6 777.0 28 260.0 711.6 6 777.9 28 261.0 711 6 779.4 28 261.5 71 6 781.6 28 26 711.5 6 78 28 260.3 719.7 6 78 285.9 26 720.0 6 78 288.0 26 725.9 6 790.7 287.0 26 729.4 6 798.0 29 268.2 74 6 781.2 288.9 26 72 6 78 288.8 268.4 721.6 6 786.8 289.4 707.0 6 South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah 31 71.4 399.6 1.530.3 178.2 31 7 390.4 1,541.5 180.8 31 7 391.0 1,546 179.0 316.4 7 39 1,55 179.2 317.7 7 39 1,555.7 179.5 319.8 7 391 1,56 179.9 319.9 71.5 39 1,567.4 18 32 7 41 1,576.8 18 32 7 398.3 1,58 18 330.7 7 406.9 1,61 18 328.8 7 40 1,59 18 319.5 7 406.8 1,560.3 18 32 7 410.6 1,567.0 18 Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 48.2 61 476.3 140.3 400.4 58.6 47 61 47 140.5 399.0 58.4 47.4 611.6 47 140.4 398.4 58.5 47.4 611.4 47 140.3 398.0 58.6 47.4 611.6 476.8 140.0 398.4 58.9 47.4 61 477.2 140.0 398.8 59.4 47.3 615.7 477.6 139.6 399.6 60.2 48.7 616.0 480.0 141.0 40 60.5 47.8 616.9 477.8 140.4 406.2 59.6 49.3 62 487.7 156.4 40 60.4 48.2 619.4 480.0 141.5 59.2 49 62 478.3 14 40 59.3 48.9 62 487.0 14 407.3 58.6 1 Includes mining, not shown separately. 2 Nonfarm payroll employment levels for Michigan are understated and will be corrected with the release of final estimates for on Oct. 20. The error occurred in the latest benchmark revision and affects 1998 forward. The upward adjustment to the March benchmark reference month is expected to be in the range of 35,000 to 45,000. Seasonal adjustment factors will be recalculated based on the revised data and applied to employment levels from 1995 forward. 3 Mining is combined with construction. 4 This series is not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trendcycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. P = preliminary. NOTE: All data have been adjusted to March benchmarks (with the exception of data for New Jersey) and incorporate updated seasonal adjustment factors. 60

B8. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Industry Oct. Nov. Dec Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June P P Total private 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Goodsproducing 41.2 41 41.3 41.0 41 41.3 41.2 41.5 40.9 40.9 41 40.8 40.5 Mining 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Construction 39.3 39 40 38.9 39.3 39.7 39.8 39.6 39.2 38.7 39.3 39.2 38.5 Manufacturing Overtime hours 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 41.4 41.6 4 41.3 41.2 Durable goods Overtime hours Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manfacturing 4 41 40.4 4 4 4 4 4 41.6 4 4 41.5 39.9 4 41 40 4 4 4 4 4 41.6 4 4 41.5 39.8 4 41 39.9 4 4 4 4 4 41.4 4 4 41.5 39.7 4 41.0 40.2 4 4 4 4 4 41.5 4 4 41.5 39.7 4 41 40.2 4 4 4 4 4 41.6 4 4 41.3 39.5 4 41.0 40.3 4 4 4 4 4 41.6 4 4 41.2 39.5 4 40.9 40.2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 41.2 39.4 4 41.2 40.6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 41.6 39.8 4 40.7 40.3 4 4 4 4 4 41.3 4 4 41.2 39.3 4 40.8 39.9 4 4 4 4 4 41.4 4 4 41.3 39.4 4 41 39.7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 41.6 39.7 4 40.3 39.4 4 4 4 4 4 41 4 4 41 39.5 4 40.2 39.2 4 4 4 4 4 41 4 4 41.3 39.4 Nondurable goods Overtime hours Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products 41.0 4 40.2 40.9 37.4 4 38.3 4 (2) 4 37.5 41.0 4 40.8 41.2 37.5 4 38.3 4 (2) 41.5 37.6 41.0 4 4 41.3 37.4 4 38.3 4 (2) 41.5 37.7 40.9 4 4 41.2 37.5 4 38.3 4 (2) 41.5 37.4 40.9 41.6 40.8 41 37.6 4 38.3 4 (2) 41.6 37.8 41.0 41.6 40.6 4 37.7 4 38.3 4 (2) 41.6 38 40.9 41.6 40.0 41.6 37.8 4 38.2 4 (2) 41.5 38.0 41.3 4 40.8 4 38.0 4 38.5 4 (2) 4 38.9 40.6 41.2 39.6 41 37 4 38.0 4 (2) 41.3 38.2 40.7 41.5 39.4 41 37.0 4 38.2 4 (2) 41.4 37.8 40.7 41.2 40.5 41.2 37.3 4 38 4 (2) 41.4 37 40.6 41.5 39.9 40.8 36.9 4 37.9 4 (2) 41.2 37.2 40.5 41.4 40.6 40.7 36.7 4 37.9 4 (2) 41 37.3 Serviceproducing 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Transportation and public utilities 38.6 38.4 38.3 38.4 38.4 38.3 38.3 38.7 38.4 38.4 38.8 38.4 38.7 Wholesale trade 38.4 38.6 38.4 38.5 38.6 38.5 38.6 38.6 38.6 38.6 38.5 38.3 38.5 Retail trade 28.8 29.0 29.0 29 29 29 29.0 28.8 28.8 29.0 28.8 28.8 28.8 Finance, insurance, and real estate 36.4 36.4 36.2 36.3 36.2 36 36 36.3 36.2 36.5 36.3 36.2 36.4 Services 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. 2 This series is not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal components, which are small relative to the trendcycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 1996 forward are subject to revision. 61

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted (1982=100) Industry Oct. Nov. Dec Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June P P Total private 148.6 149.3 149.6 149.8 150.6 150.6 151.0 15 150.5 151.3 151.4 151.0 151.4 Goodsproducing 116.0 116.0 116.8 116.0 117.5 117.5 117.7 118.3 116.3 116.3 117.4 115.7 11 Mining 50.2 50.3 50.2 50.5 51.0 51.0 51.3 5 50.7 51.4 5 50.6 50.6 Construction 177.5 177.5 18 178.6 185.8 186.0 188.4 186.3 18 181.4 18 18 181.2 Manufacturing 107 107.0 106.8 106.7 107.0 107.0 106.7 107.9 106.0 106.4 107.2 10 10 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manf acturing 11 147.8 139.4 11 9 71.5 119.6 10 107.5 127.5 17 76 10 11 148.2 139.0 11 9 7 119.5 10 107.4 126.4 170 76.3 10 111.5 148.0 138.0 116.5 91.5 7 119.3 10 106.8 12 168.5 76.3 10 111.5 147.6 139.0 116.0 9 7 119.4 10 106.8 12 168.0 75.8 10 11 148.0 138.7 117.0 9 7 120.5 10 107.4 126.8 171.4 7 10 11 147.6 139.4 115.7 9 7 120.7 10 107.5 127.0 170.9 7 10 11 147 139.3 116.2 9 7 121.2 10 107.8 125.7 168.6 7 101.6 11 147.9 141.4 116.2 9 71.5 12 106.2 109.6 126.7 17 7 10 111.2 146 140.9 11 91.0 70.6 121.2 10 107 12 166.4 7 100.2 11 145.8 139.5 11 91.0 70.7 12 105.7 107.8 125.9 171.2 7 100 11 146.7 140 117.3 9 71.4 12 106.5 110.4 125.7 167.7 7 100.9 110.5 14 137.2 11 90 70.2 120.7 10 108.3 120.6 16 7 100.4 109.6 141.3 136.2 11 89.7 69.7 119.9 10 108.0 119 157.6 7 99.4 Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products Serviceproducing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services 100.2 117.4 5 79.5 59 106.9 12 10 71.3 147.7 3 16 13 130.8 14 139.6 20 100.3 118.0 5 79.9 58.9 106.7 12 10 71.3 147.4 3 16 13 13 14 139.6 20 100.3 117.9 56.0 80.0 58.6 106.6 12 10 70 147.6 3 16 13 131.3 14 138.9 20 100.2 117.7 56.6 79.6 58.7 106.4 12 10 69 147.9 3 16 13 13 14 139.4 205.7 100 117.7 5 79 58.6 106.4 12 10 67.5 148.5 3 16 13 13 14 139 206.3 100.0 117.0 5 80.2 58.5 106.7 12 10 66.3 148.3 3 16 13 13 14 138.8 206.7 99.7 116.9 4 80.2 58.8 105.9 12 10 6 147.9 3 165.9 13 13 14 138.7 207.7 100.7 118.4 50.5 80.6 59.2 106.7 12 10 66.6 149.3 3 166.6 137.3 13 14 139.3 208.6 98.9 116.3 49.0 78.7 57.2 10 12 10 6 146.8 3 165.9 136 13 14 138.7 207.9 99.0 117.3 48.8 78.6 56 10 12 10 6 147.6 3 167.0 136.4 13 14 139.8 209.5 99.4 117 50.2 78.9 57.3 10 12 10 6 148.5 3 166.6 138.7 13 14 139.2 208.4 98 116.2 4 77.6 5 10 12 101.6 6 146 31.4 166.8 135.8 13 14 139.2 210.0 97.7 115.9 50.3 77 5 10 12 10 6 14 30.9 167.8 138.9 13 14 140.4 211.2 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. P = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 1996 forward are subject to revision. 62

ESTABLISHMENT DATA ALLEMPLOYEE HOURS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B10. Hours of wage and salary workers on nonfarm payrolls by major industry, seasonally adjusted Millions of hours (annual rate) 1 Percent change Industry r / * to * to r To * Total 242,955 239,593 240,512 1.4 0.4 Private sector 201,716 201,121 201,581.3 Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities.. Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services 1,270 13,631 40,213 24,496 15,717 14,162 14,114 34,738 14,307 69,280 1,248 13,606 39,699 24,102 15,597 13,874 14,065 34,726 14,327 69,576 1,246 13,423 39,459 23,936 15,523 14,179 14,144 34,728 14,457 69,945 1.6 1.5.6.2 1.3 1.6.8.4.0.4.2 1.3.6.7.5.6.0.9.5 Government 41,239 38,473 38,931 6.7 1.2 1 Total hours paid for 1 week in the month, seasonally adjusted, multiplied by 52. p = preliminary. r = revised. NOTE: Data refer to hours of all employees production workers, nonsupervisory workers, and salaried workers and are based largely on establishment data. See BLS Handbook of Methods, BLS Bulletin 2490, chapter 10, "Productivity Measures: Business Sector and Major Subsectors". SOURCE: Office of Productivity and Technology (202 6915606). Historical data for this series also are available on the Internet at the following address: ftp://ftp.bls.qov/pub/special.requests/opt/tableb10.txt 63

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EARNINGS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B11. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, seasonally adjusted Industry Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June? P Average hourly earnings Total private (in current dollars) Goodsproducing Mining Construction Manufacturing Excluding overtime 2 Serviceproducing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services $15 16 174 17.26 14 19 13 15.79 10 96 11 16 $18 19 17.09 17.33 16 11 16 15.79 15 98 13 11 $11 13 17.00 17.37 17 13 19 15.84 16 9.21 16 13 $14 15 17.04 17.44 10 16 13 15.94 13 9.25 18 17 $19 13 17.09 17.50 15 11 17 15.92 10 9.26 16 11 $14 10 174 17.60 11 15 11 16.00 19 9.32 17 16 $18 15 17 27 17.67 13 17 15 16.04 10 9.35 15 19 $14 10 17.26 17.78 18 19 11 162 13 9.39 18 14 $16 19 17.25 17.75 17 13 15 16.22 12 9.39 11 19 $10 14 17.24 17.77 16 10 19 16.28 16 9.43 15 12 $15 10 17.23 17.90 19 14 13 167 12 9.45 13 19 $10 16 17.05 17.94 14 19 18 16.26 13 9.50 12 14 $13 17 179 17.98 14 14 13 16.27 17 9.54 18 17 Total private (in constant (1982) dollars) 3 Goodsproducing Serviceproducing 7.86 8.81 7.56 7.87 8.81 7.56 7.87 8.82 7.56 7.87 8.81 7.57 7.88 8.84 7.58 7.87 8.84 7.56 7.83 8.79 7.53 7.87 8.82 7.56 7.87 8.81 7.58 7.85 8.79 7.56 7.86 8.81 7.56 7.90 8.85 7.61 (4) (4) (4) Average weekly earnings Total private (in current dollars) Goodsproducing Mining Construction Manufacturing Serviceproducing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Total private (in constant (1982) dollars) 3 Goodsproducing Serviceproducing 460.58 616.35 759.30 678.32 586.87 420.82 609.49 568 261 534 438.80 271.25 369 247.83 461.61 616.09 757 677.60 587.71 429 606.34 569.35 266.22 5367 448 271.38 369 248.73 465 620.74 751.40 696.54 586.72 429 606.67 566.78 267.09 531 443 271.51 368 2482 468 617.05 757 678.42 587.97 420 610 570.96 2698 536.51 444 271.48 361.27 249.06 461 624 762 687.75 590.06 426.71 611.33 574 269.47 537.93 445 271 364 249.39 468.48 627.76 7666 698.72 598 426.73 610 577 271.21 536.81 446.68 277 368 2480 468.51 628.30 777 707 599 428.04 613 574 2715 539.70 447.66 2709 364 246.85 474 635 788 709 602 430.01 624 5806 270.43 547 449.30 277 3668 247.99 469.90 626 760.73 695.80 590.78 430.01 625 579.77 270.43 546 449.55 270.84 360.44 247.84 475 627.41 770.63 687.70 597.38 435 625 588 277 549.33 451 270.86 359.55 248.68 470 634 780.52 707 600.06 432 627.40 585.97 276 549 451.43 270.44 369 247.35 474 630.77 760.43 705 596.37 436 628 581 270 547.34 454 2710 361.27 248.72 475.75 626.54 768.39 693 593 437.22 629.65 595 275 555 456.82 (4) (4) (4) 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. 2 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and onehalf. 3 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPIW) is used to deflate these series. The data in these series have been revised from January through due to corrections in the CPIW. 4 Not available. p = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all seasonally adjusted data from January 1996 forward are subject to revision. 64

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry (In thousands) Industry 1987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers 1 P P Total 128,851 129,614 131,525 131,349 132,086 Total private 109,845 109,589 112,008 112,050 111,823 90,001 89,739 91,926 91,951 91,696 Mining 535 535 547 546 545 403 405 408 406 405 Metal mining Iron ores Copper ores 10 101 102 4 7.0 1 4 7.6 1 4 8.7 1 4 8.6 1 4 3 5.7 11.2 3 6.3 11 3 7.3 10.6 3 7.2 10.4 Coal mining Bituminous coal and lignite mining 12 122 8 78.5 8 77.7 79.4 7 80.2 7 80.7 69.5 6 68.8 6 6 61 66.3 6 Oil and gas extraction Crude petroleum and natural gas Oil and gas field services 13 131 138 289.7 13 15 291.4 13 155.7 308.7 130 175.7 308 129.7 17 308.8 210 81.5 125.8 21 8 128.8 221.4 7 147.3 220.0 71.2 146.8 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels Crushed and broken stone Sand and gravel Chemical and fertilizer minerals 14 142 144 147 116.7 46.7 38.8 11.2 115.9 46.4 38.7 11 11 46.2 38.3 11 11 46.2 37.6 10.6 11 89.4 36.9 88.7 36.6 87.5 35.9 86.3 35.9 Construction 6,764 6,704 7,036 7,050 6,976 5,281 5,228 5,497 5,513 5,444 General building contractors Residential building construction Operative builders Nonresidential building construction 15 152 153 154 1,51 80 30.7 679.9 1,491.6 79 30.8 669.0 1,57 838.6 31.5 70 1,57 837.4 3 70 1,54 1,06 550 1 50 1,04 537.9 1 49 1,111.6 580.4 1 517.8 1,11 576.0 1 52 Heavy construction, except building Highway and street construction Heavy construction, except highway 16 161 162 94 326.2 61 94 32 62 95 32 630.3 960.9 328.5 63 960.0 79 27 521.2 798.9 271.4 527.5 807.6 271.6 536.0 81 27 539 Special trade contractors Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning Painting and paper hanging Electrical work Masonry, stonework, and plastering Carpentry and floor work Roofing, siding, and sheet metal work 17 171 172 173 174 175 176 4,307 910.3 250.8 826.3 56 31 278.7 4,266.9 901.4 24 82 55 310.3 27 4,508.9 959.4 260.8 87 587.4 326.4 281.5 4,51 956.6 260.9 88 58 328.3 281 4,47 3,42 67 210.5 65 49 236.2 22 3,386.9 667.7 20 65 48 23 218.8 3,578 71 219.8 690.9 51 24 22 3,586.5 71 220.3 701.5 509.2 247.8 22 Manufacturing 18,591 18,571 18,500 18,517 18,443 12,769 12,775 12,661 12,690 12,662 Durable goods 11,110 11,103 11,112 11,100 11,060 7,587 7,592 7,566 7,564 7,557 Lumber and wood products Logging Sawmills and planing mills Sawmills and planing mills, general Hardwood dimension and flooring mills... Miilwork, plywood, and structural members Miilwork Wood kitchen cabinets Hardwood veneer and plywood Softwood veneer and plywood Wood containers Wood buildings and mobile homes Mobile homes Miscellaneous wood products 24 241 242 2421 2426 243 2431 2434 2435 2436 244 245 2451 249 84 8 18 14 37.9 330 128.5 97.5 29.4 27.4 56.8 10 79.2 8 837.6 8 181.5 141.3 3U.2 328.7 127.7 97.4 29.4 27.5 56.5 10 78.3 8 83 79.7 18 14 38.8 33 128.2 101.0 29.4 27.4 56 97.9 71 8 829.9 78.3 18 140.9 39.5 331.6 127.8 100.6 30 26.9 56.2 96.8 70 8 82 691.0 6 158.6 12 3 26 100.7 79 2 2 48.5 8 6 69.9 687.0 6 157.9 12 3 26 99.6 78.9 2 2 48.2 8 6 69.5 68 6 158.3 12 3 266 99.7 81.6 2 2 48.0 77.2 59.2 69.0 680.0 6 158.2 12 3 26 99.4 81.5 2 2 47.9 76.0 57.9 69.0 671.6 Furniture and fixtures Household furniture Wood household furniture Upholstered household furniture Metal household furniture Mattresses and bedsprings 25 251 2511 2512 2514 2515 551.0 288.7 130.6 9 16.7 35.8 550.9 289.8 130.2 9 17.7 35.8 55 29 131.0 96.7 18.5 3 557.4 29 13 96.9 18.5 35.9 556.3 438.6 24 11 81.0 1 27.7 438.7 246.5 11 81.5 1 27.8 439.9 248.3 11 8 1 27.8 44 250.6 11 8 1 28.4 44 See footnotes at end of table. 65

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 1987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers 1 P P Durable goods Continued Furniture and fixtures Continued Office furniture Public building and related furniture Partitions and fixtures Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures 252 253 254 259 7 5 9 4 7 5 91.2 41.5 78.3 5 90.2 41.4 78.5 5 89.6 41.2 5 41.6 69.3 28.8 5 4 68.5 28.4 55.8 39.5 67.8 28.5 55.8 41.0 67.0 28.4 Stone, clay, and glass products Flat glass Glass and glassware, pressed or blown Glass containers Pressed and blown glass, nee Products of purchased glass Cement, hydraulic Structural clay products Pottery and related products Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products Concrete block and brick Concrete products, nee Readymixed concrete Misc. nonmetallic mineral products Abrasive products Asbestos products Mineral wool 32 321 322 3221 3229 323 324 325 326 327 3271 3272 3273 329 3291 3292 3296 57 15.9 6 2 40.3 6 17.8 3 38.0 249 20.9 8 125.7 7 19 2 571.0 15.9 6 2 39.7 6 17.3 3 38.0 247.7 20.7 8 12 7 18.8 2 579 15.8 6 2 4 6 18 3 37 25 2 8 128.9 7 18.8 1.6 2 576.3 1 6 21.6 4 6 17.8 3 37.0 25 21.3 85.8 128.5 7 18.6 1.5 2 57 448.0 1 5 20 3 49.8 1 2 29.5 19 1 6 101.5 57.4 1 1.3 446.5 1 51.6 20.3 31.3 50.2 1 25.8 29.8 19 1 6 100.0 57.3 1 1.4 451.0 1 50.9 19 3 49.3 1 26.0 29.3 200 1 66.3 10 57.4 1 1.4 448.7 1 50.9 19.0 3 48.6 1 25.9 29.3 199.0 1 66.3 10 57.0 1 1.2 446.0 Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Blast furnaces and steel mills Steel pipe and tubes Iron and steel foundries Gray and ductile iron foundries Malleable iron foundries Steel foundries, nee Primary nonferrous metals Primary aluminum Nonferrous rolling and drawing Copper rolling and drawing Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil Nonferrous wire drawing and insulating Nonferrous foundries (castings) Aluminum foundries 33 331 3312 3317 332 3321 3322 3325 333 3334 335 3351 3353 3357 336 3365 697.4 228 15 29.9 126.5 79.9 26.9 37.4 2 168.4 2 19.8 7 9 26.5 697.5 226.8 15 29.9 126.5 79.8 27.0 37.0 2 168.8 2 19.7 7 9 26.6 69 226.7 15 30.5 12 77.9 2 36.8 2 167.8 2 19 7 9 26.8 69 226.6 15 30.5 12 79.2 2 36.9 2 167.4 2 18.6 7 95.9 27.0 69 22 54 177 120.2 2 10 66.0 2 28.8 18.0 127.0 17.4 1 5 76.3 2 54 176.5 119.8 2 10 66 2 28.6 18.0 127 17.4 1 5 77.0 2 54 176.7 119.5 2 100.0 6 20 28.5 18 127.7 17.6 1 5 77.4 2 54 177 119.8 2 100.2 6 19.4 28.5 18.0 127.5 17.5 1 55.8 78.0 2 54 176.0 Fabricated metal products 34 Metal cans and shipping containers 341 Metal cans 3411 Cutlery, handtools, and hardware 342 Hand and edge tools, and blades and handsaws... 3423,5 Hardware, nee 3429 Plumbing and heating, except electric 343 Plumbing fixture fittings and trim 3432 Heating equipment, except electric 3433 Fabricated structural metal products 344 Fabricated structural metal 3441 Metal doors, sash, and trim 3442 Fabricated plate work (boiler shops) 3443 Sheet metal work 3444 Architectural metal work 3446 Screw machine products, bolts, etc 345 Screw machine products 3451 Bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers 3452 Metal forgings and stampings 346 Iron and steel forgings 3462 Automotive stampings 3465 Metal stampings, nee 3469 1,51 36.4 29.3 121.0 4 6 59.8 2 20.4 486 8 86.4 10 127.3 36 10 5 5 250.7 30.3 118 89.0 1,518.2 36.3 29.2 121.2 4 66.0 59.9 2 20.6 488.2 8 86.5 10 128.5 36.2 105.8 5 5 25 30.5 119 89.3 1,527.3 36.4 29.4 118.0 4 6 60.3 2 19.2 50 90.2 88.5 10 13 38.4 10 5 5 24 29.5 11 88.5 1,535.8 35.9 29.0 117.4 4 6 60.6 2 19.6 50 90.3 87.7 10 136.4 38.5 105.9 5 5 249.4 29.4 117 89.8 1,53 1,13 30.9 2 9 3 50.2 4 17.2 1 35 6 6 7 97.3 26.0 8 4 39.3 197.0 2 96.3 68.0 1,139.0 30.7 2 9 3 50.8 4 17 1 35 6 6 7 98.8 25.8 8 4 39.6 198.8 2 97.5 68.4 1,146.2 30.9 2 90.8 3 48.4 4 17.9 1 370.4 6 6 7 10 27.6 8 4 39.9 190.2 2 90.6 67.4 1,15 30.5 2 90.2 3 48.4 4 17.7 1 369.8 6 6 7 10 27.6 8 4 39.9 195.8 2 9 68.7 1,15 See footnotes at end of table. 66

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 1987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers 1 P P Durable goods Continued Fabricated metal products Continued Metal services, nee Plating and polishing Metal coating and allied services Ordnance and accessories, nee Ammunition, except for small arms, nee Miscellaneous fabricated metal products Valves and pipe fittings, nee Misc. fabricated wire products 347 3471 3479 348 3483 349 3494 3496 141 8 56.2 41.6 19.8 270.7 2 56.0 14 85.8 56.0 41.3 19.6 271.4 2 56.2 14 89.6 55.7 37.3 17.5 27 2 56.5 146.0 90.3 55.7 38 17.5 277.2 2 56.4 11 68.8 4 2 9.6 197.6 16.3 4 11 69.3 4 2 9.4 198 16.2 4 116.4 7 4 21 8.0 20 16.6 4 117.3 7 4 2 8.0 20 16.6 4 Industrial machinery and equipment Engines and turbines.; Turbines and turbine generator sets Internal combustion engines, nee Farm and garden machinery Farm machinery and equipment Construction and related machinery Construction machinery Mining machinery Oil and gas field machinery Conveyors and conveying equipment Industrial trucks and tractors Metalworking machinery Machine tools, metal cutting types Machine tools, metal forming types Special dies, tools, jigs, and fixtures Machine tool accessories Power driven handtools Special industry machinery Textile machinery Printing trades machinery Food products machinery General industrial machinery Pumps and pumping equipment Ball and roller bearings Air and gas compressors Blowers and fans Speed changers, drives, and gears Power transmission equipment, nee Computer and office equipment Electronic computers Computer terminals, calculators, and office machines, nee Refrigeration and service machinery Refrigeration and heating equipment Misc. industrial and commercial machinery Carburetors, pistons, rings, valves Scales, balances, and industrial machinery, nee... 35 351 3511 3519 352 3523 353 3531 3532 3533 3535 3537 354 3541 3542 3544 3545 3546 355 3552 3555 3556 356 3561 3562 3563 3564 3566 3568 357 3571 3575,8,9 358 3585 359 3592 3596,9 2,126.0 86.3 2 61.0 9 7 24 9 1 41 39.7 3 33 41.2 17.6 159.5 5 20.0 167.5 1 2 2 25 29.7 40.2 2 35.9 16 20.0 371.2 19 58.7 21 147.4 36 2 29 2,127.5 86.8 2 61.4 96.7 7 241.2 9 1 41 39.7 3 33 40.9 17.5 159.8 5 19.8 167 1 2 2 25 29.6 40.5 2 35.8 16.2 20.0 369.7 19 59.2 21 148.8 36 2 29 2,13 86.8 25.9 60.9 99 78.3 24 95.7 1 40.7 39.9 3 33 40 17.5 160.5 5 19.5 169.5 1 2 2 250.5 29.0 40.2 2 35.9 1 18.8 36 19 57.9 218.6 15 370.2 2 300.0 2,12 86.4 25.8 60.6 97.4 77.5 240.3 9 1 41.2 39.2 3 331.4 40 17.5 159.9 51.6 19.5 170.3 1 2 2 249.3 28.8 40.0 2 35.7 1 18.9 36 196.2 57.3 21 149.8 370 2 299.9 2,118 361.4 1,330.5 57.2 1 4 6 49.8 15 6 8.4 2 20.6 2 237 2 10.6 121.3 37 1 90.7 8.6 1 1 160.6 17.0 30.9 1 2 1 1 147.5 78.7 21 150.5 109.8 270 19.2 22 1,336.0 57.9 1 4 66.6 5 15 6 8 2 20.8 2 237.9 2 10.6 12 37.2 1 89.8 8.4 1 1 160.8 16.9 31.3 1 2 1 1 146.0 78 21.2 15 11 269.8 19 22 1,346.4 58 1 4 68.8 5 15 6 7.8 2 2 2 236 2 10.5 12 37 1 88.6 7.6 11.6 1 157 16.2 30.9 1 2 11.0 1 15 91.5 21.3 15 11 27 18.5 22 1,34 57.6 1 4 67.0 5 15 6 7.8 25.7 2 2 23 2 10.6 12 36.8 1 89.6 7.8 1 1 156.5 16 30.6 1 2 10.9 1 158.5 9 21 151.2 111 27 18.2 22 1,34 Electronic and other electrical equipment Electric distribution equipment Transformers, except electronic Switchgear and switchboard apparatus Electrical industrial apparatus Motors and generators Relays and industrial controls Household appliances Household refrigerators and freezers Household laundry equipment Electric housewares and fans 36 361 3612 3613 362 3621 3625 363 3632 3633 3634 1,667.8 8 36.9 46.0 149.6 7 55.7 115.8 27.4 1 2 1,671.3 8 37.2 46.3 150.2 7 55.9 119.4 28.5 17.5 2 1,71 8 37 47.6 148 70 56.4 118.5 28.2 16.7 21.6 1,717.6 8 37.3 47.4 147.2 69.3 56.3 118.5 27.8 17 2 1,71 1,040.4 56.3 26 30.2 10 5 31.6 9 2 1 17.6 1,04 56.8 26.3 30.5 10 55.7 3 99.4 2 15.7 18.0 1,05 57.0 26.0 31.0 98.7 5 30.9 97.0 2 1 1 1,059.9 57.2 26 31 97.9 5 30.8 97.2 2 1 1 1,06 See footnotes at end of table. 67

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 1987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers 1 P P Durable goods Continued Electronic and other electrical equipment Continued Electric lighting and wiring equipment 364 Electric lamps 3641 Currentcarrying wiring devices 3643 Noncurrentcarrying wiring devices 3644 Residential lighting fixtures 3645 Household audio and video equipment 365 Household audio and video equipment 3651 Communications equipment 366 Telephone and telegraph apparatus 3661 Electronic components and accessories 367 Electron tubes 3671 Semiconductors and related devices 3674 Electronic components, nee 3679 Misc. electrical equipment and supplies 369 Storage batteries 3691 Engine electrical equipment 3694 18 19 58.3 18.2 2 80.4 5 267.3 120.9 638.2 20.0 27 151 151.4 2 70.9 18 19.8 58.2 18.4 21.6 80.9 5 267.4 121.0 63 20 268.0 151.5 151.2 2 70.4 18 19.5 60.4 18.9 20.4 81.3 5 27 12 67 19 286.9 157 15 2 70.7 18 19.5 60.6 18.8 20.8 81.5 5 27 12 67 18.8 287.6 157.7 15 2 70.5 678.4 130.3 1 40.3 1 16.0 5 31.6 120.5 56.2 37 1 11 10 108.0 19.6 5 131.5 1 40.3 1 15.8 5 3 118.9 5 37 1 11 10 108.3 20.0 5 130.9 1 4 1 1 5 31.3 118 50.4 390.7 1 11 108.4 110.0 20.2 5 131.2 1 4 1 1 5 3 119.6 50.5 39 1 11 108.2 111.6 21.4 5 Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Motor vehicles and car bodies Truck and bus bodies Motor vehicle parts and accessories Truck trailers Aircraft and parts Aircraft Aircraft engines and engine parts Aircraft parts and equipment, nee Ship and boat building and repairing Ship building and repairing Boat building and repairing Railroad equipment Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts Guided missiles and space vehicles Miscellaneous transportation equipment Travel trailers and campers 37 371 3711 3713 3714 3715 372 3721 3724 3728 373 3731 3732 374 376 3761 379 3792 1,888.4 1,030.3 361.4 48.4 55 4 486.4 249 99 138.2 167.2 10 6 36.0 88 61.0 60.3 2 1,879.3 1,027.8 357.5 48.0 555.7 4 48 247 98.9 136.2 166.7 100.6 66 35.7 87.8 60.8 59.0 2 1,838.7 1,006.3 34 49.8 550.5 4 458.3 230.9 9 13 168.4 96.7 7 3 87.8 6 61.4 2 1,819.4 997.7 33 49 55 41.4 45 230.2 9 131.5 16 9 70.7 30.2 87.4 6 6 2 1,809.9 99 456.5 1,25 786.4 258.0 38.5 436.5 3 238.3 10 48.7 87.0 12 69.2 5 2 2 1 4 20.6 1,250.9 78 25 38 439.3 3 236.2 10 48.6 85.7 12 68.3 5 2 2 1 4 20.5 1,21 758.6 238.9 39.6 431.2 3 219.5 87.7 50.0 8 126.5 66.2 60.3 2 2 1 47.2 21.0 1,200 75 230.2 38.8 436 3 217.7 87.6 48.6 81.5 12 6 59.2 21.2 2 1 47.3 21 1,20 75 Instruments and related products Search and navigation equipment Measuring and controlling devices Environmental controls Process control instruments Instruments to measure electricity Medical instruments and supplies Surgical and medical instruments Surgical appliances and supplies Ophthalmic goods Photographic equipment and supplies Watches, clocks, watchcases, and parts 38 381 382 3822 3823 3825 384 3841 3842 385 386 387 85 167 29 39.8 67.9 69.6 28 110 97.2 3 7 851.3 16 29 39.5 67.0 69.5 28 109.6 97.8 3 7 5.7 849.3 161.4 29 36.4 67.5 70.4 286.6 110.6 98.0 3 70.6 850.0 160.2 29 36.4 67.6 7 287.0 110.2 98.2 3 70.6 846 431 4 148.9 26.4 3 27.3 168.0 70.8 60.4 2 4 428.2 4 148.3 26.0 3 27.0 167.2 70.4 60 2 4 420.9 40.7 14 2 3 27.0 168.8 69.9 60 2 40.3 42 40.5 146.8 2 3 29.5 168.7 69.5 60 21.6 40.2 420.5 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware Jewelry, precious metal Musical instruments Toys and sporting goods Dolls, games, toys, and children's vehicles Sporting and athletic goods, nee Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies Costume jewelry and notions Costume jewelry Miscellaneous manufactures Signs and advertising specialties 39 391 3911 393 394 3942,4 3949 395 396 3961 399 3993 396.4 49.2 38.5 16.5 10 3 71.4 30.4 20 10.6 17 77.3 398.7 50 39.5 16.8 10 3 7 30 20.2 10.7 175.9 77.2 390.9 48.0 37.8 17.0 107.0 3 7 28.7 17.4 8.3 17 77.9 396.2 50.2 39.6 17 107.2 3 7 28.9 18.7 9.5 17 78 396.6 27 3 2 1 69.8 21.6 48.2 20.8 1 7.7 12 50 277 3 26.5 1 71.2 2 49 20.6 1 7.9 12 49.6 266.2 3 2 1 70.7 18.3 5 19.9 1 117.7 49.0 270.3 3 26.6 1 70.5 19.0 51.5 19.9 1 6.8 118.7 48.9 270.8 See footnotes at end of table. 68

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 1987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers' P P Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Meat products Meat packing plants Sausages and other prepared meats Poultry slaughtering and processing Dairy products Cheese, natural and processed Fluid milk Preserved fruits and vegetables Canned specialties Canned fruits and vegetables Frozen fruits and vegetables Grain mill products Flour and other grain mill products Prepared feeds, nee Bakery products Bread, cake, and related products Cookies, crackers, and frozen bakery products, except bread Sugar and confectionery products Raw cane sugar Cane sugar refining Beet sugar Candy and other confectionery products Fats and oils Beverages Malt beverages Bottled and canned soft drinks Misc. food and kindred products 20 201 2011 2013 2015 202 2022 2026 203 2032 2033 2037 204 2041 2048 205 2051 2052,3 206 2061 2062 2063 2064 207 208 2082 2086 209 7,481 1,726.9 505.9 149.7 10 25 145.8 4 61.2 269.9 15.9 107.8 5 12 18.4 40.0 200.3 140.9 59.4 89.7 7.5 47.0 28 18 3 100.0 177.5 7,468 1,727.7 505.9 149.9 10 25 14 41.6 60.6 271.6 16.2 109 5 12 18.2 40 20 14 59.9 9 9.4 47.9 28.5 18 3 98.7 17 7,388 1,70 50 148.5 105.7 249.7 147.7 4 6 246 1 87.0 5 12 18.3 40.3 200.8 14 58.7 8 7.2 4 28.9 186.6 3 100.3 18 7,417 1,728.6 50 149.8 105.8 249.5 147.0 4 6 268.7 1 10 57.6 12 18.2 40 200.6 14 58.6 87.0 7.3 46.2 29 187 3 100.4 180.2 7,383 1,718.0 5,182 1,299.2 430.4 12 8 22 101 3 36.6 23 1 96 45.7 88 11.2 26.0 138.5 87.8 50.7 69.4 6.3 37.5 19.2 90.7 19.8 4 128.8 5,183 1,30 430.9 125.8 8 22 99.4 3 36.5 23 1 97 46.4 87.9 11 26.0 139.8 88.3 51.5 7 8.2 38.4 19.9 9 19.7 41.4 12 5,095 1,277.5 428.2 12 8 218.7 10 35.7 38.0 207.9 11.5 7 48 87.3 10.8 26.4 141.2 91.2 50.0 66.0 6 36.0 19.7 9 19.3 4 131.2 5,126 1,30 429.0 126.3 8 218.4 10 35.8 37.9 230 1 89.8 50.7 87.3 10.7 26.3 141.2 91.3 49.9 68.9 6.3 38.0 20 9 19 4 129.7 5,105 1,29 Tobacco products Cigarettes 21 211 36.2 2 39 2 3 2 3 2 36.8 2 17.3 28 17.0 2 1 2 1 2 Textile mill products Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton Broadwoven fabric mills, synthetics Broadwoven fabric mills, wool Narrow fabric mills Knitting mills Women's hosiery, except socks Hosiery, nee Knit outerwear mills Knit underwear mills Weft knit fabric mills Textile finishing, except wool Finishing plants, cotton Finishing plants, synthetics Carpets and rugs Yarn and thread mills Yarn spinning mills Throwing and winding mills Miscellaneous textile goods 22 221 222 223 224 225 2251 2252 2253 2254 2257 226 2261 2262 227 228 2281 2282 229 555.8 6 57 9.8 20.5 139.5 15.8 35.8 38.4 8.6 21.2 59.5 27.8 18.9 6 8 60.7 16.6 55.9 55 6 57.5 9.7 20.3 137.7 1 3 38.0 8.4 20.9 60.6 28.3 19.0 6 8 59.7 16.7 55.8 540.5 6 5 8.7 19.7 13 1 3 3 7.8 21.6 57.3 27.2 17.6 6 8 59.2 16.6 55.9 541.2 6 56.6 8.7 20 131.2 1 3 3 7.5 21.4 57.5 26.9 18 6 8 58.8 16.7 57.0 540 470.0 57.8 48.5 8.2 16.7 117.9 1 31.3 3 7.5 17.5 49.4 2 1 5 7 5 1 4 469.0 57.3 49.0 8 16.6 116.2 1 30.5 3 7.3 17.2 50.3 2 1 5 7 5 1 4 457.0 55.7 47.3 7.3 16 11 1 30.2 30.3 6.7 17.9 47.5 2 1 5 7 5 1 4 457.9 56.2 48.2 7.3 16.5 111.0 1 29.6 29.7 6.5 17.8 47.8 2 1 5 7 5 1 4 456.8 Apparel and other textile products Men's and boys' suits and coats Men's and boys' furnishings Men's and boys' shirts Men's and boys' trousers and slacks Men's and boys' work clothing Women's and misses' outerwear Women's and misses' blouses and shirts Women's, juniors', and misses' dresses Women's and misses' suits and coats Women's and misses' outerwear, nee 23 231 232 2321 2325 2326 233 2331 2335 2337 2339 68 2 15 28.7 48.8 27.5 20 15.9 30 16.2 139.5 68 2 15 28.4 48.3 27.4 20 1 30.0 16.0 14 64 21.2 138.7 2 4 2 19 1 28.7 1 136 646.8 20.3 139.7 2 4 2 19 1 28.3 1 135.7 641.5 54 18.0 128 2 41.5 2 15 11.6 2 1 107.9 54 17.8 126.3 2 40.7 2 156.4 11.2 2 11.4 110.6 510.6 16.8 11 19.3 38.4 21.0 149.6 9.6 2 10.0 108.2 51 15.8 11 19 38.7 21.0 149.6 9.9 21.4 10.4 107.9 509 See footnotes at end of table. 69

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 1987 SIC L>UUc All employees P P Production workers 1 P P Nondurable goods Continued Apparel and other textile products Continued Women's and children's undergarments Women's and children's underwear Brassieres, girdles, and allied garments Girls' and children's outerwear Girls' and children's dresses and blouses Misc. apparel and accessories Misc. fabricated textile products Curtains and draperies House furnishings, nee Automotive and apparel trimmings 234 2341 2342 236 2361 238 239 2391 2392 2396 26.2 18.0 8.2 19.2 8.4 31 21 19.5 5 6 2 17.9 7.7 19.3 8.2 31.3 21 19.2 5 6 2 16.2 6.2 17.4 7.9 29.8 207 17.6 5 60.7 2 16 6 17.9 8 31 208.4 17.6 5 6 21 1 6.9 1 7.2 2 170 1 45.8 47.7 20.6 1 6.4 15.8 7.0 2 170.2 1 46.0 48 17.9 1 1 6.9 2 16 1 4 46.7 17.7 1 1 7 2 166.4 1 4 47.9 Paper and allied products Paper mills Paperboard mills Paperboard containers and boxes Corrugated and solid fiber boxes Sanitary food containers Folding paperboard boxes Misc. converted paper products Paper, coated and laminated, nee Bags: plastics, laminated, and coated Envelopes 26 262 263 265 2653 2656 2657 267 2672 2673 2677 669.3 147.3 48.2 218.4 13 16.5 46.6 24 46 40 2 666.2 14 48 218.9 13 16.5 46.8 24 4 39.9 2 66 14 47.0 218 135.8 16.5 4 24 46.7 39.6 2 66 14 46.8 217.8 13 16.4 4 24 46.8 39.0 2 657.4 506.4 11 37.0 168.9 99.9 1 37.5 175.9 2 31.2 19.0 50 11 36.9 170 100.8 1 37.7 17 21.0 31.2 19 50 11 36.2 168.9 10 1 36.4 178.3 21.0 3 19.2 50 111 36 168.9 10 1 36.3 178.3 20.8 31.3 19.2 499.9 Printing and publishing Newspapers Periodicals Books Book publishing Book printing Miscellaneous publishing Commercial printing Commercial printing, lithographic Commercial printing, nee Manifold business forms Blankbooks and bookbinding Printing trade services 27 271 272 273 2731 2732 274 275 2752 2759 276 278 279 1,551.6 44 14 12 87 36.5 89.7 568 376.0 17 4 6 49.3 1,548.4 44 14 12 87.2 36.6 89.4 567.4 37 17 4 6 49.2 1,56 447.6 147.3 129.7 90.6 39 95.8 56 37 17 41.0 6 47.2 1,559.9 447.2 146.7 129.3 90.4 38.9 9 56 37 171.4 40 6 47 1,556.7 82 146.5 4 55.8 27.3 28.5 4 40 267.9 119.6 28.6 48.6 3 82 146.3 45.9 55.9 27.3 28.6 4 401.6 266.7 119.2 28.5 47.7 3 83 148.3 51 60.6 29.5 31 47.2 400.5 265.7 119.3 27.7 47 31 83 148 51.5 60.3 29.2 31 47.0 401.0 266.6 118.8 27.4 46.9 31.2 831.4 Chemicals and allied products Industrial inorganic chemicals Industrial inorganic chemicals, nee Plastics materials and synthetics Plastics materials and resins Organic fibers, noncellulosic Drugs Pharmaceutical preparations Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods Soap and other detergents Polishing, sanitation, and finishing preparations Toilet preparations Paints and allied products Industrial organic chemicals Cyclic crudes and intermediates Industrial organic chemicals, nee Agricultural chemicals Miscellaneous chemical products 28 281 2819 282 2821 2824 283 2834 284 2841 2842,3 2844 285 286 2865 2869 287 289 1,03 98.9 5 15 76.8 4 296.9 23 160.6 4 41.0 77.7 5 125.7 21.5 101.6 5 90.2 1,031.3 98.7 5 15 76.0 4 295.9 23 16 4 41.0 78.9 5 12 21.3 100.6 5 89.9 1,029.7 97.4 5 148 7 39.9 307.2 240.9 157.5 4 40.0 7 5 12 20.9 98.4 5 90.8 1,027 97.3 5 147.9 7 40.3 307.4 241.2 156.8 41.3 39.9 7 5 121.3 20.7 98 5 90.4 1,026.2 58 51.6 29.9 10 46.3 3 13 108.8 10 29.5 2 5 27.4 7 1 57.8 3 5 58 50.9 29.9 10 45.7 3 136 109.7 107.6 30.0 2 5 27.4 7 1 58.3 3 5 581.6 55.8 30.6 100.4 46.6 3 138.8 11 97.5 26 2 48.9 28.6 7 1 59.4 31.5 5 578.3 55.7 30.5 100.9 46.2 3 137.9 111.2 96.7 2 2 49.4 28 7 1 59.2 31.0 5 579.9 Petroleum and coal products Petroleum refining Asphalt paving and roofing materials 29 291 295 13 88.0 3 13 87.5 3 13 86.8 3 13 87.8 3 13 90.4 56.8 25.8 89.6 56.4 2 111 4 2 77.4 4 2 76.7 Rubber and misc. plastics products Tires and inner tubes :.. Rubber and plastics footwear Hose, belting, gaskets, and packing Rubber and plastics hose and belting Fabricated rubber products, nee Miscellaneous plastics products, nee 30 301 302 305 3052 306 308 1,009.4 79.9 7 29.5 106.8 74 1,00 79.3 7 29.4 107 740.0 1,00 80.8 7 30.2 10 738.9 1,007.2 81.3 7 30.0 10 740.9 999.0 78 58.7 57.3 2 8 580.7 780.8 58.5 57.2 2 8 579.2 779.0 59.9 58.4 2 81 577.2 78 60.9 33 58.0 2 81.5 579.3 777.7 See footnotes at end of table. 70

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 1987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers 1 P P Nondurable goods Continued Leather and leather products Leather tanning and finishing Footwear, except rubber Men's footwear, except athletic Women's footwear, except athletic Luggage Handbags and personal leather goods Transportation and public utilities Transportation Railroad transportation Class I railroads plus Amtrak 2 31 311 314 3143 3144 316 317 40 4011 77.4 1 3 18.2 7.4 9.4 6.3 6,831 4,398 226.9 200.6 77.5 1 3 18 7.4 9.5 6.3 6,908 4,478 228.2 20 7 1 27.6 16.7 5.9 10.5 6.3 6,992 4,506 220.5 19 7 1 29.3 17 6.0 10.6 6.3 6,924 4,521 221 19 7 7,088 4,601 22 57.9 10.3 26 1 6 7.0 5,648 57.8 10.6 25.8 1 6.0 7.0 5,722 5 10.7 21.2 1 8.0 5,824 5 11.0 2 1 8.0 5,758 5 5,901 Local and interurban passenger transit Local and suburban transportation Taxicabs Intercity and rural bus transportation School buses 41 411 412 413 415 42 248.0 31.3 2 8 500.9 248.9 3 2 158.4 436.7 257.0 3 2 86.9 438.6 256.4 3 2 89.9 517.5 38 22 20.2 459.2 225.7 21.2 398.4 23 21.2 401 23 21.4 Trucking and warehousing Trucking and courier services, except air.. Public warehousing and storage 42 421 422 1,838.9 1,64 186.6 1,84 1,64 190.8 1,86 1,657.8 197.6 1,87 1,66 198.9 1,876.7 1,616.4 1,45 15 1,619.3 1,45 159.2 1,638.6 1,466.0 16 1,647.2 1,47 16 Water transportation Water transportation of freight, nee Water transportation services 44 444 449 197.2 1 135.8 19 1 13 21 1 149.8 21 1 150.8 207.6 119.0 117.9 13 13 Transportation by air Air transportation, scheduled Air transportation, scheduled Airports, flying fields, and services 45 451 4512 458 1,230.2 1,04 559.7 140 1,23 1,047.3 561.0 138 1,28 1,090.8 578.6 142 1,28 1,09 58 141 1,286.2 Pipelines, except natural gas 46 1 1 1 1 1 10.7 10.5 8.5 8.3 Transportation services Passenger transportation arrangement Travel agencies Freight transportation arrangement 47 472 4724 473 468 22 17 189.5 466.5 221.3 17 189.8 476.7 221.6 17 19 477.5 22 17 19 479.3 38 187.0 146.4 15 38 18 14 151.6 39 18 14 160.9 39 18 14 160.7 Communications and public utilities 2,433 2,430 2,486 2,403 2,487 Communications Telephone communications Telephone communications, except radio Radio and television broadcasting Radio broadcasting stations Television broadcasting stations Cable and other pay television services... 48 481 4813 483 4832 4833 484 1,56 1,078.9 900.0 247.3 115.8 131.5 20 1,56 1,079.2 900.7 248.5 116.5 13 20 1,62 1,116.6 930.6 251.3 116.5 13 219.2 1,54 1,03 846.2 250.8 11 13 220.9 1,63 1,119.0 738 599.8 201.4 16 1,115.9 73 59 20 166 1,200.6 80 656.3 20 177.3 1,12 728.7 579.4 20 17 Electric, gas, and sanitary services Electric services Gas production and distribution Combination utility services Sanitary services 49 491 492 493 495 870.0 36 13 15 18 86 359.7 13 15 18 86 359.4 127.5 151.6 186.4 861.2 356.7 127 150.9 187.8 85 700.8 291 10 12 15 69 287.4 10 12 15 696.9 289 100.6 12 15 69 287.0 100.7 12 15 Wholesale trade 6,973 6,967 7,089 7,089 7,070 5,583 5,566 5,661 5,662 5,636 Durable goods Motor vehicles, parts, and supplies Automobiles and other motor vehicles Motor vehicle supplies and new parts Furniture and home furnishings Furniture Home furnishings 50 501 5012 5013 502 5021 5023 4,148 53 159.9 296 176.2 86 90 4,140 529.0 16 29 176.0 8 90.9 4,223 53 16 296.3 18 91.4 91 4,217 529.9 16 296.0 18 91.4 91.2 4,193 3,260 425.9 139.5 3,245 421.3 139.6 3,308 42 145.8 3,301 421.5 146.3 See footnotes at end of table. 71

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 1987 SIC Pnrtp vuuc All employees P P Production workers 1 P P Wholesale trade Continued Durable goods Continued Lumber and other construction materials Lumber, plywood, and millwork Construction materials, nee Professional and commercial equipment Office equipment Computers, peripherals and software Medical and hospital equipment Metals and minerals, except petroleum Electrical goods Electrical apparatus and equipment Electrical appliances, television and radio sets Electronic parts and equipment Hardware, plumbing, and heating equipment... Hardware Plumbing and hydronic heating supplies Machinery, equipment, and supplies Construction and mining machinery Farm and garden machinery Industrial machinery and equipment Industrial supplies Misc. wholesale trade durable goods Scrap and waste materials 503 5031 5039 504 5044 5045 5047 505 506 5063 5064 5065 507 5072 5074 508 5082 5083 5084 5085 509 5093 28 14 39.2 95 20 41 196.9 15 557.2 229.6 46.3 281.3 32 116.0 12 83 9 118.5 341.3 150.4 33 12 28 14 40.0 949.2 201.0 41 19 156 559.7 228.7 46.3 28 321.0 117.5 12 830.0 9 115.7 340.9 150.6 33 12 297.6 15 4 94 197.9 400.6 20 160.8 58 238.4 47.9 298.9 327.5 118.7 12 845.9 9 117.9 35 15 346.2 127.9 298 15 4 948 197.4 40 20 159.8 58 236.4 47.9 301.0 32 118.3 12 840.9 9 118.6 349.6 15 347 128.7 237.8 72 160.3 12 406.8 269.9 667.2 26 236.2 721.4 156.8 125.7 406.0 268.8 66 26 248.9 71 16 128.2 427 27 678.0 268.7 250.5 71 16 127.7 426 271.5 67 269.5 Nondurable goods Paper and paper products Stationery and office supplies Drugs, proprietaries, and sundries Apparel, piece goods, and notions Groceries and related products Groceries, general line Meats and meat products Fresh fruits and vegetables Farmproduct raw materials Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and petroleum products Petroleum bulk stations and terminals Petroleum products, nee Beer, wine, and distilled beverages Beer and ale Wine and distilled beverages Misc. wholesale trade nondurable goods Farm supplies 51 511 5112 512 513 514 5141 5147 5148 515 516 517 5171 5172 518 5181 5182 519 5191 2,825 27 160.8 249.8 227.0 948.3 299.0 58.3 10 10 156.6 157.2 59.9 97.3 158.6 10 56.2 548.2 160.8 2,827 27 161.6 248.9 227.8 949.3 297.7 58.3 10 106.4 155.8 155.8 59.7 96 158.0 10 56.2 550.2 160 2,866 27 158.0 258.6 237.7 958 298.8 58.4 10 100.4 156.4 159 6 96.6 161.4 10 56.7 558.7 157.3 2,872 276.4 159.4 259 236.6 96 299.2 58.6 10 101.2 158 159.0 6 96.4 16 10 58.0 55 15 2,877 2,323 231.4 206.3 185.8 800 8 11 129.7 128.7 44 2,321 229.6 205.7 18 80 86.0 11 127.6 127.8 44 2,353 231.2 21 196.0 809.4 80.2 11 130.2 131.0 447.6 2,361 230.3 216.6 19 81 80.9 116.4 130.0 13 44 Retail trade 22,993 22,893 23,324 23,347 23,234 20,258 20,144 20,542 20,550 20,429 Building materials and garden supplies Lumber and other building materials Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores Hardware stores Retail nurseries and garden stores 52 521 523 525 526 1,011.2 627.8 66.4 16 100.3 99 619.7 65.7 16 96.5 1,05 658 69.8 168.0 109.2 1,039.2 650.7 69.7 166.4 10 1,01 847.0 536.3 49.5 136.7 8 831 528 48.7 13 80.3 888.8 56 51.3 14 9 87 557.4 51.2 140 85.8 General merchandise stores Department stores Variety stores Miscellaneous general merchandise stores 53 531 533 539 2,71 2,378.2 137 199.4 2,71 2,375.9 138.8 200.3 2,667.2 2,321.0 14 20 2,689.0 2,34 14 201.4 2,705.7 2,359.3 2,538.7 2,245.9 118.0 17 2,54 2,247.5 119.3 176 2,49 2,190 12 178.5 2,511.2 2,207.7 126.4 177 Food stores Grocery stores Meat and fish markets Dairy products stores Retail bakeries 54 541 542 545 546 3,51 3,099.5 48.3 1 195.9 3,48 3,07 48.2 1 19 3,54 3,128.7 46.7 1 189.7 3,536.9 3,121.6 46 1 190.5 3,51 3,179.3 2,82 170.5 3,146 2,79 170.4 3,198.4 2,84 16 3,19 2,83 165.8 Automotive dealers and service stations New and used car dealers 55 551 2,39 1,089.2 2,38 1,090.3 2,439 1,117.4 2,44 1,119.2 2,431.6 1,121.6 1,998.2 91 1,986.6 91 2,041.3 940.3 2,04 94 See footnotes at end of table. 72

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 1987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers 1 P P Retail trade Continued Automotive dealers and service stations Continued Auto and home supply stores Gasoline service stations Automotive dealers, nee 553 554 559 406.3 670.7 10.9 40 66 10.7 40 678.9 10 40 680.7 10 316.8 581 9 316.9 57 8.8 32 58 8.3 32 58 8.3 Apparel and accessory stores Men's and boys' clothing stores Women's clothing stores Family clothing stores Shoe stores 56 561 562 565 566 1,187 79.0 277.2 431.2 21 1,169.0 78.7 276.6 420.0 209.8 1,197.5 80.3 279.4 439.7 20 1,209.2 80.4 279.9 445.9 208.3 1,190.9 996 6 228 381.4 170.5 976.0 6 226.6 370.4 167.6 991.4 6 225.8 38 16 1,00 6 22 390.4 16 Furniture and home furnishings stores Furniture and home furnishings stores Furniture stores Household appliance stores Radio, television, and computer stores Radio, television, and electronic stores Record and prerecorded tape stores 57 571 5712 572 573 5731 5735 1,080 555.9 32 7 451.3 197.5 78.8 1,08 55 32 7 45 199.4 78.8 1,108.6 577.8 33 7 456.5 20 80.9 1,111.3 578.7 33 7 458.3 20 80.3 1,110.9 890 45 59.3 376 16 65.7 89 45 58.4 380.8 16 65.8 916.4 47 60.7 38 169 69.9 920.3 47 60.6 38 171 69.8 Eating and drinking places 58 8,148.5 8,088 8,30 8,29 8,208.3 7,340.9 7,271.5 7,487.3 7,47 Miscellaneous retail establishments Drug stores and proprietary stores Liquor stores Used merchandise stores Miscellaneous shopping goods stores Sporting goods and bicycle shops Bookstores Stationery stores Jewelry stores Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops Sewing, needlework, and piece goods Nonstore retailers Catalog and mailorder houses Merchandising machine operators Fuel dealers Retail stores, nee Florists, tobacco stores, and newsstands Optical goods stores Miscellaneous retail stores, nee 59 591 592 593 594 5941 5942 5943 5944 5947 5949 596 5961 5962 598 599 5992,3,4 5995 5999 2,94 650.4 11 13 1,04 198.9 13 10 149.5 248.6 46.0 35 23 67.7 9 550.6 15 7 32 2,97 65 11 13 1,06 199.6 145.9 10 151.3 247.4 46.4 370.2 246.2 68.2 9 547.2 15 7 319.0 3,010.4 668.0 116 138.3 1,05 20 129.4 106.4 157.3 251.2 41.2 368.9 24 69 9 57 16 76.9 33 3,026 668.0 11 140.2 1,059.2 20 13 107.0 156.3 25 41.3 37 247.4 69.9 9 57 161.5 76.9 336.7 3,056.5 2,467.2 557.6 111.0 877.5 299.5 76.7 45 58.3 26 2,496.5 56 110.8 89 31 77.3 447.3 58.5 260 2,52 576.5 115.9 879.7 311.2 76.0 470.6 59.5 27 2,537 57 117.3 886.3 316.5 76.3 471.4 59.4 27 Finance, insurance, and real estate 3 7,668 7,590 7,688 7,685 7,623 5,631 5,548 5,649 5,643 5,579 Finance 3,722 3,692 3,736 3,735 3,717 Depository institutions Commercial banks State commercial banks National and commercial banks, nee Savings institutions Federal savings institutions Savings institutions, except federal Credit unions 60 602 6022 6021,9 603 6035 6036 606 2,07 1,48 596.0 889.0 25 14 106.7 189.8 2,056.6 1,47 589.6 88 249.3 14 10 189.4 2,05 1,461.3 596.4 86 241.5 138.4 10 198.4 2,048.5 1,459.8 595.8 86 240.4 137.5 10 199.0 2,030 1,44 238.2 1,496.0 1,05 431.0 62 151.5 1,477.6 1,041.0 42 616.9 150.9 1,48 1,04 430.6 61 158.2 1,481.4 1,040.9 429.5 611.4 158.7 Nondepository institutions Personal credit institutions Business credit institutions Mortgage bankers and brokers 61 614 615 616 717.3 20 13 359.5 708.0 20 13 351.3 68 20 137.7 321.6 68 20 138 320.3 68 32 48 110.8 47 108.8 447.8 106.6 44 106.0 Security and commodity brokers Security brokers and dealers Commodity contracts brokers, dealers, and exhanges Security and commodity services 62 621 622,3 628 701.2 51 26.9 160.9 697.3 510 26.2 161.0 755.9 55 29.9 17 759.5 557.0 29.5 17 758.9 109.0 108.3 116.0 116.0 Holding and other investment offices Holding offices 67 671 229.3 10 229.6 10 24 109.0 24 109.2 24 See footnotes at end of table. 73

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 1987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers 1 P P Finance, insurance, and real estate Continued Insurance 63,64 2,383 2,372 2,367 2,365 2,352 Insurance carriers Life insurance Medical service and health insurance Hospital and medical service plans Fire, marine, and casualty insurance Title insurance 63 631 632 6324 633 636 1,616.9 506.0 370.0 298.7 56 86.3 1,607.2 50 368.4 298.2 559.9 8 1,59 491.6 368 296.8 56 77.4 1,59 489.2 367.9 297.4 56 77 1,58 1,24 34 297.0 24 458 1,23 34 29 24 45 1,239.9 340.9 29 239.8 46 1,238.6 339 29 239.9 466 Insurance agents, brokers, and service 64 766.3 76 77 77 769.9 Real estate Real estate operators and lessors Real estate agents and managers Subdividers and developers 65 651 653 655 1,563 58 796.9 136 1,526 57 77 13 1,585 588.2 81 14 1,585 586.9 81 141.4 1,554 Services 39,490 39,421 40,832 40,892 40,844 34,428 34,351 35,684 35,729 35,640 Agricultural services Veterinary services Landscape and horticultural services 07 074 078 83 21 56 81 208.8 547.6 879.6 22 599.7 870.4 22 590.0 84 711.3 180.2 48 688 176.2 466.5 746 188.7 510.9 735.8 189.2 500 Hotels and other lodging places Hotels and motels 70 701 2,00 1,909.7 1,91 1,85 2,08 1,988.4 2,07 1,980.9 1,98 1,68 1,630.0 1,755.8 1,747 Personal services Laundry, cleaning, and garment services Photographic studios, portrait Beauty shops Funeral service and crematories Miscellaneous personal services 72 721 722 723 726 729 1,19 447.0 7 41 10 14 1,207.4 44 86.0 41 101.4 146 1,227.3 459.6 70.9 42 10 155.8 1,239.0 458.7 77.2 428.9 10 156.7 1,247.0 39 36 119.9 39 366.4 12 40 37 13 400.9 380.9 13 Business services Advertising Advertising agencies Credit reporting and collection Mailing, reproduction, and stenographic services Photocopying and duplicating services Services to buildings Disinfecting and pest control services Building maintenance services, nee Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing Medical equipment rental Heavy construction equipment rental Equipment rental and leasing, nee Personnel supply services Employment agencies Help supply services Computer and data processing services Computer programming services Prepackaged software Computer integrated systems design Data processing and preparation Information retrieval services Computer maintenance and repair Miscellaneous business services Detective and armored car services Security systems services Photofinishing laboratories 73 731 7311 732 733 7334 734 7342 7349 735 7352 7353 7359 736 7361 7363 737 7371 7372 7373 7374 7375 7378 738 7381 7382 7384 9,45 28 185.7 15 320.3 8 1,00 9 909.6 28 4 56.9 18 3,72 379.9 3,34 1,858.9 44 28 209.8 277.8 13 58.0 1,828.6 600.9 70.7 7 9,468.3 280.7 18 15 320.3 8 1,000.8 90.7 910 28 4 56.6 18 3,738.4 38 3,35 1,859.8 440.9 28 21 277.4 13 57.5 1,830.3 60 70.6 7 9,807.0 297.6 198.6 16 32 8 1,008.5 96.5 91 300.2 4 57.5 198.2 3,866.8 41 3,45 1,948.9 45 326 21 28 149.2 48.5 1,897.2 611.4 68.0 76.5 9,929.4 296.9 198.8 16 32 85.7 1,007.2 95.7 911.5 297.9 4 56.9 195.9 3,968.2 427.2 3,541.0 1,956.0 45 329.3 21 28 149.4 49.5 1,916.9 621.3 66.9 77.6 9,96 1,00 4,009.5 3,57 1,95 8,367.0 200.2 68.0 89 7 817.5 230.0 3 48.4 146.7 3,229.7 1,48 376.4 150.6 99.8 4 1,588.6 55 59.0 8,377.7 198.7 67.6 891.4 7 818.8 228.6 3 47.9 145.7 3,239.4 1,48 37 151.5 100.4 4 1,591.3 55 59.2 8,701.2 217 69.7 901.0 77.9 82 24 36.8 48.5 157.9 3,32 1,570.0 38 16 116.3 37.4 1,657.2 561.6 56.9 8,81 215.8 69.4 899.6 77.4 82 241.2 37.3 47.7 156.2 3,410.6 1,57 38 16 11 38.2 1,676.3 570.5 55.9 Auto repair, services, and parking Automotive rentals, without drivers Passenger car rental Automobile parking Automotive repair shops Automotive and tire repair shops General automotive repair shops 75 751 7514 752 753 7532,4 7538 1,190 21 140.2 78.6 659.9 226.9 287.6 1,187.7 209.2 138.9 81.0 658.6 225.9 289.3 1,201.4 216.9 145.9 81.4 66 228.6 288.4 1,20 218.3 146.9 81.2 661.6 228.6 288.8 1,201.5 969.2 17 11 68.7 52 18 22 967.3 169.4 11 70.3 52 18 226.3 988.8 177.5 120.5 71.4 53 186.4 231 99 179.3 12 71.5 53 186.5 231.2 See footnotes at end of table. 74

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 1987 SIC uuuc All employees P P Prodijction wor ^ers 1 P P Services Continued Auto repair, services, and parking Continued Automotive services, except repair Carwashes Miscellaneous repair services Electrical repair shops Motion pictures Motion picture production and services Motion picture theaters Video tape rental Amusement and recreation services Bowling centers Misc. amusement and recreation services Physical fitness facilities Membership sports and recreation clubs Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Offices and clinics of dentists Offices and clinics of other health practitioners Offices and clinics of chiropractors and optometrists Nursing and personal care facilities Skilled nursing care facilities Intermediate care facilities Nursing and personal care, nee Hospitals General medical and surgical hospitals Psychiatric hospitals Specialty hospitals, excluding psychiatric Medical and dental laboratories Home health care services Legal services Educational services Elementary and secondary schools Colleges and universities Vocational schools Social services Individual and family services Job training and related services Child day care services Residential care Social services, nee Museums and botanical and zoological gardens Membership organizations Business associations Professional organizations Labor organizations Civic and social associations Engineering and management services Engineering and architectural services Engineering services Architectural services Surveying services Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping 754 7542 76 762 78 781 783 784 79 793 799 7991 7997 80 801 802 804 8041,2 805 8051 8052 8059 806 8062 8063 8069 807 808 81 82 821 822 824 83 832 833 835 836 839 84 86 861 862 863 864 87 871 8711 8712 8713 872 239.5 13 379.3 110.7 630.9 289 145.8 178.3 1,927.6 7 1,48 197.9 44 1002 1,89 668 44 17 1,790.5 1,368.6 20 218 3,99 3,688.3 76.7 228.4 20 63 1,00 1,971.2 628.8 1,03 90.7 2,77 760.0 390.7 64 78 195.9 10 2,46 11 66.7 137.6 497.3 3,289.4 971.0 73 17 6 65 238.9 13 376.7 110.8 611.4 28 13 17 1,760 8 1,328.4 19 38 1000 1,88 667.6 44 17 1,787? 1,365.8 20 218.5 3,98 3,679.6 76.9 228.3 20 63 99 2,240.6 691.4 1,247.2 9 2,825.7 756.7 37 709.8 78 20 98.5 2,407.7 11 66.6 139.2 439.9 3,266 958.4 72 171.0 6 65 241 137.3 387.6 111.6 64 296 146.0 18 2,12 69.4 1,65 21 501.6 10167.0 1,936.3 680 460.3 179.2 1,79 1,370.8 20 217.5 4,030.4 3,71 80.6 236.9 209.7 64 1,028.3 2,076.2 66 1,067.8 98.7 2,90 78 387.3 698.4 83 200.6 11 2,501.4 117.0 68.4 137.3 527.4 3,44 1,02 77 18 68.3 667.6 24 137.7 387.6 11 649.4 307 140.6 18 2,09 71.6 1,629.4 216.8 48 1017 1,941 68 459.4 178.0 1,797.2 1,37 20 218.8 4,026.8 3,709.7 79.5 237.6 209.9 64 1,019.4 2,05 65 1,056.2 10 2,920.2 78 386.7 711.3 83 20 110 2,47 116.4 68.4 137.3 499.4 3,449 1,02 776.7 181.6 67.0 667.4 385.8 625.8 1,887.7 1017 1,94 1,79 4,030.4 641.4 1,008.2 2,33 2,98 77 830.0 10 2,427.3 3,43 1,01 20 118.5 311 53 247.5 14 1,71 6 1,327.8 175.8 396.5 8,87 1,556.7 58 369.3 1,609 1 18 3,660.0 58 80 2,395.9 660.4 336.9 56 679.3 156.5 48.7 2,46 796.7 607.5 137.2 5 447.4 20 118.6 308.5 517.6 246.4 140.8 1,550.7 7 1,176.9 17 338.5 8,858 1,549.9 58 368 1,606.4 181.0 3,65 58 79 2,438.9 657.0 320.6 62 676.4 16 48.4 2,430.4 78 598.6 13 50.2 441.3 207.2 121.4 318.5 549.8 25 150.5 1,90 60.4 1,49 19 45 9,008.8 1,599.6 595.9 38 1,608.5 18 3,69 591 82 2,500 678.5 33 609.9 718.6 160 49.4 2,619 84 64 14 5 481.4 208.7 12 317.9 55 266.0 148.4 1,87 6 1,471 19 43 9,01 1,601 596.4 38 1,61 18 3,691 590.7 81 2,51 676.6 33 620.3 718.2 16 49.5 2,62 84 64 14 5 48 See footnotes at end of table. 75

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued (In thousands) Industry 1987 SIC Code All employees P P Production workers 1 P P Services Continued Engineering and management services Continued Research and testing services Commercial physical research Commercial nonphysical research Noncommercial research organizations Management and public relations Management services Management consulting services Public relations services 873 8731 8732 8733 874 8741 8742 8743 61 227.5 13 151.6 1,050.6 319.6 389.2 4 60 227.3 13 14 1,047.7 319.2 390.9 4 63 23 141.2 155.8 1,117 34 411.2 5 63 23 141.4 15 1,12 34 41 5 1,12 450.9 137.4 109.9 119.8 769.9 23 280.8 29.6 441.0 13 108.5 11 76 23 280.5 29.2 469.0 14 118 12 826.5 25 29 3 468.8 14 118.5 121.4 829.4 257 295.8 3 Services, nee 89 5 51.6 5 5 5 40.8 40.5 4 40.4 Government 19,006 20,025 19,517 19,299 20,263 Federal Government 4 2,657 2,647 2,837 2,659 2,614 Executive, by agency 4 Department of Defense Postal Service 5 Other executive agencies Legislative Judicial 2,59 640.8 86 1,09 30.3 3 2,58 63 86 1,087.0 30.3 3 2,77 63 857.3 1,28 3 3 Federal Government, except Postal Service 1,79 1,78 1,980.0 1,80 1,759.2 Federal Government, by industry: Manufacturing activities Ship building and repairing Transportation and public utilities, except Postal Service Services Hospitals 3731 806 48.9 2 1 367.7 219.3 48.4 2 1 36 218.6 47.4 2 1 369.6 220.6 47.5 2 1 370.6 220.5 State government Construction Transportation and public utilities Services Hospitals Education Social services Services, except hospitals, education, and social services General administration, including executive, legislative, and judicial functions State government, except education 806 82 4,443 9 5 2,389.0 34 1,68 207.9 156.9 1,90 2,760.7 4,687 9 5 2,646.9 341.6 1,94 206.0 157.6 1,89 2,74 4,497 9 5 2,40 338.5 1,700.3 206.8 157.3 1,946.4 2,796.8 4,504 9 5 2,408.8 339.3 1,706.4 207.0 156 1,947.9 2,797.4 4,741 1,961.4 2,779.5 Local government Transportation and public utilities Services Hospitals Education Social services Services, except hospitals, education, and social services General administration, including executive, legislative, and judicial functions Local government, except education 806 82 11,906 46 7,379.6 63 6,130.4 147.4 469.4 4,06 5,775.8 12,691 46 8,35 630.7 7,149.5 14 429.8 3,87 5,54 12,183 47 7,517.9 64 6,220.0 146.5 508.7 4,189.8 5,96 12,136 47 7,51 64 6.229.6 147.2 49 4,149.4 5,906.0 12,908 7,241 5,666.4 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. 2 Data relate to linehaul railroads with operating revenues of $25 million or more in 1993 and to Amtrak. 3 Excludes nonoffice commissioned real estate sales agents. 4 Prepared by the Office of Personnel Management. Data relate to civilian employment only and exclude the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Agency. 5 Includes rural mail carriers. " Data not available. P = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 76

ESTABLISHMENT DATA WOMEN EMPLOYEES NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B13. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group (In thousands) Industry June May June Total 62,557 61,574 64,057 64,121 62,845 Total private 51,240 51,194 51,939 52,376 52,259 Goodsproducing 6,720 6,686 6,672 6,730 6,707 Mining 80 80 73 75 75 Construction 723 732 745 762 768 Manufacturing 5,917 5,874 5,854 5,893 5,864 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manfacturing 2,977 149.5 17 10 10 34 47 68 41 358.2 17 2,953 150.3 17 100.9 10 341.6 469.6 678.7 406.5 355.8 17 2,974 149.9 179.4 100.6 10 347.4 47 68 409.2 35 171.6 2,993 15 180.4 10 10 349.7 478.7 689.4 41 35 17 2,974 150.8 178.8 10 10 34 476.7 69 40 35 169.5 Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products 2,940 547.0 11.0 260.3 50 16 700.6 34 2 34 41.4 2,921 559.4 11.2 256.7 48 16 701.4 340.6 2 339.2 38.5 2,880 54 10.6 25 469.5 16 700.9 33 2 34 38.2 2,900 55 10.7 25 46 166.9 708.3 336.7 2 34 37.8 2,890 568.6 10.6 248.9 45 166.8 708.2 33 2 339.0 36.6 Serviceproducing 55,837 54,888 57,385 57,391 56,138 Transportation and public utilities 2,089 2,059 2,154 2,162 2,138 Wholesale trade 2,138 2,148 2,195 2,216 2,206 Retail trade 12,105 12,063 12,076 12,228 12,204 Finance, insurance, and real estate 4,764 4,782 4,746 4,782 4,790 Services 23,424 23,456 24,096 24,258 24,214 Government Federal State Local 11,317 1,135 2,327 7,855 10,380 1,130 2,279 6,971 12,118 1,431 2,478 8,209 11,745 1,372 2,360 8,013 10,586 1,234 2,310 7,042 NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 77

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry (In thousands) Total Mining Construction State and area P P P Alabama Birmingham Huntsville Mobile Montgomery Tuscaloosa 1,919.9 480.5 180.8 228.4 166.7 8 1,938.7 495.9 181.4 230.5 168.4 81.6 1,940.5 49 18 230.7 168.0 8 9.8 (J) 9.4 9.4 106.4 29.3 6.7 18.4 9.2 5.9 111.4 3 7.0 19 9.7 5.8 110.9 3 6.8 19.4 9.8 Alaska Anchorage 297.0 13 30 137.4 30 137.6 9.2 10.0 10 17.4 9.0 17.2 8.9 17.8 9.2 Arizona PhoenixMesa Tucson 2,13 1,508.3 330.4 2,217.0 1,56 346.2 2,23 1,57 349.0 10.3 10 10 159.2 116.7 2 159.4 116.0 2 160.6 116.8 2 Arkansas FayettevilleSpringdaleRogers Fort Smith Little RockNorth Little Rock Pine Bluff 1,138.8 148 101.5 31 35.7 1,161.4 15 100.6 31 35.7 1,167.3 15 100.7 31 36.7.7 (M.7 5 6.2 16.0.9 56.0 6.9 15.7 1.0 56.3 6.8 15.8 1.0 California Bakersfield Fresno Los AngelesLong Beach Modesto Oakland Orange County RiversideSan Bernardino Sacramento Salinas San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa BarbaraSanta MariaLompoc Santa Rosa StocktonLodi VallejoFairfieldNapa Ventura 13,98 186.3 29 3,987.2 148.6 1.01 1,346.2 931.3 69 128.3 1,148.4 1,045.9 97 158.3 178.9 18 167.6 26 14,39 187.4 29 4,069.7 15 1,026.4 1,38 97 707.6 13 1,17 1,071.2 99 16 18 18 17 270.3 14,40 187.2 29 4,060.8 156.7 1,029 1,38 969.2 711.0 13 1,17 1,07 99 16 18 187.8 17 268.6 2 8.4.4 ( 2 ).7.9.2.3.4.8.4.5 1 2 8.5.4 ( 2 ).6 1.0.2.3.4.8.4.5 1 2 8.5.4 ( 2 ).6 1.0.2.3.4.8.4.5 1 710.2 10.0 16.6 127.9 9.9 6 76.4 7 47.3 6.4 68.5 4 47.7 7.9 1 11.0 1 1 760.4 10.0 16.6 13 10.4 67.7 80.7 80.0 48.6 6.9 71.6 47.0 51 8 1 11.4 1 15.9 769.7 10.2 16.6 13 10.4 68.5 8 81 48.7 6.9 7 47.5 51.6 8.3 1 11.6 1 16 Colorado BoulderLongmont Colorado Springs Denver 2,14 169.2 236.8 1,145.9 2,20 17 24 1,185.9 2,197.8 176.2 24 1,18 1 (\) 5.8 1 (\) 1 156.4 8.6 1 81.6 17 8.9 15.9 9 169.5 9.0 16.0 91.4 Connecticut Bridgeport Danbury Hartford New HavenMeriden New LondonNorwich StamfordNorwalk Waterbury Delaware Dover WilmingtonNewark 1,66 185.8 87.7 607.5 257.7 14 211.3 88.2 416.0 5 320.2 1,69 188.6 89.3 608.5 261 14 21 88.4 428.5 57.6 328.6 1,68 187.0 88.4 60 257.9 14 21 88.4 426 56.9 326.0 ( 2 ) (M (M ( 2 ).9.2 ( 2 ) (]) 1 1 1 ( 2 ).9.2 ( 2 ) ( 2 ).9.2 6 7 2 10.7 6.7 2 18.5 66.4 7.0 2 10.8 6.9 26 19 66.6 7 2 10.7 6.9 26.0 19 District of Columbia Washington PMSA 61 2,638.4 626.8 2,727.8 62 2,710 1.2 1.2 1.3 9.4 14 9.3 15 9.4 15 Florida Daytona Beach Fort Lauderdale Fort MyersCape Coral Gainesville Jacksonville LakelandWinter Haven MelbourneTitusvillePalm Bay Miami Orlando Pensacola SarasotaBradenton Tallahassee TampaSt. PetersburgClearwater... West Palm BeachBoca Raton 6,788.7 15 649.5 160.0 116 53 175.7 18 98 87 15 26 15 1,14 460.9 7,06 158.5 670.3 16 118.7 551.6 18 190.4 1,00 919.6 159.4 278 156.9 1,196.5 479.0 7,07 158.3 670.3 16 119.5 551.3 18 191.5 1,005.8 920.5 159.9 278.2 156.8 1,200 479.6 6.2 ( 2 ).2 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ).2.4 6.4 ( 2 ).2 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ).3.4 6.4 ( 2 ).2 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ).3.4 367.6 8.0 37 1 29.6 10.0 10.2 3 49.3 10.8 1 6.6 56 27.2 380.9 8.2 38.0 16 29.3 9.9 10.9 37.2 51.3 10.6 1 6.6 56.9 28 381.3 8.2 38 16 29.6 10 11 37.2 51.3 10.6 1 6.6 57 28 See footnotes at end of table. 78

B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED State and area ManufacturingI P Transportation and public utilities P Wholesale and retail trade P Alabama Birmingham, Huntsville Mobile Montgomery Tuscaloosa 368.2 50.6 3 26.6 18.5 1 36 51.6 3 2 19.3 1 36 51 3 2 19.0 1 9 31.4 1 7.5 96.4 31.5 1 7.7 96.4 31.6 1 in 447.8 119.6 36.9 60.7 39 19.4 45 12 37.3 6 38.4 19.4 45 12 37.6 6 38.7 19.7 Alaska Anchorage 20.3 20.7 19.7 28.9 1 29 1 29.4 1 6 3 6 3 6 3 Arizona PhoenixMesa Tucson 21 16 31 216.6 166.7 3 216.9 166.7 3 10 80.0 1 109.6 8 1 110.2 85.8 1 505.9 361.2 69.9 520.6 370.8 7 52 37 7 Arkansas FayettevilleSpringdale Rogers Fort Smith Little RockNorth Little Rock Pine Bluff 25 3 28.9 3 8.3 25 35.8 28.6 3 8.4 25 35.9 28.5 3 8.5 69.6 10.7 6.6 21.6 71.4 10.7 6.5 2 7 10.7 6.5 2 26 4 20.5 7 7 270.3 4 20.5 7 7 271.0 4 20.5 7 7.2 California Bakersfield Fresno Los AngelesLong Beach Modesto Oakland Orange County RiversideSan Bernardino Sacramento Salinas San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa BarbaraSanta MariaLompoc Santa Rosa StocktonLodi VallejoFairfieldNapa Ventura 1,947.8 10.2 3 64 3 118.3 228.5 119.3 49 10.3 129.0 7 249.8 16.2 30.4 28.7 21.3 39.7 3 10.3 3 630.0 30.4 120.6 23 12 50.3 10.6 130.7 7 246.8 16.0 3 2 2 40.0 1,948.2 10.3 3 630.0 3 120.9 23 12 50.8 10.5 131.0 7 247.5 15.9 3 27.8 2 40 727.4 11.2 1 23 5.7 6 48.6 49.4 27.8 5 8 28.5 6.5 1 6.5 1 75 11.4 1 24 5.9 67.8 50.0 51.4 27.9 5.9 5 8 29.7 6.7 1 7 1 75 11.4 1 246 5.9 67.8 50.4 51.6 28 5.8 5 8 29.7 6.7 1 7 1 3,209.6 4 70 886.9 36.2 231.6 33 231.6 146.0 3 256.7 219.6 190.7 39.6 4 4 41.4 6 3,277.7 4 70.4 899.8 37.2 23 337.6 238.5 149.2 3 26 226.0 19 40.7 4 4 4 6 3,285.8 4 70.6 901.0 37.5 23 338.0 238.2 149.8 3 26 226.3 19 40.7 4 4 4 6 Colorado BoulderLongmont Colorado Springs Denver 20 3 27.8 90.5 20 3 28.8 89.8 20 3 29.0 89.6 138.9 1 98.0 14 1 10 14 5.7 1 10 51 3 5 27 52 36.3 5 279 52 38.3 5 279.9 Connecticut Bridgeport Danbury Hartford New HavenMeriden New LondonNorwich StamfordNorwalk Waterbury 266.3 37.0 19.0 90.4 39.2 2 2 18.0 26 36.3 18.7 88.7 40.0 2 2 18.5 26 36.4 18.9 89.0 40.0 2 2 18.7 76.2 7.0 26.0 16 7.2 10.2 77.3 7.0 26.0 16 7.3 10.3 76.7 7.0 2 16 7 10.2 36 4 21.3 12 5 29.3 4 18.3 36 4 20.9 121.3 5 29.7 4 18.2 36 4 20.9 121.3 5 29.6 4 18.2 Delaware Dover WilmingtonNewark 59.5 5.8 45.8 59.0 6.4 4 59 6.3 4 16.6 1 17.6 1 16.8 1.6 1 9 1 65.8 9 1 67.6 9 1 67.6 District of Columbia Washington PMSA 1 99.8 1 100.3 1 100.5 17.0 127.7 17.8 13 16.2 126.8 47.3 48 49 49 48.7 49 Florida Daytona Beach Fort Lauderdale Fort MyersCape Coral Gainesville Jacksonville LakelandWinter Haven MelbourneTitusvillePalm Bay Miami Orlando Pensacola SarasotaBradenton Tallahassee TampaSt. PetersburgClearwater... West Palm BeachBoca Raton 48 1 37.8 7.0 39.3 20.4 25.8 69.2 5 9.5 2 89.0 3 487.2 1 36.5 7 40.0 19.7 2 69.2 5 9.4 2 90.8 3 488.3 1 36.7 7.2 39.9 19.8 2 69.3 5 9.4 2 90.8 3 348.0 5.7 3 7.7 37.6 9 5.9 88.8 4 7.7 5 15.9 358.5 6.2 3 8.2 37.6 9.5 6.5 89.7 4 8 5 16.3 358.9 6.2 3 8.2 37.8 9.4 6.5 89.8 4 8 5 16.5 1,70 4 181.3 4 2 130.9 50.2 4 260.9 21 39 59.4 30.5 26 11 1,740 4 18 46.6 2 13 5 47 26 22 39.8 61.3 31.4 26 119.4 1,749.6 4 18 46.8 2 13 5 47.4 26 226.6 39.9 61.5 3 26 119.9 See footnotes at end of table. 79

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Finance, insurance, and real estate 9 38.3 10.4 10.7 1 7.8 140.9 119.9 1 46.4 18.4 1.2 826.2 7.4 1 23 57.9 106.2 3 50.5 6.5 69 108.6 3 7.5 10.4 8.6 6.7 1 14 6.8 1 9 14 1 7 1 27.5 49.9 4 31.3 146.9 450.0 6.9 49.7 9.3 56.5 8.5 6.2 66.8 60.0 6.0 1 6.8 8 3 9 39.9 10.6 10.9 1 7.8 146.5 12 1 47.5 5.8 18.3 1.2 836.2 7.3 1 237.0 5 107 3 51 6.7 69.0 107.5 3 7.9 10.3 8.9 6.9 1 140.7 6.8 1 9 14 1 5.9 7 1 28.7 51.6 4 3 148.6 46 6.8 50.7 9.6 57.3 8.8 6.3 69.3 6 6.3 1 7 87 3 P 9 39.8 10.6 10.9 1 7.8 146.6 12 1 47.6 5.8 18.4 1.2 838 7.3 1 237.5 55.7 107.2 3 51.3 6.7 68.9 107.9 3 7.9 10.3 8.9 6.8 1 141.4 6.9 1 9 14 1 5.9 7 1 28.8 5 4 3 148.3 46 6.9 50.9 9.5 56.9 8.9 6.3 69.3 6 6.3 1 7 87.5 3 461.6 14 5 6 4 1 76.0 39.3 68 496.8 11 27 30.0 27.8 9 8.8 4,416.5 48.4 79.8 1,320.9 37.4 307.9 421.2 247.8 19 36.0 387.7 39 33 50.6 5 4 46.0 77.2 666.2 57 79.6 360.4 53 60.8 26.2 180.4 9 36.6 79.2 27.7 119.0 1 9 27 1,060.9 2,540.0 57 23 50.8 36.9 179.3 51.4 65.7 331 37 5 128.2 4 47 186.4 Services 468.4 147.5 5 6 45.8 1 78.4 40.8 72 528.3 118.6 281 31.5 27.4 9 8.7 4,58 48.6 76.6 1,35 38.8 31 43 261.6 200.2 37.4 391.6 401.0 346.6 5 5 4 46.2 79.5 68 60 81.5 37 549.6 6 26.7 18 9 37.9 81.4 26.4 12 1 98.2 276.3 1,108.3 2,701.4 58.6 24 5 38.3 19 5 69.6 339.8 397.4 58.5 139.7 46.0 51 195.9 P 470 148.3 5 6 45.8 1 78.2 40.7 72 529.2 118.7 28 3 27.3 9 8.7 4,58 48.6 77.4 1,356.6 39.0 31 436.0 260.9 200.2 37.5 39 401.5 346.4 5 5 46 46.2 79.3 680.6 59.9 8 37 545.8 61.2 26.4 18 9 37.4 81.4 26.8 12 1 98.3 27 1,10 2,719.7 58.6 24 5 38.4 19 5 70.4 341.3 398.8 59.4 140.0 46 516.6 196.3 338.5 6 39 3 36.8 21.0 70.0 27.0 317.5 165.8 66.9 176.7 18 9.8 58.0 7.6 2,12 46.2 65.9 53 2 16 131.4 177.3 176 29.7 18 12 87.4 30.7 2 3 3 41.2 310.3 2 3 14 218.6 20.3 9.0 90.3 31.0 36.5 17.5 1 5 1 36.8 22 57 887 21.5 77.7 2 36.9 59.4 2 2 130 79.5 26 21 56.9 12 50.6 Government 34 68.4 39 3 36.6 20.3 71 27.2 329.3 169.7 70.9 178.0 18.7 9.8 57.4 7.5 2,22 46.2 69.4 566.3 25.7 167.0 139.3 18 180 29.9 19 130.0 9 3 2 3 3 4 32 2 3 148.5 228.9 2 10.0 9 3 37.4 18.3 1 56.7 16.3 39.7 230.4 589.8 92 2 8 2 38.4 60.6 2 2 136.6 8 26.5 2 57 130.2 5 P 34 67.2 38.8 3 36 20.9 71.4 27.5 340.7 176.4 7 18 19 10 58.3 7.7 2,196.3 46.0 68.2 551.2 25.8 166.8 136.7 178.7 18 29.9 190.0 130.4 90.2 3 2 3 3 41.5 320.5 2 3 148.3 22 20.7 9.3 89.7 3 37.0 17.4 1 5 16.2 37.8 229.3 579.8 906.2 2 80.4 2 38.9 59.2 2 2 13 8 26.0 21.5 56.8 128.6 51.5 Alabama Birmingham Huntsville Mobile Montgomery Tuscaloosa Alaska Anchorage Arizona PhoenixMesa Tucson Arkansas FayettevilleSpringdaleRogers Fort Smith Little RockNorth Little Rock Pine Bluff California Bakersfield Fresno Los AngelesLong Beach Modesto Oakland Orange County RiversideSan Bernardino Sacramento Salinas San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa BarbaraSanta MariaLompoc Santa Rosa StocktonLodi VallejoFairfieldNapa Ventura Colorado BoulderLongmont Colorado Springs Denver Connecticut Bridgeport Danbury Hartford New HavenMeriden New LondonNorwich StamfordNorwalk Waterbury Delaware Dover WilmingtonNewark District of Columbia Washington PMSA Florida Daytona Beach Fort Lauderdale Fort MyersCape Coral Gainesville Jacksonville LakelandWinter Haven MelbourneTitusvillePalm Bay Miami Orlando Pensacola SarasotaBradenton Tallahassee TampaSt. PetersburgClearwater... West Palm BeachBoca Raton See footnotes at end of table. 80

B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Total Mining Construction State and area P P P Georgia Albany Athens Atlanta aaiken Columbus Macon Savannah Hawaii Honolulu Idaho Boise City 3,91 59 7 2,167.5 20 12 151.5 137.9 53 396.8 548.7 21 3,99 59.7 7 2,23 206 125.8 15 138.6 540.9 40 56 22 4,009.8 59.6 7 2,241.0 206.3 125.7 155.8 139.4 540 401 565.7 22 8 < 2 ).3 1.0 7.8 ( 2 ).3 1.0 (M 7.8 ( 2 ).3 1.0 20 116.8 1 5.7 7 8.4 2 16.0 38.9 16.2 20 12 1 6 7.7 8.0 2 17.6 41 16.9 20 12 1 6.2 7.7 8.2 2 17.3 4 17.3 Illinois BloomingtonNormal ChampaignUrbana Chicago DavenportMolineRock Island.. Decatur Kankakee PeoriaPekin Rockford Springfield Indiana Bloomington ElkhartGoshen EvansvilleHenderson Fort Wayne Gary Indianapolis Kokomo Lafayette Muncie South Bend Terre Haute 5,97 87.2 99.3 4,200.2 186.6 59.8 4 176 181.5 119.3 2,957.3 6 126.9 161 27 267.9 871.4 5 9 56.7 135.8 67 6,036.8 86.9 101.0 4,25 187.4 60.9 4 175.9 18 11 2,97 6 126.5 16 27 271.4 88 5 9 58.4 135.7 67.7 6,018.6 87.4 100.7 4,236.8 186.9 60.5 4 175.7 178.5 119 2,978.7 6 127 16 27 27 88 5 9 58.0 136.9 67.3 10.8 (M <;> ( 1 > 7.0 (]) 1 ( 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 2 ).7 10.9 6.2 (]) 1.0 (M.8 ( 2 ) 10.9 (M 1 1 1 6.2 1.0 ( 2 ).7 271.4 185.8 10.3 8.4 8.2 156.8 11.4 1 17.7 51 8 27 188 10.5 8.7 8.2 159.0 5.8 11.4 1 18.4 5 7.8 27 188.2 10.5 8.5 8.2 156.6 5.7 11.2 1 18.2 5 8.2 Iowa Cedar Rapids Des Moines Dubuque Iowa City Sioux City WaterlooCedar Falls Kansas Lawrence Topeka Wichita 1,456.9 121 28 5 69.0 66.5 71.0 1,31 4 100 280.7 1,486 121.2 28 51.5 68.7 66 7 1,340.0 47.2 100.9 281.5 1,48 121.4 28 5 68.8 66.0 7 1,338.3 47.4 100.3 280.6 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 6.4 1 ) 1 0) 6.6 1.0 6.6 1 7 6.9 1 69.6 16 77.2 6.4 1 7 16.2 77.3 6.6 1 7 16 Kentucky Lexington Louisville Owensboro 1,800.9 28 58 45.7 1,83 289.3 59 46.9 1,84 290.8 596.0 47.0 21.5.3.7.3 21.0.3.6.2 20.9.3.6.2 91.5 1 3 9 16 3 9 16 3 Louisiana Alexandria Baton Rouge Houma Lafayette Lake Charles Monroe New Orleans ShreveportBossier City 1,88 57.7 299 75.8 16 87.9 7 611.4 17 1,900.2 58.3 307 76.3 16 87.4 7 620.2 176.8 1,897.7 58.0 30 75.9 16 87.3 7 618.5 176.7 45.7 1.0 1 1.3.2 1 46.8 1.0 6.0 1 1.4.2 1 46.9 1.0 6 1 1.4.2 1 129.3 35.7 9.7 11.2 3 9.5 131.4 37.7 9.6 11.2 3 9.3 13 38.0 9.7 10.9 3 9.3 Maine LewistonAuburn Portland 59 4 149.7 606.6 4 15 607.4 4 15 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 30.9 7.4 3 8 3 8.0 See footnotes at end of table. 81

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area 601.5 8.2 1 227 29.4 21 19.3 18 16.7 1 78.5 37.2 957.2 9.0 1 638.5 30.8 1 7.0 3 5 69 9.3 6 31.6 7 49 128.8 21.2 2 9.8 2 1 26 2 2 1 5.7 1 1 21 10.0 7 320.9 48.9 88.2 7.0 189.3 2 8 1 11.4 8 49.8 18.9 86.8 8.0 1 Manufacturing 60 8.2 1 226.4 29.3 2 18.8 18 16.9 1 77.4 37.6 95 8.8 1 640 31.4 1 7 3 5 69 9.6 6 3 7 47.2 130.8 20.6 2 10.2 2 1 26 2 2 11.4 5.7 1 1 21 5.7 10 7 318.5 49.0 86.3 6.8 186.4 2 7.8 1 11.4 8.2 48.4 18.6 8 7.6 15.7 P 606.4 8 1 229.3 29 2 18.8 18 16.7 1 76.5 37.5 95 8.9 1 640.4 31.3 1 7.2 3 48.8 69 9.5 6 3 7 47.3 131.0 20.3 2 10.2 2 1 26 2 2 11.4 1 1 21 5.7 10 7 318.8 49.3 86 6.9 186.8 2 7.9 1 11.3 8.3 48.9 18.5 86.6 7.9 1 Transportation and 260.0 18 18.6 6 9.3 41 3 27.2 11 34 256.6 10.8 10.2 9.4 147.8 7.5 1 1 5 1 7 1 1 78.7 1.5 5.7 10.9 106 11.5 4 11 1 8.3 9.7 40.6 8.2 2 6.9 public utilities 266.4 19 19 6.3 9.2 41.6 3 27.4 11.4 350.9 261.0 10.6 10 8.9 146 7 1 1 5 1.3 7 1 15.9 79.9 1.4 11.0 108.5 1 47.3 11 1 8.6 9.2 41.3 8.4 2 7.7 P 267.5 19 19 6.2 9.3 41.4 3 27.5 11.4 351.2 261.2 10.6 10 9.0 147.0 7.5 1 1 5 1.3 7 1 16.0 80.7 1.5 10.9 109.0 1 47.6 11 1 8.6 9.3 41.2 8.5 2 7 Wholesale and retail trade 978.8 1 17.3 569.4 4 26.6 3 3 13 96.7 138 51.4 1,349.0 17.8 21.0 930.5 49.3 1 11.3 41.5 37.9 2 708.9 1 2 39.5 6 6 22 11.6 19.3 1 3 19.5 360.4 26.8 7 1 1 16.4 17.3 319.2 1 2 6 429.9 6 141 11.4 44 1 70.4 18.4 4 19 17.5 15 40 15 11.2 4 1,01 1 16.6 587.9 4 27.3 36 36 13 98.5 141.2 5 1,355.8 18 2 940 48.9 1 11.5 41.5 38.4 2 707.2 1 2 39.5 66.9 66 230.3 11.6 19.3 1 3 19.5 36 26.6 7 1 1 16.3 17.3 32 1 21.6 6 436.6 66.2 14 1 440.8 1 71.0 18.6 4 19.2 17.8 15 40 158.6 11.0 4 P 1,018.9 1 16.8 591.0 4 27.2 36 36.0 13 98.3 14 5 1,35 18 21.6 936.3 49 1 11.5 4 37.9 2 708 1 2 39.7 67 66.4 230.0 11.6 19.5 1 3 19.5 36 26.6 7 1 1 16.3 17.2 32 1 21.6 6 438.5 66.0 14 1 441.0 1 70.8 18.5 4 19.3 17.7 15 40 158.8 11.3 4 Georgia Albany Athens Atlanta aaiken Columbus Macon Savannah Hawaii Honolulu Idaho Boise City Illinois BloomingtonNormal ChampaignUrbana Chicago DavenportMolineRock island Decatur Kankakee PeoriaPekin Rockford Springfield Indiana Bloomington ElkhartGoshen EvansvilleHenderson Fort Wayne Gary Indianapolis Kokomo Lafayette Muncie South Bend Terre Haute Iowa Cedar Rapids Des Moines Dubuque Iowa City Sioux City WaterlooCedar Falls Kansas Lawrence Topeka Wichita Kentucky Lexington Louisville Owensboro Louisiana Alexandria Baton Rouge Houma Lafayette Lake Charles Monroe New Orleans ShreveportBossier City Maine LewistonAuburn Portland See footnotes at end of table. 82

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Finance, insurance, 20 137.6 6.0 8.3 8.7 3 28 2 11.3 410.3 18.3 316.9 8 8.2 7.4 7.6 14 7.7 1 9.4 65.9 1.6 6.9 85.9 6.9 40.5 6 6.7 1 7 10.3 30.5 8 16.8 6.3 5.7 30.9 6.5 31.4 1 and real estate 207.6 140.2 5.9 8 9.8 3 27.6 2 11.6 41 18.8 31 8.2 8.3 7.5 7.8 14 7.8 1 9.6 66.8 1.6 6.8 87 7.5 39 6 6.6 1 7 10.5 30.8 8 16.4 6.4 5.8 30.9 6.5 31 1 P 207.9 140.2 5.9 8 9.8 3 27.5 2 1 411.3 18.8 31 8.2 8.3 7.5 7.8 14 7.9 1 9.6 66.9 1.6 6.9 87 7.5 39 6 6.6 1 7 10.4 30.6 8 16.4 6.3 5.8 31.0 6.5 31.2 1 1,086.4 1 17.4 678 5 3 40.8 4 17 12 138.4 5 1,839.3 2 2 1,387 5 1 1 5 48.6 37.7 73 1 19.2 46.7 66.5 77 24 9.4 19.2 16.3 4 16.4 381.6 35.7 8 17.6 1 18.8 20.0 34 1 30.5 76 47 81 17 1 52 17.3 78.5 1 4 2 20.0 19 57.3 18 1 47.4 Services 1,110.0 1 18.3 70 5 35.8 4 4 178.6 126.5 14 58.2 1,87 2 2 1,41 5 1 1 5 49.3 35.7 74 1 19 47.3 67.2 79.0 24 9.8 19 16.4 4 16.5 39 36.2 8 17.8 1 18.9 20.3 35 11.2 31.6 76.4 486.7 8 179.9 1 53 17 80.5 1 4 2 20.3 200.4 59.2 188.7 1 48.5 P 1,11 1 18.3 705.7 5 3 4 4 Ml.7 125.9 146.3 58.3 1,867.5 2 2 1,406.0 5 1 1 5 49.6 38.0 74 1 19.3 47.4 67.3 79.4 24 10 19.5 16.4 4 16.3 39 36.2 8 18 1 18.9 20.3 35 11.3 31.3 76.2 490.0 8 181 1 53 17.0 80.3 1 4 2 20.4 198.9 59.5 189.2 1 48.3 570.2 1 19.5 251.4 40.0 21.4 3 20 110.7 87.8 101 30.4 789.8 1 3 48 2 6.2 6.6 19 17.9 3 36 16.5 6.9 1 2 3 10 6.3 20.0 9.0 1 9.8 218.9 10.8 3 26 7.3 10.3 217.5 10.3 20 29.0 286.8 5 71.2 7.7 355.8 1 58.2 1 2 1 1 99.3 3 8 16.6 Government 58 1 18.3 260 40.2 2 3 20.7 109.7 86.9 10 31.6 80 11.2 3 491.6 2 6.4 6.6 18.4 18.0 3 377.0 1 6.9 1 2 35.7 10 7 20.8 9.9 1 9.8 22 10.0 3 2 7.3 10.6 22 1 20.6 30.5 297.6 51.4 7 8.0 361.0 1 6 1 2 1 1 10 3 85.8 17.9 P 58 1 20.2 257.3 40.4 2 3 21.2 110.4 87 10 30.6 799 11.4 3 487.3 2 6.2 6.4 18.5 17.5 3 376.7 1 7.2 1 2 3 10 7 19.7 9.6 1 9.8 22 10 3 26.5 7.3 10.7 22 1 20.3 30 301.5 5 7 8.2 356.0 1 59.8 1 2 1 1 10 3 8 17.2 Georgia Albany Athens Atlanta aaiken Columbus Macon Savannah Hawaii Honolulu Idaho Boise City Illinois BloomingtonNormal ChampaignUrbana Chicago DavenportMolineRock Island Decatur Kankakee PeoriaPekin Rockford Springfield Indiana Bloomington ElkhartGoshen EvansvilleHenderson Fort Wayne Gary Indianapolis Kokomo Lafayette Muncie South Bend Terre Haute Iowa Cedar Rapids DesMoines Dubuque Iowa City Sioux City WaterlooCedar Falls Kansas Lawrence Topeka Wichita Kentucky Lexington Louisville Owensboro Louisiana Alexandria Baton Rouge Houma Lafayette Lake Charles Monroe New Orleans ShreveportBossier City Maine LewistonAubum Portland See footnotes at end of table. 83

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) Total Mining Construction State and area P P P Maryland Baltimore PMSA Baltimore City Suburban MarylandD.C Massachusetts BarnstableYarmouth Boston Brockton FitchburgLeominster Lawrence Lowell New Bedford Pittsfield Springfield Worcester 2,368.7 1,20 40 878.9 3,240 69.6 1,987 98.4 5 158.2 12 6 4 25 227.6 2,428.0 1,221 41 91 3,29 7 2,02 100.0 51 161.5 12 66.3 4 255.7 230.9 2,416.8 1,21 41 907.6 3,278.6 71.0 2,01 100 51 160.7 12 6 4 256.0 229.7 1.4.4 1.4.5 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) O ( 2 ).2 1.4.4 1.5.6 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ).2 (M 1.5.4 1.5 (M.6 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ).2 157 7 1 67 128.3 7 7.0 5.7 9.7 8.4 16 76.2 16.3 71.3 13S.7 78.5 7.4 5.8 10.7 9.3 16 75.7 15.8 70.9 136.8 79.6 7.5 10.8 9.4 Michigan 3 Ann Arbor Benton Harbor Detroit Flint Grand RapidsMuskegonHolland Jackson KalamazooBattle Creek LansingEast Lansing SaginawBay CityMidland Minnesota DuluthSuperior MinneapolisSt. Paul Rochester St. Cloud 4,51 27 7 2,120.0 170 576.6 6 21 230.0 180.4 2,619.3 11 1,708 8 89.8 4,537.5 279.3 7 2,149.6 168.0 586 6 21 23 18 2,656.0 116.9 1,72 8 9 4,547 280.7 7 2,157.7 168.8 588.6 6 21 23 18 2,66 116.5 1,728.9 8 9 6.9 <;> 1.0 <;> < 1 ) (M 7.0 ( 2 ) 7.3 1.0 (M 7.7 ( 2 ) 7.2 1.0 7.6 ( 2 ) 207.5 1 88.3 7.9 29.5 9.7 9.9 10.6 127.6 5.7 80.7 21 1 89.5 8.6 30.4 10.0 10.2 10.9 128.3 8 211.3 1 89.0 8.4 30.3 9.9 10.3 11.0 129.8 8 Mississippi Jackson 1,159.8 23 1,14 230.0 1,14 228.2 ( 2 ) 6.2 ( 2 ) 6.3 ( 2 ) 56.6 1 5 11.0 5 10.7 Missouri Kansas City St. Louis Springfield Montana 2,706.7 96 1,320.5 16 387.2 2,737.9 980.6 1,336.8 168.3 39 2,75 98 1,33 167.5 39 (M 148.0 5 79.0 8.3 2 147.8 55.7 80.6 8.7 2 151.2 55.7 8 8.6 2 Lincoln Omaha Nevada Las Vegas Reno 891.5 15 418.2 99 719.3 189.0 889.9 15 419.2 1,027.9 74 197 886 155.8 417.5 1,037.0 75 198.3 1.3 (M 1.4 1.3 (M 11.2.4 1.3 11.2.4 46.5 7.9 2 9 7 1 46.4 8.3 2 9 7 1 46.0 8.3 2 9 7 15.8 New Hampshire Manchester Nashua PortsmouthRochester 607.7 10 9 121.0 61 10 9 12 611.4 10 95.7 12.5.5.5 25.9 27.6 27.5 New Jersey AtlanticCape May BergenPassaic Camden Jersey City MiddlesexSomersetHunterdon.. MonmouthOcean Newark Trenton VinelandMillvilleBridgeton 3,88 199.0 66 49 247.6 629.2 390 98 197.7 58.6 4 201.2 667.3 496.9 251.2 64 395.7 1,00 201.6 58.9 3,930.4 20 66 496.8 251.3 64 39 999.5 200.9 58.2 <;> < >.5 1.0.3 <;> (M.6 1.0 (]) (M.6 1.0.3 14 6.4 2 2 21.3 19.5 3 151.3 7 25.8 2 5.7 2 20.3 36.5 15 7.2 25.9 2 6.0 2 20 36.7 New Mexico Albuquerque Las Cruces Santa Fe 73 34 5 75.8 74 35 5 76.8 746.6 356.4 56.9 76.6 1 (J) 1 1 (\) 4 2 45.7 2 46.3 2 See footnotes at end of table. 84

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area 177.4 97.8 29.3 40.3 43 211 11.3 1 39.3 27.6 1 7.3 38 39.3 98 5 19.6 449.0 3 160.8 1 49 28.7 40.0 447.4 8 279.4 1 17.3 24 20.6 411.2 108.0 189.3 2 2 117.2 18.3 39.8 4 2 1 106.2 1 27.3 18.3 465.8 6.0 10 5 27 89 20.3 13 16.5 1 4 26.9 Manufacturing 177.7 96.3 29 4 427.0 209 11.2 1 38.9 27.5 1 7.2 38.3 38.5 959.9 5 19.5 44 31 16 1 48.4 28.4 38.8 44 8.5 280.0 1 17.5 240.8 20.2 399.6 106.7 186.7 2 2 117.8 18.3 40.3 4 2 1 10 1 27.4 17.9 457.9 6 98.6 5 2 88.5 19.9 131.6 16.7 1 4 27.6 P 177.0 9 29.0 4 431 211.0 1 1 39.2 27.3 1 7 38.8 38.2 97 55.8 19.6 45 30.7 16 1 48.6 28.8 39 446.0 8.5 28 1 17.5 240.0 20.4 40 110.5 18 2 2 117.0 18.3 40.0 4 2 1 10 15.7 27.5 18.3 459.9 6.2 100.3 5 25.9 87.7 19.9 13 16.8 1 4 27.7 Transportation and public utilities 11 59 18.8 37.9 136.7 85.8 6.9 1.4 9.9 9.8 177.9 6.4 9 5.9 20.8 7.7 6.7 6.6 129.2 8.3 9 56.2 17.4 170.4 80.3 86.7 1 2 57.6 9.3 31.5 5 38.4 1 21 6 258.8 6.8 36.7 2 29.5 47.6 18.9 8 7 3 18.7 1.2 116 60.3 18.0 39.4 137.9 86.4 6.7 1.5 10.0 10.2 179.4 6.6 96.6 5.7 21.4 7.8 6.8 6.8 131 8.3 9 58 18.3 168 81.6 8 1 2 57.9 9.5 3 5 40.5 1 20.8 6.5 257.3 6.6 3 2 30.6 46.7 18.9 8 7.0 3 19.3 1.2 P 108 56.0 16.3 36.5 126.3 79.9 1.5 5.8 1.3 9.2 9.4 179.3 6.6 96.9 5.9 21.4 7.7 6.8 6.8 131.6 8.3 9 58.0 18.2 169.0 8 8 1 2 58.0 9.4 3 5 40.9 1 19.4 5.7 25 6.6 3 21.5 30.4 46.0 18.3 8 6.8 35.8 19.6 1.2 Wholesale and retail trade 557.8 278.4 6 20 75 25.7 429.0 3 1 37.2 28 17.0 10.5 61.4 5 1,071.6 56.3 16.6 491 4 146.6 16.0 48.8 5 46.3 626.2 28.7 40 1 27.0 25 55.9 646.9 23 315.8 47.5 10 216.7 3 101.5 20 150.7 4 16 2 2 3 916.7 46.6 180.4 131.5 58.3 14 107.6 197.5 3 11.6 17 8 11.2 16.3 568.2 28 6 207.0 75 26.6 43 3 1 38.3 29.0 17.6 10.6 6 5 1,08 56.8 16.7 50 4 150.2 16 49.8 5 47.3 637 28.4 40 1 26.8 248.0 5 649.3 238 32 4 105.9 21 3 101 21 156.9 4 165.8 2 2 3 93 47.4 181.2 13 58.5 149.5 109.0 20 3 1 175.9 8 11.6 16.4 P 569.8 28 6 206.7 75 26.3 43 3 1 38.6 29.0 17.5 10.8 6 5 1,08 57.4 16.8 50 4 150.7 16.4 50.2 5 47.5 640.3 28.5 40 1 26.9 247.8 5 651.4 238.5 32 4 106.3 211.5 3 101.0 215.7 158.7 4 166.0 2 2 3 93 47.0 181.5 13 59.2 149.5 109.0 20 3 1 176.6 8 11.6 16.6 Maryland Baltimore PMSA Baltimore City Suburban MarylandD.C Massachusetts BarnstableYarmouth Boston Brockton FitchburgLeominster Lawrence Lowell New Bedford Pittsfield Springfield Worcester Michigan 3 Ann Arbor Benton Harbor Detroit Flint Grand RapidsMuskegonHolland Jackson KalamazooBattle Creek LansingEast Lansing SaginawBay CityMidland Minnesota DuluthSuperior MinneapolisSt. Paul Rochester St. Cloud Mississippi Jackson Missouri Kansas City St. Louis Springfield Montana Nebraska Lincoln Omaha Nevada Las Vegas Reno New Hampshire Manchester Nashua PortsmouthRochester New Jersey AtlanticCape May BergenPassaic Camden Jersey City MiddlesexSomersetHunterdon... MonmouthOcean Newark Trenton VinelandMillvilleBridgeton New Mexico Albuquerque Las Cruces Santa Fe See footnotes at end of table. 85

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Finance, insurance, and real estate 14 75.9 3 5 228.9 17 1.5 1 1 210.5 10.4 11 6.7 2 10.6 1 7.0 16 128.8 4 16 167.8 70.9 8 8.9 17.8 6 10.9 36.3 4 3 8 3 8.0 6.6 260.6 6.3 38.5 27.8 28.4 48 19.0 77.3 11.3 3 19.3 14 75.7 3 5 23 17 1.6 5.7 1 1 208.2 10.5 11 6.6 2 10.8 1 7.2 16 13 4 1 169.6 7 86 8.6 18.2 6 10.8 36.2 4 3 8 3 7.6 6.6 26 6.5 39.5 27.2 31.0 48.9 19.4 78.7 11.5 3 19.6 P 14 7 3 5 23 17 1.6 1 1 207.6 10.6 11 6.8 2 10.8 1 7.2 16 13 4 1 169.8 71.6 85.8 8.7 18.3 61.5 10.7 36.0 4 3 8.2 3 7.5 6.6 26 6.6 39.4 27.3 31 48.5 19.2 78.9 11.6 3 19.6 827.2 42 160.6 32 1,17 2 790.4 25.7 1 46.3 36.0 17.2 15.8 79.3 71.3 1,256.7 70.8 19.8 67 49.4 14 15.7 5 59.4 49.5 765.9 3 509.9 38.3 2 27 6 779.2 290.6 427.4 48.5 117.4 24 4 138.5 43 329.2 7 18 3 2 3 1,288.6 97.9 21 158.8 60.6 20 140.7 320.4 7 1 21 11 1 2 Services 855.7 431.5 16 338.4 1,206.2 2 810.9 26 1 47.6 35.9 18 16.0 78.4 7 1,268.4 7 20.4 687.6 49.4 147.5 16.0 56.4 60.4 49.5 78 3 520.9 40.5 2 270.0 6 79 29 43 50.0 121.5 24 4 137.2 450 338.5 78 18 3 2 3 1,316.9 98.3 217.3 161.2 6 21 14 328.2 76.7 1 217.7 11 1 2 P 85 43 166 337.7 1,20 2 809.0 26.3 1 47.3 35.9 18 15.8 78.5 7 1,27 7 20.5 69 50.5 148.7 16.2 57 61.0 50.2 788.2 3 521.6 40.5 2 271.5 61.2 799.2 29 43 49.5 121.3 24 4 137.0 455.8 34 78.5 185.9 3 2 3 1,317.9 99.4 217.0 161.3 6 21 14 327.4 76.3 1 218.4 11 15.7 2 39 19 8 15 388 8 22 16.2 7 17.5 1 9.2 4 31 598.0 6 8.3 207.4 21.3 50.5 9.4 31.2 58 20.4 35 21.3 21 6.8 11 227 47.6 377.9 12 138 1 7 14 3 47.7 110.0 70 2 7 9.8 7.4 19.5 545.8 29.0 66.8 7 38.2 7 6 13 49.3 1 17 6 18.5 2 Government 40 197.9 8 16 399.8 8.6 230.6 17.0 7.3 18 1 9.8 4 31 619.8 6 8.6 21 21.5 51 10.0 31.3 60.5 21.2 36 2 210.8 7.2 1 225.8 48.4 40 13 14 20.3 7 148.4 3 49.6 115.7 7 2 7 10.3 7.9 19.6 558.9 29.2 69.4 7 38.2 76.8 6 138.6 50.3 1 177.0 67.0 16.4 25.8? 400.7 197.0 85.9 160 39 8.2 227 16.7 7.3 17.8 1 9.4 4 30.8 606.4 6 8.6 209.4 21.0 50.5 10.0 31.0 59 20.6 358 2 210.3 7.3 1 22 48.8 40 131.2 139.6 19.6 7 147.5 3 48.7 11 7 2 7 10.0 8.0 19.4 546.4 29 66.9 7 36.6 75.8 6 13 50 1 177.7 66.8 18.6 2 Maryland Baltimore PMSA Baltimore City Suburban MarylandD.C Massachusetts BarnstableYarmouth Boston Brockton FitchburgLeominster Lawrence Lowell New Bedford Pittsfield Springfield Worcester Michigan 3 Ann Arbor Benton Harbor Detroit Flint Grand RapidsMuskegonHolland Jackson KalamazooBattle Creek LansingEast Lansing SaginawBay CityMidland Minnesota DuluthSuperior MinneapolisSt. Paul Rochester St. Cloud Mississippi Jackson Missouri Kansas City St. Louis Springfield Montana Nebraska Lincoln Omaha Nevada Las Vegas Reno New Hampshire Manchester Nashua PortsmouthRochester New Jersey AtlanticCape May BergenPassaic Camden Jersey City MiddlesexSomersetHunterdon.. MonmouthOcean Newark Trenton VinelandMillvilleBridgeton New Mexico Albuquerque Las Cruces Santa Fe See footnotes at end of table. 86

B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Total Mining Construction State and area P P P New York AlbanySchenectadyTroy Binghamton BuffaloNiagara Falls Dutchess County Elmira Glens Falls NassauSuffolk New York PMSA New York City Newburgh Rochester Rockland County Syracuse UticaRome Westchester County North Carolina Asheville CharlotteGastoniaRock Hill GreensboroWinston3alemHigh Point RaleighDurhamChapel Hill North Dakota Bismarck FargoMoorhead Grand Forks 8,457.0 450.6 116.0 55 11 4 5 1,187 4,16 3,62 129.6 548.8 109.4 346.0 136.3 408.4 3,865.9 110.5 81 661.3 667.8 32 50.9 98.6 47.6 8,62 45 118.6 556.7 11 4 55.9 1,21 4,25 3,699.8 13 55 11 35 138.3 418.0 3,868.2 110.6 816.4 659.9 67 32 51.3 100.2 46.5 8,577.8 45 118.7 55 11 4 55.8 1,207 4,221.4 3,67 131.0 55 11 35 137.7 41 3,909.3 11 82 669.6 679.0 32 50.8 98.9 46.6.6 (]) 1 (M.3.4 (]) 1 1 (]) 1.7 (M.3.4 (]) 1 1 (M 1 1.7 (]) 1 1.3 (\).4 337.2 19.6 2 6 151.5 119.3 2 16.2 2 229.5 7.0 5 35.9 41.4 20.7 7.2 35 20 2 6 157.5 12 2 16.9 2 23 7.4 5 36.7 41.4 19.3 7.3 358.0 20 2 65.7 159.8 126.2 2 17.3 25.9 23 7.4 5 36.6 41.4 18.9 7 Ohio Akron CantonMassillon Cincinnati ClevelandLorainElyria Columbus DaytonSpringfield HamiltonMiddletown Lima Mansfield SteubenvilleWeirton Toledo YoungstownWarren 5,557.4 328.6 18 879.2 1,17 860.8 476.7 127.4 80.2 8 50 32 248.4 5,58 33 189.8 896.5 1,180.3 87 477.5 127.5 8 8 51.5 32 248.6 5,591.3 33 189.4 89 1,178.6 870.8 478.6 128.0 8 8 51.4 32 249.6 1.6.5.7.8.6.3 <;> < >.4.3.5 1.6.6.7.8.6.3.4.2.4 1.6.6.7.7.6.3 (]).4.2.4 25 1 9.6 4 50.0 39.9 19 9.0 17.3 1 256.3 1 9.8 4 49.8 4 20 9 17.9 1 255.7 1 9.7 4 50.0 4 19.9 9.0 17.6 1 Oklahoma Enid Lawton Oklahoma City Tulsa 1,45 2 38 526.5 39 1,480.8 2 38.4 536.7 396.3 1,48 2 38.5 539.7 395.8 27.7.7 6.0 7.2 28.0.6 5.9 7 27.8.6 5.9 7 59.3.9 1.6 21.4 18.7 6.9 2 19.3 6.9. 2 19.3 Oregon EugeneSpringfield MedfordAshland PortlandVancouver Salem 1,57 139.2 70.9 94 137.7 1,59 140.2 7 96 137 1,591.6 140.5 7 959.6 138.5.2 1.3.3.2 1.2.3.2 1.3.3 89 7.8 5 8 91.6 7.5 5 8 9 7.6 55.9 8.2 Pennsylvania AllentownBethlehemEaston Altoona Erie HarrisburgLebanonCarlisle Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia PMSA Philadelphia City Pittsburgh Reading ScrantonWilkesBarreHazleton Sharon State College Williamsport York 5,56 277 61.2 13 356.9 88.2 22 2,35 678.4 1,100.2 166 277.0 48.9 6 5 16 5,586.7 280 61.3 13 36 88.4 22 2,40 685.8 1,11 167.6 28 50.3 66.7 5 166.8 5,55 279.6 60.9 135.9 360.9 87.5 22 2,389.9 681.4 1,10 167.3 280.7 49.6 67.6 5 165.9 21.2 (M.4.5 (M.4 19.4 <;>.5.5.4 19.7.5.5.4 25 1 1 1 99.5 1 60.5 7.9 1 9.9 25 1 1 1 100.7 1 6 7.9 1 9.9 25 1 5.7 1 1 10 1 6 8.0 1 10.0 See footnotes at end of table. 87

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area 89 38.9 2 86.7 17.3 9.3 7.8 11 30 25 11.6 118.2 11.6 51.3 19.8 36.7 800.4 18.4 137.8 158.2 8 2 8 1,090.9 6 47 140.9 22 9 95.7 2 20 2 1 6 5 18 58.0 5 247.0 2 9.4 145.9 20.7 93 5 10.5 3 4 1 57.8 30 56.9 138.3 41.5 5 11.3 7.8 1 46 Manufacturing 879.6 38.8 2 85.9 17.4 8.7 7.9 11 295.9 246.6 11.4 11 11.5 5 19.3 35.9 779.6 17.7 13 15 8 2 7.9 1,070.7 6 47.2 14 221 9 9 2 20.4 2 1 57.4 5 18 57.8 5 247.5 2 9.6 147 19.5 936.0 5 10.3 3 4 1 57.4 308.4 55.9 139.4 4 5 11 8.6 1 46.2 P 88 39.0 2 86.2 17.5 8.7 8.0 11 299.9 250 11.4 11 11.5 5 19 36.0 77 17.7 130.9 15 8 2 7.9 1,081 6 47.5 14 220.5 9 9 2 20.3 2 1 60.0 5 18 57.7 5 246.4 2 9.5 14 20.7 936.5 5 10 3 4 1 57.4 307.5 56.3 139.7 4 5 11.0 8.5 1 46.2 Transportation and public utilities 41 17.8 25.9 1.5 5 230.0 20 7.2 18.0 20.6 20 178.2 5 3 29.9 18.4 247.0 1 48.7 46.8 40.5 21.4 15.7 10 8 2 3 78.2 5 28 15.7 2 8.2 110 3 67.7 8.4 15.7 7.8 418.4 18.5 26.4 1.6 56.4 23 205.9 7.5 18.5 5.8 20.7 20.8 181.2 56.6 36.5 30.7 18.7 249.5 16.6 50.8 47.0 40.9 2 16.0 10.0 8 2 3 78.8 56.7 291.5 16.3 2 8.4 11 3 67.3 8.3 15.9 8 P 387 16.7 2 1.3 1.6 50.7 21 187.6 7.3 18.5 20.0 18.3 181.5 56.8 36.4 30.7 18.6 251.5 16.6 51 47.4 41.0 2 16.0 10 8 1.6 2 3 79.7 56.9 278.7 15.8 2 8.3 105.7 31.3 6 8 1 8 Wholesale and retail trade 1,718.5 9 2 130.6 2 10.2 1 307.0 72 606.8 36.0 119.8 2 80.2 28.7 87.2 875.7 26.6 19 147.5 140.9 8 1 28.2 1 1,34 8 46 22 278.6 22 110.9 3 18.7 18.9 10.4 80.2 6 338.6 6.2 9.2 12 9 391.4 35.9 20.5 236.5 29.0 1,258.3 59.2 16.3 30.4 80.9 20.9 56.2 516.6 117.7 261 39.2 66.3 1 1 1 40.7 1,751.3 9 2 130.7 2 10.3 1 31 73 616.2 36.4 12 25.8 81.5 29.0 87.9 879.3 26.4 19 147.6 14 81.3 1 27.8 1 1,34 8 47.8 226.0 279.2 220.7 109.4 3 18.8 18.8 10.3 80.4 6 34 6.2 9.2 12 9 396.8 35.9 21.2 240.4 28.8 1,256.0 59.6 16.5 31.3 8 20.8 56.8 52 118.7 26 39.0 66.4 1 1 1 41.6 P 1,75 9 2 131 2 10.4 1 31 73 616.9 36.6 12 25.8 81.6 29.0 87.5 881.4 26.7 19 148.6 14 81 1 27.8 1 1,347.9 8 47.7 226.0 279.8 221.2 109.9 3 18.9 19.0 10.4 81.0 6 34 6.2 9.2 126 9 39 36.0 21.2 240.6 28.9 1,257.4 59.5 16.5 31.4 8 20.9 56.8 52 119.5 26 39.2 66.4 1 1 1 41.6 New York AlbanySchenectadyTroy Binghamton BuffaloNiagara Falls Dutchess County Elmira Glens Falls NassauSuffolk New York PMSA New York City Newburgh Rochester Rockland County Syracuse UticaRome Westchester County North Carolina Asheville ChariotteGastoniaRock Hill GreensboroWinstonSalemHigh Point RaleighDurhamChapel Hill North Dakota Bismarck FargoMoorhead Grand Forks Ohio Akron CantonMassillon Cincinnati ClevelandLorainElyria Columbus DaytonSpringfield HamiltonMiddletown Lima Mansfield SteubenvilleWeirton Toledo YoungstownWarren Oklahoma Enid Lawton Oklahoma City Tulsa Oregon EugeneSpringfield MedfordAshland PortlandVancouver Salem Pennsylvania AllentownBethlehemEaston Altoona Erie HarrisburgLebanonCarlisle Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia PMSA Philadelphia City Pittsburgh Reading ScrantonWilkesBarreHazleton Sharon State College Williamsport York See footnotes at end of table. 88

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Finance, insurance, i 756.9 26.4 31 1.3 85.7 527.2 49 6.3 21.5 5.8 18.5 8.0 28.0 187.2 6 3 3 16.7 7.0 1.4 311.4 1 6.7 5 80.6 78.5 18.7 7.8 1.4 11.3 9.6 7 1 30.3 2 96.2 7.3 67.0 6.9 328.0 1 2 10.3 16 50.2 67.3 8.4 1 1.5 and real estate 76 25.9 31.3 1.3 86.7 531.0 49 6.4 2 6 18.9 8.0 28.5 19 65.8 3 3 16.5 6.9 1.4 31 1 6.9 56.8 81.4 80.4 18.7 7.4 1.5 11 9.3 7 1 30.5 2 96.4 7.3 66.4 6.7 328 1 5.7 2 10.5 167.2 50 68.7 8.6 1 1.6 P 76 25.9 31.4 1.3 86.9 53 496.4 6.3 2 6.2 18.9 8.0 28.5 19 6 3 3 16.5 7.0 1.3 31 1 6.9 56.8 81.5 80.7 18.5 7.4 1.5 11.2 9.3 7 1 30.6 2 96.5 7.3 66.4 6.7 328 1 5.8 2 10.5 166.9 50.3 68.5 8.6 1 1.6 2,93 148.0 3 17 39 1 17.9 39 1,560.0 1,360 37.5 17 38 10 4 15 1,00 3 217 180.9 218.4 9 16.8 30.4 1 1,57 9 51.2 27 356.7 251.6 14 30.7 2 20 1 97.3 69 419.3 6.4 9.0 16 12 429.2 38.8 20.2 268.3 3 20.8 89.8 17.4 38.9 10 25.9 58.3 879.9 290 388.2 4 81.5 1 1 1 41.0 Services 3,039.2 150.2 3 17 40.2 1 18.0 40 1,63 1,42 38.9 178.6 39 107.7 4 159.9 1,039.9 3 22 18 22 9 17.0 3 1 1,59 97.7 5 277.7 359.2 25 14 3 2 20.3 1 98.7 69.5 431.6 6.4 9.3 168.7 126.5 43 39.0 20.6 276.2 3 1,829.6 9 17.4 40.4 106.9 26.4 59.0 908.0 29 39 4 8 1 1 1 4 Auqust P 3,041 15 3 17 40.4 1 18 40 1,63 1,426.4 38.5 178.2 394 107.6 45.7 158.6 1,039.3 3 22 185.7 22 9 16.9 31.4 1 1,59 97.7 5 276.7 358.9 25 14 3 2 20.4 1 98.7 70.0 430.9 6.2 9.3 168.7 125.7 43 39.2 20.6 277.4 3 1,820.6 91.5 17.4 40.7 107.0 26 58.9 907.0 29 390.5 4 8 1 1 1 41.2 1,397.7 10 19.0 8 19.9 7 9 169.3 666.3 586 2 7 18.0 55.8 27.3 58.0 588.8 1 9 68.6 121.2 6 9.7 1 11 72 40.7 18.7 96.5 138.8 13 67.6 18 10 11.2 6 40.7 28.5 269.8 11.0 97.4 40 240.0 21.5 10 11 36.2 661.2 29.0 8.0 1 6 1 16.7 278 116.2 11 16.5 3 2 5.7 1 Government 1,41 10 19.2 8 20.5 7.2 9.4 178.0 668.8 586 26.3 7 18.9 57.9 27.9 59.4 558.3 1 90.9 6 118.0 66.3 9.9 1 10.5 74 4 19.6 99.6 14 139.5 69.7 17.6 10.5 11.5 6.4 41 29.6 27 11.0 100.6 40.4 24 2 10.5 120.4 36.9 67 29.5 7.9 1 6 1 17.5 28 119.3 116.5 16.8 3 2 5.8 1 P 1,38 10 18.9 8 20.4 7 9.2 17 649.9 568.8 25.8 7 18.2 56.4 27.5 58.3 60 1 99.0 7 12 66 9.7 1 11.0 73 41.2 18.9 99 139.8 137.3 68.5 18 10.3 11.4 6.2 40.4 29.6 27 11.2 10 40.8 24 2 10.4 116.4 36.4 659.7 29.3 8.0 1 6 1 17.4 277.3 117.6 11 16.6 3 2 5.7 1 New York AlbanySchenectadyTroy Binghamton BuffaloNiagara Falls Dutchess County Elmira Glens Falls NassauSuffolk New York PMSA New York City Newburgh Rochester Rockland County Syracuse UticaRome Westchester County North Carolina Asheville CharlotteGastoniaRock Hill GreensboroWinstonSalemHigh Point RaleighDurhamChapel Hill North Dakota Bismarck FargoMoorhead Grand Forks Ohio Akron CantonMassillon Cincinnati ClevelandLorainElyria Columbus DaytonSpringfield HamiltonMiddletown Lima Mansfield SteubenvilleWeirton Toledo YoungstownWarren Oklahoma Enid Lawton Oklahoma City Tulsa Oregon EugeneSpringfield MedfordAshland PortlandVancouver Salem Pennsylvania AllentownBethlehemEaston Altoona Erie HarrisburgLebanonCariisle Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia PMSA Philadelphia City Pittsburgh Reading ScrantonWilkesBarreHazleton Sharon State College Williamsport York See footnotes at end of table. 89

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) Total Mining Construction State and area P P P Rhode Island ProvidenceFall RiverWarwick 467.3 515.8 468.0 516.4 471.4 519.4.3.3.3.3.3.3 19.4 20 20.2 21.0 20.3 21 South Carolina CharlestonNorth Charleston Columbia GreenvilleSpartanburgAnderson 1,83 24 298.7 476.2 1,870.0 255.8 309.0 48 1,878.9 256 309.4 48 116 19.2 17.4 3 121.6 19.5 18.7 3 12 19.6 18.7 3 South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls 377.2 51 11 380.9 51.2 11 380.3 50.8 11 1.3 1.3 1.3 19.4 6 18.9 5.9 18.4 5.8 Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson CityKingsportBristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville 2,677.4 227.7 196.4 33 588.5 66 2,710.7 23 196.9 330.2 59 687.3 2,718.0 231.5 197.6 328.4 598.5 686.2.6.5 C).6 128.4 10.0 11.6 17 27.6 3 13 9.9 11.4 16.8 28.4 36 13 10.0 11.5 16.8 28.5 35.8 Texas Abilene Amarillo AustinSan Marcos BeaumontPort Arthur Brazoria BrownsvilleHarlingenSan Benito BryanCollege Station Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Ft. WorthArlington GalvestonTexas City Houston KilleenTemple Laredo LongviewMarshall Lubbock McAllenEdinburgMission OdessaMidland San Angelo San Antonio ShermanDenison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls 9,15 5 96.4 63 158.3 7 10 70.8 157.6 1,911.5 251.5 768.7 88.0 2,027.4 101.6 6 89.9 116.7 14 98.7 4 70 4 5 81.2 36.8 99.7 58.6 9,36 57.3 98.6 659.6 15 7 107.8 7 160.3 1,976.6 25 790.4 88.6 2,081.5 10 67.3 90.7 120.2 151.2 99.7 4 71 46.0 5 8 37.9 100.2 58.5 9,406.7 57.0 98.6 665.9 15 7 108.3 7 160.4 1,986.6 257.4 79 88.4 2,089.7 10 67.4 91.0 120.7 15 100.3 4 717.4 46 5 8 37.7 100 58.4 14.8.6 1.3.9 1.3.7 10.5 6 1.0 1.2 10.7.6 1.4.9 14.7.6 1.3 1.0 13 M.7 9.6.5 6 1 ).9 1.3 11.0.6 1.3 1 ).9 14.7.6 1.4 1.0 1.4.7 9.5.5 6.9 1.3 11.0.6 1.3.9 539.0 37.6 1 9.9 1 101.3 1 4 149.0 8.0 38.3 56 40 1 9.6 1 109.4 1 45.8 156.5 9.2 39.5 5.8 56 40 1 9.6 1 110.4 1 4 157.6 9.2 39.6 5.8 Utah ProvoOrem Salt Lake CityOgden 1,050.7 14 705.7 1,066 146.2 71 1,070.0 147.9 718 7.9 1 8.2 ) 7.9 78.3 11 51.0 78.5 11 51.3 78.9 11 5 Vermont BarreMontpelier Burlington 286.4 3 10 29 3 106.6 291.4 3 105.9.6.6 < 1 >.6 16 5.9 16.3 6.5 16.4 6.5 Virginia Bristol Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg NorfolkVirginia BeachNewport News.. Northern Virginia RichmondPetersburg Roanoke 3,408.5 38.5 8 4 100.8 69 1,089.4 54 14 3,46 38.9 86.4 45.8 10 697.0 1,129.6 559.5 14 3,46 38.9 85.8 46.0 10 697.2 1,130.2 557.2 14 9.9 <;>.8.9 9.8.8.9 9.8 (]) 1 1 1.8.9 20 1.5 6 41.5 6 3 9.3 209.4 1.3 6.2 4 70.2 35.9 9.2 209.6 1.3 6 4 71.4 36 9.2 Washington SeattleBellevueEverett Spokane Tacoma 2,649.9 1,386.8 188.4 238.9 2,698.5 1,408.0 19 24 2,706.2 1,41 19 24.7.2 1.7 ).2.7.2 16 8 1 16.0 17 8 1 16.7 17 85.8 1 17.5 See footnotes at end of table. 90

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area 7 95.8 34 2 27 118.7 50.3 1 509.5 4 48.2 49.7 6 95.9 1,08 8.9 80.4 2 1 1 1 248.6 39.8 11 8 206.4 9.5 18.3 7.2 1 6.4 5 9.7 5.9 11.5 16.7 8.5 13 18.2 8 48.4 19.0 397.7 9.2 8.3 1 2 69.4 39.9 60.8 19.0 366.7 211.5 2 2 Manufacturing 69.3 9 341.2 2 27 118.3 49.5 1 50 4 46.6 48.8 6 98 1,086.4 9.0 8 2 1 1 5.7 1 25 37.8 11 7.8 207.0 9.6 18.0 7 1 6.7 5 9.8 5.8 10.7 16.3 8.0 13 18.6 8 48 20.0 39 9.4 8.0 1 2 67 38.3 60.8 19.0 35 20 2 2 P 7 96.2 341.4 2 27.2 118.2 49.3 1 505.8 4 46.6 48.7 6 97.7 1,089 9 85.8 2 1 1 1 25 38.3 111.0 7.8 207.6 9.5 17.9 7 1 6.7 5 9.9 5.8 11.5 16.3 8 13 18.6 8 48.4 20 39 9.5 8.0 1 2 68.8 38.3 60.9 18.9 355.8 20 2 2 Transportation and 15.9 17.8 88.9 1 1 20.4 16.7 6.7 17 19.0 8 1 70.4 3 56 2 7.8 1.6 6.8 130.3 1 7 147.0 1 6.4 5.8 3 59.6 47.4 1 1 180.4 1.4 1.0 3 70.3 28.0 9.0 141.6 8 8 9.6 public utilities 16 17.8 90.5 1 1 21.0 16.6 6.7 17 19.2 8 1 7 35.8 58 2 7.7 7 13 16.2 77.6 15 1 6.6 6.6 3 60.8 47.7 1 1.0 18 1.4 1 3 71 29.0 8.9 14 87.4 8.2 9.7 P 1 16.6 90.9 1 1 20.8 16.3 6.6 17 19.2 8.2 1 7 36.0 588.4 2 7.7 7 136.2 16.3 78.2 15 1 6.8 6.6 3 60.9 47.5 1.9 177.9 1.4 1 3 69.4 26.7 8.2 14 87 8.3 9.7 Wholesale and retail trade 108 121.5 448.5 6 68.8 12 9 15.7 27.9 628.8 48.7 46.2 88.8 146.5 160 2,196.0 1 27 14 36.6 15.7 2 1 37.4 467.0 59.6 19 20.5 466.7 2 17.5 2 3 38.8 27.3 10.3 170.9 10.0 1 2 9.7 2 1 251.0 3 168 67.9 7 2 75 11.0 17.2 10.0 21 167.4 22 126.9 36.3 64 329.0 48.6 59.2 110 12 456.7 6 7 125.8 9 1 29.4 639.2 50 46.6 88.2 150.3 169.7 2,25 1 27.3 148.4 36.5 15.7 26.5 15.7 37.8 478.5 60.4 197.6 21 481 2 18.0 2 3 40.5 27.4 10.2 17 9.9 1 2 9.9 2 1 25 3 169 69.4 7.3 2 755.7 11 17.7 10.3 2 16 227.5 128 36.3 656.8 339.7 50 60 P 110.4 12 458.7 6 7 126.6 9 1 29.4 639.3 50 46.6 88.0 150.5 169.9 2,266.7 1 27.4 149.4 36.8 15.8 26.3 15.9 38 480.2 61.0 199 21.0 48 2 18.0 2 3 40.5 27.6 10.2 175.9 10 1 2 9.9 2 1 25 3 170 69.4 7.4 2 756.3 11.2 17.7 10.4 2 16 227.6 129.0 36.3 657.8 34 49.9 60.3 Rhode Island ProvidenceFall RiverWarwick South Carolina CharlestonNorth Charleston Columbia GreenvilleSpartanburgAnderson South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson CityKingsportBristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville Texas Abilene Amarillo AustinSan Marcos BeaumontPort Arthur Brazoria BrownsvilleHarlingenSan Benito BryanCollege Station Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Ft. WorthArlington GalvestonTexas City Houston KilleenTemple Laredo LongviewMarshall Lubbock McAllenEdinburgMission OdessaMidland San Angelo San Antonio ShermanDenison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls Utah ProvoOrem Salt Lake CityOgden Vermont BarreMontpelier Burlington Virginia Bristol Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg NorfolkVirginia BeachNewport News Northern Virginia RichmondPetersburg Roanoke Washington SeattleBellevueEverett Spokane Tacoma See footnotes at end of table. 91

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Finance, insurance, and real estate 30 31.4 8 9.0 2 16.3 2 1 131.0 16.7 7.9 1 28.9 4 52 3 6.4 156.6 9.9 36.6 6 11 6.0 49.9 1.5 6.5 57.2 47.2 1 186.5 1.2 1.5 35.8 61.4 48.4 10.4 139.3 85.7 11.2 1 30.2 3 8 9 2 16.6 26.3 1 13 16.8 8.2 1 28.9 4 539.2 3 6.4 161.3 10.0 37.8 5.7 119.0 6.2 5.7 5 1.5 6.6 57.0 46.4 1 189.3 1.3 1.5 35.8 6 51.0 10.3 140.7 8 11.2 1 P 30.5 3 8 9 2 16.5 26.4 1 131.4 16.8 8.2 1 28.9 4 540.6 3 6.3 16 10.0 38.0 5.8 119.5 6.2 5.7 5 1.5 6.7 57.2 46.8 1 189.8 1.3 1.5 36.0 6 51.0 10.4 141.0 8 11.2 1 159.7 168.2 457.3 71.0 76.4 108.7 10 16.3 3 72 58.4 47.5 9 171.6 21 2,62 19.3 27.9 187.7 41 1 29.5 16.2 49.9 596.3 60.5 21 20.2 627.6 27.9 1 2 36.0 3 2 1 22 1 1 2 10.2 29.4 15.9 297.3 56.7 196.9 88.8 8.8 31.4 1,096.0 8.7 21.5 9.9 27.4 207.4 45 146.8 4 746.0 415.8 57.5 68.6 Services 16 169.5 471 77.5 79.9 111.6 10 15.9 3 739.0 59.9 48.4 9 170.9 220.9 2,69 20 28.8 196 40.9 1 31.3 16.5 51.5 620.9 6 219.8 20.8 64 28.9 1 2 37 36.6 2 1 229.9 1 1 2 10.7 29.4 16.4 30 58 200.4 9 9.0 3 1,12 8.7 2 10.2 28.6 208.7 47 150.0 4 768.2 42 60.5 71.3 P 16 169.9 47 77.5 79.7 11 10 15.8 3 739 59.3 48.3 9 17 221 2,697.5 20.2 28.7 196 40.7 1 31.2 16.8 51 62 6 220.0 20.9 64 28.9 1 2 37.3 36.7 2 1 229 1 1 2 10.6 29.3 16.2 306.9 58.6 20 9 9 3 1,13 8.7 2 10.3 28.7 208.3 477.3 150.3 4 77 429.6 61.4 71.2 59 60.7 296.7 46.5 7 56.0 66 5.9 9.6 379.7 30.9 26.9 5 79.6 81 1,478.7 9.6 15.7 129 26 1 2 25.8 29 201.3 5 9 2 25 27.0 1 11.0 2 36.6 17.3 8.6 128.9 5.7 10.7 10.7 6.4 1 1 165.9 17.7 107.3 39.7 7.0 1 580.8 2 1 140.5 175.7 97.7 16.2 44 17 28.5 47.2 Government 60.0 61.4 30 48.5 7 56.7 68.3 6.3 9.8 38 31.6 27.6 5 80.5 8 1,498.7 10.4 16.3 129.8 2 1 2 25.9 29.7 209.3 5 9 2 260.3 27 1 11.3 2 39.4 17.2 8.8 126 6.0 10.7 11.3 6.4 1 1 169.8 16.8 11 40.7 6.9 1 598.3 5.7 25.9 1 14 18 10 17.2 46 18 28.8 49.7 P 59.6 60.8 306.8 49.0 7 56.9 68.8 6.0 9.7 390.6 31.5 28.2 5 81.5 8 1.51 10.0 16.3 13 2 1 2 25.8 29.3 21 5 96.8 2 26 27.0 1 11.4 2 39.8 17.7 9.0 128.7 5.9 10.8 11.2 6.4 1 1 170.4 17.8 11 40.3 7.2 1 59 2 1 14 18 10 16.8 45 178.9 28.5 49 Rhode Island ProvidenceFall RiverWarwick South Carolina CharlestonNorth Charleston Columbia GreenvilleSpartanburg Anderson South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson CityKingsportBristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville Texas Abilene Amarillo AustinSan Marcos BeaumontPort Arthur Brazoria BrownsvilleHarlingenSan Benito BryanCollege Station Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Ft. WorthArlington GalvestonTexas City Houston KilleenTemple Laredo LongviewMarshall Lubbock McAllenEdinburgMission OdessaMidland San Angelo San Antonio ShermanDenison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls Utah ProvoOrem Salt Lake CityOgden Vermont BarreMontpelier Burlington Virginia Bristol Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg NorfolkVirginia BeachNewport News Northern Virginia RichmondPetersburg Roanoke Washington SeattleBellevueEverett Spokane Tacoma See footnotes at end of table. 92

B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Total Mining Construction State and area P P P West Virginia Charleston HuntingtonAshland ParkersburgMarietta Wheeling 726.8 137.2 12 70 66.7 736.3 139.2 12 70.2 68.7 729.7 137.5 12 70.5 67.8 20.9 1.0.3 21.3 1.3 1.5 21.4 1.3 1.5 36.0 7.5 5.9 3 7.6 5.9 35.7 7.7 5.9 Wisconsin AppletonOshkoshNeenah Eau Claire Green Bay JanesvilleBeloit Kenosha LaCrosse Madison MilwaukeeWaukesha Racine Sheboygan Wausau Wyoming Casper 2,798.5 20 7 14 70.2 5 69.3 26 865.8 8 6 68.9 237.9 30.8 2,83 209.8 78.0 151 70.6 5 69.2 285.8 877.7 8 6 70.4 24 31.6 2,836.0 210 77.4 15 70.9 5 70 286.3 880.4 8 6 70.6 24 3 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) ;> M1 ) 16 (J) 16.2 []) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) ]) 1 ) 1 ) 16.6 13 1 7.9 1 36.4 19.3 13 1 8.5 1 37 19.3 13 1 8.5 1 37.5 20.0 Puerto Rico Caguas Mayaguez Ponce San JuanBayamon 979.4 67.6 67.5 75.8 61 1,018.3 70.5 68.2 80.6 630.0 975.7 68.2 6 77.3 61 1 ) 1 ) 1.4.7 1.5.7 1.5.7 68.7 6.6 4 69.0 6.7 45.7 67.9 6.8 45.7 Virgin Islands 41.0 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) See footnotes at end of table. 93

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) State and area Manufacturing P Transportation and public utilities P Wholesale and retail trade P West Virginia Charleston HuntingtonAshland ParkersburgMarietta Wheeling 8 10.5 1 1 6.0 8 10 1 1 6.0 81.6 10.0 1 1 6.0 38.6 9.7 6.7 37.9 9.4 7.2 3 8.0 7.5 16 3 31.6 17.8 17 165.8 3 3 18.4 17.8 166.0 3 3 18.7 17.6 Wisconsin AppletonOshkoshNeenah Eau Claire Green Bay JanesvilleBeloit Kenosha LaCrosse Madison MilwaukeeWaukesha Racine Sheboygan Wausau 62 6 1 30.3 20.4 1 11.4 31.0 17 2 27.3 19.4 62 60.6 1 30.5 19.7 10.5 11.2 3 17 2 28.3 19.3 62 60.7 1 30.3 19.9 1 11.6 31.6 17 2 28.5 19.3 129.6 8.6 10.9 9.5 39.2 1.5 130.9 9.2 11.4 9.5 38.8 1.4 131.6 9.3 11.4 9.5 38.9 1.4 639 4 20.8 3 16.8 1 18 61.6 187.8 17.6 11.0 17 649.2 4 2 3 17.3 1 18.0 6 19 17.9 10.9 17.8 651.6 4 21.5 3 17.4 1 18 6 19 17.9 11.0 17.8 Wyoming Casper 11.4 1.5 11 1.4 11.0 1.4 1 1 1 56.5 8.5 56.8 8.6 56.9 8.7 Puerto Rico Caguas Mayaguez Ponce San JuanBayamon 14 1 1 9 66.4 140.3 1 1 8.9 66.5 141 1 1 8.9 66.9 3 1.6 1.2 2 3 1.5 1.3 2 3 1.4 1.3 2 20 16.5 1 1 13 20 16 1 1 13 20 16 1 1 13 Virgin Islands ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 8.4 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) See footnotes at end of table. 94

B14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry Continued (In thousands) ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA EMPLOYMENT NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED State and area Finance, insurance, and real estate P Services P Government P West Virginia Charleston HuntingtonAshland ParkersburgMarietta Wheeling 30.0 8.0 29.9 8.3 30.0 8.2 218.8 4 37.2 20.2 2 22 4 38.6 20.3 2 22 4 38.5 20.3 2 136.8 2 19.8 8.8 10.2 14 2 20.3 8.9 10.3 136.5 2 20.3 8.7 10.2 Wisconsin AppletonOshkoshNeenah Eau Claire Green Bay JanesvilleBeloit Kenosha LaCrosse Madison MilwaukeeWaukesha Racine Sheboygan Wausau 148 9.6 1 1.6 2 59.5 15 9.8 1 1.6 2 61.3 15 9.8 1 1.6 2 61.3 75 47.2 21.4 3 16.3 1 2 7 28 2 1 1 759.0 49.9 2 37 16.2 1 21.4 7 287.0 2 1 1 76 49.9 2 37.5 16.2 1 21.6 7 289.5 2 1 1 370.2 21.3 9.6 1 8.4 7.5 8.6 70.8 8 9.6 6.7 381.0 2 10.7 1 8.7 8.2 8.6 70.2 87.2 9.6 6.4 6.8 377.8 2 10.3 15.9 8.6 8.3 8.9 70.2 87.3 9.8 6 6.8 Wyoming Casper 8.2 1.2 8.3 1.2 8.4 1.3 59.7 9.0 6 9.7 6 9.7 5 5 5 Puerto Rico Caguas Mayaguez Ponce San JuanBayamon 48.7 1.6 38.9 48.6 38 48.5 38.3 20 1 1 17.8 13 20 1 11.4 17.4 13 207.6 1 11.4 17.3 137.8 27 17.0 20 2 167.6 316.6 20 2 28.6 187.0 270.8 18.0 19.6 2 165.9 Virgin Islands 9.9 1 1 Combined with construction. 2 Not available. 3 Nonfarm payroll employment levels for Michigan are understated and will be corrected with the release of final estimates for on Oct. 20. The error occurred in the latest benchmark revision and affects 1998 forward. The upward adjustment to the March benchmark reference month is expected to be in the range of 35,000 to 45,000. P = preliminary. NOTE: Area definitions are published annually in the May issue of this publication. All State and area data (with the exception of data for New Jersey) have been adjusted to March benchmarks. 95

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Industry 1987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Total private 3 3 3 3 3 Goodsproducing 41.4 40.9 40.9 41 41.3 Mining 4 4 4 4 4 Metal mining Iron ores Copper ores 10 101 102 4 4 47.0 46.4 4 50.8 4 4 46.7 4 4 4 Coal mining Bituminous coal and lignite mining 12 122 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Oil and gas extraction Crude petroleum and natural gas Oil and gas field services 13 131 138 4 40.8 4 4 40.6 4 4 4 4 4 41.5 4 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels Crushed and broken stone Construction General building contractors Residential building construction Operative builders Nonresidential building construction Heavy construction, except building Highway and street construction Heavy construction, except highway 14 142 15 152 153 154 16 161 162 47.3 49 40.0 38.9 37.7 39.5 40.3 4 46.2 4 46.8 48 38.6 37.6 36.9 38.7 38.2 4 4 4 47.5 49.6 40.3 38.6 37.2 39.0 40.3 4 46.5 4 47.5 49.2 40.2 38.7 37.2 3 40.4 4 46.7 4 40.0 Special trade contractors Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning Painting and paper hanging Electrical work Masonry, stonework, and plastering Carpentry and floor work Roofing, siding, and sheet metal work 17 171 172 173 174 175 176 39.4 39.8 37.6 40.5 36.7 37.7 36.9 37.9 38 37.3 38.2 3 36.5 3 39.7 40.3 37.4 40.6 37.0 37.6 37.2 39.6 39.8 37.4 40.8 37.0 37.3 37.2 Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Logging Sawmills and planing mills Sawmills and planing mills, general Hardwood dimension and flooring mills... Millwork, plywood, and structural members Millwork Wood kitchen cabinets Hardwood veneer and plywood Softwood veneer and plywood Wood containers Wood buildings and mobile homes Mobile homes Miscellaneous wood products 24 241 242 2421 2426 243 2431 2434 2435 2436 244 245 2451 249 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 41.2 4 4 4 39.3 39.8 39.7 40.4 4 4 40.9 4 4 4 4 41.0 41.0 40.8 4 41 39.0 38.3 38 40.5 41 41.6 40.7 41.3 41.6 4 40.7 41 40.6 40.9 40.6 4 39.4 38.2 37.4 40.3 41.4 4 40.8 4 41.5 4 40.3 41.3 41 40.7 4 40.9 39.2 38.0 37.4 40.2 4 4 40.7 5.9 5.8 6.3 Furniture and fixtures Household furniture Wood household furniture Upholstered household furniture Metal household furniture Mattresses and bedsprings Office furniture Public building and related furniture Partitions and fixtures Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures 25 251 2511 2512 2514 2515 252 253 254 259 40.7 39.3 39.7 38.9 39.7 39.8 4 4 4 40.7 40.3 39.0 38.9 38.8 39.8 40.0 4 41.0 4 40.8 39.2 37.6 38 37.2 39.4 36.0 4 38.9 4 37.8 39.8 38.2 38.4 37.7 39 38.9 4 40.7 4 38.7 40 6.0 5.7 6 See footnotes at end of table. 96

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Total private $10 $18 $18 $17 $18 $462 $458.93 $477.43 $475 $477.47 Goodsproducing 15 18 18 10 12 618.93 616.77 633 637.05 641 Mining 17.05 173 173 16.94 179 758.73 758.86 775.99 760 780.43 Metal mining Iron ores Copper ores 10 101 102 17.95 19.21 16.46 18.29 20.28 16.61 198 20.80 17.07 19.06 20.37 176 796.98 829.87 772 848.66 916.66 849 851 892 7977 829 891 770.48 Coal mining Bituminous coal and lignite mining 12 122 19.39 19.63 19.39 19.60 19.36 19.53 19.32 19.49 876.43 891.20 860.92 870 840 856 8773 886.80 Oil and gas extraction Crude petroleum and natural gas Oil and gas field services 13 131 138 17.01 24 18 17.08 21 12 16.79 26 16 16.40 27 18 733 935.95 606 734 931 606.09 755 1,049 611.56 728 940.81 619.25 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels Crushed and broken stone Construction General building contractors Residential building construction Operative builders Nonresidential building construction Heavy construction, except building Highway and street construction Heavy construction, except highway 14 142 15 152 153 154 16 161 162 19 12 17.31 16.56 15 12 17.83 17.09 17.58 16.82 16 11 17.46 16.77 13 14 18.02 17.34 17.90 17.04 15.70 18 17.95 17.09 15.77 16.49 18.47 17.60 18.08 17.34 15.73 16 18.05 17.28 15.93 16.75 18.67 17.73 18.23 17.46 189 716 717.84 690 648 578.70 6019 718.55 758.80 810 729.99 709.49 704 676 630.55 576.75 597.53 688.36 747.35 801 719.09 745.75 757.89 729 659.67 586.64 641 744 790.24 840.72 769 7478 755.71 721 668.74 590 579.55 757 790 851.34 766.49 727.60 Special trade contractors Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning Painting and paper hanging Electrical work Masonry, stonework, and plastering Carpentry and floor work Roofing, siding, and sheet metal work 17 171 172 173 174 175 176 17.60 17.90 14 19.34 17.34 17.29 14 17.70 17.97 15.77 19.40 17.35 17.53 17 18.31 18.70 15.81 20.42 17.74 18.21 1591 18.36 18.77 15.97 20.47 17.85 18.33 15.81 694 712 580 787 636.38 653 569.74 670.83 686 588.22 741.08 619 639.85 546.09 726.91 751 591.29 829.05 656.38 680 595 727.06 747.05 597.28 838 660.45 681 5883 Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Logging Sawmills and planing mills Sawmills and planing mills, general Hardwood dimension and flooring mills... Millwork, plywood, and structural members Millwork Wood kitchen cabinets Hardwood veneer and plywood Softwood veneer and plywood Wood containers Wood buildings and mobile homes Mobile homes Miscellaneous wood products 24 241 242 2421 2426 243 2431 2434 2435 2436 244 245 2451 249 15 17 11.54 17 11.43 10 9.65 11.61 11.60 11.61 10.31 15 9.32 11.61 10 10.96 11 12 11.56 14 11.48 15 9.77 11.63 12 11.50 10.31 17 9.37 11.58 12 110 17 16 17 19 16 15 105 17 19 13 11.09 19 9.50 17 12 11.23 18 14 13 18 19 17 103 15 12 19 10.90 14 9.51 18 10 11.21 11 16 10 581 618 487 579.44 491.49 517.65 401 489.94 477.92 489.94 443 636.75 366.28 468 468.46 448 588.39 610 470 560.45 486.75 510.27 408.39 476.83 482 469.20 429.93 578.28 363 441 446.53 449.55 590.61 6188 481 560 498 518.70 411 497 486.79 487.94 450.25 605.82 370 457.25 459 457 593 625.99 486 578 489.29 511 408.24 494 489.91 487.99 461.07 590.60 379 454 454 450.64 607 633 483 Furniture and fixtures Household furniture Wood household furniture Upholstered household furniture Metal household furniture Mattresses and bedsprings Office furniture Public building and related furniture Partitions and fixtures Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures 25 251 2511 2512 2514 2515 252 253 254 259 11.28 10.72 10.25 11.42 9.94 11.44 16 10 14 11.35 11.33 10.80 10.27 11.60 10.26 11.38 11 15 15 11.47 10 11.05 10.50 15 10.28 14 17 11 10 11 12 11.09 10.50 15 10.29 12 17 13 18 15 19 4590 421.30 406.93 444 392 451 508.03 527.94 509.84 465 456.60 421.20 399.50 450.08 408.35 450 500 515 513 467.98 466 418 400.05 440.82 403 426.24 568.94 492 526.25 458 470.44 424 400 450.52 404 455.91 571 528 526.66 467 476.79 See footnotes at end of table. 97

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Durable goods Continued Stone, clay, and glass products Flat glass Glass and glassware, pressed or blown Glass containers Pressed and blown glass, nee Products of purchased glass Cement, hydraulic Structural clay products Pottery and related products Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products Concrete block and brick Concrete products, nee Readymixed concrete Misc. nonmetallic mineral products Abrasive products Asbestos products 32 321 322 3221 3229 323 324 325 326 327 3271 3272 3273 329 3291 3292 4 4 4 4 41 4 4 4 41.6 46.3 48.6 4 46.6 4 41.2 48.2 4 4 4 45.8 4 4 4 41.6 41.2 4 47.5 4 4 4 4 47.3 4 4 4 4 4 41.5 4 4 40.4 45.8 48.5 4 46.5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 41.3 4 4 4 40.0 45.8 47.8 4 46.4 4 4 4 4 7.0 6.3 9.3 10 8 9.9 9.6 6.8 7.0 7 8.0 6.5 8.2 9.2 6.6 8.7 6.0 10.4 6.6 5.9 6.3 8.8 10.4 7.4 9.5 5.9 6.7 6.0 6.7 8.8 10.4 7.6 9.3 Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Blast furnaces and steel mills Steel pipe and tubes Iron and steel foundries Gray and ductile iron foundries Malleable iron foundries Steel foundries, nee Primary nonferrous metals Primary aluminum Nonferrous rolling and drawing Copper rolling and drawing Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil Nonferrous wire drawing and insulating Nonferrous foundries (castings) Aluminum foundries 33 331 3312 3317 332 3321 3322 3325 333 3334 335 3351 3353 3357 336 3365 4 4 4 4 4 4 46.9 40.2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 46.0 4 41.5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 46.0 4 4 4 39.9 4 4 40.8 4 4 4 4 41.4 41.3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 41.6 4 41 4 41 4 4 4 4 4 4 6.7 6.7 7 6 6.7 7.9 7.5 6.6 7 7.8 8.0 9.6 7.4 6.9 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.0 8.5 9.2 7.6 8.5 8 8.6 10.4 7.7 5.7 6.4 6.9 7.6 6 6.0 6.7 6.3 6 7.7 8 9 8 6.3 6.5 6.9 6 6.2 7.0 6 6.2 7.7 7.6 9.8 8.2 Fabricated metal products Metal cans and shipping containers Metal cans Cutlery, handtools, and hardware Hand and edge tools, and blades and handsaws Hardware, nee Plumbing and heating, except electric Plumbing fixture fittings and trim Heating equipment, except electric Fabricated structural metal products Fabricated structural metal Metal doors, sash, and trim Fabricated plate work (boiler shops) Sheet metal work Architectural metal work Screw machine products, bolts, etc Screw machine products Bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers Metal forgings and stampings Iron and steel forgings Automotive stampings Metal stampings, nee Metal services, nee Plating and polishing Metal coating and allied services Ordnance and accessories, nee Ammunition, except for small arms, nee Misc. fabricated metal products Valves and pipe fittings, nee Misc. fabricated wire products 34 341 3411 342 3423,5 3429 343 3432 3433 344 3441 3442 3443 3444 3446 345 3451 3452 346 3462 3465 3469 347 3471 3479 348 3483 349 3494 3496 4 4 45.8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 41.5 4 4 40.9 4 4 41.2 4 41.4 4 41.3 4 4 4 4 40.6 41.3 4 46.0 46.3 41.4 4 41.0 4 40.4 41.3 41.5 4 40.9 41.6 41.3 40.5 4 41 4 4 39.8 4 41.4 4 41.2 4 4 4 41.2 39.2 40.7 4 4 4 40.9 40.9 41.3 41.3 41 40.7 4 4 41.3 4 4 4 41.3 41.4 41.3 41.4 4 41.0 40.7 41.4 40.9 4 4 4 41.2 41.4 41.6 4 4 4 4 41.5 4 41.4 40.4 4 4 4 41.4 4 4 41.4 4 41.4 4 4 4 4 41.0 41.5 41.2 4 41.5 4 41.5 41 41.2 4 7.7 7.7 5.9 5.8 7.0 8.3 8.4 5.9 7.3 7.3 7.2 6.0 6 7 7.0 6.0 See footnotes at end of table. 98

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Durable goods Continued Stone, clay, and glass products Flat glass Glass and glassware, pressed or blown Glass containers Pressed and blown glass, nee Products of purchased glass Cement, hydraulic Structural clay products Pottery and related products Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products Concrete block and brick Concrete products, nee Readymixed concrete Misc. nonmetallic mineral products Abrasive products Asbestos products 32 321 322 3221 3229 323 324 325 326 327 3271 3272 3273 329 3291 3292 $14 18.65 15.74 17.02 18 16 18.99 11 16 16 11 16 15 15 17 10 $10 19.07 162 17.32 19 19 19.28 15 12 11 17 18 14 18 14 15 $12 19.34 15.98 179 11 19 19.48 12 15 17 17 18 11 14 16 18 $11 19.29 15.98 17.26 15 10 19.32 13 13 16 17 10 18 18 18 10 $14 $615 809.41 667.38 759 611.57 536.42 829.86 519.98 497.54 637.09 646.87 550 689 5973 538.48 689.26 $620.40 831.45 710 796 660.53 538.32 862 517.92 499.34 629 630.33 531.05 669.20 624 568.00 678.76 $631.60 846 684 766.67 635.78 530.79 847.38 525.84 498.94 657 6585 557.92 707.27 638 587.66 640.94 $6316 850.69 680.75 771.52 625.70 548.60 8210 528.77 489.20 651 653 561.34 705 6311 596 620.40 $638.31 Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Blast furnaces and steel mills Steel pipe and tubes Iron and steel foundries, Gray and ductile iron foundries Malleable iron foundries Steel foundries, nee Primary nonferrous metals Primary aluminum Nonferrous rolling and drawing Copper rolling and drawing Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil Nonferrous wire drawing and insulating Nonferrous foundries (castings) Aluminum foundries 33 331 3312 3317 332 3321 3322 3325 333 3334 335 3351 3353 3357 336 3365 15.98 18.93 20.78 13 12 18 16 14 17.73 17.82 16 15.88 17.40 17 15 12 168 18.99 20.80 11 14 15.85 11 16 18.31 18.61 13 167 17.86 17 19 15 16.68 19.78 21.69 14 19 16.73 17 12 18.56 18.75 12 15.94 17.69 11 17 11 16.55 19.49 21.42 15 15 16.61 15.84 19 18.47 18.71 16 15.84 17.62 17 17 15 16.67 19.63 702 849.96 941 628.97 6492 699.70 678 560.39 776.57 780 649.44 676.49 770 626.31 559.44 540.85 716.77 855 9406 655.85 670.70 7290 6315 587.64 816.63 833 669 675.91 797 641 569.81 546.48 728 8882 997.74 629.40 675 737 623 578.98 788.80 760 650 666.29 771.28 636.66 552 513 718.27 859.51 957.47 637.29 679.54 737.48 666.86 577.82 777.59 768.98 656.62 651.02 790 648 569.78 547.80 7305 862 Fabricated metal products Metal cans and shipping containers Metal cans Cutlery, handtools, and hardware Hand and edge tools, and blades and handsaws Hardware, nee Plumbing and heating, except electric Plumbing fixture fittings and trim Heating equipment, except electric Fabricated structural metal products Fabricated structural metal Metal doors, sash, and trim Fabricated plate work (boiler shops) Sheet metal work Architectural metal work Screw machine products, bolts, etc Screw machine products Bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers Metal forgings and stampings Iron and steel forgings Automotive stampings Metal stampings, nee Metal services, nee Plating and polishing Metal coating and allied services Ordnance and accessories, nee Ammunition, except for small arms, nee Misc. fabricated metal products Valves and pipe fittings, nee Misc. fabricated wire products 34 341 3411 342 3423,5 3429 343 3432 3433 344 3441 3442 3443 3444 3446 345 3451 3452 346 3462 3465 3469 347 3471 3479 348 3483 349 3494 3496 12 16.57 17.51 16 17 12 14 13 16 10 17 11.00 12 18 10 16 19 15 15.95 12 17.95 18 11.59 11.45 19 10 16.02 14 13 11.54 14 16.85 17.81 15 10 10 16 19 11 16 11 11.07 17 12 10 12 17 10 16.20 16 18.26 13 11.69 11.58 16 13 16.42 12 18 11.54 12 170 18.09 11 18 14 17 11 11 18 15 11.22 18 11 18 15 14 19 166 15.99 17.98 11 10 10 17 15.90 17.52 13 17 10 10 16.96 17.99 14 11 18 19 17 18 19 17 11.20 19 19 13 16 19 15 16.42 160 18.35 12 12 18 14 16.04 17.46 13 13 18 13 570 759 806 516.65 536 510.25 526.88 505 527.06 548.60 576.25 460 595.82 559.42 529.20 589 539.47 638 687.45 624 806 549.79 486 479 503 640 717.70 547 5374 476.60 571.52 770 820 513 549.54 500.20 514 480.36 520.79 549 565.90 456 593 558.38 518.40 586 540 626 696 607.35 817 556 487.47 4770 505 6515 727.41 540.54 520.58 469.68 576.29 766 801 519.84 539.06 509.64 5194 503 529.51 564 591.40 469 601.08 591.22 546.46 588.53 560 616 669.02 697 7378 558.00 496.80 486.71 519 677 758.62 549.20 549.38 486.72 580 752 796 531 548.22 5265 527 491.67 558 562 589.48 468 605.82 588 539.44 601.68 566.77 639.63 697.85 6973 790.89 562 498.83 489.46 510 666 760 550 547.86 484 597 See footnotes at end of table. 99

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED EM5. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Durable goods Continued Industrial machinery and equipment Engines and turbines Turbines and turbine generator sets Internal combustion engines, nee Farm and garden machinery Farm machinery and equipment Construction and related machinery Construction machinery Mining machinery Oil and gas field machinery Conveyors and conveying equipment Industrial trucks and tractors Metalworking machinery Machine tools, metal cutting types Machine tools, metal forming types Special dies, tools, jigs, and fixtures Machine tool accessories Power driven handtools Special industry machinery Textile machinery Printing trades machinery Food products machinery General industrial machinery Pumps and pumping equipment Ball and roller bearings Air and gas compressors Blowers and fans Speed changers, drives, and gears Power transmission equipment, nee Computer and office equipment Electronic computers Computer terminals, calculators, and office machines, nee Refrigeration and service machinery Refrigeration and heating equipment Misc. industrial and commercial machinery Carburetors, pistons, rings, valves Scales, balances, and industrial machinery, nee.. 35 351 3511 3519 352 3523 353 3531 3532 3533 3535 3537 354 3541 3542 3544 3545 3546 355 3552 3555 3556 356 3561 3562 3563 3564 3566 3568 357 3571 3575,8,9 358 3585 359 3592 3596,9 4 4 46 4 39.8 40.7 4 4 39.9 4 41.5 4 4 4 4 4 40.7 41.3 41.5 41.0 39.4 4 4 40 4 40.8 4 40.3 41.0 41.0 40.7 41.5 4 4 4 41.0 4 4 4 45.8 4 40.4 40.7 4 4 38.8 4 40.9 40.7 4 41.4 4 4 39.7 41.0 41.4 40.7 39.7 4 4 40.6 4 41.0 4 40.5 4 40.9 40.8 40.7 41 41.3 4 40.7 4 4 4 4 41.2 40.2 40.6 4 4 38.4 47.6 4 4 4 4 4 4 40.6 38.3 4 40.5 41.2 4 4 41.3 4 4 4 40.9 4 39.9 39.5 40.3 4 4 4 39 4 4 4 4 4 39.8 40.2 4 41.0 39.8 48.3 41.5 4 4 4 4 4 40.6 39.4 4 41.0 40.4 4 4 41.4 4 4 4 40.8 4 39.6 39.2 38.6 4 4 4 39.5 4 4 6.7 6.9 6.6 7.5 5.9 6.5 5.9 7.3 6.5 7.5 8.0 5.7 6.6 5.9 8.7 6.5 6.0 6.9 1.4 6 9.8 6 6.7 1.6 Electronic and other electricai equipment.. Electric distribution equipment Transformers, except electronic Switchgear and switchboard apparatus. Electrical industrial apparatus Motors and generators Relays and industrial controls Household appliances Household refrigerators and freezers... Household laundry equipment Electric housewares and fans Electric lighting and wiring equipment Electric lamps Currentcarrying wiring devices Noncurrentcarrying wiring devices Residential lighting fixtures Household audio and video equipment... Household audio and video equipment. Communications equipment Telephone and telegraph apparatus Electronic components and accessories. Electron tubes Semiconductors and related devices Electronic components, nee Misc. electrical equipment and supplies.. Storage batteries Engine electrical equipment 36 361 3612 3613 362 3621 3625 363 3632 3633 3634 364 3641 3643 3644 3645 365 3651 366 3661 367 3671 3674 3679 369 3691 3694 41.6 4 434 40.7 41.5 4 40.5 41.3 41.2 39.5 40.6 41 4 40.9 41.5 39.0 40.6 40.4 4 4 4 4 4 41 4 4 4 41.3 4 4 4 4 4 39.7 40.8 38.6 40.2 40.9 41 41.2 41.2 4 38.9 40.8 40.7 41.0 4 41.4 4 4 40.2 41.5 4 4 41 4 4 4 4 4 39.5 38.5 3 39.8 40 40.6 4 41.5 39.9 40.5 38.9 39 4 4 41.3 41.2 4 40.4 41.4 4 4 41 4 4 4 40.9 4 38.9 38.6 35.9 38.4 39.5 40.7 41.5 41 41 38.4 39 39.6 4 4 41.5 40 4 40.6 4 4 4 41.5 1.0 6.2 1.5 0.3 1.2 6.0 1.2 0.5 1.3 1.5 See footnotes at end of table. 100

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Durable goods Continued Industrial machinery and equipment Engines and turbines Turbines and turbine generator sets Internal combustion engines, nee Farm and garden machinery Farm machinery and equipment Construction and related machinery Construction machinery Mining machinery Oil and gas field machinery Conveyors and conveying equipment Industrial trucks and tractors Metalworking machinery Machine tools, metal cutting types Machine tools, metal forming types Special dies, tools, jigs, and fixtures Machine tool accessories Power driven handtools Special industry machinery Textile machinery Printing trades machinery Food products machinery General industrial machinery Pumps and pumping equipment Ball and roller bearings Air and gas compressors Blowers and fans Speed changers, drives, and gears Power transmission equipment, nee Computer and office equipment Electronic computers Computer terminals, calculators, and office machines, nee Refrigeration and service machinery Refrigeration and heating equipment Misc. industrial and commercial machinery Carburetors, pistons, rings, valves Scales, balances, and industrial machinery, nee.. 35 351 3511 3519 352 3523 353 3531 3532 3533 3535 3537 354 3541 3542 3544 3545 3546 355 3552 3555 3556 356 3561 3562 3563 3564 3566 3568 357 3571 3575,8,9 358 3585 359 3592 3596,9 $14 18.32 21.31 17.36 14 17 19 11 18 17 14 16 15.93 15.72 16.34 16.58 11 14 17 14 163 12 11 13 15 16 16 15.89 12 16.87 18.89 13 11 17 14 18 16 $14 18.20 21.42 179 16 11 10 15 16 18 12 12 16.05 15.92 16.28 16.79 11 19 15.77 14 16.01 16 12 12 18 13 18 15.96 13 170 19.28 14 12 14 11 19 10 $11 17.94 21 16.63 17 15.86 11 11 13 11 16 18 16.44 16.35 16.88 170 13 16 16.44 19 16.99 12 14 15 11 16 14 17.04 14 18.39 20.64 19 12 14 15 18 12 $16 181 22 16.74 18 15.90 18 11 19 10 10 17 16.40 16.36 16.77 17.05 16 15 16.33 13 17.07 12 14 15.73 18 14 11 17.24 14 18.57 21.02 12 18 10 17 15 13 $15.74 $637.39 805 989 749.95 567 597.07 596.01 596.85 577.75 630.84 607.56 540 674 652 705.89 711.28 578.35 530.29 650.31 554 632 640.76 600.90 613 6669 5983 5070 640.37 582 691.67 768.82 585 591.07 618 620.74 618 620.26 $631 812 981.04 759.80 588 618 596.40 608 563 641 597.96 538 670 659.09 711.44 718.61 564 529 658 555 630 637.87 608 626.05 650 616.23 506 646.38 596.24 699.39 786.62 570 568.00 588 616.35 618.23 610 $656 751.69 962 686 605.81 642 6183 617.58 571 706 600.25 560.62 697 699.78 759.60 730 598 512 700.34 590.90 699.99 669 620 646.35 664 639 5414 696.94 600.93 736 818 585 581 601.52 637 581 634 $6565 770 982 706.43 606 6398 6211 607.21 596.60 729.33 595 577 696 698.57 749 741.68 5914 537 696 587.53 689.63 6615 620.74 651.22 657.70 639.68 524 709 599 737 828 543 572 589 641.69 598 644 $665 Electronic and other electrical equipment Electric distribution equipment Transformers, except electronic Switchgear and switchboard apparatus Electrical industrial apparatus Motors and generators Relays and industrial controls Household appliances Household refrigerators and freezers Household laundry equipment Electric housewares and fans Electric lighting and wiring equipment Electric lamps Currentcarrying wiring devices Noncurrentcarrying wiring devices Residential lighting fixtures Household audio and video equipment Household audio and video equipment Communications equipment Telephone and telegraph apparatus Electronic components and accessories Electron tubes Semiconductors and related devices Electronic components, nee Misc. electrical equipment and supplies Storage batteries Engine electrical equipment 36 361 3612 3613 362 3621 3625 363 3632 3633 3634 364 3641 3643 3644 3645 365 3651 366 3661 367 3671 3674 3679 369 3691 3694 12 19 13 16 16 10 17 18 13 12 11.42 10 17.57 13 13 9.98 13 10 13 18 15 11 18.34 11.34 14 15.96 12 14 16 19 10 12 16 10 12 13 10 10 18 184 13 10 9.94 10 18 14 18 14 15 18.57 11.35 18 168 17 19 12 11 11 18 17 18 17 16.31 17 17 12 18.07 17 18 9.98 10 14 11 19 16 13 19.67 11.65 13 15.74 14 19 17 15 11 17 16 10 10 16.55 11 19 17 18.07 17 15 9.87 15 10 11 14 14 16 19.42 11.65 19 16 10 18 563 549.78 520 574 537.84 507 5989 543 626 544 465 530 7368 540 500 389.22 538 496.92 587 637 578 630.69 785 466.07 591.05 681.49 595 563 554 513 586.58 544 518 591.53 539.38 582 540 478.53 540 747.37 552 509.96 386.67 538 499.80 579.74 629.42 578 649 798.51 456.27 600.92 687.65 609.03 566.77 5710 512 621.05 549.61 519.01 591 526.30 569.22 556.01 480.00 545 760.75 571.46 497.95 409 478.47 4983 583 623 588.94 606.88 834 470.66 580.84 659.51 578 566.77 577.58 509 638.44 538.65 499.93 587.39 538 595 546 465.71 546 749.91 552 515.81 379.01 486.80 506.88 588.42 637.94 586.81 598 810 479 592 666 580 576.02 See footnotes at end of table. 101

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC POHP uuuc Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Durable goods Continued Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Motor vehicles and car bodies Truck and bus bodies Motor vehicle parts and accessories Truck trailers Aircraft and parts Aircraft Aircraft engines and engine parts Aircraft parts and equipment, nee Ship and boat building and repairing Ship building and repairing Boat building and repairing Railroad equipment Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts. Guided missiles and space vehicles Misc. transportation equipment Travel trailers and campers Instruments and related products Search and navigation equipment Measuring and controlling devices Environmental controls Process control instruments Instruments to measure electricity Medical instruments and supplies Surgical and medical instrument Surgical appliances and supplies Ophthalmic goods Photographic equipment and supplies Watches, clocks, watchcases, and parts 37 371 3711 3713 3714 3715 372 3721 3724 3728 373 3731 3732 374 376 3761 379 3792 38 381 382 3822 3823 3825 384 3841 3842 385 386 387 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 40.7 4 39.4 4 41.0 40 41.0 40.0 41.4 41.6 41.3 4 39.8 4 41.4 41.5 40.2 40.4 4 39.6 4 4 46.9 4 4 4 4 4 4 41.3 39.9 40.5 39 4 40.2 39 40.3 39 41 41.5 40.8 4 39.7 40.6 40.9 40.9 40.0 39.6 4 38.9 4 4 4 4 41.5 40.6 4 4 4 4 39.6 4 37.2 4 41.3 41 39.7 39.7 41.0 4 41.3 4 39.8 41.0 40.3 39.7 40.6 39.5 4 40.2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 39.4 40.9 37.8 4 4 4 39 38.3 41.0 41.2 41.2 4 40.3 41.0 40.8 40.4 41.2 40.3 41.4 4 4 4 41.3 5.7 6.6 6.8 6.0 6.8 1.3 6.0 7.2 7.8 7.4 5.7 0.9 6.4 7.7 6.3 1.3 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware Jewelry, precious metal Musical instruments Toys and sporting goods Dolls, games, toys, and children's vehicles Sporting and athletic goods, nee Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies Costume jewelry and notions Costume jewelry Miscellaneous manufactures Signs and advertising specialties 39 391 3911 393 394 3942,4 3949 395 396 3961 399 3993 40.0 39.8 39.3 39 40.9 39.7 41.4 38.8 37.3 3 40.2 40.5 39.7 39.5 38.8 38.2 40.5 39.8 40.8 39.0 37.0 3 40.0 40.2 38.9 37.2 36.4 36.9 39.3 38.0 39.8 38.0 36.6 3 39.7 40 39.6 38.9 37.9 39.2 39.7 40.0 39.5 38.0 38.8 37.0 40 40.3 39.9 1.2 1.6 1.3 0.9 Nondurable goods 41.0 41.0 40.4 40.6 41.0 Food and kindred products Meat products Meat packing plants Sausages and other prepared meats Poultry slaughtering and processing Dairy products Cheese, natural and processed Fluid milk Preserved fruits and vegetables Canned specialties Canned fruits and vegetables Frozen fruits and vegetables Grain mill products Flour and other grain mill products Prepared feeds, nee 20 201 2011 2013 2015 202 2022 2026 203 2032 2033 2037 204 2041 2048 4 41.5 4 4 39.5 4 4 4 4 4 4 39.2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 40.2 4 4 4 4 4 4 40.7 4 46.8 4 41.2 41.6 4 4 40 4 4 4 39 4 38.0 37.6 4 45.9 4 4 4 4 4 40.4 4 4 4 41.5 45.7 4 39.0 4 48 4 4 5.9 6.7 7.0 7.3 6.3 10.0 7 8 6.6 6.0 6 6.8 6.0 8.3 10.0 11.0 6.0 7.9 9 6.6 5.7 7.2 6 9.4 7.3 7 7.6 6 5.7 6.0 7 9.8 9.2 5.8 7.2 8.3 6 See footnotes at end of table. 102

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Durable goods Continued Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Motor vehicles and car bodies Truck and bus bodies Motor vehicle parts and accessories Truck trailers Aircraft and parts Aircraft Aircraft engines and engine parts Aircraft parts and equipment, nee Ship and boat building and repairing Ship building and repairing Boat building and repairing Railroad equipment Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts. Guided missiles and space vehicles Misc. transportation equipment Travel trailers and campers 37 371 3711 3713 3714 3715 372 3721 3724 3728 373 3731 3732 374 376 3761 379 3792 $187 18.53 25 13 17.26 11.54 19.90 (2) 19.75 17.52 18 15 12 16.70 203 (2) 13 12 $18.50 18.96 21 11 17.73 13 20.22 (2) 19.95 17.79 16 17 16 16.71 20.05 (2) 13 16 $18.66 19.07 25 11 17.41 12 20.62 (2) 20.58 181 14 15.82 12 186 20.29 (2) 13 18 $19.04 19.61 27 15 17.96 11 20.71 (2) 20.64 184 11 16.03 18 17.48 20.27 (2) 15 10 $19.25 19.78 $793 828.29 1,002 686.78 778.43 500.84 852 867.03 737.59 576 647 481.47 698.06 823 517.83 510 $815 860.78 1,069.79 670.34 801.40 511.43 851 872 733 551 619 476 7005 806.01 512 510.65 $785 800.94 1,021.25 686 722 5009 895 915.81 766.05 567.86 659.69 465.74 817.20 837.98 509.35 511.34 $820.62 860 1,1081 659.32 790.24 513 890 919 778 567.75 653 474 760.38 847.29 510.26 509.39 $837.38 878.23 Instruments and related products Search and navigation equipment Measuring and controlling devices Environmental controls Process control instruments Instruments to measure electricity Medical instruments and supplies Surgical and medical instrument Surgical appliances and supplies Ophthalmic goods Photographic equipment and supplies Watches, clocks, watchcases, and parts 38 381 382 3822 3823 3825 384 3841 3842 385 386 387 18 17.37 19 16 15 16.98 17 16 18 11.02 18.04 10.80 19 17.43 18 17 13 16.87 16 15 10 10.90 180 11.03 15 17.37 19 19 14 17.27 16 10 14 116 19.09 12 13 17.40 17 15 15 17.44 18 16 13 116 18.71 18 12 5919 729 591 5104 579.09 711.46 536.96 514 489.64 441 760 427.68 587.32 725 586.70 508.73 576.84 682 530.06 509.21 480 431.64 778.30 429.07 600.65 726.07 610.83 513 598.59 708.07 538 509 5092 440.82 817.05 4714 599.83 716.88 614 510.30 609 714 542 511.46 516.24 449.75 779 507.36 607.94 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware Jewelry, precious metal Musical instruments Toys and sporting goods Dolls, games, toys, and children's vehicles Sporting and athletic goods, nee Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies Costume jewelry and notions Costume jewelry Miscellaneous manufactures Signs and advertising specialties 39 391 3911 393 394 3942,4 3949 395 396 3961 399 3993 11.31 19 10 10 10.92 10.70 11.02 11.44 10.40 9.24 11.38 17 11.43 17 12 17 116 10.86 11.29 11.50 10.37 9.29 11.44 15 11.65 13 10 15 118 10.90 11.27 12 11.00 9.52 12 19 11.62 18 17 16 11.23 11.03 11.30 10 10.88 9.57 11.67 19 13 450 472 459.81 469.20 446.63 429 456.23 447 387.92 328.94 457.48 500.99 457 476.77 460 468.71 458 433 460.63 448.50 389 328.87 457.60 515 459 456 436.80 460 439.37 410 448.55 4496 400 330.34 468 508.87 4605 470 456 480.59 445.83 441.20 446.35 450 424 359 467.97 511.41 468.03 Nondurable goods 17 13 11 13 17 539.97 546.53 549.84 549.32 560.47 Food and kindred products Meat products Meat packing plants Sausages and other prepared meats Poultry slaughtering and processing Dairy products Cheese, natural and processed Fluid milk Preserved fruits and vegetables Canned specialties Canned fruits and vegetables Frozen fruits and vegetables Grain mill products Flour and other grain mill products Prepared feeds, nee 20 201 2011 2013 2015 202 2022 2026 203 2032 2033 2037 204 2041 2048 17 10.00 10.87 11.09 9.00 19 19 11 11.58 16 18 10.82 18 11 17 18 10.08 10.94 11.21 90 11 13 16 14 15.91 15 10.98 15 15 12 16 10.31 10.99 11.55 9.37 16 13 16 11 16.54 17 110 19 17 17 10 10.22 10.91 11.27 9.35 12 18 15 10 166 19 11.30 11 19 11 15 506.94 410 473 482 350 6100 576 637 487.52 651 533 424 658 617.89 531.29 518 420.34 470 487 365.82 617 5681 650 508.34 715.95 546.75 446.89 671.26 6488 538.36 515 428.90 471.47 503 375.74 617.44 556 648.55 470 738 496.66 417.36 689 618 541 517.08 428.22 478 486.86 2,714 611.41 549.36 640.50 505 738.51 549.97 440.70 683 648.87 549.80 529.61 See footnotes at end of table. 103

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Nondurable goods Continued Food and kindred products Continued Bakery products Bread, cake, and related products Cookies, crackers, and frozen bakery products, except bread Sugar and confectionery products Raw cane sugar Cane sugar refining Beet sugar Candy and other confectionery products Fats and oils Beverages Malt beverages Bottled and canned soft drinks Misc. food and kindred products 205 2051 2052,3 206 2061 2062 2063 2064 207 208 2082 2086 209 41.4 41.4 41.3 40.5 4 5 41.2 39.8 4 4 4 4 41.0 4 41.3 4 39.5 41.5 5 41.3 38.0 4 4 4 4 39.6 40.4 41 39.0 40.4 40.6 5 4 39 40.8 4 47.6 4 39 41.0 41.2 40.7 41.3 4 5 4 39.9 40.8 4 46.0 4 39 6.0 7.5 1 6.7 6.0 6.9 7.3 5.8 6.7 1 6.7 7.4 6.3 8.7 6.0 6.3 1 8.8 5.9 6.8 1 5.8 7.6 6.2 5.7 Tobacco products Cigarettes 21 211 40 41.2 39.9 39.7 39.5 39.9 40.2 40.5 41.5 Textile mill products Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton Broadwoven fabric mills, synthetics Broadwoven fabric mills, wool Narrow fabric mills Knitting mills Women's hosiery, except socks Hosiery, nee Knit outerwear mills Knit underwear mills Weft knit fabric mills Textile finishing, except woo! Finishing plants, cotton Finishing plants, synthetics Carpets and rugs Yarn and thread mills Yarn spinning mills Throwing and winding mills Miscellaneous textile goods 22 221 222 223 224 225 2251 2252 2253 2254 2257 226 2261 2262 227 228 2281 2282 229 41 4 4 36.3 40 39.3 39.3 37.6 39.3 38.4 41.2 40.6 39.8 4 4 41.6 4 40.6 4 40.7 4 4 36.3 40.3 38.0 38 35.8 37.7 37.5 39.7 39.7 38.7 40.8 4 41.6 41.5 41.5 4 40.5 4 4 41.0 38.8 39.2 3 38.4 41 3 40.4 39.6 38.7 41.0 39.3 41.2 41.5 40 40.8 41.0 4 4 40 39.8 39.3 36 38.2 4 36.0 39.5 40.4 39.9 4 40.4 4 4 39.4 41 41.0 6.5 6.4 1.2 6.3 Apparel and other textile products Men's and boys' suits and coats Men's and boys' furnishings Men's and boys' shirts Men's and boys' trousers and slacks Men's and boys' work clothing Women's and misses' outerwear Women's and misses' blouses and shirts Women's, juniors', and misses' dresses Women's and misses' suits and coats Women's and misses' outerwear, nee Women's and children's undergarments Women's and children's underwear Brassieres, girdles, and allied garments Girls' and children's outerwear Girls' and children's dresses and blouses Misc. apparel and accessories Misc. fabricated textile products Curtains and draperies House furnishings, nee Automotive and apparel trimmings 23 231 232 2321 2325 2326 233 2331 2335 2337 2339 234 2341 2342 236 2361 238 239 2391 2392 2396 37.5 36.4 36.8 3 36.4 38.0 36.5 36.5 36.8 36.7 36.5 35.7 35.9 3 38.0 38.8 36.9 39.4 36.5 40.3 41.2 36.8 36.4 35.7 3 3 37.2 3 3 36.5 3 3 35.9 36.5 3 37.2 37.6 36.0 39.0 35.7 39.8 40.7 36.8 37.2 36.5 3 36.7 36.4 36.0 36.2 37.3 37.0 3 3 3 3 36.2 3 38.0 37.8 37.4 39 37.9 37.0 36.4 36.9 35.7 37.2 35.8 36.2 36.6 36.9 36.7 35.9 3 3 3 37.2 3 38.2 37.8 36.7 38 39 36.9 1.2 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.5 1 1.5 1.0 1.6 1.5 1.4 0.9 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.2 1 Paper and allied products Paper mills Paperboard mills 26 262 263 4 4 4 4 46.6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5.9 6.5 7.2 6.5 9.0 9.2 6.9 6.9 6.2 6.4 See footnotes at end of table. 104

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Nondurable goods Continued Food and kindred products Continued Bakery products Bread, cake, and related products Cookies, crackers, and frozen bakery products, except bread Sugar and confectionery products Raw cane sugar Cane sugar refining Beet sugar Candy and other confectionery products Fats and oils Beverages Malt beverages Bottled and canned soft drinks Misc. food and kindred products 205 2051 2052,3 206 2061 2062 2063 2064 207 208 2082 2086 209 $11 11 15 11 18 18.78 12 13 14 16.08 20 12 10.80 $15 10 18 12 12 19.00 15.74 18 15 16.35 27 15 10.93 $17 10 14 14 11.01 20.82 10 13 11 16.53 22 15 111 $17 14 18 17 11 21.04 15.88 15 14 16.35 22 10 11.21 $546.89 557 530.71 571.46 530.50 1,036.66 644 531 589 697.87 1,030 6110 440 $549 552 527.90 557.74 498.83 1,016.50 650.06 508.44 594 711.23 1,105 598.53 433 $5361 558.96 496 590 447.01 1,139 643 556.39 567.53 720.71 1,138.59 606.38 430 $547 557.85 5205 605.87 500.22 1,148.78 6899 556.61 567 709 1,0912 599.76 438.31 Tobacco products Cigarettes 21 211 20.86 23 18.90 22 21.08 25.73 20.92 267 $195 836.49 1,040 754. i1 985 836 1,026.63 840.98 1,059.89 $793 Textile mill products Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton Broadwoven fabric mills, synthetics Broadwoven fabric mills, wool Narrow fabric mills Knitting mills Women's hosiery, except socks Hosiery, nee Knit outerwear mills Knit underwear mills Weft knit fabric mills Textile finishing, except wool Finishing plants, cotton Finishing plants, synthetics Carpets and rugs Yarn and thread mills Yarn spinning mills Throwing and winding mills Miscellaneous textile goods 22 221 222 223 224 225 2251 2252 2253 2254 2257 226 2261 2262 227 228 2281 2282 229 10.72 11.00 11.52 119 9.82 9.92 9.06 9.80 9.35 10.21 10.55 10.78 10.57 11.30 10.63 10.56 10.46 10.85 14 10.78 112 11.59 11.45 9.91 9.92 9.08 9.80 9.47 9.89 10.35 10.74 10.61 113 10.76 10.56 10.49 10.79 15 10.97 11.31 14 10 107 107 9.30 10.09 9.92 10.25 10.43 11.04 11.02 11.38 11.08 10.50 10.45 10.49 15 10.98 11.31 19 11.69 10.04 106 9.46 10.05 9.88 10.28 10.39 11.07 11.09 11.45 111 10.51 10.51 10.33 14 11.08 440.59 468.60 489.60 406.20 398 389.86 356.06 368.48 367.46 396 436 437.67 420.69 477.99 447.52 439.30 438.27 440.51 510 438.75 469.26 490.26 414 399.37 376.96 345.95 350.84 357.02 370.88 410.90 426.38 410.61 450 460.53 439.30 434 447.79 511.52 449 487.46 5002 487.90 390 398.66 331.08 387.46 407.71 360.80 421.37 4378 426.47 466.58 434 430 438 420.65 508 4508 480 501 468.77 399.59 399.29 341.51 381 417 370.08 410.41 447.23 449 487.77 448.84 439.32 442 407.00 5077 458 Apparel and other textile products Men's and boys' suits and coats Men's and boys' furnishings Men's and boys' shirts Men's and boys' trousers and slacks Men's and boys' work clothing Women's and misses' outerwear Women's and misses' blouses and shirts Women's, juniors', and misses' dresses Women's and misses' suits and coats Women's and misses' outerwear, nee Women's and children's undergarments Women's and children's underwear Brassieres, girdles, and allied garments Girls' and children's outerwear Girls' and children's dresses and blouses Misc. apparel and accessories Misc. fabricated textile products Curtains and draperies House furnishings, nee Automotive and apparel trimmings 23 231 232 2321 2325 2326 233 2331 2335 2337 2339 234 2341 2342 236 2361 238 239 2391 2392 2396 8.88 8.91 8.30 8.03 8.40 88 8.53 7.99 10.24 8.65 8.21 8.36 8.24 8.62 8.37 81 8.29 9.72 8.25 9.65 10.87 9.01 9.02 8.39 86 8.48 8.23 8.52 8.20 10.20 8.68 87 8.39 8.28 8.65 8.55 8.30 8.37 10.00 8.31 9.71 11.61 9.06 9.39 8.55 84 8.63 8.42 8.36 8.49 9.93 8.26 8.03 8.65 8.33 9.49 8.57 8.78 8.71 10.05 8.55 9.75 11.46 9.08 9.23 8.53 87 8.55 8.42 8.35 8.58 9.96 8.29 8.01 8.69 8.34 9.60 8.67 8.80 8.74 104 8.57 9.75 11.69 99 330 322 304 286 305.76 310.84 311.35 291.64 376.83 317.46 299.67 298.45 295.82 302 318.06 317 305.90 387 3013 388.90 447.84 331.57 328.33 299.52 284 295.95 3066 306 282 370 3084 289.22 301.20 302 298.43 318.06 318 301.32 390.00 296.67 386.46 473 331 349.31 318 289 316.72 306.49 300.96 307.34 370.39 302 285.87 3006 295.72 309.37 310.23 3088 330.98 379.89 319.77 381.23 433 335.96 335.97 316 291.67 318.06 301.44 307 313 367.52 304 287.56 301 293 327.36 322 311.52 337 389 312 371.48 457.08 3391 Paper and allied products Paper mills Paperboard mills 26 262 263 15.95 20.53 20.34 16.24 20.94 21.05 16.29 218 20.99 168 21.06 20.68 16.31 690.64 901.27 886.82 709.69 975.80 949.36 687.44 927 879.48 6818 894 884 696.44 See footnotes at end of table. 105

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Nondurable goods Continued Paper and allied products Continued Paperboard containers and boxes Corrugated and solid fiber boxes Sanitary food containers Folding paperboard boxes Misc. converted paper products Paper, coated and laminated, nee Bags: plastics, laminated, and coated Envelopes 265 2653 2656 2657 267 2672 2673 2677 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 40.8 4 4 4 4 41 4 38.2 40.5 4 4 4 4 41 4 38.2 39.9 6.2 6.8 6.0 6.6 5.9 Printing and publishing Newspapers Periodicals Books Book publishing Book printing Miscellaneous publishing Commercial printing Commercial printing, lithographic Commercial printing, nee Manifold business forms Blankbooks and bookbinding Printing trade services 27 271 272 273 2731 2732 274 275 2752 2759 276 278 279 38.4 3 37.8 4 38 45.7 3 39.7 39.5 40 41.3 39.2 40.3 38.6 3 37.2 4 37.7 45.8 3 40.0 40.0 39.9 41.2 39.2 39.8 37.8 3 36.0 41.6 39.4 4 36.0 38.9 38.6 39.3 40.8 39.0 40.6 38.0 3 37 40.6 39.3 4 3 39.2 39.0 39.3 40.5 39.3 40.8 38.4 1.4 6.3 6 1.4 1.5 Chemicals and allied products Industrial inorganic chemicals Industrial inorganic chemicals, nee Plastics materials and synthetics Plastics materials and resins Organic fibers, noncellulosic Drugs Pharmaceutical preparations Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods Soap and other detergents Polishing, sanitation, and finishing preparations Toilet preparations Paints and allied products Industrial organic chemicals Cyclic crudes and intermediates Industrial organic chemicals, nee Agricultural chemicals Miscellaneous chemical products 28 281 2819 282 2821 2824 283 2834 284 2841 2842,3 2844 285 286 2865 2869 287 289 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 46 40.9 40.5 4 4 45.8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 46 4 4 41.3 4 41.6 38.8 4 46.6 45.9 46.7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 41.0 41.2 4 40.4 41.5 46 47.3 45.9 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 41 40.8 4 40.9 4 4 46.4 4 4 4 4 5.8 6.8 6.2 6.7 6 6.0 6 6.7 5.8 5.9 6.4 6.5 6.9 7.0 6.9 6.5 5.8 6.8 7.4 6.7 6.4 7.2 6.3 Petroleum and coal products Petroleum refining Asphalt paving and roofing materials 29 291 295 4 40.4 47.4 4 4 46.9 4 4 46.5 4 4 46.7 4 6.5 11.2 6.7 10.6 6.7 10.2 6.5 10.2 Rubber and misc. plastics products Tires and inner tubes Rubber and plastics footwear Hose, belting, gaskets, and packing Rubber and plastics hose and belting Fabricated rubber products, nee Miscellaneous plastics products, nee... 30 301 302 305 3052 306 308 41.4 4 41.5 4 41.6 4 41.2 41.6 4 4 4 4 4 41.3 40.7 41.5 36.3 40.7 40.7 40 40.7 41.0 4 38.2 41.5 41 41.5 40.8 41.4 5.8 Leather and leather products Leather tanning and finishing Footwear, except rubber Men's footwear, except athletic Women's footwear, except athletic Luggage Handbags and personal leather goods. 31 311 314 3143 3144 316 317 38.7 4 37.7 37.4 37.5 36.6 37.7 37.4 4 35.7 36.0 37 3 39.7 36.3 39.6 3 3 29.2 36.8 39.3 37.9 41.3 36.4 36.4 3 37.8 38.6 37.9 1.4 1.6 0.4 1.0 1.4 1.6 0.4 1 1 1.2 0.2 1.3 1.6 0.2 1.5 1 Serviceproducing 3 3 3 3 3 Transportation and public utilities. 39.4 38.5 39.2 38.9 38.9 See footnotes at end of table. 106

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Nondurable goods Continued Paper and allied products Continued Paperboard containers and boxes Corrugated and solid fiber boxes Sanitary food containers Folding paperboard boxes Misc. converted paper products Paper, coated and laminated, nee Bags: plastics, laminated, and coated Envelopes 265 2653 2656 2657 267 2672 2673 2677 $19 14 10 13 16 16.06 18 17 $16 15 16 10 15 16.37 13 15 $12 18 19 13 18 16.74 13 12 $13 12 12 13 16 16.55 19 17 $596 603 585 616.07 5964 699 530.02 546.33 $585.79 594 576.45 617.76 590 710.46 527.93 536.52 $585.97 588.41 595.88 611.53 580 724 473 541 $592 597.02 595.78 624 588 729.86 4772 541.44 Printing and publishing Newspapers Periodicals Books Book publishing Book printing Miscellaneous publishing Commercial printing Commercial printing, lithographic Commercial printing, nee Manifold business forms Blankbooks and bookbinding Printing trade services 27 271 272 273 2731 2732 274 275 2752 2759 276 278 279 13 18 10 15 11 13 15 11 10 13 11 10.86 17.05 18 11 16 11 17 19 16 17 13 13 10 11.06 16.88 19 17 15.99 16 18 11 10 10 18 17 12 11.23 16.86 19 11 168 19 13 19 17 18 10 15 13 11.24 16.99 $17 531.07 4484 582 570 497 650.31 457.46 556.20 568.80 520 593 425.71 6872 539.63 462 571.39 578.64 494 659.06 462 566.80 581.20 527.88 601.52 435 672 5406 460.09 574 576.58 535 610 490 565 577 530 606 437.97 682 542 463 600.28 563 527.80 597.32 485 567.62 577.20 536.45 607 443 699 $555 Chemicals and allied products Industrial inorganic chemicals Industrial inorganic chemicals, nee Plastics materials and synthetics Plastics materials and resins Organic fibers, noncellulosic Drugs Pharmaceutical preparations Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods Soap and other detergents Polishing, sanitation, and finishing preparations Toilet preparations Paints and allied products Industrial organic chemicals Cyclic crudes and intermediates Industrial organic chemicals, nee Agricultural chemicals Miscellaneous chemical products 28 281 2819 282 2821 2824 283 2834 284 2841 2842,3 2844 285 286 2865 2869 287 289 17.41 19.36 19.96 182 20.60 12 174 17.00 14 190 13 10 14 20.46 20.55 20.56 17.76 15.84 17.67 19.69 20.36 18.37 211 18 17.51 17.30 12 18.72 17 17 19 20.77 20.55 20.93 17.99 16.00 187 19.70 20.42 19.03 21.22 13 18.32 18.25 18 17.38 16 18 16 20.93 212 210 18.55 16.84 18.00 19.73 20.51 18.94 21.30 12 17.82 17.70 10 17.48 17 14 16 20.87 20.69 211 18.51 16.73 182 750.37 830.54 860.28 797.28 8986 700.07 716.45 717.40 637.39 880.51 573 530.55 640.70 938 9419 937.54 805 670 761 860.45 897.88 8214 942 709.02 732 736.98 628.59 853 593 518.76 639.50 967.88 945 977.43 816.75 681.60 779.49 846 908.69 820 961.27 649.08 776.77 7810 626.48 716.06 611.52 589 639 967 998.98 968.49 815 717.38 770 838 898.34 812 945.72 644 769.82 776 622 718 607.57 586.51 637 941 960.02 956 814 709.35 780.97 Petroleum and coal products Petroleum refining Asphalt paving and roofing materials 29 291 295 21.21 21 16.73 21.55 21 17.04 21.24 24 16.59 21.01 24 16.66 21.39 905 9866 790 930.96 1,026.24 7998 955.80 1,101.41 771.44 926.54 1,049 778.02 9563 Rubber and misc. plastics products Tires and inner tubes Rubber and plastics footwear Hose, belting, gaskets, and packing Rubber and plastics hose and belting Fabricated rubber products, nee Miscellaneous plastics products, nee 30 301 302 305 3052 306 308 17 19.28 10.34 14 19 10 11.67 11 19.36 10.27 11 16 19 11 14 20.32 10.49 13 13 19 19 11 20.02 10.04 18 15 11 18 10 512 808 4291 528.35 524 526 480.80 520.42 820.86 435 530.01 530.45 529.05 487.75 529 848 380.79 5181 539 508.87 496 521 840.84 383 526.22 540.47 522 496 536 Leather and leather products Leather tanning and finishing Footwear, except rubber Men's footwear, except athletic Women's footwear, except athletic Luggage Handbags and personal leather goods Serviceproducing Transportation and public utilities 31 311 314 3143 3144 316 317 9.86 15 9.40 10.08 7.93 8.93 8.58 15 19 9.95 16 9.49 10.23 7.99 8.89 8.65 12 15.80 10.08 16 9.82 10.35 8.07 8.73 9.07 12 169 105 11 9.86 10.39 83 8.71 8.96 10 16.22 10.26 13 16.28 381.58 565 358 376.99 297.38 326.84 327 428 6189 373 551.69 338.79 368.28 296.43 307.59 341 417.93 608.30 365.90 509.26 338 366 234 321.26 356.45 438.21 635 389 538 358.90 378.20 277 329.24 345.86 431 630.96 388.85 435.89 639 See footnotes at end of table. 107

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Transportation and public utilities Continued Railroad transportation: Class I railroads plus Amtrak 3 4011 4 4 4 4 Local and interurban passenger transit Local and suburban transportation Intercity and rural bus transportation 41 411 413 3 38.7 38.9 3 38.6 38.7 36.0 39 38.8 3 38.6 39.3 Trucking and warehousing Trucking and courier services, except air. Public warehousing and storage 42 421 422 40.9 41.0 40.6 40.3 40.2 40.6 40.7 40.8 39.8 41.3 41.4 40.0 Water transportation: Water transportation services. 449 35.7 3 3 3 Pipelines, except natural gas. 46 4 4 4 4 Transportation services Passenger transportation arrangement... Travel agencies Freight transportation arrangement 47 472 4724 473 38.4 38 38.3 38 37.8 37.3 37.3 37.9 37.7 36.7 36.8 38.2 37.2 35.7 35.8 37.7 Communications Telephone communications Telephone communications, except radio. Radio and television broadcasting Cable and other pay television services 48 481 4813 483 484 40.9 4 4 36.4 4 40.8 4 4 36 4 40.8 4 4 36.2 41 40.3 41.4 4 35.7 41.2 Electric, gas, and sanitary services Electric services Gas production and distribution Combination utility services Sanitary services 49 491 492 493 495 4 4 4 4 4 4 41.4 41.3 4 4 4 4 41.2 4 41.4 41.5 4 40.6 4 41 Wholesale trade. 38.6 38.2 38.8 38.3 38.4 Durable goods Motor vehicles, parts, and supplies Furniture and home furnishings Lumber and other construction materials Professional and commercial equipment Medical and hospital equipment Metals and minerals, except petroleum Electrical goods Hardware, plumbing, and heating equipment. Machinery, equipment, and supplies Misc. wholesale trade durable goods 50 501 502 503 504 5047 505 506 507 508 509 39.2 37.6 38.6 40.0 40.8 39.8 41.2 38.6 39 39.8 36.5 38.7 37 37.8 39.8 39.9 38.5 40.5 38.2 38.8 39 36.0 39.2 37.5 37.5 39.3 41.2 39.9 41.3 37.7 39.8 39.7 37.0 38.8 36.9 37.9 39.2 40.5 40.7 40.6 37.4 39.7 39.2 36.9 Nondurable goods Paper and paper products Drugs, proprietaries, and sundries Apparel, piece goods, and notions Groceries and related products Farmproduct raw materials Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and petroleum products Beer, wine, and distilled beverages Misc. wholesale trade nondurable goods 51 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 37.8 37 36.3 38.5 39.3 3 40.3 38.4 39.3 3 37.6 37.2 36.2 37.7 39.2 3 40.4 37.3 38.6 3 38.3 3 37.6 38.3 40.8 3 40.3 38.4 38.6 36.5 37.7 3 36.6 38.4 39.9 3 39.0 37.8 37.8 36.2 Retail trade. 29.9 28.8 29.8 29.5 28.8 Building materials and garden supplies. Lumber and other building materials... Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores Hardware stores Retail nurseries and garden stores 52 521 523 525 526 35.9 37.5 3 31.5 3 3 37.3 3 30.3 3 36.3 38.2 3 31.5 3 36.0 37.8 3 31.3 3 See footnotes at end of table. 108

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Transportation and public utilities Continued Railroad transportation: Class I railroads plus Amtrak 3 4011 $17.54 $17.49 $182 $18.08 $796 $776.56 $806.34 $797.33 Local and interurban passenger transit Local and suburban transportation Intercity and rural bus transportation 41 411 413 16 14 10 11.65 10 19 15 11 12 11 13 14 411.60 469.82 525 391 470.92 5189 440 508 5400 438.07 506 541 Trucking and warehousing Trucking and courier services, except air Public warehousing and storage 42 421 422 11 12 12 15 19 10 18 18 14 10 11 14 568.92 578.92 475.83 566.22 576 472 581.20 590.78 4913 590.59 600.71 490 Water transportation: Water transportation services 449 19.39 20.06 20.22 20.29 692 698 715.79 706 Pipelines, except natural gas 46 21.61 26 29 21 927.07 9668 966 939.48 Transportation services Passenger transportation arrangement Travel agencies Freight transportation arrangement 47 472 4724 473 15 13 17 17 10 12 11 17 13 13 14 15 11 10 17 12 546 549.78 569 547.50 538 530.41 541.22 548.41 541 535 5461 567.27 549 539.07 553 558.71 Communications Telephone communications Telephone communications, except radio Radio and television broadcasting Cable and other pay television services 48 481 4813 483 484 17.30 17.60 182 18.44 16 17.30 17.48 18.06 18.70 17 17.78 18.01 18.57 18.63 16 17.82 18.08 18.70 18.70 13 707.57 732 768.29 671.22 615 705.84 730.66 769.36 677 629 722 752 780 671 631 7185 748.51 783 667.59 635.72 Electric, gas, and sanitary services Electric services Gas production and distribution Combination utility services Sanitary services 49 491 492 493 495 20.56 21.58 18.66 22 16.98 20.79 29 18.98 26 170 21.47 28 19.60 26 18.05 21.45 26 19.60 25 18.21 867.63 899.89 7782 1,087 734 876 910.39 787 1,077.58 744 904 957.39 807.52 1,088.86 747.27 8908 940.75 795.76 1,085 748.43 Wholesale trade 15 18 15 16 $15 569 560.78 590 580.63 $589.44 Durable goods Motor vehicles, parts, and supplies Furniture and home furnishings Lumber and other construction materials Professional and commercial equipment Medical and hospital equipment Metals and minerals, except petroleum Electrical goods Hardware, plumbing, and heating equipment... Machinery, equipment, and supplies Misc. wholesale trade durable goods 50 501 502 503 504 5047 505 506 507 508 509 12 19 16 15 18.45 17.44 11 15.93 16 13 11.44 16 15 17 18 18.43 17.39 11 161 12 18 11.49 16.03 10 16 12 19.59 18.85 15 16.95 13 15.83 18 15.94 17 13 19 19.56 18.23 16 16.79 18 15.77 11 600.54 526 515.70 550 756 691 606.05 610 543 6103 417.56 593 517.55 515 556.40 736 669.52 595.76 610 536.22 601.36 414 628.38 530 546.00 558.85 8071 752 629.83 639.02 578.29 628.45 446.96 618.47 527 550.69 556.25 798 746 607.38 627.95 566.92 6188 446.86 Nondurable goods Paper and paper products Drugs, proprietaries, and sundries Apparel, piece goods, and notions Groceries and related products Farmproduct raw materials Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and petroleum products Beer, wine, and distilled beverages Misc. wholesale trade nondurable goods 51 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 17 18 193 16 11 10.53 14 17 15.97 10.95 10 10 19.33 16 13 10.74 13 12 15.90 10.96 12 15 20.31 19 17 11.26 13 15 16.52 11.38 14 16 205 17 18 110 17 18 16.23 11.29 516.73 499 692 491 543 358.02 623 490.37 627.62 387.63 512 496 699.75 488.59 544 369 627 4789 614 387.98 540.80 490.20 766 497.52 576 362 617.80 497.28 637.67 417 529.31 472 737.49 509 569 358 591.63 492 619 408.70 Retail trade 9.05 99 9.38 9.41 9.57 270.60 267 279.52 277.60 272 Building materials and garden supplies Lumber and other building materials Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores Hardware stores Retail nurseries and garden stores 52 521 523 525 526 10.82 11.29 10.77 8.87 9.81 10.97 11.41 10.76 9.09 10.05 11.38 19 115 94 9.93 11.46 17 11.23 97 10.06 388.44 428 381.26 279.41 325 389.44 429 372 273 321 419 458.02 391 287.91 326.70 416 456.25 396.42 287.02 327.96 See footnotes at end of table. 109

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Retail trade Continued General merchandise stores Department stores Variety stores Misc. general merchandise stores. 53 531 533 539 30.2 30.3 28.0 31.0 29.5 29.5 27.3 29.9 30 30.2 27.6 30.9 29.5 29.5 27.9 30.7 Food stores Grocery stores. Retail bakeries. 54 541 546 30.8 30.9 29.6 30.3 30.5 28.3 31.0 31.2 29.4 30.9 31 29.4 Automotive dealers and service stations New and used car dealers Auto and home supply stores Gasoline service stations Automotive dealers, nee 55 551 553 554 559 36.0 37 39.0 3 3 3 36.2 38.0 3 3 36.0 37.2 38.9 3 37.0 35.8 36.8 38.7 3 36.6 Apparel and accessory stores Men's and boys' clothing stores Women's clothing stores Family clothing stores Shoe stores 56 561 562 565 566 27.6 29.5 2 28.9 27.9 26.2 28.5 2 27.0 26.4 26.8 28.5 2 27.4 28 27.0 27.5 2 27.8 28.3 Furniture and home furnishings stores Furniture and home furnishings stores... Household appliance stores Radio, television, and computer stores... Radio, television, and electronic stores. Record and prerecorded tape stores 57 571 572 573 5731 5735 3 3 3 3 3 26.6 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 31.6 2 Eating and drinking places 4. 58 26.8 2 26.6 26.3 Miscellaneous retail establishments Drug stores and proprietary stores Used merchandise stores Miscellaneous shopping goods stores. Nonstore retailers Fuel dealers Retail stores, nee Optical goods stores Miscellaneous retail stores, nee 59 591 593 594 596 598 599 5995 5999 30.2 29.8 30.8 29.0 3 36.5 30.6 3 30.8 29.3 28.8 30.0 27.5 3 36.4 30.0 3 30.0 30.3 30 29.9 28.7 3 36 30.8 3 31.5 30 29.4 29.5 28.6 3 35.8 30.7 3 31.0 Finance, insurance, and real estate 5... 37.0 36 36.7 36 36 Depository institutions Commercial banks State commercial banks National and commercial banks, nee. Credit unions 60 602 6022 6021,9 606 36.6 36.7 36.2 37 36.2 3 3 3 3 3 36.5 36.4 36.4 36.4 36.3 3 3 3 3 35.8 Nondepository institutions... Personal credit institutions. 61 614 39 40.3 37.3 38.3 38.0 39.6 37.5 39.2 Security and commodity brokers: Security and commodity services. 628 38.9 37.8 37.8 37.3 Insurance carriers Life insurance Medical service and health insurance Hospital and medical service plans.. Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.. 63 631 632 6324 633 39.2 39.3 38.4 39.0 39.6 38.4 38.6 37.9 38.5 39.0 38.5 39.0 37.9 38.4 38.3 38.0 38.8 37.9 38.5 37.4 Services. 3 3 3 3 3 Agricultural services 07 3 3 35.8 3 See footnotes at end of table. 110

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued industry 1987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Retail trade Continued General merchandise stores Department stores Variety stores Misc. general merchandise stores 53 531 533 539 $8.99 9.06 7.77 8.79 $94 9.23 7.82 8.94 $9.38 9.51 7.62 9.03 $9.48 9.62 7.61 9.07 $271.50 272 217.56 279 $269.63 279 219 267.31 $284 287.20 210.31 279.03 $279.66 289 212 278.45 Food stores Grocery stores Retail bakeries 54 541 546 99 9.29 8.33 9.36 9.46 8.53 9.28 9.32 9.08 9.29 9.32 94 285 287.06 246.57 281 288.53 241.40 287.68 290.78 266.95 287.06 289.85 268.72 Automotive dealers and service stations. New and used car dealers Auto and home supply stores Gasoline service stations Automotive dealers, nee 55 551 553 554 559 12 16.08 10.40 85 16 17 164 10.43 89 15 16 16.54 10.84 8.48 16 12 16.28 10.92 8.46 12 457.92 596.57 400 269 480.22 448.23 587 396.34 259.62 4470 476 619 421.68 270 482 4662 5990 420 270 485 Apparel and accessory stores Men's and boys' clothing stores Women's clothing stores Family clothing stores Shoe stores 56 561 562 565 566 8.78 109 8.84 8.58 8.39 8.98 10.44 9.06 8.75 8.56 9.25 10.81 9.25 96 8.68 9.22 10.75 9.27 9.09 8.73 243 300.61 216.58 247.96 238 238 297.54 211 236.25 225.98 247.90 308.09 225.70 250.98 241 248.94 293 226 250 247.06 Furniture and home furnishings stores... Furniture and home furnishings stores.. Household appliance stores Radio, television, and computer stores. Radio, television, and electronic stores Record and prerecorded tape stores... 57 571 572 573 5731 5735 12 11.62 11.67 19 13 7.51 14 14 11.65 11 10 7.57 19 13 16 16 16 7.85 19 14 15 17 13 7.76 417.31 3881 396.78 455.96 420.58 199.77 409.28 387.42 391.44 438.51 392 194 416.23 398 416 445 419 2008 416 390 413 445 418.07 1970 Eating and drinking places 4 58 6.62 6.68 6.90 6.95 177.42 168.34 184 189 Miscellaneous retail establishments Drug stores and proprietary stores Used merchandise stores Miscellaneous shopping goods stores... Nonstore retailers Fuel dealers Retail stores, nee Optical goods stores Miscellaneous retail stores, nee 59 591 593 594 596 598 599 5995 5999 9.78 10.39 89 9.04 10.47 16 9.97 11.64 10.29 9.90 10.63 8.32 96 10.44 17 9.99 11.52 10.36 10.27 113 8.38 9.52 10.82 12 10.34 11 10.72 10.27 114 8.47 9.55 10.82 15 10.25 18 10.61 296 309.62 255 266 347.60 469.39 308 396.92 316.93 290.07 3064 249.60 250 341.39 475.75 299.70 3806 310.80 3118 331 250.56 272 368.96 486 318.47 396.60 337.68 3093 327.52 249.87 273 366.80 489 318 401.33 328.91 Finance, insurance, and real estate 5 12 14 11 19 $11 540.94 528.50 550.87 5414 $547 Depository institutions Commercial banks State commercial banks National and commercial banks, nee... Credit unions 60 602 6022 6021,9 606 11.29 10.81 10.45 11.06 11.02 11.23 10.75 10.50 10.91 11.07 11.67 114 10.89 11.31 11.46 11.65 112 10.84 11.32 11.38 411 396.73 378.29 410.33 398.92 397.54 379.48 367.50 388.40 390.77 425.96 400 396.40 411.68 416.00 414 395 384 406 407.40 Nondepository institutions Personal credit institutions 61 614 18 19 19 17 15.88 14 15.81 10 607 514 575 486 604 520 598 517.44 Security and commodity brokers: Security and commodity services 628 25 28 27 25 846.08 827.06 849.37 836 Insurance carriers Life insurance Medical service and health insurance... Hospital and medical service plans Fire, marine, and casualty insurance 63 631 632 6324 633 171 13 16.27 16.67 18.56 17.08 13 16.26 16.64 18.55 17.55 162 16.66 17.02 19.06 17.54 16.09 16.73 172 19.03 670.71 610.33 627 6503 738 655.87 590 616.25 640.64 725 678 628.68 631.41 657 730.00 666.52 629 637 6592 712 Services 13 15 14 10 16 439.24 434 452 450.73 450 Agricultural services 07 10.26 10.61 10.80 10.85 360 370.29 386.64 388 See footnotes at end of table. 111

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Services Continued Agricultural services Continued Veterinary services Landscape and horticultural services 074 078 29.3 37.7 28.3 37.7 29.4 38.3 28.9 38 Hotels and other lodging places: Hotels and motels 4 701 3 31.0 3 3 Personal services: Laundry, cleaning, and garment services Beauty shops 4 Miscellaneous personal services 721 723 729 3 28 28.4 3 27.4 27.8 3 27.9 28 3 27.9 28.0 Business services Advertising Mailing, reproduction, and stenographic services Photocopying and duplicating services Services to buildings Disinfecting and pest control services Building maintenance services, nee Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing Medical equipment rental Heavy construction equipment rental Equipment rental and leasing, nee Personnel supply services: Help supply services Computer and data processing services Computer programming services Computer integrated systems design Information retrieval services Computer maintenance and repair Miscellaneous business services Detective and armored car services Security systems services 73 731 7334 734 7342 7349 735 7352 7353 7359 7363 737 7371 7373 7375 7378 738 7381 7382 3 37.0 36.4 29.4 38.5 28.5 38.8 36.2 41.4 38.5 3 39.3 38.2 40.5 39.7 40.7 3 35.8 36.2 3 36.3 37.0 28.5 37.6 27.7 38.2 3 40.9 38 30.3 38.6 37.7 39.2 38.6 39.4 3 3 37 3 36.7 36.2 28.8 39 27.8 38.5 35.8 41 38.3 3 38.6 37.8 38.9 37.3 39.5 3 35.8 36.5 3 3 36.7 28.9 38.0 28.0 38.2 3 41.4 38.0 3 38.0 37.6 38.4 36.5 38.7 3 3 37.5 Auto repair, services, and parking Automotive rentals, without drivers Passenger car rental Automobile parking Automotive repair shops Automotive and tire repair shops General automotive repair shops Automotive services, except repair Carwashes 75 751 7514 752 753 7532,4 7538 754 7542 36.3 36.7 36.3 3 38.3 38.7 38.0 3 29.2 3 36 35.7 3 37.3 38.0 36.5 30.2 27.5 36 37.0 36.9 3 37.5 37.9 36.8 3 30.2 36.0 37.0 37 3 37.5 37.9 36.9 3 30.2 Miscellaneous repair services 76 38.2 37.7 38 37.8 Motion pictures Motion picture production and services Video tape rental 78 781 784 31.6 39.4 2 30.7 39.3 2 3 40 26.3 3 41.0 2 Amusement and recreation services Bowling centers Misc. amusement and recreation services Physical fitness facilities Membership sports and recreation clubs 79 793 799 7991 7997 28.3 25.9 28.7 19.6 29 25.7 2 2 18.5 27.6 27.7 2 28 18.7 30 27.4 2 27.6 18.6 29 Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Offices and clinics of dentists Offices and clinics of other health practitioners.. Nursing and personal care facilities Intermediate care facilities Hospitals 80 801 802 804 805 8052 806 3 3 28.0 30.5 3 3 3 3 3 27.7 30.0 3 3 3 3 3 27.6 30.4 3 3 3 3 3 27.9 30.4 3 3 3 See footnotes at end of table. 112

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Services Continued Agricultural services Continued Veterinary services Landscape and horticultural services 074 078 $10.31 10.28 $10.50 10.67 $10.71 10.87 $10.79 10.93 $308 387.56 $2975 406 $317 416.32 $313 416.43 Hotels and other lodging places: Hotels and motels 4 701 9.09 9.28 9.43 9.46 290 287.68 300 300.83 Personal services: Laundry, cleaning, and garment services Beauty shops 4 Miscellaneous personal services 721 723 729 8.77 9.88 10.02 8.82 9.89 107 93 10.33 10.54 91 10.35 10.48 299.93 277.63 287 2982 270.99 283 310.42 288.21 2967 309.74 288.77 294 Business services Advertising Mailing, reproduction, and stenographic services: Photocopying and duplicating services Services to buildings Disinfecting and pest control services Building maintenance services, nee Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing Medical equipment rental Heavy construction equipment rental Equipment rental and leasing, nee Personnel supply services: Help supply services Computer and data processing services Computer programming services Computer integrated systems design Information retrieval services Computer maintenance and repair Miscellaneous business services Detective and armored car services Security systems services 73 731 7334 734 7342 7349 735 7352 7353 7359 7363 737 7371 7373 7375 7378 738 7381 7382 14 18.90 16 8.62 15 89 11 11 17.73 18 10.47 28 23 21.69 19 17.69 10.47 8.64 18 10 18.88 10 8.68 16 8.28 16 15 184 13 10.63 28 28 21.63 15.70 17.60 10.59 8.80 15 18 20.02 11 8.99 11 8.53 12 19 17.92 17 114 29 27.01 25 15.76 177 10.93 9.33 14 14 19.69 10 8.92 10 8.50 12 18 17.93 13 110 24 26.88 26 15.97 16.91 10.90 9.30 17 451.48 699.30 430 253 467.78 232 520.31 484 732 457.38 347 886 971.43 878.45 629 719.98 353 309.31 491.60 4388 684 436.60 247.38 456 229.36 517.99 460 743 454 329 867.73 956.83 847.90 606.02 694 351.59 308.00 5103 4713 733 438.38 258.91 483 2373 527 475.78 736.51 469.94 357.59 906.71 1,020.98 861.64 587.85 678.22 368.34 331 538.01 4698 699.00 440.40 257.79 460 238.00 520 458.66 740 474 366.30 890.72 1,010.69 858 581 652 365 331.08 546.38 Auto repair, services, and parking Automotive rentals, without drivers Passenger car rental Automobile parking Automotive repair shops Automotive and tire repair shops General automotive repair shops Automotive services, except repair Carwashes 75 751 7514 752 753 7532,4 7538 754 7542 11.45 10.98 10.03 8.58 18 11 14 8.56 7.57 11.54 115 10.29 8.68 11 15 13 8.68 7.66 15 11.37 10.55 9.00 15 14 15 8.88 7.86 10 11.39 10.55 8.82 12 16 16 8.96 7.84 414 407 369 287.43 490 518.97 482 272 221.04 406.21 402 367.35 287 481.54 510 465 264 210.65 427.79 420.69 389.30 306.90 500.63 535.91 480.24 287.71 237.37 428.40 421.43 391.41 292 505 540.45 481 290.30 236.77 Miscellaneous repair services 76 18 18 17 14 530.22 528 547.50 545.83 Motion pictures Motion picture production and services Video tape rental 78 781 784 19 20.88 7.51 161 21.44 7.52 10 19.38 7.78 13 19.36 7.74 486 827 187.75 498 849 179.73 469.44 7774 201 482 796 1984 Amusement and recreation services Bowling centers Misc. amusement and recreation services Physical fitness facilities Membership sports and recreation clubs 79 793 799 7991 7997 9.28 7.92 8.67 9.26 98 9.80 7.93 9.24 9.48 9.72 9.45 8.24 8.82 9.83 9.24 9.54 8.37 8.91 9.89 9.35 262 203 248.83 181.50 2674 256 198.25 230 178 268.27 267 209.30 247.84 182 2782 261.40 210.09 245.92 185 279 Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Offices and clinics of dentists Offices and clinics of other health practitioners... Nursing and personal care facilities Intermediate care facilities Hospitals 80 801 802 804 805 8052 806 10 18 10 15 109 9.75 15.94 14 17 19 14 10.33 9.93 164 15 14 19 11 10.74 10.34 16.50 16 16 19 14 10.74 10.27 16.52 468.60 493 410 398 333 310 551.52 470.35 491.02 415 391.20 336.76 318 552 4918 506.43 430.28 398.54 358.72 3382 5795 487.08 505 436 399.46 349.05 326.59 578.20 See footnotes at end of table. 113

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average weekly hours P P Average overtime hours P P Services Continued Health services Continued Home health care services 808 29.4 29 29.5 29.4 Legal services 81 3 3 35.8 3 Social services Individual and family services Job training and related services Child day care services Residential care Social services, nee 83 832 833 835 836 839 3 31.4 31.0 30.7 3 3 31.2 31.2 30.8 29.5 3 3 31.6 31.4 30.8 30.3 3 3 31.2 30.9 30.3 30.3 3 31.3 Membership organizations: Professional organizations 862 3 3 3 3 Engineering and management services... Engineering and architectural services... Engineering services Architectural services Surveying services Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping.. Research and testing services Commercial physical research Commercial nonphysical research Noncommercial research organizations Management and public relations Management services Management consulting services Public relations services 87 871 8711 8712 8713 872 873 8731 8732 8733 874 8741 8742 8743 37.7 39.6 40.0 38.4 38 36.5 36.9 39.4 3 36.8 36.7 35.9 37.0 36.9 37 39 39.6 37.7 37 36.0 36.3 38.8 31.4 36.2 36.2 3 36.4 35.7 37.3 39.2 39.5 38.7 37.0 37.0 36.6 39 31 36.8 36 35.9 36.4 3 36.9 38.8 39.0 38.4 37.7 36.3 36.6 38.8 3 36.2 35.7 3 36.3 3 Services, nee 89 35.7 3 3 3 See footnotes at end of table. 114

ESTABLISHMENT DATA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry Continued Industry 1987 SIC Code Average hourly earnings P P Average weekly earnings P P Services Continued Health services Continued Home health care services 808 $16 $18 $13 $12 $356 $354 $369.64 $365 Legal services 81 190 19.03 20.42 19.99 678.05 660.34 731.04 697.65 Social services Individual and family services Job training and related services Child day care services Residential care Social services, nee 83 832 833 835 836 839 9.54 10.09 9.22 83 9.76 12 9.66 104 9.31 8.49 9.84 14 9.92 10.51 9.58 8.50 103 14 9.86 10.40 9.56 8.50 101 15 302 316.83 285.82 249.59 3210 380.60 301.39 316.37 286.75 250.46 319.80 380.38 317 330.01 296 257.55 336.32 3961 307.63 321.36 289.67 257.55 328.58 380.30 Membership organizations: Professional organizations 862 18.74 19.00 19.35 198 660 666.90 689 671.30 Engineering and management services... Engineering and architectural services... Engineering services Architectural services Surveying services Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping.. Research and testing services Commercial physical research Commercial nonphysical research Noncommercial research organizations Management and public relations Management services Management consulting services Public relations services 87 871 8711 8712 8713 872 873 8731 8732 8733 874 8741 8742 8743 18.59 205 20.99 18.47 10 160 18.41 209 11 29 18.40 16.40 21.20 16.74 18.69 20.34 217 18.56 14 15.93 18.44 20.22 18 29 18.59 16.51 21.58 16.78 18.95 20.84 25 18.99 18 168 18.66 20.65 17 25 18.69 16.86 21.53 17.91 18.88 20.85 23 19.01 13 15.96 18.65 20.61 13 29 18.55 16.88 21.05 17.70 700.84 797.94 839.60 709.25 548.64 587.65 679.33 799 4772 805 678 588.76 780 617.71 690 799 838.33 699.71 544 578 669.37 784 470.37 796.04 676 5861 781 599.05 706.84 816.93 8593 731 546 598.66 686 807.42 456.24 811.44 671 607 789 637.60 696.67 808.98 847.47 729.98 566 579.35 689 799.67 463 810.52 664 597.55 762 617.73 Services, nee 89 18.63 18.92 18.55 18.89 669 658.42 656.67 663 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. 2 See table B15a for average hourly earnings in aircraft (SIC 3721) and guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 3761) manufacturing. 3 Data relate to linehaul railroads with operating revenues of $25 million or more in 1993 and to Amtrak. 4 Money payments only tips; not included. 5 Excludes nonoffice commissioned real estate sales agents. ~ Data not available. P = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 115

A Note on Average Hourly Earnings in Aircraft (SIC 3721) and Guided Missiles and Space Vehicles (SIC 3761) Manufacturing For many years, the Bureau of Labor Statistics average hourly earnings series for production workers in aircraft manufacturing (SIC 3721) and guided missiles and space vehicles manufacturing (SIC 3761) have been used to escalate labor costs in contracts between aerospace companies and their customers. Although the Bureau's series by definition take account of traditional wage rate changes, they do not capture "lumpsum payments to workers in lieu of general wage increases" which were negotiated in aerospace manufacturers' collective bargaining agreements beginning in late 1983. Because of special circumstances in the aerospace industry, BLS has calculated average hourly earnings series for SIC 3721 and SIC 3761 which include lumpsum payments. These series, beginning in October 1983, the effective date of the first aerospace bargaining agreement using lumpsum payments, were published in the June 1988 issue of Employment and Earnings. Current and year earlier data are presented in table BlSa along with the average hourly earnings series produced as part of the Current Employment Statistics program. An explanation of the methodology used to derive these series appears in the Explanatory Notes of this publication. B15a. Average hourly earnings in aircraft (SIC 3721) and guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 3761) manufacturing Aircraft (SIC 3721) Guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 3761) Series P P Average hourly earnings, excluding lumpsum payments $20 $25 $22 $23 $21 $21.63 $21.51 $21.45 Average hourly earnings, including lumpsum payments 23 21 26 22 26 27 21.56 21.50 preliminary. 116

B16. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime 1, of production workers on manufacturing payrolls ESTABLISHMENT DATA EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED Industry P P Manufacturing 10 $13 $14 $12 $12 Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Transportation equipment Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 18 10.93 10.74 12 15 18 13 10 17.05 13 10.89 12 11.00 10.80 18 11 10 14 10 17.32 16 11.00 11 11.29 11.30 11 14 11 19 16 17.75 11 11.30 14 11.27 11.31 19 12 18 14 15 17.87 19 11.23 13 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and misc. plastics products Leather and leather products 17 11.28 20.03 107 8.63 14 19 16.43 19.71 14 9.57 19 11.36 18.40 10.23 8.73 11 10 16.60 20.01 14 9.65 11 11.67 20.29 10.42 8.79 10 17 178 19.76 12 9.82 13 11.61 20.00 10.44 8.81 13 12 17.02 19.57 19 9.86 $13 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 1 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and onehalf. 2 Not available. P = preliminary. NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 117

ESTABLISHMENT DATA EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B17. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, in current and constant (1982) dollars 2 Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Industry P P P P Total private: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars $10 7.81 $18 7.87 $18 7.83 $17 7.82 $18 (3) $462 275 $458.93 269.96 $477.43 273 $475 271.52 $477.47 (3) Mining: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars 17.05 10.09 173 10.08 173 9.80 16.94 9.70 $179 (3) 758.73 448.95 758.86 446.39 775.99 443 760 436.35 $780.43 (3) Construction: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars 17.31 10.24 17.46 10.27 17.95 10.27 18.05 10.33 $189 (3) 690 409.70 676 396.45 729 414 721 415 $727.60 (3) Manufacturing: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars 15 8.25 11 8.30 17 8.22 18 8.23 $11 (3) 581 344 588.39 3461 590.61 337.88 593 340.77 $607 (3) Transportation and public utilities: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars 19 9.28 15.80 9.29 169 9.26 16.22 9.28 $16.28 (3) 6189 365.79 608.30 357.82 635 367 630.96 3617 $639 (3) Wholesale trade: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars 15 8.67 18 8.64 15 8.72 16 8.68 $15 (3) 569 331 560.78 329.87 590 338.50 580.63 336 $589.44 (3) Retail trade: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars 9.05 6 99 1 9.38 7 9.41 9 $9.57 (3) 270.60 1602 267 159 279.52 159.91 277.60 158.90 $272 (3) Finance, insurance, and real estate: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars 12 8.65 14 8.61 11 8.59 19 8.58 $11 (3) 540.94 320.08 528.50 310.88 550.87 314 5414 309.75 $547 (3) Services: Current dollars Constant (1982) dollars 13 7.83 15 7.91 14 7.86 10 7.84 $16 (3) 439.24 259.91 434 255 452 259.39 450.73 258.00 $450 (3) 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. 2 Data for all constant (1982) dollar series have been revised from January through due to corrections in the CPIW. 3 Not available. P = preliminary. NOTE: The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPIW) is used to deflate the earnings series. Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from March benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are introduced, all unadjusted data from April forward are subject to revision. 118

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B18. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings State and area P P P Alabama Birmingham Mobile 4 4 4 41.2 4 4 41.5 4 4 $15 18 15 $18 16 11 $10 14 12 $530.04 549.61 647 $530.66 557 605 $535 561.61 591.63 Alaska 58.5 48 5 11.62 12 11.49 679.77 5786 612 Arizona 40.5 40.2 39.7 14 15 14 515.97 515 501 Arkansas FayettevilleSpringdaleRogers Fort Smith Little RockNorth Little Rock Pine Bluff 41.5 4 40.6 4 38.4 41.0 39 40.8 41.6 39.5 4 40 41 4 39.8 11.60 11.31 11.54 15 10 11 11.67 14 15 14 15 11.63 13 14 19 481.40 476 468.52 515.74 510.72 491 456.30 4875 536 538.78 498.32 466.36 490.32 540.89 536.90 California Bakersfield Fresno Los AngelesLong Beach Modesto Oakland Orange County RiversideSan Bernardino Sacramento Salinas San Diego San Francisco San Jose Santa BarbaraSanta MariaLompoc Santa Rosa StocktonLodi VallejoFairfieldNapa Ventura 41.6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 41.3 4 40.5 39.9 4 40.6 40.3 41.5 41.0 4 41.3 4 40.5 4 38.3 4 4 4 40.3 4 39.7 40.2 4 40.6 39.9 4 4 41.5 41.6 4 41.0 4 38.9 4 4 4 40.3 4 40.0 40.2 4 40.8 39.4 4 41 4 19 16 19 14 11 12 19 14 16 12 11 13 17.27 18 18 11 15.94 12 14 16 12 12 10 167 12 18 16 10 18 18 17.55 16 19 15 16 10 11 15 16 15 15 16.21 18 13 10 14 19 17.58 16 17 19 17 16 588 5891 508 558 585 657.60 569.08 527 628 605.77 556 592 7396 579.77 599.66 568.97 654 541.00 594 607 491 560.77 546 698 593 540.94 606.92 596.31 540 5904 742 5914 609 5803 660.85 539.50 590 598.53 496 558.03 553 697.03 590.73 543 608.53 596.70 547.60 590.54 750.67 595 596 588.83 639.93 542 Colorado Denver 41.6 4 4 4 4 4 15 19 13 17 18 15 590 576.02 649.55 597.97 665 591.47 Connecticut Bridgeport Danbury Hartford New HavenMeriden New LondonNorwich StamfordNorwalk Waterbury 4 41.0 41.5 4 4 4 40.2 4 4 41.3 40.5 4 4 40.9 39 4 4 40.5 40.2 4 4 4 39.7 4 13 17 16 16.24 13 16.01 17 13 18 15 15.81 16.97 19 16.96 19 12 10 19 18 16.86 17 16.62 17 17 646.93 638.37 629 692 630.05 683 535 6295 656.99 642 640.31 730 656.78 696 519.64 625.83 650.52 631.40 630.34 719.92 646.65 709 518.88 648 Delaware Dover WilmingtonNewark 4 39.7 4 4 40.5 4 4 39.2 4 16.05 10 19.32 16.62 10 19.86 16.68 18 6988 567.71 859.74 727 591.30 885.76 730.58 576 888.64 District of Columbia: Washington PMSA Florida Georgia Atlanta Savannah Hawaii Honolulu Idaho Illinois BloomingtonNormal ChampaignUrbana Chicago DavenportMolineRock Island Decatur Kankakee PeoriaPekin Rockford Springfield 39.4 4 41.0 40.7 45.9 39.5 40.9 39.3 4 41 4 4 4 4 4 41 4 4 39.5 4 41.2 39.8 46.7 37.5 39.4 38.8 41.4 46.8 39.9 41.3 40.0 4 4 40.0 4 4 39 4 40.8 39.4 46.9 38.7 39.9 38.4 41.5 4 39.9 41.4 40.3 41.2 41.2 40.6 4 4 18 12 16 10 16.37 15 10 18 11 18.54 16 17 13 16.76 13 16.72 16.73 17 11 11 11 19 16.63 14 16 13 18 21.52 18 10 13 16.86 13 16.90 16.55 14 11 15 11 12 16.65 17 15 13 13 20.70 16 19 18 16.72 12 16.84 17 16 605.97 500.64 510.86 541.31 751.38 533 547 537.62 593 769 507.61 583 643 708.95 6599 6879 729.43 526.96 608.70 515.79 527.77 536.90 776.62 511.50 518.50 546 593 1,0074 505.93 583 621.20 706 658.02 676.00 699 551 603 515 526.72 540.56 780.88 521.29 516.71 546.43 590 917.01 5014 583 624 688.86 644 680 631 556.67 See footnotes at end of table. 119

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B18. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas Continued Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings State and area P P P Indiana Bloomington ElkhartGoshen EvansvilleHenderson Fort Wayne Gary Indianapolis Kokomo Lafayette Muncie South Bend Terre Haute 4 40.6 40.3 4 40.2 4 4 48.6 4 4 40.6 4 41.6 39.5 39.2 4 40.5 4 4 47.0 4 4 40.9 4 4 39.6 38.9 4 40.7 4 4 46.8 4 4 40.7 4 $18 18 10 14 15.84 20.06 12 26 16.08 14 15 16 $15.86 18 11 16 163 20.82 10 24 16.84 15 12 10 $15.84 12 16 17 16.06 20.82 13 20 16.84 17 17 10 $658 543 527.93 666 636.77 856 685.98 1,111.00 689.83 643 517.65 630.63 $659.78 5601 5499 656.43 657 887 676.06 1,098 708.96 617 517 628.86 $668 561 558.60 627 654 677.38 1,076.40 708.96 615 517 627.20 Iowa Cedar Rapids Des Moines Dubuque Sioux City 40.7 40.2 40.7 40.4 39 41.4 4 38.6 37.3 38.5 41.2 40.9 40.0 40 39.0 18 17.48 13 16 12 19 18.99 16.36 13 19 16 19.42 15.85 14 13 5773 700 550.67 600.34 489.53 6087 808 631.50 560.62 480.87 599.87 798 630 600 476.97 Kansas Topeka Wichita 40.9 39.8 41.0 40.8 38.0 4 40.4 38.3 41.2 11 16.92 16.54 19 17.88 17.35 18 17.96 17.53 589.37 672 6784 611.59 679.44 730.44 609.23 687.87 724 Kentucky Lexington Louisville 4 4 4 4 41.5 4 4 41.5 4 19 13 16.20 12 18 165 13 12 16.92 601.61 612 688.50 606.94 632 696.07 625.83 631.63 7467 Louisiana Baton Rouge New Orleans ShreveportBossier City 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 16 17.52 15 13 15 17.55 12 10 18 17.31 14 19 660.48 740 670.80 642 669 747.63 657 630 678 728.75 654 620 Maine LewistonAubum Portland 40.7 4 4 39.9 39.5 4 41.0 4 4 13 17 15 17 18 12 14 14 15 571.02 538.48 493 583 508.76 539.62 594 523 546.75 Maryland Baltimore PMSA 4 4 40.5 41 40.4 41.5 12 11 18 15.78 10 14 638.43 606.69 648.56 597.92 640.76 Massachusetts Boston Springfield Worcester 4 40.7 41.5 41 41.5 40.4 39.9 4 4 41 40.5 4 14 14 13 18 16 16.09 11 14 13 15.98 12 15 599.41 636.55 575 599.24 614 650.04 569 626.25 616 656.78 576 618.03 Michigan Ann Arbor Detroit Flint Grand RapidsMuskegonHolland Jackson KalamazooBattle Creek Lansing East Lansing SaginawBay CityMidland 4 45.7 45.7 4 4 4 4 41.3 4 41.4 41.4 4 37.3 41.2 4 4 40.9 4 4 4 4 46.4 4 4 4 4 47.2 18.03 19.94 20.58 22 13 15 10 17.58 26 18.44 19.33 20.20 26 13 18 14 20.47 29 18.61 19.93 19.79 23 14 19 18 20.83 27 805.94 911.26 940.51 1,068 627 540 664 726.05 990.57 762 800.26 870.62 876 631.60 604 616 837.22 1,030 818.84 890.87 856.91 1,156.75 635 6084 616 870.69 1,079.46 Hiinnosoui DuluthSuperior MinneapolisSt. Paul St. Cloud 4 37.8 4 4 40.2 39.4 40.9 4 40.7 40 41.6 4 19 10 10 12 16 18 15.97 18 14 14 15.94 19 480.06 643 581 601 543 657 594 608.06 538.94 660 590 Mississippi Jackson 41.0 39.9 40.6 39.8 40 40.6 11.27 16 11.66 19 11.62 17 467 5170 470 526 465.96 530.64 Missouri Kansas City St. Louis Springfield 41.5 41.2 4 4 41.2 4 4 41.4 41.3 41.2 4 41.5 10 11 15.91 19 13 13 16.31 11 18 12 16.25 14 576.85 599 664 503 586.28 628.25 696.44 517.91 583 618.82 685.75 511 Montana 39.5 38.0 38.7 19 15 12 560.51 540 558 Nebraska Lincoln Omaha 4 4 4 40 41 4 41.3 4 41.2 11 11 17 18 15 19 10 12 13 539 6508 580.56 520.50 606.23 618.22 528.64 627.07 606 Nevada Las Vegas 4 4 4 4 4 4 18 12 10 15 19 17 587 608.52 589 557.69 570 543 See footnotes at end of table. 120

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B18. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas Continued State and area Average weekly hours P Average hourly earnings P Average weekly earnings P New Hampshire Manchester Nashua PortsmouthRochester New Jersey New Mexico Albuquerque New York AlbanySchenectadyTroy Binghamton BuffaloNiagara Falls Dutchess County Elmira NassauSuffolk New York PMSA New York City Newburgh Rochester Rockland County Syracuse UticaRome Westchester County North Carolina Asheville CharlotteGastoniaRock Hill GreensboroWinstonSalemHigh Point RaleighDurhamChapel Hill North Dakota FargoMoorhead Ohio Akron CantonMassillon Cincinnati ClevelandLorainElyria Columbus DaytonSpringfield HamiltonMiddletown Lima Mansfield SteubenvilleWeirton Toledo YoungstownWarren Oklahoma Oklahoma City Tulsa Oregon EugeneSpringfield MedfordAshland PortlandVancouver Salem Pennsylvania AllentownBethlemEaston Altoona Erie HarrisburgLebanonCarlisle Johnstown Lancaster Philadelphia PMSA Pittsburgh Reading ScrantonWilkesBarreHazleton Sharon State College Williamsport York See footnotes at end of table. 40 38.3 4 4 41.4 38.6 37.8 41 4 41.3 4 39.4 40.6 39.9 39.2 38.7 4 4 4 41.5 40 4 41 4 41.6 39.8 4 39.8 4 4 4 40.4 4 4 41.6 4 4 4 4 40.3 4 41.3 4 4 4 41.2 40.5 39.9 41.0 39.4 4 41 40.0 4 40 39.2 41.0 4 4 4 41.6 41.0 4 40.3 4 40.0 39.2 40.8 40.4 41.4 37.5 36.6 40.7 41.6 41.0 4 40.4 40.7 39.3 39.2 38.4 40.6 4 4 40.9 40.2 4 40.9 4 41.6 40.2 4 39.6 40.2 4 41.3 39.9 4 4 41.5 4 46.7 4 4 4 4 40.6 41.2 4 4 39.7 40.2 39.3 40.4 37.9 4 40.6 40.3 4 40.4 39.0 40.7 4 4 4 40.7 40.5 4 41.6 4 40.3 38.3 41.3 40.9 41.5 38.0 36.9 40.7 4 40.6 4 40.9 39.7 39.4 39.3 38.7 40.6 4 4 41.4 40.3 4 40.9 4 41.4 40.0 4 39.5 39.3 4 41.2 40.2 4 4 4 4 45.7 4 4 4 4 4 41.3 4 4 39.2 39.5 40.0 40 37.9 4 40.7 40.5 4 39.6 39.5 41.3 4 4 4 41.0 40.9 4 41.0 4 $10 12 16 13 11 17 16 10 12 10.98 177 14 16 15 15 13 11.54 15.86 15.84 13 10 10 16 17 11 17 15 19 10 16.21 11 16 15.93 16.33 15 17.33 17.31 16.58 16.91 18.36 18.55 185 12 12 10 10 12 13 12 17 16 15 12 11 12 13 15.75 12 15 18 14 19 13 10 $10 14 19 16 19 10 15.72 12 11 11.45 17.38 11 14 13 13 14 11 16.52 15.99 12 16 13 10 13 15 18 18 14 10 16.49 15 19 16.37 16.22 13 17.21 186 17.67 16.57 18.64 17.94 17.59 11 10 16.09 15 18 18 17 13 18 11 15 15 11 12 11 16.23 15.71 18 19 18 14 14 17 $18 14 16 17 13 14 15.76 10 11 11.46 17.50 17 12 18 11 12 12 16.37 15.97 19 11 15 10 19 17 14 14 19 12 16.47 19 17 16.44 16.38 15 17.50 18.25 17.66 16.36 18.72 18.56 18.25 16 16 165 14 12 12 12 11 14 16 18 19 16 11.58 18 167 15 10 12 15 11 12 10 $529.32 543 587.72 551 621.41 472 539.03 571.29 654 457 736 466.50 5268 516.71 502 488.78 4884 6662 689.04 627.90 497.24 557.04 508.00 497.87 562 500.29 5609 477.20 489.06 699 581.40 576 6888 716.89 626.08 765 781 727.86 730.51 739.91 802 749.60 528 600.08 561.60 601.52 575.91 547.83 619.92 479.50 5964 575 510 650 570.22 458.25 543 658.35 657.23 6405 531.65 587.94 537 472 640.84 $536.00 569.97 563 547.82 6375 498.75 575 578 620.26 469.45 743 509.44 530.73 527 510.78 496 485 690.54 685.97 638.86 520.99 567.22 522 521 570 517.78 590 500 518.58 698 588.53 5668 708.82 6861 636.20 7210 848.07 754 709.20 788.47 764 715 536.01 606 675.78 601.46 578.08 569.06 629.03 501 602 601.29 529.95 688 606.40 457.08 558.00 681.66 6660 630.34 536 586.44 561.08 502 670.35 $538 549.22 581 5590 636.20 492 581.54 577 617.58 468 749.00 518.20 516.89 519.29 512 500.00 488.01 685.90 681 6375 520.27 560.48 519.43 512 552 510 599.06 497.31 494 693 588.75 569.63 715 691.24 637.45 747.25 833 768 696 7881 809 773 541 618 691.22 585 564 580.80 618.34 498 605 600 537.84 686.52 596.38 457.41 568 680.76 659.32 630 537.92 590 5600 496.92 651 121

ESTABLISHMENT DATA STATE AND AREA HOURS AND EARNINGS NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED B18. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in States and selected areas Continued Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings State and area P P P Rhode Island ProvidenceFall RiverWarwick South Carolina South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls Tennessee Chattanooga Johnson CityKingsportBristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville 39.9 40.3 4 4 40.3 4 40.8 4 40.3 41.0 39.9 39.9 39.5 40.5 4 4 40.7 4 39.7 41.0 40 40.2 41.0 39.3 40.2 40.4 4 4 4 46 39.5 41.4 38.8 39.9 40.5 39.0 $13 19 10.72 10.61 10.74 11.06 14 11.65 13 14 14 19 $14 16 10.98 10.82 10.60 11.47 16 13 15 16 15 16 $14 17 10.99 10.92 10.89 11.42 18 12 15 12 18 12 $476.01 499 453 456.23 432 491.06 507.55 491.63 517.05 505.94 529 544 $488 503 465 460 431.42 5082 511 497.33 546 520.99 547.35 565 $488.03 499.75 468 456.46 464 526.46 511 505.91 510 519.50 549.99 548 Texas Dallas Ft. WorthArlington Houston San Antonio 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 16 10 17 15 9.99 18 13 19 17 10.21 19 14 18 10 10.21 531 525.76 588.64 647 427 538.53 525.79 579.79 648.26 447.20 535 527 577 646.56 452 Utah Salt Lake CityOgden 39.2 38.9 39.9 39.2 40.3 39.7 19 16 19 10 14 15 520.97 500.25 550.22 529.20 549.69 530.00 Vermont Burlington 40.0 4 39.3 3 39.8 3 17 11 13 15 16 18 546.80 620.93 567 480 571.53 547.99 Virginia Bristol Charlottesville Danville Lynchburg Northern Virginia RichmondPetersburg Roanoke 4 50.4 4 4 4 40.7 4 39.2 4 51 46.0 4 4 39.4 4 38.8 4 47.8 4 4 4 40 4 38.5 19 16 10.66 11 11 11 16.27 14 14 17 11.66 17 14 12 16.68 16 18 10 11.66 18 16 15 16.76 17 569.08 6484 458 561.68 559 570.21 730.52 558.21 585 647.44 536.36 618 593 560.27 697.22 563 588.51 597.50 505 596 584 579.45 710 580.20 Washington 41.4 40.6 40.3 16.09 16.75 16.68 6663 680.05 670 West Virginia Charleston HuntingtonAshland ParkersburgMarietta Wheeling 4 48.3 40.5 4 40 40.8 46.4 4 4 38.6 40.8 47.0 4 4 38.5 19 16.22 10 17.40 173 10 172 15 18.45 18.34 13 17.06 15 18.34 18.43 587.55 783 610 729.06 686.91 604 797 670.21 795 707.92 600.98 802 6400 775 709.56 Wisconsin AppletonOshkoshNeenah Eau Claire Green Bay JanesvilleBeloit Kenosha La Crosse Madison MilwaukeeWaukesha Racine Sheboygan Wausau 4 4 4 4 4 39.8 40.5 39.7 4 41.2 4 4 41 4 4 41 40.3 37.7 40 39.4 40.7 40.3 41.4 4 41.3 4 4 4 4 40 40.3 40.0 40.6 36.9 4 4 19 15.72 17 18 18.76 15.99 14 13 17 19 19 18 11 15.93 17 16 18.42 19 10 14 13 14 17 17 18 16.03 10 15 18.83 17.31 10 16 19 17 11 19 605.82 710.54 545 641 806.68 636.40 491.67 556.99 6489 588.75 631.67 608 608 700.92 590.73 639.52 743 587 521.30 561.06 623 618.20 619.76 620.34 606.28 713 590.75 685 816 693 515.84 580 623 526.56 627.94 608.40 Wyoming 38.0 38 39 17 15.94 15.77 586 607.31 616.61 Puerto Rico 41.0 41.0 40.6 8.99 9.22 9.29 368.59 378.02 3777 Virgin Islands 4 18.55 799.51 1 Not available. P = preliminary. NOTE: Area definitions are published annually in the May issue of this publication. All State and area data (with the exception of data for New Jersey) have been adjusted to March benchmarks. 122

LABOR FORCE DATA REGIONS AND DIVISIONS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C1. Labor force status by census region and division, seasonally adjusted 1 (Numbers in thousands) Census region and division Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June P NORTHEAST 26,239.4 25,079.7 1,159.7 26,246.5 25,09 1,151.3 26,29 25,160.3 1,13 26,316.7 25,209 1,107.6 26,336.6 25,25 1,08 26,416.3 25,36 1,051.0 26,417 25,358.2 1,059.0 26,36 25,38 98 26,47 25,467.0 1,006.3 26,45 25,44 1,01 26,42 25,428.4 99 26,367 25,379.4 987.7 26,39 25,380.2 1,01 New England 7,15 6,920.6 23 7,16 6,930.5 23 7,18 6,949.4 23 7,19 6,96 227.8 7,201.5 6,978.8 22 7,226.5 7,019.2 207.3 7,23 7,018.9 21 7,201.6 7,017.5 18 7,24 7,04 199.3 7,22 7,028.4 197.0 7,220.8 7,02 197.8 7,225.8 7,01 211.6 7,219.7 7,017.7 20 Middle Atlantic 19,08 18,159 926.2 19,08 18,16 918.2 19,110.5 18,210.9 899.6 19,12 18,24 879.8 19,13 18,27 861 19,189.8 18,346 84 19,18 18,339.3 84 19,16 18,36 799 19,230.0 18,42 807.0 19,230 18,41 816.4 19,20 18,40 796.5 19,141.3 18,36 776.2 19,17 18,36 811.6 SOUTH 2 48,440.4 46,469.6 1,970.8 48,581.6 46,607.2 1,97 48,748.2 46,77 1,97 48,881.3 46,929.0 1,95 49,01 47,076.3 1,936 49,14 47,25 1,887.6 49,249.5 47,330.0 1,919.5 49,307.4 47,38 1,92 49,32 47,43 1,888.2 49,396.3 47,467.5 1,928.8 49,299.8 47,38 1,91 49,306.6 47,456.6 1,849.9 49,37 47,46 1,911.3 South Atlantic 2 25,101 24,171.2 929.9 25,18 24,251.2 93 25,287.9 24,35 93 25,371.0 24,44 928.2 25,451.4 24,53 918.6 25,501.4 24,607.7 89 25,560.9 24,666 89 25,610.5 24,72 887.7 25,63 24,750.9 88 25,677.2 24,767.2 910.0 25,63 24,720.3 91 25,647.8 24,76 88 25,710.5 24,790 920.4 East South Central 8,21 7,84 368.4 8,227.2 7,86 36 8,249.2 7,886.2 36 8,259.3 7,90 35 8,27 7,92 349 8,31 7,96 348.3 8,33 7,978.4 35 8,33 7,991.4 341 8,319.8 7,97 34 8,33 7,98 351.3 8,331.3 7,987.8 34 8,348.8 8,00 34 8,335.9 7,99 34 West South Central 15,126.6 14,45 67 15,169.7 14,49 675.7 15,211 14,53 675.7 15,251.0 14,581.4 669.6 15,287.8 14,619.5 668.4 15,327.0 14,681.4 64 15,35 14,68 669 15,36 14,668.2 696.2 15,367 14,707.9 659.2 15,38 14,716.5 667.5 15,33 14,676.3 656.8 15,310.0 14,688.3 62 15,328.4 14,679.8 648.6 See footnotes at end of table. 123

LABOR FORCE DATA REGIONS AND DIVISIONS SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C1. Labor force status by census region and division, seasonally adjusted 1 Continued (Numbers in thousands) Census region and division Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June P MIDWEST 3 33,47 32,268.8 1,20 33,54 32,356.7 1,186.7 33,640.6 32,470.0 1,170.6 33,720.7 32,56 1,15 33,816.4 32,671 1,14 33,888.9 32,791 1,097.8 33,906.6 32,77 1,131.5 33,900.2 32,756.0 1,14 33,95 32,81 1,137.0 33,937.4 32,761.4 1,176.0 33,95 32,778.4 1,17 33,99 32,79 1,200 33,99 32,780.8 1,211.6 East North Central 3 23,27 22,37 900.2 23,306.0 22,415.7 890.4 23,360.6 22,47 885.9 23,40 22,528.7 875.7 23,448.8 22,579.5 869.3 23,506.5 22,670.7 835.8 23,516.3 22,659.9 856.4 23,49 22,629.5 86 23,55 22,690.9 86 23,530.5 22,65 878.0 23,559.9 22,65 907.8 23,59 22,659 93 23,57 22,64 929.4 West North Central 10,200.5 9,896.4 30 10,237.4 9,941 296.3 10,280.0 9,99 28 10,316.3 10,036.4 279.9 10,367.6 10,091.6 276.0 10,38 10,120.4 26 10,390.3 10,11 27 10,408.4 10,126.6 28 10,397.8 10,12 27 10,406.9 10,108.9 298.0 10,39 10,126.3 267.7 10,399.8 10,13 267.0 10,417.5 10,13 28 WEST 31,237.0 29,731.2 1,505.8 31,260.6 29,78 1,478.7 31,351.4 29,881.2 1,470.2 31,43 29,980.9 1,451.0 31,508.3 30,06 1,44 31,607.8 30,199.9 1,407.8 31,641 30,24 1,397.5 31,686.0 30,25 1,43 31,78 30,36 1,419.8 31,820.2 30,361.0 1,459.2 31,92 30,42 1,496.5 31,851.5 30,369.8 1,48 31,948.0 30,44 1,50 Mountain 8,87 8,50 370.7 8,89 8,53 36 8,928.4 8,568.6 359.8 8,960.7 8,609.0 35 8,99 8,648 346.4 9,01 8,679.3 33 9,020.2 8,68 337.6 9,03 8,70 329.2 9,04 8,71 329.4 9,04 8,727.9 317.7 9,048.4 8,727.0 321.5 9,07 8,74 329.7 9,070.9 8,728.3 34 Pacific 22,36 21,228.3 1,13 22,36 21,248.5 1,116.5 22,42 21,31 1,110.4 22,471.2 21,37 1,099.2 22,51 21,41 1,098.5 22,59 21,520.6 1,07 22,620.9 21,561.0 1,059.9 22,65 21,547.9 1,10 22,739.7 21,649.4 1,090.4 22,77 21,63 1,141.5 22,87 21,698.7 1,17 22,779.3 21,627.4 1,15 22,877 21,716.2 1,160.9 p = preliminary. 1 These estimates are obtained from summing offical State estimates produced and published through the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program. 2 June LAUS estimates for the South region and the South Atlantic division have been corrected as the result of a correction for Florida. 3 LAUS estimates for the Midwest region and East North Central division are subject to revision when Current Employment Statistics data for Michigan are corrected. NOTE: The States (including the District of Columbia) that compose the various census divisions are: New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. 124

STATE LABOR FORCE DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) State Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June P Alabama 2,14 2,040.2 10 2,15 2,047.9 10 2,159.2 2,056.9 10 2,169.6 2,067.2 10 2,18 2,079.5 10 97.8 2,089.7 108 2,199.9 98.4 101.6 2,186.7 2,09 91.5 2,177.7 2,087.7 90.0 2,187.2 2,09 9 2,179.0 2,096 8 2,187.6 2,097.7 89.9 2,195.9 2,096.4 99.5 Alaska 31 29 19.9 6.3 31 29 19.4 6.2 315.7 296.6 19 6.0 316.7 297.7 19.0 6.0 317.6 299.4 18.2 5.7 318.9 300 18.9 5.9 319.2 300.7 18.5 5.8 320 300.8 19.3 6.0 321.3 300.2 21 6.6 321.2 301.5 19.7 6 32 30 19.8 6 316.8 301.4 17.4 319.5 300.9 18.5 5.8 Arizona... 78.4 2,271.4 107.0 2,380.8 2,279.3 101.5 2,386.9 8 101.6 2,39 2,29 99.7 2,396.5 2,299.7 96.8 2,401.2 0 98.7 98.6 2,30 9 2,398 2,30 9 2,397.2 2,309.0 88.3 2,396.7 0 91.5 2,396.2 2,30 9 2,39 2,305.7 88.8 9 2,299.4 96.0 Arkansas 1,22 1,170.4 5 1,229.5 1,177.2 5 1,236.3 1,18 5 1,24 1,19 5 1,25 1,198.6 5 1.256.7 1,20 5 1,259.0 1,200.2 58.8 1,26 1.20 59.8 1,260.2 1,20 5 1.26 1,205.9 57.2 1,259.5 1,208.8 50.6 1.26 1.210.6 51.6 1,260.0 1,208.0 5 California 16,619.5 15,78 835.9 16,630.6 15,807.2 82 16,667.4 15.841.6 825.8 16,69 15,870.9 82 16,726.0 15,898.0 828.0 16,79 15,99 800.3 16,80 16,026.8 778.6 16,820.5 15,987.4 83 16.907 16.089.8 817.3 16,94 16,08 859.5 17,03 1639.5 89 16,966.9 16,096.5 870.4 17.06 16,198.3 86 Colorado 2,26 2,201.0 6 2,27 2,208.0 6 2,281 2,216.0 6 2,29 27.8 6 2,301.2 2,235.8 6 2,31 5 59.2 2,31 2,247 6 2,318.0 2,25 6 1 48.2 6 2,309.0 2,258.3 50.8 2,310.8 2,256.5 5 2,32 2,259.7 6 2,309.3 2,24 6 Connecticut. 1,688.9 1,638.3 50.6 1,690.2 1,637.8 5 1,69 1,64 5 1.696.0 1,646.6 49.4 1,697 1,649.9 47.2 1,706.7 1,668.7 38.0 07.8 1,666.0 4 1,707.2 1,667.4 39.8 1,709.0 1.669.2 39.8 1,708.8 1,668.2 40.6 1,70 1,665.9 38.8 1,70 1,66 41.3 1,710.8 1,667.7 4 Delaware 387.3 37 1 389.0 375.8 1 39 378.4 1 39 380.6 1 396.7 38 1 397.0 38 1 397.8 38 1 400.6 387.9 1 40 390.3 1 406.4 391.6 1 406.5 39 1 408.3 39 1 409.0 39 15.9 District of Columbia.... 28 268.2 16.8 5.9 28 267.6 16.8 5.9 28 268.2 16.5 5.8 28 268.0 16.8 5.9 28 267.3 17 6.0 279.9 26 16.7 6.0 280.8 26 1 280.0 26 16 5.8 281.0 26 1 278.6 26 1 27 26 1 27 261 1 278.4 26 1 Florida 1 7.381.2 70 276.6 7,406.6 7,127.4 279 7,446.6 7,16 28 7,48 79 290.2 7,508.2 7,221.2 287 7,540.4 7,260.4 280.0 7,547.8 7,26 28 7,56 7.280 28 7.59 7,30 288.6 7.589.0 7,30 28 7,581 7,28 295.7 7,59 7,311.2 28 7,600.4 7,316.9 28 See footnotes at end of table. 125

STATE LABOR FORCE DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) State Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June P Georgia 4,096.8 3 16 4,10 3,94 159.9 09.7 5 15 4,110.2 3,96 148 4,118.8 70.4 148.3 4,118.5 70.0 148.5 4 4,00 141.6 4,14 4,00 14 4,15 4,00 147.4 4,181.0 4,031.0 150.0 6 1 150.7 4,177.3 39.0 138.3 4,187.2 3 15 Hawaii. 59 56 3 596.3 56 3 597.8 566.0 3 598.9 567.6 31.3 599.5 568.8 30.7 60 57 29.4 601.3 57 28.4 60 57 28.3 60 577.4 25.7 60 577.4 26 60 579.0 2 597.6 57 2 597.8 57 2 Idaho. 656.0 62 3 656.4 62 3 658.6 626.7 3 660 629.8 30.3 66 63 29 66 63 28.9 66 63 29.2 667 640 26.9 671.2 64 29.5 670.9 64 28.9 668.6 638.9 29.6 671.4 641.6 29.9 67 64 30.3 Illinois 6.409.9 6,126.0 28 6,41 6,13 277.5 6,41 6,138.9 27 6,411.4 6,140.8 270.6 6,409.8 6,139.5 270.3 6,420.2 6,158.6 261.6 6,43 6,156.5 277.6 6.420.4 6,139.2 281.3 6.45 6,178.2 275.8 6.438.9 6,161.5 277.5 6,446.9 6,17 27 6.430.0 651 279.0 6,440.7 6,167.4 27 Indiana Unemployment ra'.e 76.7 2,98 9 3,07 8 9 90.3 98.5 9 3,098 3,005.7 9 3,10 3,01 90.3 3,116.3 3,02 9 2 2 99.9 3,109.4 3,008.9 100.4 3,11 3,006.3 107.7 09.5 10.8 98.8 3,09 2,98 109.2 2 10 11 2 3,015.9 107.7 Iowa.. 1,576.4 1,536.3 40 1,575.9 1,537.6 38.3 1,578 1,541.4 36.7 1,578.9 1,54 3 1,58 1,550.9 3 1,58 1,546.4 37.6 1,586.9 1,55 3 1,58 1,55 3 1,581.6 1.546.6 3 1.578.4 1.54 36.3 1,57 1,538.5 3 1,576.2 1,54 3 1,577.0 1,54 3 Kansas. 1,435.7 1,39 4 1,438.6 1,39 4 1,44 1,398.7 4 1,44 1,399.8 4 1,448.4 1,401.4 47.0 1.45 1.407.5 4 1,451.2 1,40 47.5 1,450.6 1,40 46.8 1.450.9 1.40 48.4 1,45 1.40 49.7 1,45 1,406.4 47.9 1,45 1,40 49.6 1,45 1,40 49 Kentucky 1,97 1,886.7 87.0 1,975.8 1,889.8 86.0 1,978.4 1,89 8 1,975.8 1,89 80.5 7 1,89 76.9 1,981.2 1,906.6 7 1,991.5 1,908.6 8 1,990.8 1,91 77 1,986 1,909.3 76.8 89.9 1,910.2 79.7 1,98 1,909.5 75.9 1,989.9 1,91 76.8 1,991.0 1,915.8 7 Louisiana 2,050.3 1,949.4 100.9 2,05 1,95 101.4 2,056.8 1,957.3 99.5 2,056 1,96 9 2,046.4 1,959.3 87 2,04 1,948.6 9 2,041.0 4 97.5 2,05 1,947.0 106.7 2,060.3 1,969.8 90.5 6 61.6 10 2,048.3 50.9 97.4 2,03 1,94 9 2,031 1,93 96.3 Maine 67 645.9 27.7 678.3 650.8 27.5 680.9 65 26.4 68 658.3 2 686.9 66 2 69 667.8 2 69 67 2 696 671.5 2 698.4 67 2 700.4 675.8 2 697.4 67 2 691.0 667 2 689.3 667.0 2 See footnotes at end of table. 126

STATE LABOR FORCE DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) State Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June P Maryland 2,758.6 2,66 9 2,780.4 2,686.4 9 2,79 2,700.5 9 2,80 2,71 91.4 2,817.8 2,726.6 91.2 2,828.8 2,74 86.7 2,82 2,738.3 8 2,82 2,738 8 2,82 2,73 91.3 2,825.8 2,729.0 96.8 2,818.2 2,72 9 17.0 2,72 91.4 2,828.6 2,730.5 98 Massachusetts 3,28 3,17 106.5 3,28 3,179.5 10 3,29 3,18 107.5 3,29 3,186.3 107 3,29 3,188 105.7 3,299.7 3,201.0 98.7 3,30 3,20 10 3,27 3,19 78 3,30 3,209.7 9 3,289.5 3,20 8 3,287.9 3,201.2 86.7 3,29 3,198.5 96 3,28 3,199.4 8 Michigan 2 5,14 4,957.5 186.8 5,137.4 4,950.3 187.2 5,130.5 4,940.6 189.9 5,116.0 4,928.8 187.3 5,09 4,909.7 18 5,101.0 4,937.5 16 5,070.8 4,93 138.8 5,079.2 4,93 145.9 5,098.4 4,946.2 15 5,097.5 4,931.2 166.4 5,118.9 4,949.7 169.2 5,13 4,947.6 18 5,116.9 4,920.7 196 Minnesota 2,70 2,62 78.0 2,708.8 2,63 7 2,717.8 2,64 7 2,727.7 2,657.8 69.9 2,739.0 2,67 67.3 2,747.0 2,677.5 69.5 2,748.7 2,677.0 7 2,75 2,680.0 7 2,761.2 2,689.0 7 2,766.4 2,68 8 2,75 2,689.0 6 2,76 2,69 69.2 2,77 2,69 78.5 Mississippi 1,269.9 1,206.5 6 1,277.9 1,21 6 1,28 1,219.4 66 1,291.3 1,226.5 6 1,300.0 1,23 66.3 1,30 1,238.3 67.0 1,31 1,240.2 7 1,31 1,240.9 7 1,318.2 1,245.7 7 1,32 1,245.7 76.4 5.8 1,327.3 1,246.6 80.7 6 1,326.0 1,251.4 7 1,311.5 1,246.8 6 Missouri. 2,841.2 2,74 95.7 2,86 2,770.5 91.5 2,881.3 2,796.8 8 2,89 11.5 8 2,916.0 2,83 8 18.9 2,851 67.8 2,916.2 2,840.6 7 2,931.5 2,846.0 8 2,916.2 2,84 71.5 2,92 2,84 8 2,929.8 2,85 7 2,928.2 2,857.5 70.7 2,935.8 2,859.5 76.3 Montana 47 449.4 2 47 449.4 2 475.7 45 2 476.5 45 2 477.4 45 2 478.4 45 2 477.9 45 2 480.5 457.6 2 480.5 456.9 2 48 458.0 2 48 459.6 2 481.0 456.5 2 481 456.7 2 Nebraska 910.6 88 25.9 915.9 890.3 2 92 896.6 2 929.2 90 2 937.4 91 2 937.5 91 2 94 917.5 2 941.0 918 2 94 916.9 27.4 94 916.6 26.2 94 916 27.3 940.6 91 26 939.3 91 2 Nevada 945.7 901.6 4 949.5 905.8 4 95 91 4 958.6 917.2 41.4 96 92 39.5 961.6 92 38.9 96 929.3 3 96 929.3 36.3 97 937.0 37.0 978.3 94 3 98 948.5 3 98 950.9 3 990.9 95 37 New Hampshire 666.8 649.5 17.3 668.5 65 16.9 67 65 17 67 658.0 16.8 677.3 661 16.2 68 66 17.7 68 665.9 17.5 679.0 66 1 680.6 66 16.7 68 66 18.4 68 66 19.5 686.4 66 21.0 68 66 19.8 See footnotes at end of table. 127

STATE LABOR FORCE DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) State Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June P New Jersey 4 4,220.2 4,02 198.0 4,218 4,02 19 4,229.8 4,039.4 190.4 4,23 48.6 18 4,236.4 4,056.9 179.5 4,22 4,057 166.6 4,23 4,060.0 17 2 4,068.5 156.8 4,246 4,08 16 4,240.2 4,078.2 16 4,22 4,080.0 145.7 4,22 4,067.4 157.2 4,24 4,07 168.3 New Mexico. 807.2 76 4 81 766.8 4 816.8 770.8 46.0 82 777.2 47.0 5.7 83 78 48.3 5.8 83 788.7 4 83 789.4 45.8 835.7 791 4 837.0 79 4 838.6 79 46.6 836.0 790 45.9 840 79 45.7 84 796.2 45.7 New York 8,88 8,42 460.4 8.89 8.429.5 46 8,906.9 8,45 45 8,918.7 8,477.3 441.4 8,929.7 8,497.5 43 8,97 8,53 437.9 8,96 8.54 420.6 8,979.5 8,570.6 408.9 9,02 8,606.9 417.9 9,029.8 8,618.3 411.6 9,011.2 8,607.7 40 8,959.6 8,579.6 379.9 8,978.6 8,57 40 North Carolina 3,888.6 3,76 12 3,891.0 3,766.0 12 01.4 3,77 126.6 3,90 79 125.8 3,90 3,781.2 12 3,91 3,788.3 125.7 3,930 3,797.8 13 3,95 3,820.3 13 3,93 3,81 119.2 3,927.5 3,798.7 128.7 3,941.0 3,80 135.7 3,921.3 3,79 126.5 3,948.8 3,81 136.7 North Dakota 33 32 11.0 336.3 32 10.9 337.2 326.3 10.9 338.3 328 10.2 339.3 329.6 9.7 340.9 330.0 10.9 341.5 330.9 10.5 341.3 331.5 9.7 339.8 330.3 9.4 338.0 329.7 8.3 338.5 329.6 8.9 338.0 329.2 8.8 338.6 328.9 9.7 5,76 5,509 7 25 5.786.0 5,536.5 249.6 5,80 5,559 24 5,82 5,587.4 237.6 5,85 5,617.5 237.6 5,869 5,63 23 5,886.4 5,631.3 25 5,87 5,63 24 5,87 5,646.4 226.3 5,868.4 5,63 23 5,87 5,628.3 24 5,878.5 5,63 24 5.86 5,619.0 245.8 Oklahoma 1.651.2 1,597.8 5 1,65 1,599.7 5 1,65 1,60 5 1,656.6 1.60 5 1,658.4 1,60 5 1,65 1,608.0 45.7 1,65 1,60 47.9 1,651 1.599.3 5 1,65 1,606.0 47.3 1,648 1,601.5 46.6 1,646.4 1,596.3 50 1,65 1,60 50.0 1,658.9 1,606 5 Oregon 1,75 1,65 10 5.8 1,746.6 1.647.4 99.3 5.7 1,767 1,670.8 96.2 88.3 1,69 9 1,800.7 1,710.6 90.2 1,80 1,717.5 8 1 1,72 88.6 1,817.7 1,73 8 1,827.7 1,74 8 1,82 31.6 9 1,81 1,72 89.6 1,815.7 1,72 90 1,83 36.0 96.8 Pennsylvania.... 5,979.8 5.71 267.7 5.97 5.71 261.2 5,97 5,716.3 257.5 5.971.3 5,717.9 25 5,969 5,719.6 249.5 5,99 5,75 239.2 5,987.9 5,737.3 250.6 5,959 5,72 23 5,959 5,73 226.6 5.960 5,717.2 24 5,96 5,717.6 247.4 5,957 5,718 239 5,95 5,71 237.8 Rhode Island... 506 4 48 21.3 50 48 20.6 505.8 48 20.2 507 487.3 19.8 507 487.8 19.3 50 48 19.2 50 48 18.9 50 486.4 19.0 51 49 19.2 50 48 20.4 506.3 486.3 20.0 509.0 488.8 20 508.8 486 2 South Carolina 1,960.0 7 87.5 1,96 1,87 90 1,97 1,88 91.0 1,980.8 90.8 90.0 1,989.8 1,90 87.4 1,986.0 1,900.3 85.7 1,98 1,90 81.3 1,98 1,911.2 7 1,98 1,91 69.0 2,00 1,92 80.9 2,00 1,927.8 76.7 2,007 1,927.3 79.8 2,011.5 1,927.7 8 See footnotes at end of table. 128

STATE LABOR FORCE DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C2. Labor force status by State, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) State Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June P South Dakota... 399.7 388.0 1 399.8 388.6 11.2 401.2 390 11 401.4 390.9 10.5 40 39 10.0 40 39 9.6 40 39 9.5 40 39 8.6 40 39 9.4 40 39 10.3 40 39 9.8 40 39 9.2 401.4 39 8.8 Tennessee 2,82 2,711.0 11 2,82 2,711.4 110.4 2,826.2 2,716.7 109.5 2,82 2,715.8 106.8 2,818.2 2,71 10 2,829.4 2,730.8 98.5 2,829.0 2,731.3 97.7 2,841.4 2,74 99.7 2,837.8 2,73 10 2,835.9 2,73 10 2,839.7 35.7 10 2,84 2,74 10 37.5 3 10 Texas 10,201.0 9,736.5 46 10.23 9,76 469.0 10,26 9,791.6 471 10,29 9.82 47 10,331.2 9,857.2 47 10,37 9,92 449.5 10,401.3 9,936.5 46 10,397.2 9.919.3 477.9 10.39 9,927.4 466.0 10.409.2 9,947.4 46 10.378.9 9,920.2 458.6 10,360.9 9,93 428.3 10,378.4 9,930.9 447.5 1 Itah uian 1,085.7 1,045.9 39.8 1,088.7 1,050.4 38.3 1,09 1,05 36.3 1,09 1,060.5 3 1,098.2 1,065.7 3 1,10 1,071.6 30.9 1,106.6 1,07 3 1,107.0 1,07 31.6 1,106.9 1,076.7 30.2 1,108.3 1,075.8 3 1,109.3 1,076.5 3 1,11 1.079.8 3 11 1,080.3 3 Vermont 336.7 326.5 10 336.4 326.2 10.2 337.3 327.4 9.9 338.3 329.0 9.4 339.3 330 9.3 341.3 33 9.3 339.9 330.3 9.5 340.3 33 8 339.5 331.3 8.2 339.9 331.3 8.6 340.0 331 8.9 341.5 33 9.2 34 33 9 Virginia 3,52 3,42 99.8 4 4 101 3,568.4 3,467.5 100.8 3,59 9 101.0 3,620.6 3,520.4 100.2 3,628.5 3,53 9 3,64 3,54 98.0 3,650.2 3,551.0 99.2 3,656.3 3,558.4 97.9 3,646.7 3,55 9 3,638.5 3,548.2 90.3 41.6 3,549.4 9 3,641 3,550 91.0 Washington Civilian <aix»r force 3,081.5 2,936.2 14 76.6 2,93 14 3,07 2,937.6 137.5 3,07 2,940 13 70.0 2,938.5 131.4 3,07 2,936.2 139.4 3,081 2,93 145.8 3,090.5 2,951.4 139 3,080.5 2,938.4 14 3,08 2,939.0 14 3,10 2,955.7 146.5 3,080.4 2,930.5 149.9 3,06 2,908.7 156.7 West Virginia 819.7 76 5 6.6 818.0 76 5 6.6 816.6 76 5 6.5 81 76 51.3 6.3 809.8 760.2 49.6 6 808.3 76 4 811.2 76 45.9 5.7 808.6 767.2 41.3 807.9 766.9 40.9 817.9 77 46.0 808.5 761.3 47.2 5.8 806.5 76 4 80 76 4 Wisconsin 2,879.9 2,79 8 2,89 2,811.5 8 2,92 2,837.5 86 2,95 2,866.0 87.9 2,987.2 2,896.5 88.6 3,000.0 2,917.2 8 3,00 2,917.4 8 3,007.2 2,91 9 3,01 2,91 101.6 16 1 100.7 3,027.2 2,91 11 3,027.4 2,916.7 110.7 3,029.0 2,92 106.4 Wyoming UnemDloved 26 249 1 26 249.9 1 26 250.3 1 26 251.0 1 26 251.0 11.6 26 251.4 10.7 26 251 10.9 261.6 251.2 10.4 26 25 10.5 26 25 10 26 25 9.9 26 25 10.7 26 25 11.3 Puerto Rico UnemDloved 1,29 1,139.9 15 1 1,289.3 1,139.3 150.0 11.6 1,29 1,138 15 1 1,286.0 1,13 15 1 1,296.2 1,146.9 149.3 11.5 1,305.9 1,159.2 146.7 11.2 1,307.3 1,17 13 10.3 1,321.0 1,18 137.5 10.4 1,307.9 1,171.5 136.4 10.4 1,34 1,20 140.2 10.4 1,30 1,177.4 126.9 9.7 1,31 1,186 127.2 9.7 1,307.3 1,16 14 11.0 P s preliminary. 1 June LAUS estimates for Florida have been corrected. 2 LAUS estimates for Michigan are subject to revision when Current Employment Statistics data for Michigan are corrected. NOTE: Data refer to place of residence. Data for Puerto Rico are derived from a monthly household survey similar to the Current Population Survey. All estimates are provisional and will be revised when new benchmark and population information becomes available. 129

STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C3. Labor force status by State and metropolitan area (Numbers in thousands) State and area P Number P Percent of labor force P Alabama Anniston AuburnOpelika Birmingham Decatur Dothan Florence Gadsden Huntsville Mobile Montgomery Tuscaloosa Alaska Anchorage Arizona Flagstaff PhoenixMesa Tucson Yuma Arkansas FayettevilleSpringdaleRogers Fort Smith Jonesboro Little RockNorth Little Rock Pine Bluff California Bakersfield ChicoParadise Fresno Los AngelesLong Beach Merced Modesto Oakland Orange County Redding RiversideSan Bernardino Sacramento Salinas San Diego San Francisco San Jose San Luis ObispoAtascaderoPaso Robles Santa BarbaraSanta MariaLompoc Santa CruzWatsonville Santa Rosa StocktonLodi VallejoFairfieldNapa Ventura VisaliaTularePorterville Yolo YubaCity Colorado BoulderLongmont Colorado Springs Denver Fort CollinsLoveland Grand Junction Greeley Pueblo Connecticut Bridgeport Danbury Hartford New HavenMeriden New LondonNorwich StamfordNorwalk Waterbury Delaware Dover WilmingtonNewark 2,15 5 48.7 47 7 66.8 67.0 49.4 17 27 16 8 326.7 141.2 2,389.8 6 1,586.0 386 7 1,24 146.5 99.4 4 30 36.6 16,80 286.7 85.9 448.8 4,716.3 86.0 209.7 1,22 1,48 7 1,46 797.2 197.2 1,370.5 967.2 976.5 108.4 200.5 141.6 250.0 257.4 257.5 40 17 90.7 58.5 2,297.3 176.8 26 1,15 14 60 86.8 61 1,73 217.8 109.8 58 276.7 157.7 199.5 117.5 39 67.6 29 2,197.3 5 49.7 49 7 69.4 67.4 49.9 177.6 276.5 169.7 8 33 14 2,410.8 66.4 1,60 39 70.5 1,28 156.4 101 4 31 37.2 17,166.9 288.5 88.2 459.0 4,75 87.9 22 1,238.8 1,527.2 77 1,53 821 20 1,40 986.7 987.2 11 207 141.3 258.7 26 27 41 17 9 61.3 2,35 180.4 268.6 1,191.6 14 60.7 88.8 60.4 1,747.3 220.2 111.4 586.4 279.6 159.3 20 118.5 41 7 307.8 46.6 5 48.8 471.5 7 66.8 66.9 49.3 17 271.0 165.9 8 32 139.2 2,395.8 6 1,588.6 387.5 76.4 1,23 145.8 98.9 4 30 36.2 16,77 28 86.2 446.8 4,71 86.8 21 1,221.3 1,48 7 1,449.8 799 19 1,36 966 971.6 109.7 201.2 141.5 25 261.6 258.5 397.9 169.4 9 59.4 2,297.5 176.4 26 1,160.7 14 59.7 85.7 60.5 1,71 21 108.2 578.9 27 155.8 196.9 116.8 391.2 67.2 291.5 2,19 5 49.6 49 7 69.8 67.6 50.0 17 276.7 170.0 8 327.8 14 2,41 6 1,601.0 39 7 1,269.6 15 99.9 4 310.5 36.9 17,225.7 289.7 88.0 459.0 4,780 88.5 22 1,24 1,530.8 77.8 1,521 82 20 1,40 99 987.5 11 207.8 140.8 26 270.0 27 410.7 17 97.0 6 2,339.6 181.5 266.9 1,19 14 59.9 86.7 59.2 1,73 218.3 110.5 58 275.9 157.8 200.7 118.0 41 7 30 110.2 1 8.4 1 6.3 18.0 6.0 12 5 1 29.0 61 1.5 10.8 92 3 6.3 5 298.2 10.5 2 4 4 87.5 3 1 46.8 26.9 3 6.7 6.7 7.2 2 11.2 2 28.5 6.6 66.4 9.0 27.9 5 8.7 19.3 8.9 1 1 96 1 7.0 1 1 10 4 11.2 26.7 58.3 11.4 946.6 3 7.0 6 28 1 2 4 46.6 99.7 38.3 1 51.6 25.8 2 7.0 6.2 8 2 1 2 27 7 6 9.0 26.9 4 6.7 1 7.4 15.8 1 111.6 16.2 1 7 1 12 5 1 31.6 5 1.4 9.7 82 2 4 28 8.2 16.8 40.2 40.3 79.8 30.8 10.6 4 2 28.2 6.6 5.9 6.5 17.7 10 21 2 6 8.3 27.2 4 6.9 1 7 1 10.2 10 16 1 7.4 1 11 46 11.6 30.5 51.0 1.6 10 856.3 28.5 5 271.4 9.6 17.7 38.6 4 90.5 3 1 46.6 2 19.3 6.8 7.3 19.9 10.4 2 2 6 8.5 27 36.2 1.6 1 6.3 16.4 1 7.2 8 7.7 39.6 8.3 11.4 7.4 1 6.3 1 10.6 6.7 6.0 6 8.9 16.5 11.3 6.5 37.9 7.3 11.4 8.0 1 6.0 1 10.2 6.9 6.5 6.8 9 6.0 15.8 11.5 1.4 7.4 7.5 6.5 41.3 7.6 8.9 6.0 9.9 6.0 9.4 7.9 5.7 6.8 1 8.2 1.6 5.8 6.0 6.6 40.7 6.7 9.8 6.4 1 5.7 10.9 7.9 6.0 6.0 5.9 7.4 5.7 1 8.5 1.5 1.2 See footnotes at end of table. 130

STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C3. Labor force status by State and metropolitan area Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area Civilian laoor force 29 2,66 7,447.8 19 777.5 180.9 127 8 105.8 549.0 20 208.5 1,056.7 9 98.2 898.9 68.8 17 46.8 277.8 151.0 1,21 506.3 4,108.0 57.4 71.3 2,219.4 21 127.6 15 136.3 600.0 42 66 23 38.9 6,526.8 9 98.2 4,36 196 6 5 19 206.5 110 3,116.5 58.2 99.5 160.6 266.2 301.3 846.8 51.3 87.9 59.8 136.0 68.2 1,59 11 258.2 48.4 65.9 6 67.7 28 2,750.2 7,68 197.7 799.0 186.2 130.2 87.7 108.3 568.3 208.0 216.5 1,07 97.9 10 939.4 69.4 18 48.0 29 15 1,26 52 4,19 57 7 2,30 21 13 15 137.6 60 426.2 68 245.7 40.3 6,53 91.5 99.3 4,370.9 19 6 5 190.3 20 109.6 3,166.8 58.6 100.4 16 269.2 30 860.4 5 89.6 59.9 136.3 69.9 1,59 11 25 49.0 65.8 6 66.0 288.6 2,64 7,439.5 19 776.8 180.2 127.2 8 106 548 20 209 1,056.7 9 98.2 897 67.8 17 46.4 277.4 150.4 1,21 507.9 4,08 56.5 7 1 209.5 127.6 15 136.0 597 42 66 23 39.2 6,45 91.2 97.0 4,310.9 19 6 5 190.3 20 11 8 58.2 98.0 159.2 260.3 295.7 837.4 50.8 86.5 58.7 13 66.7 1,581 11 256.6 48.5 66.0 6 65.8 P 28 2,72 7,657.6 196.4 796.4 18 130.2 86.6 108.5 56 207.5 217.0 1,07 98.2 10 936.4 68.0 180.0 47.5 291 15 1,26 52 4,170.6 56.4 7 2,288.9 21 130.7 15 137 600.0 42 681.3 24 41.5 6,481.0 91.6 98.3 4,327.5 19 6 5 189.2 20 11 27.4 57.6 99.5 160.9 26 300.2 848.2 5 87.7 58.4 13 68.7 1.581.0 11 25 48.9 65.8 6 66.0 Number 19.2 70.6 289.3 29.3 1 16.2 1 7.4 58.5 2 6.4 1.5 6.2 3 28.0 181.6 76.7 1 6.8 7.9 6.7 3 21.5 30.9 6.6 29 18 9.6 10.3 1 91.3 1.3 8.5 10.6 19.4 1 3 1 1.5 1.5 16.0 6 298.0 5.7 30.8 10.7 19.3 1 7 57.2 25.7 7.5 1.5 6.7 3 27.8 158 71 11.0 5.9 6.3 26.2 15.7 26.4 7.4 289.0 185.9 6.5 7.4 9 115.7 1.4 6.6 10.8 1 2 29.4 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.4 17.3 68.0 289 29.5 1 15.7 1 7.6 58.2 2 6.3 1.3 6.0 3 28.7 166.7 70.2 11.6 7.3 7.2 6.0 3 20.9 31.0 7.7 286.4 18 9 7.6 8.8 88.5 1.3 6.7 11.2 19.7 1 36.9 1 1.4 1.5 P 1 6 296.8 5.8 30.9 11.5 18.7 1 7 57 5.8 2 6.2 1.4 6.5 3 28.7 158 70.2 10.4 6.2 6.3 27 16.6 27.4 7.0 276.6 17 6.6 7.0 1 10 1.5 8.7 1 2 3 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.5 Percent of labor force 6.5 9.2 6.3 7.9 6 5.8 6.0 1.5 1.5 8.2 6.5 6.7 1.3 1.4 6.0 9.6 6.2 5.7 7.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 1.6 P 8.8 6.7 5.9 6.6 6.2 1.4 1.5 District of Columbia. Washington Florida Daytona Beach Fort Lauderdale Fort MyersCape Coral Fort PiercePort St. Lucie Fort Walton Beach Gainesville Jacksonville LakelandWinter Haven MelboumeTitusvillePalm Bay Miami Naples Ocala Orlando Panama City Pensacola Punta Gorda SarasotaBradenton Tallahassee TampaSt. PetersburgClearwater... West Palm BeachBoca Raton Georgia Albany Athens Atlanta aaiken Columbus Macon Savannah Hawaii Honolulu. Idaho Boise City. Pocatello... Illinois BloomingtonNormal ChampaignUrbana Chicago DavenportMolineRock Island... Decatur Kankakee PeoriaPekin Rockford Springfield Indiana Bloomington ElkhartGoshen EvansvilleHenderson. Fort Wayne Gary Indianapolis Kokomo Lafayette Muncie South Bend Terre Haute Iowa Cedar Rapids Des Moines Dubuque Iowa City Sioux City WaterlooCedar Falls. See footnotes at end of table. 131

STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C3. Labor force status by State and metropolitan area Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area Civilian lador Torce 1,460.2 5 91.5 296 10.4 26 57 5 2,096.3 6 311 9 181.4 9 7 626.5 190.3 690.9 51.0 5 140.4 2,819.2 1,32 4 68.8 3,33 86.4 1,84 13 68 206 169.6 81.3 41.2 280.8 25 5,24 31 86.6 2,339.7 201.5 626.9 79.2 24 246.3 206.9 2,736 126.0 1,715.7 7 97.7 1,28 17 49.8 228.4 2,889.8 80.8 8 99 51 1,349.3 166.4 487.3 75.7 39.0 5 1,477.8 55.9 9 296.0 2,026.8 270.5 587.8 5 2,079.8 6 31 9 178.2 91.3 7 621.6 188.9 711.6 5 5 145.9 2,88 1,340.9 4 69.8 3,346.6 87.7 1,856.8 13 66.8 209.6 169.6 8 41 281.4 25 5,21 307.8 86.8 2,330 197.6 627.5 79.8 239 247.0 20 2,799.3 129.4 1,76 76.4 100.8 1,340.0 18 5 239.5 2,97 78.6 8 1,035.8 50.6 1,39 17 49 75.9 38.2 57.9 1,43 5 90.3 289.2 1,989 26 568.0 5 2,068.0 6 307.4 9 180 9 7 61 187.3 690.4 51.0 5 139.4 2,788.5 1,309 4 68.4 3,32 8 1,84 13 68.3 20 169 80.5 41.0 280.3 250.3 5,19 306.7 86.4 2,311.3 197.8 62 79.0 240.3 245.7 206 2,727.9 12 1,71 7 96.3 1,27 17 49.3 226.4 2,848.5 79 81.2 98 49.6 1,331.6 16 48 7 38.4 5 P 1,45 5 91.0 290.5 2,006.7 269.0 580.4 5 2,048.4 6 308.9 91 176.5 90.3 7 61 186.5 706 5 5 14 2,857.7 1,331.0 4 70 3,327.0 85.9 1,848.7 13 66.5 208.8 167.8 80.5 40.5 280.3 250.2 5,167.8 305.7 85.8 2,307.0 19 62 79.8 238.6 24 20 2,798.7 128.7 1,76 76.3 100 1,31 179.9 51.4 23 2,941.6 79.9 8 1,017.9 51.0 1,36 171.6 489.0 7 37.8 57.2 Number 39.4 9.3 87.9 5.9 20.4 117.4 1 10.9 31.6 9.7 2 1 101.0 5 108.5 5 8.8 6.0 1.6 10.3 8.5 225.8 8.6 109.7 1 2 9.2 6.4 8.0 75.7 40.3 1.5 67.4 6 1.6 8.2 110.7 1.3 30.8 56.0 2 48.3 10.9 76.2 20.6 107.7 1 9.0 30 9.2 19 1 1.4 96.8 5 1.6 96.9 46 8.4 1.3 10.2 7.7 22 8.5 100.3 16.3 2 10.0 7.3 7.8 6 36 1.5 79.0 8 10.3 8 0.9 28.4 1.3 47.6 2 40.4 9.4 81 18.7 106.6 1 9.8 29.2 8.8 2 1.2 9 5 100.6 49.3 8.6 5.7 1.4 9.4 7.9 16 68.5 10.5 18.0 7.3 7.3 68.0 36.3 1.3 70.0 6.8 8.6 101.3 1 29.9 5 20.4 1.6 P 47.9 11.2 69.9 17.9 101.5 1 8.2 28.6 8.7 17.0 0.9 1.3 97.3 5 79.6 1.6 38.4 7.8 1 8 6.5 17 6 7 10.3 19.6 7.8 5.9 7 68.8 38 1.5 7 7.5 9 8 0.9 28.7 1.2 47.0 20.3 1.5 Percent of labor force 6.0 6.5 6.0 6.9 1.6 1.5 5.7 8.2 5.9 1.2 6.4 1.4 P 1.4 7 1.2 Kansas Lawrence Topeka Wichita Kentucky Lexington Louisville Owensboro Louisiana Alexandria Baton Rouge Houma Lafayette Lake Charles Monroe New Orleans ShreveportBossier City Maine Bangor LewistonAubum Portland Maryland Baltimore Cumberland Hagerstown Massachusetts Bamstable Yarmouth Boston Brockton FitchburgLeominster Lawrence Lowell New Bedford Pittsfield Springfield Worcester Michigan 1 Ann Arbor Benton Harbor Detroit Flint Grand RapidsMuskegonHolland Jackson KalamazooBattle Creek LansingEast Lansing SaginawBay CityMidland Minnesota DuluthSuperior MinneapolisSt.Paul Rochester St. Cloud Mississippi BiloxiGulf portpascagoul a Hattiesburg Jackson Missouri Columbia Joplin Kansas City St. Joseph St. Louis LMA Springfield Montana Billings Great Falls Missoula See footnotes at end of table. 132

STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C3. Labor force status by State and metropolitan area Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area Civilian laoor rorce 926.9 14 39 955.9 738.9 17 680.0 106.5 105.9 129.5 4,29 187.2 691.3 287.6 651.4 548.6 1,037 168 6 809.4 35 65.9 7 9,07 457.0 12 58 12 4 6 67.8 1,44 4,180.7 3,51 18 58 368.7 148.3 3,96 111.4 79 115.8 48.8 655.9 6 17 47.5 649.6 68.5 11 346.7 5 10 5 5,86 367.9 206.0 866.6 1,141.3 847.0 477.4 18 77.6 8 56.9 329.3 287 959.9 15 407 999.9 77 18 700.3 110.7 107.9 13 4,298.8 18 68 286.5 656.9 548.8 1,04 168.7 6 846 37 69.6 77.3 9,151.2 46 126.5 58 12 46 6 68.6 1,468.7 4,200.7 3,520.6 18 587.5 375.9 149.7 4,00 11 80 117.0 49.6 659.5 66.7 17 48.5 656.9 69.5 115.7 349.4 5 10 5 5,991.2 377.3 21 89 1,157.2 866 486.8 188.9 81.2 86.9 56.9 33 290.6 917.3 14 388.5 95 739.8 17 677.3 105.9 105.9 128.8 4,247.9 18 68 28 64 54 1,026.6 166 6 807.8 35 68.6 7 8,989.2 456 12 577.2 121.4 4 6 67.6 1,43 4,130.3 3,466.8 180.5 579.6 36 146.6 3,927.2 110.2 78 11 48.6 650 6 17 47.8 641.0 67.9 11 34 5 101.0 5 5,847.3 367.3 20 867.2 1,141.5 846.6 477.2 186.9 77.4 86.6 56.4 32 285.7 P 94 15 40 999.4 77 18 69 110.3 107.5 13 4,268.7 18 679.6 28 65 54 1,035.7 167.5 6 841.6 370.0 71.3 76.8 9,079.3 461 126.0 576.9 12 45.7 6 68.4 1.456.9 4,16 3,49 18 58 37 148.5 3,991.4 11 80 116.5 50.0 658.3 67.5 17 47.9 650.2 69 11 348.9 5 10 5 5,95 376.4 211.4 887.9 1,150.2 861.0 48 189.5 79.8 87.2 57.0 329.8 289.2 Number 29.0 10.9 48.4 38.8 6.4 1 226.4 1 36.9 2 2 2 5 7.8 6.0 46.9 1 481.6 1 3 5 27 249.3 6.9 2 1 13 2 17.4 11.3 11.6 1.3 26 15.8 9 29 49.0 21.6 20.9 6.0 25.7 17.7 29.5 11 38.9 3 19 18 10.4 29.7 18.7 21.2 21.2 4 6.4 48.8 1 401.4 1 28.5 45.9 226.3 20 5.9 20.3 1 139.6 27 18.5 1 8.6 1.0 1.5 256.2 1 8.4 30.8 48.2 21.5 2 5.8 2 16.5 2 9.9 46.0 37 6.0 15.8 195.7 11 3 20.6 2 2 47.2 6.8 4 1 446.5 1 30 5 25 230.3 6 2 1 127.5 2 17.4 10.8 10.9 1.4 1.5 1.6 237.7 1 8.8 30.7 49 2 18.5 5.9 1 1 P 2 9.8 39.2 3 18.5 16 9.0 26.5 16.6 19.7 18.8 39.7 5.7 46.3 1 390.9 1 27.2 46.4 220.4 200 5.7 19.6 1 141.2 3 18.8 1.5 10.5 9.5 1.0 23 1 8.0 30.6 46.5 21.2 18.0 5.8 18.4 1 Percent of labor force 7.0 8.4 9.3 5.8 7.7 6.6 7 6.2 5.8 7.8 6.2 6.5 7.5 5.8 7.6 5.8 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.7 6.0 7.2 7.8 7.0 6.2 6.6 1.5 5.7 5.9 P 5.8 7.0 6.4 5.7 1.6 Nebraska... Lincoln... Omaha... Nevada Las Vegas. Reno New Hampshire Manchester Nashua PortsmouthRochester.. New Jersey AtlanticCape May BergenPassaic Jersey City MiddlesexSomersetHunterdon. MonmouthOcean Newark Trenton VinelandMillvilleBridgeton New Mexico Albuquerque. Las Cruces... Santa Fe New York AlbanySchenectadyTroy... Binghamton BuffaloNiagara Falls Dutchess County Elmira Glens Falls Jamestown NassauSuffolk NewYork New York City Newburgh Rochester Syracuse UticaRome North Carolina Asheville CharlotteGastoniaRock Hill Fayetteville Goldsboro Greensboro WinstonSalem High Point Greenville HickoryMorgantonLenoir Jacksonville RaleighDurhamChapel Hill Rocky Mount Wilmington North Dakota Bismarck FargoMoorhead.. Grand Forks Ohio Akron CantonMassillon Cincinnati ClevelandLorainElyria Columbus DaytonSpringfield HamiltonMiddletown Lima Mansfield SteubenvilleWeirton Toledo YoungstownWarren See footnotes at end of table. 133

STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C3. Labor force status by State and metropolitan area Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area Oklahoma Enid Lawton Oklahoma City Tulsa Oregon Corvallis EuQeneSpringfield.... MedfordAshland PortlandVancouver Salem Pennsylvania AllentownBethlehemEaston Altoona Erie HarrisburgLebanonCarlisle Johnstown Lancaster...... Philadelphia Pittsburgh Reading... Scranton WilkesBarre Hazleton Sharon State College.... Williamsport York Rhode Island ProvidenceFall RiverWarwick South Carolina CharlestonNorth Charleston Columbia Florence GreenvilleSpartanburgAnderson Myrtle Beach Sumter South Dakota Rapid City Sioux Falls Tennessee Chattanooga. ClarksvilleHopkinsville Jackson Johnson CityKingsportBristol Knoxville Memphis Nashville Texas Abilene Amarillo AustinSan Marcos... BeaumontPort Arthur Brazoria BrownsvilleHarlingenSan Benito BrvanColleae Station Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso.. Fort WorthArlinaton GalvestonTexas City Houston. KilleenTemple Laredo.. LongviewMarshall Lubbock McAllenEdinburgMission OdessaMidland San Angelo San Antonio ShermanDenison Texarkana 1,671.4 28.3 41.6 560.8 43 1,776.9 39.7 161 88.4 1,055.9 171.2 6,088.7 320.0 6 14 356.6 10 250.9 2,57 1,177.5 18 310.4 59 6 57 19 510 579.3 1,996.3 27 28 6 50 110.7 47.6 41 49.0 10 2,86 231.2 87.0 59.5 229.4 360.9 568.5 669 7 10,32 59.8 11 71 18 10 129.4 7 179.6 1,94 291.4 909.5 12 2,176 116.0 7 10 12 188.3 12 50.7 775.7 50.7 56.7 1,67 27.6 4 567.8 427.8 1,83 39.3 16 91.4 1,089.8 177 9 6,069.4 317.9 6 14 35 10 248 3 2,590.0 1,171.6 18 309.7 59.3 6 57.4 19 51 58 2,048.2 29 300 6 51 109.7 47.9 41 48.8 106.4 2,880.9 23 90.0 59.6 229.5 35 580 692 7 10,491.0 61 11 739.9 178.5 10 13 7 180.0 2,001.5 291 93 12 2,21 117.3 7 10 127.4 197.6 118.3 50.6 788 7 51.5 57.3 1,65 27.3 41.5 555.9 42 1,767.9 39.7 161.3 89.6 1,05 171 0 6,05 318.5 6 14 35 10 250 6 2,557.5 1,169.8 18 307.7 58.2 6 56.8 19 51 58 1,98 27 28 6 496.4 108.5 46.5 408.5 48.2 10 2,85 230 87 59.2 228.2 357.3 570.6 670.0 10,248.7 59.0 11 71 18 10 126.2 7 177.6 1,931.3 288.7 90 12 2,16 11 7 10 12 18 120.9 50.2 769.8 50 56.2 P 1,66 27.0 41.4 56 421 1,84 40.0 168.5 9 1,090.6 178.4 6,027.9 315.9 6 14 35 10 248.3 2,57 1,16 18 306.6 58.0 6 56.9 19 516 58 3 290.8 297.8 6 510 107.2 47.3 410.0 47.7 10 2,867.0 231.5 89.5 59.5 227.9 351 580.8 689.7 10,42 60.3 11 739.4 176.0 10 130 7 178 1,991 289.8 928.9 121.2 2,20 116.3 7 10 125.8 19 117.7 50 78 50.9 56.4 Number 5 0.7 1.3 1 1 97.3 1.2 9.6 5.9 48.0 10.3 28 1 7.4 1 6.2 7.3 120.2 5 8.2 17.9 7.5 20.4 2 97.4 11.2 7.6 20 11.3 1 1.6 127.0 8.4 11.0 1 2 19.3 51 16.9 17.6 8 1 1.6 1 6 28.6 30.5 9 109.8 6.7 8.3 26.8 1 26.3 49.0 0.8 1.3 1 1 86.2 1.0 9.5 4 9.0 258.6 1 7.0 9.6 7.0 6.4 109.6 48.7 8.0 1 1.6 6.9 19.3 2 90.8 10.4 8.7 16.4 8.8 0.8 1.4 116.0 6.7 10.0 10 2 18.9 469.0 15.8 1 7.0 11.6 1.2 1 6 2 3 7.9 97.6 6.0 26.9 7 29.9 48 0.7 1.2 1 1 9 1 9.0 48.2 9.2 26 1 6.8 1 6.8 11 49.6 7.3 15.8 7.4 20.6 2 9 10.5 7.4 16.7 11.5 1.0 119.8 9 10.6 10.8 2 20 47 1 16.3 7.5 10.7 1.4 1 6 26.6 28.4 8.4 10 5.7 7.5 2 10.5 2 P 47.6 0.7 1.2 1 11.6 90 1 9.6 46.6 9.2 23 11.2 6 9.4 6.2 5.9 100 4 7 1 1.4 6.2 2 2 88.9 10.3 9.0 16.2 8.6 0.7 1.3 110.2 7 8.9 9.3 2 20.2 45 1 1 6.8 10.4 1.2 11.6 6 2 3 7.6 9 5.8 26.3 6.6 1.6 28.3 Percent of labor force 5.9 6.6 6.0 5.9 5.8 6 5.8 6.9 1.6 9.6 7.7 9.8 7.4 9.8 7.3 9 7.9 1 9.6 5.7 6.6 5.7 1.6 1.3 8.6 6.8 8.8 6.8 8.5 6.4 7.4 5.8 1 6.0 6 1.6 9.0 7.2 8.5 7.0 9.2 6.9 7.8 7.2 1 8.7 P 5.7 6 38 1.6 1.3 8.4 6.6 8.0 1.6 6.5 8.2 6.3 6.5 5.7 1 See footnotes at end of table. 134

STATE AND AREA LABOR FORCE DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED C3. Labor force status by State and metropolitan area Continued (Numbers in thousands) State and area Number Percent of labor force P P P Texas Continued Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls 90.0 4 10 6 90.7 4 10 6 90.0 4 10 6 90.5 4 101.3 6 1.6 Utah ProvoOrem Salt Lake CityOgden 1,099.0 16 70 1,127.5 167.8 72 1,098.9 16 70 1,126.9 169.3 72 4 27.3 35.8 2 4 27.7 38.0 2 Vermont Burlington 339.8 10 34 106.9 338.9 10 34 106.8 9.8 8.5 8.5 7.7 Virginia Chariottesville Danville Lynchburg NorfolkVirginia BeachNewport News RichmondPetersburg Roanoke 3,57 7 55.9 10 749.2 51 127.9 3,709.2 79 58.6 108.7 76 536.5 130.6 3,567.4 7 56.3 10 749.3 51 127.0 3,68 78.9 58.4 108 761.2 53 129.2 10 1.0 27.5 1 96.0 1 2 11.3 10 1.2 27.5 1 9 2 1 1.4 7 1.4 6.2 1.6 7 6 Washington Bellingham Bremerton Olympia RichlandKennewickPasco SeattleBellevueEverett Spokane Tacoma Yakima 3,14 8 9 101.6 99.9 1,417.2 210.4 338.9 12 3,140.5 8 9 100.4 100.9 1,421.2 211.6 34 120.7 3,097.0 8 9 100.3 96 1,406.9 206.9 33 119.7 3,080.9 8 9 98.0 97.5 1,40 207.3 338.0 11 14 6.0 49.6 11.2 15.9 10.0 148.2 6.3 51.3 10 17.7 9.8 13 46.8 8.9 1 10.2 146.4 49.7 9.7 17.4 10.0 6 8 6.3 8 8.5 5.8 8.8 West Virginia Charleston HuntingtonAshland ParkersburgMarietta Wheeling 83 139.4 140.7 78.2 7 82 138.5 141.5 77.7 75.9 826.9 138.3 139.7 78 7 81 139.0 141 111 7 5 6 9 4 7.8 5 6 9 39.8 6.3 7.7 6.3 6.4 5.7 6.2 6.5 Wisconsin AppletonOshkoshNeenah Eau Claire Green Bay JanesvilleBeloit Kenosha LaCrosse Madison MilwaukeeWaukesha Racine Sheboygan Wausau 2,936.2 22 8 13 79.3 80.2 69.7 261 80 9 6 7 3,09 236.7 86.9 14 8 8 71.0 271.6 849.0 9 65.9 77.3 2,91 220.5 80.2 13 76.6 79.3 68.9 260 797.5 91.5 61.3 7 3,059.2 23 8 14 80.8 8 71 269.6 84 9 6 76.4 8 26.0 1.5 11 6.3 6.3 36.0 7 2 1 98.6 3 1.4 6.0 1.3 7.5 1.2 1.5 Wyoming Casper Cheyenne 269.0 3 39.6 270.4 3 40.6 26 3 38.6 267.0 3 39.9 11.6 1.3 9.4 1.3 1 10.7 1.6 1.3 9.2 1.4 1 Puerto Rico Aguadilla Arecibo Caguas Mayaguez Ponce San JuanBayamon 1,28 45.8 51.2 118.5 90.8 110.2 706.9 1,31 49.0 51.0 120.8 88.7 11 720.3 1,278.3 46.4 51.3 117.7 89.9 106.9 70 1,291 47 50.7 118.9 86.8 110.8 71 139.5 7.6 6.6 1 1 1 60.6 131.3 7.5 5.8 11.4 10.5 1 56.6 15 8.4 7.5 1 1 16 68.0 14 8 6.4 1 1 16.6 6 10.9 16.5 1 10.4 1 1 8.6 10.0 1 11.5 9.5 1 1 7.9 1 18.0 1 1 1 1 9.7 11.2 17.3 1 10.4 1 1 8.9 P = preliminary. 1 LAUS estimates for Michigan and its substate areas are subject to revision when Current Employment Statistics data are corrected. NOTE: Data refer to place of residence. Data for Puerto Rico are derived from a monthly household survey similar to the Current Population Survey. All estimates are provisional and will be revised when new benchmark and population information becomes available. 135

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, sex, and age 1997 IV 1998 IV IV TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 203,367 136,541 67 129,927 6 6,614 203,936 136,835 67 130,448 6 6,387 204,395 137,274 67.2 130,861 6 6,412 204,905 137,331 67.0 131,256 6 6,076 205,483 137,732 67.0 131,526 6 6,207 206,098 138,321 67 132,208 6 6,114 206,876 139,058 67.2 133,077 6 5,981 207,432 139,144 67 133,214 6 5,930 208,044 139,394 67.0 133,526 6 5,868 208,660 139,880 67.0 134,153 6 5,727 208,914 140,981 67.5 135,247 6 5,733 209,377 140,827 67.3 135,200 6 5,627 209,941 140,593 67.0 134,941 6 5,652 Men, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 97,839 73,314 7 69,839 71.4 2,522 67,317 3,475 24,525 98,139 73,518 7 70,114 71.4 2,481 67,633 3,404 24,621 98,326 73,675 7 70,313 71.5 2,458 67,855 3,362 24,651 98,595 73,802 7 70,633 71.6 2,536 68,097 3,169 24,793 98,894 74,004 7 70,695 71.5 2,620 68,075 3,309 24,891 99,216 74,320 7 71,125 7 2,579 68,546 3,195 24,896 99,280 74,395 7 71,289 7 2,444 68,845 3,106 24,884 99,565 74,334 7 71,248 71.6 2,446 68,802 3,086 25,231 99,867 74,547 7 71,501 71.6 2,402 69,099 3,046 25,320 100,177 74,779 7 71,761 71.6 2,443 69,317 3,019 25,397 100,334 75,365 7 72,381 7 2,466 69,915 2,984 24,968 100,569 75,064 7 72,157 7 2,398 69,760 2,907 25,505 100,852 75,187 7 72,274 7 2,493 69,782 2,913 25,664 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 89,979 69,242 77.0 66,475 7 2,343 64,132 2,767 20,738 90,244 69,397 76.9 66,618 7 2,307 64,311 2,780 20,846 90,456 69,479 76.8 66,802 7 2,272 64,530 2,677 20,977 90,634 69,618 76.8 67,099 7 2,353 64,746 2,519 21,016 90,898 69,720 76.7 67,117 7 2,397 64,720 2,603 21,178 91,171 70,013 76.8 67,519 7 2,361 65,158 2,494 21,158 91,176 70,082 76.9 67,642 7 2,258 65,384 2,440 21,094 91,386 70,029 76.6 67,559 7 2,258 65,301 2,470 21,357 91,682 70,245 76.6 67,805 7 2,227 65,577 2,440 21,437 91,978 70,419 76.6 68,044 7 2,232 65,812 2,375 21,559 92,098 70,953 77.0 68,585 7 2,281 66,304 2,368 21,145 92,419 70,693 76.5 68,381 7 2,233 66,148 2,312 21,726 92,753 70,924 76.5 68,632 7 2,311 66,321 2,292 21,830 Women, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 105,528 63,227 59.9 60,088 56.9 871 59,217 3,139 42,300 105,797 63,317 59.8 60,334 57.0 879 59,455 2,983 42,480 106,069 63,599 60.0 60,548 57 831 59,717 3,051 42,470 106,310 63,529 59.8 60,622 57.0 808 59,814 2,907 42,781 106,588 63,728 59.8 60,831 57 849 59,982 2,898 42,860 106,882 64,001 59.9 61,083 57.2 810 60,273 2,918 42,880 107,596 64,662 60 61,788 57.4 861 60,926 2,875 42,934 107,866 64,810 60 61,966 57.4 874 61,092 2,844 43,057 108,177 64,848 59.9 62,025 57.3 829 61,197 2,822 43,329 108,484 65,100 60.0 62,392 57.5 832 61,560 2,708 43,383 108,580 65,615 60.4 62,866 57.9 913 61,953 2,749 42,965 108,808 65,763 60.4 63,043 57.9 927 62,115 2,720 43,045 109,090 65,406 60.0 62,667 57.4 835 61,832 2,739 43,684 Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 98,000 59,390 60.6 56,840 58.0 823 56,017 2,551 38,610 98,219 59,484 60.6 57,045 58 830 56,215 2,439 38,735 98,475 59,608 60.5 57,055 57.9 771 56,285 2,552 38,867 98,662 59,528 60.3 57,145 57.9 745 56,400 2,383 39,134 98,891 59,694 60.4 57,321 58.0 793 56,528 2,373 39,197 99,118 59,979 60.5 57,591 58 762 56,829 2,388 39,139 99,755 60,612 60.8 58,283 58.4 815 57,468 2,329 39,143 100,021 60,820 60.8 58,489 58.5 825 57,664 2,332 39,200 100,291 60,872 60.7 58,585 58.4 785 57,800 2,287 39,419 100,566 61,054 60.7 58,865 58.5 786 58,079 2,188 39,512 100,652 61,607 61.2 59,366 59.0 864 58,503 2,241 39,045 100,915 61,710 61.2 59,428 58.9 866 58,562 2,283 39,204 101,214 61,385 60.6 59,146 58.4 786 58,360 2,238 39,829 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 15,387 7,909 51.4 6,613 4 228 6,385 1,296 16.4 7,478 15,473 7,954 51.4 6,785 4 222 6,563 1,168 1 7,520 15,464 8,187 5 7,004 4 246 6,757 1,183 1 7,277 15,609 8,186 5 7,012 4 246 6,766 1,174 1 7,423 15,694 8,319 5 7,088 4 278 6,810 1,231 1 7,375 15,809 8,329 5 7,098 4 265 6,832 1,232 1 7,479 15,945 8,363 5 7,151 4 232 6,919 1,212 1 7,582 16,025 8,295 5 7,166 4 237 6,929 1,128 1 7,731 16,071 8,277 51.5 7,137 4 218 6,919 1,141 1 7,794 16,117 8,407 5 7,243 4 258 6,986 1,164 1 7,710 16,164 8,420 5 7,296 4 234 7,061 1,124 1 7,744 16,043 8,424 5 7,392 46 226 7,166 1,032 1 7,619 15,974 8,285 5 7,163 4 230 6,933 1,122 1 7,690 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. D11 will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal 2 Employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. adjustment of the various series. Beginning in January, data reflect revised N O T E: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in tables D1 through population controls used in the household survey. 136

D2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutionai population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin 1997 IV 1998 IV IV WHITE Civilian noninstitutionai population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 170,149 114,814 67.5 109,996 6 4,818 170,540 115,041 67.5 110,491 6 4,550 170,915 115,154 67.4 110,554 6 4,600 171,262 115,166 67.2 110,787 6 4,379 171,657 115,485 67.3 111,012 6 4,473 172,079 115,850 67.3 111,390 6 4,459 172,494 116,349 67.5 112,008 6 4,341 172,862 116,352 67.3 111,966 6 4,385 173,280 116,535 67.3 112,268 6 4,267 173,705 116,788 67.2 112,703 6 4,085 173,893 117,790 67.7 113,656 6 4,134 174,202 117,512 67.5 113,462 6 4,049 174,592 117,448 67.3 113,319 6 4,129 Men, 20 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 59,126 77.4 57,052 7 2,074 59,293 77.4 57,235 7 2,059 59,225 77.2 57,252 7 1,974 59,316 77.2 57,452 7 1,864 59,457 77.2 57,518 7 1,939 59,678 77.3 57,790 7 1,888 59,686 77.4 57,838 7 1,847 59,625 77 57,768 7 1,857 59,857 77.2 58.021 7 1,836 59,809 76.9 58,110 7 1,699 60,283 77.4 58,553 7 1,730 60,001 76.9 58,326 7 1,675 60,194 76.9 58,515 7 1,679 Women, 20 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 48,958 60.0 47,178 57.9 1,780 49,005 60.0 47,327 57.9 1,678 48,993 59.8 47,220 57.7 1,773 48,947 59.7 47,297 57.7 1,650 49,022 59.7 47,363 57.7 1,659 49,155 59.7 47,490 57.7 1,665 49,635 60.0 48,003 58.0 1,632 49,716 60.0 48,019 58.0 1,698 49,653 59.8 48,050 57.9 1,603 49,853 59.9 48,321 58 1.532 50,396 60.5 48,823 58.6 1,573 50,403 60.4 48,778 58.4 1,625 50,217 60.0 48,592 58 1,625 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Men Women 6,729 5 5,765 47.2 964 1 1 1 6,743 5 5,930 48.4 814 1 1 11.3 6,935 56.4 6,082 49.4 854 1 1 10.0 6,903 5 6,037 48.7 865 1 1 11 7,006 56 6,131 49 875 1 1 10.7 7,017 55.9 6,110 48.7 906 1 1 1 7,029 5 6,167 48.8 861 1 1 11.4 7,011 5 6,180 48.7 831 1 1 11.4 7,025 5 6,197 48.7 829 1 1 11.3 7,127 55.9 6,272 49.2 854 1 1 11.2 7,111 55.9 6,281 49.4 830 1 1 10.5 7,107 55.9 6,358 50.0 749 10.5 1 9.3 7,037 5 6,212 48.9 825 1 1 10.7 BLACK Civilian noninstitutionai population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 24,043 15,667 6 14,186 59.0 1,481 9.5 24,149 15,635 6 14,127 58.5 1,508 9.6 24,227 15,854 6 14,373 59.3 1,481 9.3 24,319 15,895 6 14,475 59.5 1,420 8.9 24,419 15,995 6 14,543 59.6 1,452 9 24,529 16,171 65.9 14,829 60.5 1,343 8.3 24,697 16,273 65.9 14,968 60.6 1,304 8.0 24,799 16,295 65.7 15,044 60.7 1,251 7.7 24,906 16,387 65.8 15,041 60.4 1,346 8.2 25,018 16,503 66.0 15,172 60.6 1,332 8 25,076 16,660 66.4 15,361 61.3 1,299 7.8 25,162 16,603 66.0 15,327 60.9 1,276 7.7 25,260 16,457 6 15,209 60.2 1,248 7.6 Men, 20 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 7,004 7 6,453 67.2 551 7.9 6,951 7 6,390 66.3 560 8 7,008 7 6,454 66.8 553 7.9 7,049 7 6,537 67.4 512 7.3 7,051 7 6,507 66.8 543 7.7 7,097 7 6,619 67.6 478 6.7 7,139 7 6,693 67.9 447 6.3 7,151 7 6,693 67.6 458 6.4 7,163 7 6,673 67 490 6.8 7,277 7 6,750 67.5 527 7.2 7,376 7 6,860 68.4 516 7.0 7,292 7 6,787 67.3 505 6.9 7,301 7 6,804 67.2 497 6.8 Women, 20 years and over Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 7,749 6 7,100 59.0 649 8.4 7,744 6 7,101 58.7 643 8.3 7,882 6 7,236 59.6 646 8.2 7,830 6 7,190 59.0 640 8.2 7,903 6 7,292 59.7 611 7.7 8,031 6 7,443 60.6 588 7.3 8,124 65.7 7,559 61 565 7.0 8,207 66 7,657 61.6 550 6.7 8,289 66.4 7,701 6 589 7 8,272 66.0 7,736 6 536 6.5 8,324 66.3 7,776 6 548 6.6 8,341 66 7,800 6 541 6.5 8,214 6 7,709 60.9 506 6.2 See footnotes at end of table. 137

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted Continued (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin 1997 IV 1998 IV IV BLACKContinued Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 Men Women 913 37.9 633 26.2 281 30.7 3 26.9 940 38.9 636 26.3 304 3 3 3 964 39.8 683 28.2 281 29.2 30.8 27.7 1,017 4 749 30.7 268 26.4 27 25.8 1,041 4 744 30.3 297 28.6 30.8 26.3 1,043 4 767 31.2 276 26.5 31.5 2 1,009 40.8 716 29.0 293 29.0 3 25.7 938 37.8 695 28.0 243 25.9 29.6 2 935 37.6 667 26.8 268 28.6 30.2 27.2 954 38.5 686 27.6 268 28 31.3 2 959 38.8 725 29.3 234 2 2 26.5 970 39.3 739 29.9 231 2 27.3 20.3 941 38.2 696 28.2 245 26 28.5 2 HISPANIC ORIGIN Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 2 20,408 13,886 68.0 12,851 6 1,036 7.5 20,574 13,980 67.9 12,953 6 1,027 7.3 20,797 14,105 67.8 13,106 6 998 7 20,975 14,346 68.4 13,345 6 1,001 7.0 21,160 14,358 67.9 13,318 6 1,040 7.2 21,347 14,470 67.8 13,406 6 1,064 7.4 21,355 14,503 67.9 13,561 6 943 6.5 21,549 14,571 67.6 13,590 6 981 6.7 21,752 14,698 67.6 13,750 6 948 6.4 21,945 14,893 67.9 13,984 6 909 6 22,107 15,271 69 14,377 6 894 5.9 22,293 15,334 68.8 14,472 6 862 22,488 15,324 68 14,459 6 865 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. 2 Employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 138

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 years and over by educational attainment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Educational attainment 1997 IV 1998 III IV IV Less than a high school diploma Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 29,318 12,544 4 11,571 39.5 973 7.8 29,372 12,489 4 11,549 39.3 940 7.5 29,487 12,552 4 11,657 39.5 895 7 29,878 12,775 4 11,867 39.7 908 7 29,174 12,519 4 11,644 39.9 876 7.0 28,964 12,386 4 11,519 39.8 867 7.0 28,485 12,199 4 11,348 39.8 851 7.0 28,268 11,956 4 11,147 39.4 809 6.8 28,389 12,182 4 11,347 40.0 835 6.9 28,206 12,096 4 11,330 40.2 766 6.3 27,631 11,864 4 11,093 40 771 6.5 28,131 11,921 4 11,147 39.6 774 6.5 28,180 12,395 4 11,628 41.3 768 6.2 High school graduates, no college 2 Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 57,557 37,910 65.9 36,333 6 1,577 57,467 37,718 6 36,213 6 1,506 57,636 37,728 6 36,172 6 1,556 57,545 37,319 6 35,864 6 1,455 57,564 37,382 6 35,899 6 1,483 57,351 37,435 6 35,990 6 1,444 57,448 37,467 6 36,147 6 1,320 57,946 37,418 6 36,052 6 1,366 57,292 37,052 6 35,745 6 1,307 57,551 37,371 6 36,130 6 1,241 57,757 37,631 6 36,334 6 1,297 57,781 37,267 6 35,985 6 1,281 57,090 36,763 6 35,494 6 1,269 Less than a bachelor's degree 3 Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 42,266 31,514 7 30,508 7 1,005 42,372 31,457 7 30,474 7 983 42,186 31,334 7 30,344 7 990 42,069 31,359 7 30,446 7 913 41,968 31,259 7 30,346 7 913 42,819 31,693 7 30,772 7 921 43,365 32,122 7 31,184 7 938 42,860 31,983 7 31,100 7 883 43,231 32,042 7 31,101 7 942 43,975 32,306 7 31,453 71.5 853 44,133 32,636 7 31,750 7 887 44,100 32,948 7 32,068 7 880 44,510 33,021 7 32,117 7 904 College graduates Civilian noninstitutional population 1 Percent of population Employmentpopulation ratio 41,391 33,216 80.2 32,512 78.5 704 41,752 33,589 80.4 32,982 79.0 608 42,099 33,825 80.3 33,195 78.8 630 42,250 34,064 80.6 33,492 79.3 572 43,470 34,681 79.8 34,084 78.4 597 43,471 34,787 80.0 34,133 78.5 654 43,775 35,095 80.2 34,445 78.7 650 44,398 35,634 80.3 34,941 78.7 692 45,070 35,862 79.6 35,248 78.2 614 44,724 35,603 79.6 34,982 78.2 621 45,048 36,177 80.3 35,566 79.0 611 44,995 36,032 80 35,472 78.8 560 1.6 45,710 35,932 78.6 35,274 77.2 658 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. 2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent. 3 Includes the categories, some college, no degree; and associate degree. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 139

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D4. and unemployed full and parttime workers by sex and age, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Full and parttime status, sex, and age 1997 IV 1998 IV IV III EMPLOYED Fulltime workers Men, 16 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 106,915 62,478 61,204 44,456 43,543 2,168 107.213 62,711 61,385 44,489 43,583 2,245 107,548 62,765 61,473 44,732 43,763 2,312 107,942 63,113 61,767 44,815 43,866 2,309 108,346 63,233 61,877 45,188 44,125 2,344 108,981 63,647 62,233 45,326 44,431 2,318 109,930 63,919 62,537 45,947 45,057 2,336 109,989 63,732 62,315 46,254 45,286 2,388 110,090 63,864 62,427 46,302 45,329 2,334 111,222 64,207 62,782 46,992 45,941 2,499 112,155 64,848 63,459 47,200 46,244 2,452 112,550 64,959 63,428 47,569 46,502 2,620 112,238 65,130 63,641 47,193 46,141 2,456 Parttime workers Men, 16 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 22,995 7,366 5,283 15,654 13,288 4,424 23,305 7,432 5,247 15,865 13,490 4,568 23,346 7,541 5,330 15,791 13,286 4,730 23,309 7,515 5,319 15,790 13,275 4,716 23,106 7,468 5,241 15,667 181 4,685 23,281 7,493 5,289 15,784 13,194 4,798 23,203 7,370 5,132 15,814 13,217 4,853 23,209 7,515 5,236 15,691 13,200 4,773 23,343 7,618 5,379 15,741 13,228 4,736 23,001 7,559 5,254 15,437 12,964 4,782 23,179 7,533 5,163 15,629 13,113 4,903 22,671 7,202 4,957 15,463 12,941 4,774 22,611 7,160 5,001 15,498 12,966 4,644 UNEMPLOYED Looking for fulltime work Men, 16 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 5,269 2,915 2,526 2,366 2,097 646 5,117 2,892 2,558 2,240 1,956 602 5,072 2,722 2,449 2,303 2,066 557 4,867 2,683 2,323 2,214 1,946 599 4,903 2,765 2,383 2,141 1,922 598 4,801 2,643 2,286 2,185 1,934 581 4,746 2,520 2,242 2,152 1,906 597 4,694 2,558 2,240 2,169 1,929 525 4,662 2,571 2,235 2,099 1,864 562 4,563 2,536 2,161 2,067 1,787 615 4,546 2,409 2,155 2,049 1,789 602 4,480 2,449 2,102 2,073 1,841 537 4,460 2,436 2,073 2,028 1,829 557 Looking for parttime work Men, 16 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 1,325 569 230 752 451 645 1,277 525 227 742 469 581 1,337 578 225 756 494 618 1,224 528 201 719 449 573 1,288 555 212 726 448 628 1,319 574 213 733 441 666 1,226 502 195 724 426 604 1,257 571 239 704 415 603 1,192 490 200 693 417 576 1,171 507 217 650 389 565 1,182 484 213 698 460 509 1,171 507 217 679 458 496 1,177 482 210 681 407 560 UNEMPLOYMENT RATES 1 Fulltime workers Men, 16 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 2 21 19.4 20.6 20.3 20.0 20.4 18.0 19.4 19.7 19.7 17.0 18.5 Parttime workers Men, 16 years and over Men, 20 years and over Women, 16 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 7.2 1 6.6 11.3 7 11.6 6.6 10.8 6.9 1 7 1 6.4 11 7 11.2 6.0 10.8 6.3 10.6 6.0 9.4 6.6 9.4 6.3 10.8 1 These rates reflect a refined definition of the full and parttime labor force and differ from the rates published elsewhere in this publication prior to 1994. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 140

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D5. persons by marital status, occupation, class of worker, and parttime status, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Category III 1997 IV 1998 I II III IV I II III IV MARITAL STATUS Total Married men, spouse present Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families 129,927 42,637 32,895 7,870 130,448 42,838 32,896 7,784 130,861 42,854 32,816 7,820 131,256 42,722 32,834 7,892 131,526 42,930 32,795 7,921 132,208 43,171 33,037 7,979 133,077 43,227 33,277 8,111 133,214 43,162 33,495 8,063 133,526 43,362 33,389 8,306 134,153 43,254 33,639 8,433 135,247 43,594 33,943 8,221 135,200 43,282 33,829 8,296 134,941 43,327 33,478 8,516 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty.. Technical, sales, and administrative support Service occupations Precision production, craft, and repair... Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 37,674 38,415 17,679 14,184 18,463 3,469 38,017 38,569 17,849 14,184 18,362 3,455 38,328 38,467 17,894 14,347 18,441 3,408 38,650 38,496 17,710 14,625 18,329 3,483 39,089 38,702 17,768 14,279 18,072 3,565 39,676 38,429 17,979 14,407 18,179 3,528 39,849 38,912 18,051 14,639 18,225 3,449 40,588 38,844 17,987 14,378 17,957 3,475 40,802 38,727 17,947 14,471 18,112 3,399 40,627 39,206 17,678 14,893 18,372 3,380 40,775 39,609 18,404 14,604 18,333 3,589 40,890 39,496 18,385 14,752 18,301 3,418 40,895 39,077 17,893 15,218 18,463 3,368 CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers Private industries Private households Other industries Government Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME 1 1,860 1,480 47 117,490 99,293 915 98,378 18,198 8,893 120 1,825 1,488 50 118,049 99,883 920 98,963 18,166 8,926 98 1,919 1,331 40 118,554 100,311 1,010 99,300 18,243 8,911 106 1,932 1,373 45 118,843 100,539 979 99,560 18,304 9,019 106 2,091 1,343 33 118,939 100,606 911 99,695 18,333 9,000 93 2,042 1,312 35 119,774 101,123 953 100,170 18,651 8,911 109 1,922 1,353 38 120,894 102,098 894 101,204 18,797 8,768 115 1,928 1,357 36 121,081 102,229 944 101,285 18,852 8,789 71 1,926 1,252 44 121,307 102,232 951 101,281 19,075 8,870 90 2,001 1,231 40 122,015 103,122 944 102,179 18,893 8,727 102 2,031 1,318 44 123,053 103,718 989 102,729 19,335 8,766 91 2,040 1,233 44 123,162 104,086 976 103,110 19,075 8,710 85 2,048 1,242 39 122,815 104,158 778 103,379 18,658 8,666 101 All industries: Part time for economic reasons Slack work or business conditions Could only find parttime work Part time for noneconomic reasons 4,023 2,201 1,499 17,961 3,951 2,248 1,393 18,275 3,877 2,174 1,392 18,483 3,749 2,125 1,293 18,469 3,586 2,094 1,190 18,583 3,424 1,972 1,153 18,679 3,474 2,018 1,145 18,629 3,393 1,978 1,093 18,720 3,293 1,933 1,060 19,005 3,258 1,936 1,017 18,689 3,161 1,840 996 18,897 3,163 1,872 1,005 18,397 3,141 1,982 857 18,574 Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons Slack work or business conditions Could only find parttime work Part time for noneconomic reasons 3,849 2,089 1,470 17,403 3,761 2,137 1,360 17,662 3,706 2,060 1,365 17,885 3,602 2,042 1,258 17,888 3,404 1,989 1,158 17,988 3,265 1,882 1,127 18,136 3,316 1,925 1,109 18,053 3,221 1,864 1,069 18,134 3,127 1,823 1,046 18,464 3,082 1,822 998 18,131 3,018 1,758 971 18,312 3,028 1,778 982 17,846 3,000 1,886 841 18,037 1 Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 141

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D6. persons by age and sex, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Age and sex 1997 IV 1998 IV IV Total, 16 years and over... 129,927 130,448 130,861 131,256 131,526 132,208 133,077 133,214 133,526 134,153 135,247 135,200 134,941 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Men, 16 years and over 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 19,023 6,613 2,630 3,979 12,410 110,905 94,908 16,016 69,839 9,936 3,364 1,352 1,999 6,572 59,921 50,954 8,961 19,224 6,785 2,697 4,093 12,439 111,203 94,839 16,373 70,114 9,997 3,496 1,397 2,100 6,501 60,099 51,010 9,113 19,501 7,004 2,789 4,203 12,497 111,368 94,996 16,391 70,313 10,119 3,511 1,422 2,087 6,608 60,189 51,144 9,054 19,579 7,012 2,749 4,279 12,567 111,700 95,137 16,514 70,633 10,197 3,534 1,400 2,154 6,662 60,450 51,249 9,171 19,566 7,088 2,766 4,326 12,478 111,956 95,340 16,640 70,695 10,159 3,578 1,391 2,182 6,581 60,548 51,252 9,299 19,789 7,098 2,748 4,349 12,692 112,393 95,575 16,840 71,125 10,308 3,606 1,380 2,218 6,703 60,798 51,460 9,364 19,966 7,151 2,782 4,362 12,815 113,124 96,177 16,959 71,289 10,365 3,647 1,420 2,224 6,718 60,924 51,509 9,426 19,967 7,166 2,785 4,391 12,801 113,264 96,039 17,170 71,248 10,309 3,689 1,434 2,273 6,619 60,951 51,398 9,517 20,084 7,137 2,795 4,332 12,947 113,438 96,105 17,354 71,501 10,461 3,696 1,444 2,237 6,764 61,052 51,439 9,614 20,249 7,243 2,811 4,431 13,006 113,879 96,600 17,304 71,761 10,533 3,717 1,449 2,260 6,816 61,208 51,643 9,588 20,524 7,296 2,827 4,459 13,228 114,729 97,188 17,551 72,381 10,777 3,796 1,492 2,301 6,981 61,589 51,891 9,722 20,546 7,392 2,821 4,577 13,154 114,682 96,993 17,640 72,157 10,721 3,777 1,442 2,347 6,944 61,437 51,747 9,667 20,530 7,163 2,712 4,446 13,368 114,444 96,664 17,815 72,274 10,659 3,642 1,365 2,269 7,017 61,640 51,826 9,830 Women, 16 years and over 60,088 60,334 60,548 60,622 60,831 61,083 61,788 61,966 62,025 62,392 62,866 63,043 62,667 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 9,086 3,248 1,278 1,981 5,838 50,984 43,953 7,054 9,227 3,289 1,300 1,993 5,938 51,103 43,829 7,259 9,382 3,493 1,367 2,116 5,889 51,178 43,852 7,337 9,382 3,478 1,349 2,124 5,904 51,250 43,889 7,343 9,407 3,510 1,376 2,144 5,897 51,408 44,088 7,340 9,481 3,492 1,368 2,131 5,989 51,595 44,115 7,475 9,601 3,504 1,362 2,138 6,097 52,200 44,668 7,533 9,659 3,477 1,351 2,118 6,182 52,313 44,641 7,653 9,623 3,440 1,351 2,095 6,183 52,386 44,666 7,740 9,716 3,527 1,363 2,171 6,190 52,671 44,957 7,716 9,747 3,500 1,335 2,158 6,248 53,140 45,298 7,830 9,825 3,615 1,379 2,230 6,210 53,245 45,246 7,973 9,872 3,520 1,347 2,177 6,351 52,804 44,838 7,985 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 142

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D7. persons by age and sex, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Age and sex III 1997 IV 1998 II III IV I II III IV Total, 16 years and over... 6,614 6,387 6,412 6,076 6,207 6,114 5,981 5,930 5,868 5,727 5,733 5,627 5,652 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 2,374 1,296 598 699 1,078 4,260 3,755 502 2,332 1,168 566 608 1,163 4,048 3,575 468 2,348 1,183 589 584 1,165 4,067 3,617 460 2,228 1,174 550 627 1,054 3,842 3,406 432 2,348 1,231 568 667 1,118 3,869 3,400 464 2,205 1,232 584 649 973 3,899 3,394 501 2,240 1,212 559 643 1,028 3,741 3,249 501 2,171 1,128 544 587 1,043 3,754 3,247 505 2,175 1,141 525 621 1,034 3,701 3,208 486 2,235 1,164 547 618 1,071 3,492 3,026 469 2,195 1,124 502 613 1,071 3,543 3,044 513 2,120 1,032 480 555 1,088 3,494 3,071 428 2,057 1,122 533 592 935 3,600 3,129 478 Men, 16 years and over 3,475 3,404 3,362 3,169 3,309 3,195 3,106 3,086 3,046 3,019 2,984 2,907 2,913 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 1,318 708 313 392 611 2,170 1,896 277 1,294 624 306 319 670 2,107 1,819 285 1,303 685 338 340 618 2,053 1,778 274 1,220 650 308 350 570 1,948 1,699 249 1,320 706 331 374 614 2,000 1,735 270 1,220 701 344 355 519 1,972 1,682 286 1,198 666 302 359 532 1,900 1,626 271 1,197 616 306 317 581 1,887 1,620 269 1,166 605 281 324 561 1,890 1,602 291 1,223 644 290 352 579 1,796 1,534 259 1,164 616 276 335 548 1,814 1,542 269 1,153 595 277 325 559 1,750 1,506 248 1,141 621 285 335 519 1,775 1,522 261 Women, 16 years and over 3,139 2,983 3,051 2,907 2,898 2,918 2,875 2,844 2,822 2,708 2,749 2,720 2,739 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 1,056 589 285 307 467 2,090 1,858 225 1,038 544 259 289 494 1,941 1,756 183 1,046 498 251 244 547 2,014 1,839 186 1,008 524 242 277 484 1,894 1,707 183 1,028 524 236 293 504 1,869 1,666 194 985 531 240 294 454 1,927 1,712 215 1,042 546 257 284 496 1,841 1,623 230 974 512 238 270 462 1,867 1,628 236 1,009 535 244 297 474 1,811 1,605 194 1,012 520 257 266 492 1,696 1,492 211 1,031 508 226 278 523 1,729 1,502 243 967 438 204 230 529 1,743 1,565 180 916 501 249 257 415 1,824 1,607 217 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 143

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D8. s by age and sex, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Age and sex 1997 IV 1998 IV IV Total, 16 years and over... 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 11 16.4 18.5 1 8.0 10.8 1 17.3 1 8.6 10.7 1 17.4 1 8.5 10.2 1 16.7 1 7.7 10.7 1 17.0 1 8.2 10.0 1 17.5 1 7 10 1 16.7 1 7.4 9.8 1 16.3 1 7.5 9.8 1 15.8 1 7.4 9.9 1 16.3 1 7.6 9.7 1 1 1 7.5 9.4 1 1 10.8 7.6 9 1 16.4 1 6.5 Men, 16 years and over 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 1 17.4 18.8 16.4 8.5 11.5 1 18.0 1 9.3 11.4 16.3 19.2 1 8.6 10.7 1 18.0 1 7.9 11.5 16.5 19.2 1 8.5 10.6 16.3 20.0 1 7.2 10.4 1 17.6 1 7.3 10.4 1 17.6 1 8 10.0 1 16.3 1 7.7 10.4 1 16.7 1 7.8 9.7 1 1 1 7.3 2,7 9.7 1 16 1 7.4 9.7 1 17.3 1 6.9 Women, 16 years and over 16 to 24 years 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 10.4 1 18.2 1 7.4 10 1 16.6 1 7.7 10.0 1 1 10.3 8.5 9.7 1 1 11.5 7.6 9.9 1 1 1 7.9 9.4 1 1 1 7.0 9.8 1 15.9 1 7.5 9.2 1 1 11.3 6.9 9.5 1 1 1 7 9.4 1 15.9 10.9 7.4 9.6 1 1 11.4 7.7 9.0 10.8 1 9.4 7.9 8.5 1 1 10.6 6 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 144

D9. s by occupation, industry, and selected demographic characteristics, seasonally adjusted (Percent) HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES Category 1997 IV 1998 IV IV CHARACTERISTIC Total Men, 20 years and over Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 16.4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 White Black and other Black Hispanic origin 8.3 9.5 7.5 8.4 9.6 7.3 8 9.3 7 7.7 8.9 7.0 7.8 9 7.2 7.3 8.3 7.4 7 8.0 6.5 6.8 7.7 6.7 7 8.2 6.4 7 8 6 6.8 7.8 5.9 6.8 7.7 6.6 7.6 Married men, spouse present Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families 7.8 7.9 7.6 7.3 7 6.7 6.5 6.5 6.4 6 6.4 6.3 OCCUPATION 1 Managerial and professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 7.4 6.9 6.9 7.2 6.6 6.6 6.6 6 6.8 6.8 6.6 6.6 6 7.3 6.3 7.3 6.3 6 6.2 6 6.2 6.4 5.9 6.3 5.8 INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers Goodsproducing industries Mining Construction Manufacturing, Durable goods Nondurable goods Serviceproducing industries Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate, Services Government workers Agricultural wage and salary workers, 8.8 6 9.2 8.5 6.0 9.7 8.2 5.7 9 7.4 7.9 7.6 8.0 6.8 8.0 6.3 7.2 9.7 6.4 7.3 9.7 7 8 6.3 7.7 6.9 5.7 7.8 6.3 7.8 1 Seasonally adjusted data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trendcycle and/or irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 145

HOUSEHOLD DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D10. persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Reason 1997 IV 1998 IV IV NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 2,930 850 2,080 845 2,246 569 2,924 923 2,001 714 2,207 541 2,894 896 1,998 778 2,208 531 2,781 796 1,985 698 2,094 524 2,817 905 1,913 749 2,130 496 2,787 857 1,930 710 2,093 529 2,692 850 1,842 751 2,035 488 2,681 852 1,829 807 2,037 424 2,624 870 1,754 773 1,971 481 2,471 816 1,655 808 1,976 483 2,545 786 1,759 786 1,999 405 2,413 852 1,561 759 2,043 417 2,514 873 1,641 776 1,885 442 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 4 1 31.6 1 3 8.6 45.8 1 31.3 11.2 3 8.5 4 1 31.2 1 3 8.3 4 1 3 11.5 3 8.6 4 1 30.9 1 3 8.0 4 1 31.5 11.6 3 8.6 4 1 30.9 1 3 8.2 4 1 30.7 1 3 7 4 1 30.0 1 3 8.2 4 1 28.8 1 3 8.4 4 1 30.7 1 3 7 4 1 27.7 1 36.3 7.4 4 1 29.2 1 3 7.9 UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 1.6.4.5 1.6.4 1.6.4.5 1.5.4.5 1.5.4.5 1.5.4.5 1.5.4.6 1.5.3.6 1.4.3.6 1.4.3.6 1.4.3.5 1.5.3.6 1.3.3 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. D11. persons by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Duration 1997 IV 1998 IV IV NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks 15 weeks and over 15 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over 2,470 2,098 2,065 988 1,077 2,522 1,982 1,905 915 990 2,657 1,936 1,798 838 961 2,598 1,992 1,533 701 832 2,608 1,971 1,620 765 854 2,642 1,912 1,587 745 843 2,501 1,940 1,499 761 738 2,594 1,825 1,542 795 748 2,607 1,794 1.462 745 717 2,589 1,755 1,408 712 695 2,624 1,779 1,315 666 649 2,527 1,860 1,276 647 630 2,517 1,792 1,314 645 668 Average (mean) duration, in weeks Median duration, in weeks 16 8 15.8 7.6 1 7.0 1 6.5 1 6.7 1 6.5 1 6.8 1 6.3 1 6.0 1 6 1 5.9 1 5.9 1 5.8 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks 15 weeks and over 15 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over 100.0 37.2 31.6 31 1 16.2 100.0 39.4 30.9 29.7 1 1 100.0 41.6 30.3 28 1 1 100.0 4 3 2 11.4 1 100.0 4 3 26 1 1 100.0 4 31 25.8 1 1 100.0 4 3 2 1 1 100.0 4 30.6 25.9 1 1 100.0 4 30.6 2 1 1 100.0 4 30.5 2 1 1 100.0 45.9 31 2 11.6 11.4 100.0 4 3 2 11.4 11 100.0 4 3 2 11.5 1 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 146

D12. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES Employment status, sex, and age III Total III White III Black III Hispanic origin III TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 208,044 140,142 67.4 134,207 3,528 130,679 5,935 67,902 209,941 141,295 67.3 135,577 3,634 131,943 5,718 68,647 173,280 117,063 67.6 112,837 3,326 109,511 4,226 56,217 174,592 117,929 67.5 113,824 3,410 110,414 4,105 56,662 24,906 16,572 66.5 15,138 122 15,017 1,433 8.6 8,334 25,260 16,621 65.8 15,290 150 15,139 1,331 8.0 8,639 21,752 14,783 68.0 13,819 799 13,020 964 6.5 6,969 22,488 15,391 68.4 14,507 804 13,703 884 5.7 7,097 Men, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 99,867 75,174 7 72,251 2,612 69,639 2,923 24,692 100,852 75,804 7 73,008 2,717 70,292 2,796 25,047 84,031 64,008 76.2 61,877 2,450 59,428 2,131 3 3 20,023 84,732 64,349 75.9 62,347 2,528 59,819 2,002 20,382 11,167 7,724 69.2 7,075 106 6,969 649 8.4 3,444 11,339 7,841 69 7,193 131 7,062 648 8.3 3,498 10,760 8,621 80 8,151 686 7,465 471 2,139 11,109 8,962 80.7 8,539 693 7,846 424 2,147 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 91,682 70,469 76.9 68,166 2,381 65,786 2,302 21,213 92,753 71,139 76.7 68,976 2,478 66,497 2,163 21,615 77,512 60,016 77.4 58,327 2,227 56,101 1,689 17,495 78,240 60,355 77 58,808 2,297 56,510 1,547 17,885 9,946 7,198 7 6,706 102 6,604 492 6.8 2,748 10,128 7,326 7 6,827 125 6,702 499 6.8 2,802 9,564 7,983 8 7,616 643 6,973 366 1,581 9,902 8,324 8 8,016 652 7,364 308 1,578 Women, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 108,177 64,968 60 61,956 916 61,040 3,012 43,209 109,090 65,490 60.0 62,569 917 61,652 2,921 43,599 89,249 53,055 59.4 50,960 876 50,084 2,095 36,194 89,860 53,580 59.6 51,477 882 50,596 2,103 36,280 13,738 8,848 6 8,063 16 8,048 784 8.9 4,890 13,920 8,780 6 8,096 19 8,077 684 7.8 5,140 10,992 6,162 56 5,668 114 5,555 493 8.0 4,830 11,379 6,428 56.5 5,968 111 5,857 460 7.2 4,950 Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 100,291 60,677 60.5 58,228 856 57,372 2,449 39,614 101,214 61,159 60.4 58,765 852 57,913 2,394 40,055 83,031 49,453 59.6 47,746 818 46,928 1,707 33,579 83,653 49,971 59.7 48,236 821 47,415 1,735 33,682 12,475 8,305 66.6 7,670 14 7,656 635 7.6 4,170 12,668 8,217 6 7,673 17 7,655 545 6.6 4,450 9,870 5,679 57.5 5,285 106 5,179 394 6.9 4,191 10,241 5,940 58.0 5,576 106 5,470 365 6 4,301 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 16,071 8,997 56.0 7,813 292 7,521 1,184 1 7,074 15,974 8,997 56.3 7,836 304 7,533 1,161 1 6,977 12,737 7,594 59.6 6,764 281 6,483 830 10.9 5,143 12,700 7,604 59.9 6,781 292 6,489 823 10.8 5,096 2,485 1,069 4 762 6 756 307 28.7 1,415 2,464 1,077 4 790 8 782 287 26.7 1,386 2,318 1,121 48.4 917 50 868 203 18.2 1,197 2,345 1,127 48.0 915 46 869 211 18.8 1,219 NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 147

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D13. Employment status of the Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cubanorigin population by sex and age (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, sex, and age Total Hispanic origin 1 I I Mexican origin I I Puerto Rican origin I I Cuban origin I I TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 252 14,783 68.0 13,819 799 13,020 964 6.5 6,969 22,488 191 68.4 107 804 103 884 5.7 7.097 13,578 9,240 68 8,657 726 7,930 583 6.3 4,338 14,462 10,012 69.2 9,422 728 8,694 590 5.9 4,450 2,040 1,261 6 1,156 10 1,146 105 8.3 778 1,941 1,186 61 1,107 15 1,092 79 6.7 754 1,194 758 6 718 5 713 39 437 1,147 716 6 682 5 677 33 431 Men, v6 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 10,760 8.621 80 851 686 7465 471 2,139 11,109 8.962 80.7 8.539 693 7,846 424 2,147 6,928 5,636 81.4 32 622 4,709 305 1 S292 7,409 6,108 8 5,815 624 5,192 293 1,301 958 669 69.9 624 10 614 46 6.8 289 853 598 70 563 15 547 35 5.9 255 601 462 77.0 439 4 435 23 138 578 412 71.3 395 5 389 18 166 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population, Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 9,564 7,983 8 7,616 643 6,973 366 1,581 9.902 8,324 8 8,016 652 7,364 308 1,578 6,104 5,165 8 4,933 584 4,350 232 939 6,544 5,629 86.0 5,421 586 4,834 208 916 850 620 7 586 10 576 34 231 769 556 7 528 15 513 28 213 566 450 79.5 431 4 426 20 116 546 407 7 392 5 386 15 139 Women, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 10,992 6,162 56 5,668 114 55 493 8.0 30 11,379 6,428 56.5 5,968 111 5,857 460 7.2 4,950 6,649 3,603 5 3,325 104 3,221 278 7.7 3,046 7,053 3,903 5 3,606 104 3,502 297 7.6 3,149 1,082 592 5 533 1 532 59 10.0 490 1,088 589 5 545 545 44 7.4 499 593 295 49.7 279 1 278 16 298 569 303 5 288 288 16 266 Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 9,870 5,679 57.5 5,285 106 5,179 394 6.9 4,191 10,241 5,940 58.0 5,576 106 5,470 365 6 4,301 5,853 3,264 55.8 3,056 98 59 208 6.4 2,588 6,213 3,546 57 3,319 99 3,220 227 6.4 2,668 985 554 56.2 505 1 504 49 8.8 432 994 550 5 515 515 36 6.5 443 565 284 50.2 269 1 268 15 281 534 289 5 276 276 14 245 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population Percent of population Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Not in labor force 2,318 1,121 48.4 917 50 868 203 18.2 197 2,345 1,127 48.0 915 46 869 211 18.8 1,219 1,621 810 50.0 667 45 622 143 17.6 811 1,704 838 49.2 682 43 640 156 18.6 867 204 88 4 66 66 22 2 116 177 80 4 64 64 16 19.5 97 63 24 37.9 19 19 5 ( 2 ) 39 67 20 29.2 15 15 5 ( 2 ) 47 1 Includes persons of Central or South American origin and of other Hispanic origin, not shown separately. * Data not shown where base is less than 60,000. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 148

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D14. white, black, and Hispanicorigin workers by sex, occupation, class of worker, and full or parttime status (Numbers in thousands) Total White Black Hispanic origin Category III III III SEX Total (all civilian workers) Men Women 134,207 72,251 61,956 135,577 73,008 62,569 112,837 61,877 50,960 113,824 62,347 51,477 15,138 7,075 8,063 15,290 7,193 8,096 13,819 8,151 5,668 14,507 8,539 5,968 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty 40,644 19,623 21,021 40,762 19,658 21,103 35,242 17,295 17,947 35,124 17,319 17,805 3,256 1,456 1,800 3,385 1,496 1,889 1,975 1,052 922 2,001 1,044 957 Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical 38,825 4,468 16,090 18,267 39,129 4,382 16,290 18,458 32,704 3,738 13,990 14,976 32,949 3,582 14,143 15,224 4,393 479 1,356 2,558 4,422 502 1,456 2,464 3,329 274 1,259 1,796 3,421 285 1,353 1,783 Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective 18,203 873 2,553 14,777 18,094 722 2,462 14,910 13,962 727 1,947 11,287 14,056 594 1,957 11,504 3,282 118 521 2,643 3,202 104 438 2,659 2,730 260 204 2,265 2,866 240 217 2,410 Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair 14,488 4,819 5,837 3,832 15,249 4,942 6,440 3,867 12,834 4,210 5,327 3,296 13,441 4,332 5,830 3,279 1,139 391 391 356 1,154 381 426 347 1,844 471 880 494 2,065 512 1,053 500 Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 18,240 7,327 5,561 5,352 953 4,399 18,587 7,255 5,715 5,617 1,122 4,495 14,577 5,728 4,529 4,320 831 3,489 14,791 5,672 4,582 4,537 975 3,562 2,878 1,206 874 798 93 705 2,928 1,112 955 861 124 737 3,086 1,404 672 1,010 235 775 3,270 1,445 690 1,134 313 822 Farming, forestry, and fishing 3,807 3,755 3,519 3,463 191 199 855 883 CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers Government Private industries Private households Other industries Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers 2,113 1,362 53 121,637 18,726 102,912 978 101,933 8,955 87 2,251 1,337 46 123,090 18,305 104,785 798 103,987 8,758 95 1,966 1,308 52 101,426 14,928 86,499 796 85,703 8,024 62 2,093 1,271 46 102,535 14,743 87,792 647 87,145 7,792 87 89 33 14,531 2,959 11,572 149 11,423 483 2 114 36 14,578 2,773 11,805 127 11,677 560 2 702 95 2 12,321 1,403 10,918 270 10,648 693 6 738 65 13,010 1,388 11,622 247 11,375 673 20 FULL OR PARTTIME STATUS Fulltime workers Parttime workers 111,871 22,336 113,950 21,627 93,478 19,359 94,981 18,843 13,061 2,077 13,397 1,893 11,893 1,926 12,636 1,871 NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household data. 149

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D15. Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cubanorigin workers by sex, occupation, class of worker, and full or parttime status (In thousands) Category Total Hispanic origin 1 III III Mexican origin III Puerto Rican origin III III Cuban origin III III SEX Total (all civilian workers) Men Women 13,819 8,151 5,668 14,507 8,539 5,968 8,657 5,332 3,325 9,422 5,815 3,606 1,156 624 533 1,107 563 545 718 439 279 682 395 288 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty 1,975 1,052 922 2,001 1,044 957 976 515 461 1,098 578 520 189 103 86 184 100 83 191 102 89 159 69 90 Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical 3,329 274 1,259 1,796 3,421 285 1,353 1,783 1,896 158 709 1,029 1,995 160 786 1,049 379 30 119 230 383 32 130 221 202 17 73 112 219 20 94 105 Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective 2,730 260 204 2,265 2,866 240 217 2,410 1,685 144 88 1,453 1,793 132 113 1,548 227 4 48 174 206 4 34 168 95 13 83 93 16 77 Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair 1,844 471 880 494 2,065 512 1,053 500 1,272 302 628 342 1,461 317 787 358 122 37 41 44 100 36 44 21 92 38 46 8 103 41 45 17 Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 3,086 1,404 672 1,010 235 775 3,270 1,445 690 1,134 313 822 2,068 960 385 723 182 542 2,289 995 469 826 244 582 220 97 60 63 6 57 215 108 49 57 7 50 132 51 47 34 7 27 100 38 26 36 6 31 Farming, forestry, and fishing 855 883 759 786 19 20 6 9 CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers Government Private industries Private households Other industries Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers 702 95 2 12,321 1,403 10,918 270 10,648 693 6 738 65 13,010 1,388 11,622 247 11,375 673 20 643 81 2 7,560 861 6,699 148 6,551 368 2 678 50 8,308 900 7,408 134 7,274 375 11 10 1 1,101 173 927 5 922 45 15 1,055 152 903 4 899 37 670 92 579 579 43 633 88 545 545 44 FULL OR PARTTIME STATUS Fulltime workers Part time workers 11,893 1,926 12,636 1,871 7,447 1,209 8,224 1,198 1,001 156 950 157 627 91 610 73 1 Includes persons of Central or South American origin and of other Hispanic origin, not shown separately. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 150

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D16. persons by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin (In thousands) Total White Black Hispanic origin Age and sex III III III III III Total, 16 years and over... 134,207 135,577 112,837 113,824 15,138 15,290 13,819 14,507 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 7,813 3,195 4,618 13,190 113,204 95,978 17,226 7,836 3,110 4,727 13,590 114,150 96,458 17,693 6,764 2,775 3,989 10,962 95,111 79,886 15,224 6,781 2,709 4,072 11,326 95,718 80,181 15,537 762 299 463 1,660 12,716 11,327 1,389 790 312 478 1,637 12,862 11,391 1,471 917 312 605 1,893 11,009 9,925 1,084 915 267 648 2,030 11,562 10,371 1,190 Men, 16 years and over 72,251 73,008 61,877 62,347 7,075 7,193 8,151 8,539 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 4,085 1,680 2,405 6,961 61,205 51,616 9,590 4,032 1,598 2,434 7,197 61,779 51,968 9,811 3,550 1,445 2,105 5,938 52,389 43,810 8,579 3,539 1,408 2,131 6,105 52,703 43,994 8,709 369 158 211 753 5,953 5,290 663 366 153 214 757 6,070 5,352 717 535 187 347 1,162 6,455 5,835 619 523 142 381 1,252 6,763 6,051 712 Women, 16 years and over 61,956 62,569 50,960 51,477 8,063 8,096 5,668 5,968 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 3,728 1.515 2,213 6,229 51,999 44,362 7,637 3,804 1,511 2,293 6,393 52,372 44,490.7,882 3,214 1,330 1,884 5,024 42,722 36,077 6,645 3,241 1,301 1,940 5,221 43,015 36,188 6,828 393 141 252 907 6,763 6,037 726 424 159 264 880 6,792 6,039 754 383 125 258 731 4,554 4,090 464 392 126 267 778 4,798 4,320 478 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 151

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D17. s by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin Age and sex III Total III III White III III Black III Hispanic origin III III Total, 16 years and over... 8.6 8.0 6.5 5.7 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 1 1 1 7.5 1 1 1 6.7 10.9 1 10.0 6.2 10.8 1 9.5 28.7 28.8 28.6 1 6 6.3 26.7 28.5 2 1 5.8 18.2 20.4 16.9 8.7 18.8 25.8 1 7.2 Men, 16 years and over 8.4 8.3 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 1 1 1 7.2 1 1 1 6.6 11 1 10.0 6 11.4 1 10.2 29.8 28.2 31.0 1 5.7 5.8 28.9 27.7 29.6 15.8 5.8 16.3 17.9 1 7.8 18 2 1 5.8 Women, 16 years and over 8.9 7.8 8.0 7.2 16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 years and over 25 to 54 years 55 years and over 1 1 1 7.8 1 1 10.7 6.7 10.8 1 9.9 6.4 10.2 1 8.8 27.6 29.4 26.6 1 6.5 6.7 2 29.2 2 1 5.8 20.6 2 18.9 10.0 6.4 6.7 19.6 26.4 16.0 9.4 NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 152

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D18. persons by reason for unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Total White Black Hispanic origin Reasons III III III III III III II! NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Total unemployed Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Permanent job losers Persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 5,935 2,529 755 1,773 1,225 548 851 2,018 537 5,718 2,430 775 1,655 1,121 534 851 1,928 509 4,226 1,843 599 1,244 886 358 680 1,366 337 4,105 1,800 619 1,181 812 369 663 1,326 317 1,433 562 121 441 275 166 146 564 161 1,331 524 126 397 270 127 160 496 152 964 433 135 299 207 92 107 306 117 884 360 119 240 136 105 114 292 118 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs On temporary layoff Not on temporary layoff Job leavers Reentrants New entrants 4 1 29.9 1 3 9 4 1 28.9 1 3 8.9 4 1 29.4 16 3 8.0 4 1 28.8 16.* 3 7.7 39.2 8.4 30.8 10.2 39.4 11.3 39.3 9.5 29.9 1 37.3 11.4 4 1 31.0 11 3 1 40.7 1 27.2 1 3 1 UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs Job leavers Reentrants New entrants.6 1.4.4.6 1.4.4 1.6.6 1.2.3 1.5.6 1.3.9 1.0 1.0.9.7.8.7.8 NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorgin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 153

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D19. persons by duration of unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Total White Black Hispanic origin Duration III III III III III III NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Total, 16 years and over Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks 15 weeks and over 15 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over 5,935 2,679 1,858 1,399 673 726 5,718 2,598 1,861 1,258 576 682 4,226 2,023 1,303 900 426 474 4,105 1,982 1,319 804 397 407 1,433 531 463 440 215 225 1,331 497 462 372 153 220 964 476 281 208 108 99 884 420 260 203 88 115 Average (mean) duration, in weeks Median duration, in weeks 1 6.0 1 5.8 1 11.4 16.5 8.2 1 8.0 11.6 1 Total unemployed Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks 15 weeks and over 15 to 26 weeks 27 weeks and over PERCENT DISTRIBUTION 100.0 4 31.3 2 11.3 1 100.0 4 3 2 10 1 100.0 47.9 30.8 21.3 10 11.2 100.0 48.3 3 19.6 9.7 9.9 100.0 37.0 3 30.7 1 15.7 100.0 37.3 3 28.0 11.5 16.5 100.0 49.3 29 21.5 11.2 10.3 100.0 47.5 29.5 2 10.0 1 NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 154

D20. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES Characteristic Number of workers (in thousands) III Median weekly earnings III III SEX AND AGE Total, 16 years and over 99,052 101,462 $546 $575 Men, 16 years and over 16 to 24 years 25 years and over 56,199 7,296 48,903 57,430 7,719 49,711 614 347 668 640 378 700 Women, 16 years and over 16 to 24 years 25 years and over 42,853 5,433 37,421 44,031 5,872 38,160 474 323 500 491 335 519 RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX White Men Women 81,874 47,670 34,204 83,623 48,505 35,117 569 632 483 590 664 497 Black Men Women 12,496 5,972 6,524 12,776 6,143 6,633 454 492 416 463 492 434 Hispanic origin Men Women 11,087 6,841 4,246 11,767 7,271 4,496 392 410 356 402 416 377 NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 155

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D21. Median weekly earnings of parttime wage and salary workers by selected characteristics Characteristic III Number of workers (in thousands) III Median weekly earnings III III SEX AND AGE Total, 16 years and over 19,996 19,103 $171 $174 Men, 16 years and over 16to 24 years 25 years and over 6,135 3,383 2,752 5,721 3,169 2,552 162 137 209 159 137 211 Women, 16 years and over 16 to 24 years 25 years and over 13,861 4,330 9,531 13,382 4,168 9,214 175 130 208 183 140 210 RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX White Men Women 17,316 5,222 12,094 16,578 4,871 11,707 171 162 177 176 159 185 Black Men Women 1,915 626 1,289 1,747 576 1,171 164 157 167 160 158 161 Hispanic origin Men Women 1,793 711 1,081 1,634 483 1,151 161 180 150 159 161 159 NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 156

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D22. Median weekly earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers by occupation and sex Occupation and sex Number of workers (in thousands) I I Median weekly earnings I I TOTAL Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 30,779 14,792 15,988 27,749 3,634 9,860 14,255 11,302 487 2,191 8,624 11,914 4,383 4,043 3,488 15,429 6,771 4,678 3,980 1,879 31,849 15,482 16,367 28,620 3,780 10,237 14,603 11,035 351 2,147 8,537 12,336 4,287 4,553 3,495 15,740 6,631 4,724 4,386 1,881 $806 796 812 485 608 515 449 336 246 587 313 598 622 560 605 431 426 515 351 331 $833 850 817 504 654 557 463 352 252 638 324 612 648 592 599 433 423 532 380 345 Men Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 15,635 7,998 7,637 10,664 1,863 5,491 3,310 5,422 25 1,804 3,593 10,863 4,182 3,941 2,740 11,996 4,418 4,391 3,186 1,620 16,144 8,319 7,824 11,072 1,941 5,564 3,567 5,230 6 1,796 3,427 11,285 4,082 4,461 2,741 12,130 4,205 4,341 3,584 1.570 955 963 948 620 708 683 527 394 $614 331 608 621 566 651 475 483 521 365 335 994 1,026 962 651 766 691 545 411 $678 347 621 645 595 639 475 480 552 394 362 Women Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing 15,145 6,794 8,351 17,085 1,771 4,370 10,944 5,879 462 388 5,030 1,051 202 101 748 3,434 2,353 287 794 260 15,705 763 8,543 17,548 1,839 4,673 11,036 5,805 345 351 5,110 1.051 205 92 754 3,611 2,426 383 802 311 690 665 709 430 533 385 432 304 244 488 304 464 677 436 435 335 336 398 316 316 706 682 725 449 539 413 443 316 251 502 316 466 695 $423 355 363 382 321 291 1 Data not shown where base is less than 100,000. NOTE: Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 157

HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES D23. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age (Numbers in thousands) Civilian noninstitutional population Total Veteran status and age III III III III Number III Percent of labor force III III VIETNAMERA VETERANS Total, 40 years and over 40 to 54 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 years and over 7,754 5,435 486 1,826 3,123 2,319 7,699 4,920 282 1,495 3,143 2,780 6,321 4,736 417 1,587 2,731 1,586 6,159 4,271 237 1,309 2,725 1,888 6,166 4,610 405 1,536 2,669 1,557 5,986 4,135 227 1,264 2,643 1,851 155 126 12 52 62 29 173 136 10 45 82 37 NONVETERANS Total, 40 to 54 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 21,460 9,467 7,407 4,586 22,491 9,689 7,898 4,904 19,387 8,749 6,708 3,929 20,367 8,925 7,159 4,284 18,942 8,539 6,561 3,842 19,916 8,719 6,994 4,203 445 210 147 87 451 205 165 81 NOTE: Male Vietnamera veterans are men who served in the Armed Forces between 5, 1964 and May 7, 1975. Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 158

D24. Employment status of male Vietnamera veterans and nonveterans by age, race, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) HOUSEHOLD DATA NOT SEASONALLY ADJUSTED QUARTERLY AVERAGES Veterans Nonveterans Employment status and age White Black Hispanic origin White Black Hispanic origin III Total, 40 to 54 years Civilian noninstitutional population 4,766 4,219 4,118 100 4,268 3,744 3,630 114 541 414 392 23 540 437 418 19 239 205 203 2 1 203 171 162 9 18,106 16,616 16,280 336 19,037 17,487 17,166 321 2,234 1,786 1,702 84 2,307 1,836 1,728 108 5.9 2,203 1,939 1,857 82 2,279 2,026 1,973 53 40 to 44 years Civilian noninstitutional population 396 348 342 6 221 195 189 6 77 62 56 6 10.0 57 40 36 4 9.7 24 19 19 12 10 10 7,988 7,481 7,320 161 8,166 7,622 7,477 145 993 831 794 37 1,015 836 785 51 6 1,050 956 921 36 1,030 931 911 20 45 to 49 years Civilian noninstitutional population 1,569 1,388 1,350 38 1,233 1,089 1,054 36 207 156 144 12 7.7 216 177 170 7 66 60 58 2 62 51 48 6,253 5,763 5,661 102 6,723 6,177 6,057 120 785 629 591 38 6.0 789 628 592 36 5.7 673 613 588 26 739 669 651 19 50 to 54 years Civilian noninstitutional population 2,801 2,483 2,426 57 2,814 2,460 2,387 72 256 196 192 4 267 220 212 8 149 126 126 129 110 104 6 5.8 3,865 3,373 3,300 73 4,148 3,688 3,632 56 1.5 457 326 317 9 503 372 351 20 481 370 349 21 510 425 411 14 1 Data not shown where base is less than 60,000. NOTE: Male Vietnamera veterans are men who served in the Armed Forces between 5, 1964 and May 7, 1975. Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces. Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other racesgroup are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 159

Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error Introduction The statistics in this periodical are compiled from two major sources: (1) household interviews, and (2) reports from employers. Data based on household interviews are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a sample survey of the population 16 years of age and over. The survey is conducted each month by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics and provides comprehensive data on the labor force, the employed, and the unemployed, classified by such characteristics as age, sex, race, family relationship, marital status, occupation, and industry attachment. The survey also provides data on the characteristics and past work experience of those not in the labor force. The information is collected by trained interviewers from a sample of about 50,000 households (beginning with January 1996 data) located in 754 sample areas. These areas are chosen to represent all counties and independent cities in the United States, with coverage in 50 States and the District of Columbia. The data collected are based on the activity or status reported for the calendar week including the 12th of the month. Data based on establishment records are compiled each month from mail questionnaires and telephone interviews by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in cooperation with State agencies. The Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey is designed to provide industry information on nonfarm wage and salary employment, average weekly hours, average hourly earnings, and average weekly earnings for the Nation, States, and metropolitan areas. The employment, hours, and earnings series are based on payroll reports from a sample of about 300,000 establishments employing about 48 million nonfarm wage and salary workers. The data relate to all workers, full or part time, who receive pay during the payroll period that includes the 12th of the month. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE HOUSEHOLD AND ESTABLISHMENT SERIES The household and establishment data complement one another, each providing significant types of information that the other cannot suitably supply. Population characteristics, for example, are obtained only from the household survey, whereas detailed industrial classifications are much more reliably derived from establishment reports. Data from these two sources differ from each other because of variations in definitions and coverage, source of information, methods of collection, and estimating procedures. Sampling variability and response errors are additional reasons for discrepancies. The major factors that have a differential effect on the levels and trends of the two data series are as follows. Employment Coverage, The household survey definition of employment comprises wage and salary workers (including domestics and other private household workers), selfemployed persons, and unpaid workers who worked 15 hours or more during the reference week in familyoperated enterprises. Employment in both agricultural and nonagricultural industries is included. The payroll survey covers only wage and salary employees on the payrolls of nonfarm establishments. Multiple jobholding. The household survey provides information on the work status of the population without duplication, because each person is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. persons holding more than one job are counted only once. In the figures based on establishment reports, persons who worked in more than one establishment during the reporting period are counted each time their names appear on payrolls. Unpaid absences from jobs. The household survey includes among the employed all civilians who had jobs but were not at work during the reference week that is, were not working but had jobs from which they were temporarily absent because of illness, vacation, bad weather, childcare problems, or labormanagement disputes, or because they were taking time off for various other reasons, even if they were not paid by their employers for the time off. In the figures based on payroll reports, persons on leave paid for by the company are included, but those on leave without pay for the entire payroll period are not. Hours of work The household survey measures hours worked for all workers, whereas the payroll survey measures hours for private production or nonsupervisory workers paid for by 160

employers. In the household survey, all persons with a job but not at work are excluded from the hours distributions and the computations of average hours at work. In the payroll survey, production or nonsupervisory employees on paid vacation, paid holiday, or paid sick leave are included and assigned the number of hours for which they were paid during the reporting period. Earnings The household survey measures the earnings of wage and salary workers in all occupations and industries in both the private and public sectors. Data refer to the usual earnings received from the worker's sole or primary job. Data from the establishment survey generally refer to average earnings of production and related workers in mining and manufacturing, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in private serviceproducing industries. For a comprehensive discussion of the various earnings series available from the household and establishment surveys, see BLS Measures of Compensation, Bulletin 2239 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1986). COMPARABILITY OF HOUSEHOLD DATA WITH OTHER SERIES Unemployment insurance data. The unemployed total from the household survey includes all persons who did not have a job during the reference week, were currently available for a job, and were looking for work or were waiting to be called back to a job from which they had been laid off, whether or not they were eligible for unemployment insurance. Figures on unemployment insurance claims, prepared by the Employment and Training Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor, exclude, in addition to otherwise ineligible persons who do not file claims for benefits, persons who have exhausted their benefit rights, new workers who have not earned rights to unemployment insurance, and persons losing jobs not covered by unemployment insurance systems (some workers in agriculture, domestic services, and religious organizations, and selfemployed and unpaid family workers). In addition, the qualifications for drawing unemployment compensation differ from the definition of unemployment used in the household survey. For example, persons with a job but not at work and persons working only a few hours during the week are sometimes eligible for unemployment compensation but are classified as employed, rather than unemployed, in the household survey. Agricultural employment estimates of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The principal differences in coverage are the inclusion of persons under 16 in the National Agricultural Statistics Service series and the treatment of dual jobholders, who are counted more than once if they work on more than one farm during the reporting period. There also are wide differences in sampling techniques and data collecting and estimating methods, which cannot be readily measured in terms of their impact on differences in the levels and trends of the two series. COMPARABILITY OF PAYROLL EMPLOYMENT DATA WITH OTHER SERIES Statistics on manufacturers and business, U.S. Census Bureau. BLS establishment statistics on employment differ from employment counts derived by the U.S. Census Bureau from its censuses or sample surveys of manufacturing and business establishments. The major reasons for noncomparability are different treatment of business units considered parts of an establishment, such as central administrative offices and auxiliary units; the industrial classification of establishments; and different reporting patterns by multiunit companies. There also are differences in the scope of the industries covered, for example, the Census of Business excludes professional services, public utilities, and financial establishments, whereas these are included in the BLS statistics. County Business Patterns, U.S. Census Bureau. Data in County Business Patterns (CBP) differ from BLS establishment statistics in the treatment of central administrative offices and auxiliary units. Differences also may arise because of industrial classification and reporting practices. In addition, CBP excludes interstate railroads and most of government, and coverage is incomplete for some of the nonprofit agencies. Employment covered by State unemployment insurance programs. Most nonfarm wage and salary workers are covered by the unemployment insurance programs. However, some employees, such as those working in parochial schools and churches, are not covered by unemployment insurance, whereas they are included in the BLS establishment statistics. 161

Household Data ("A" tables, monthly; "D" tables, quarterly) COLLECTION AND COVERAGE Statistics on the employment status of the population and related data are compiled by BLS using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). This monthly survey of households is conducted for BLS by the U.S. Census Bureau through a scientifically selected sample designed to represent the civilian noninstitutional population. Respondents are interviewed to obtain information about the employment status of each member of the household 16 years of age and over. The inquiry relates to activity or status during the calendar week, Sunday through Saturday, that includes the 12th day of the month. This is known as the "reference week." Actual field interviewing is conducted in the following week, referred to as the "survey week." Each month, about 50,000 occupied units are eligible for interview. Some 3,200 of these households are contacted but interviews are not obtained because the occupants are not at home after repeated calls or are unavailable for other reasons. This represents a noninterview rate for the survey that ranges between 6 and 7 percent. In addition to the 50,000 occupied units, there are about 9,000 sample units in an average month that are visited but found to be vacant or otherwise not eligible for enumeration. Part of the sample is changed each month. The rotation plan, as will be explained later, provides for threefourths of the sample to be common from one month to the next, and onehalf to be common with the same month a year earlier. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS The concepts and definitions underlying labor force data have been modified, but not substantially altered, since the inception of the survey in 1940; those in use as of January 1994 are as follows: Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are persons 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 States and the District of Columbia who are not inmates of institutions (for example, penal and mental facilities, homes for the aged), and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces. persons. All persons who, during the reference week, (a) did any work at all (at least 1 hour) as paid employees, worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm, or worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in an enterprise operated by a member of the family, and (b) all those who were not working but who had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent because of vacation, illness, bad weather, childcare problems, maternity or paternity leave, labormanagement dispute, job training, or other family or personal reasons, whether or not they were paid for the time off or were seeking other jobs. Each employed person is counted only once, even if he or she holds more than one job. For purposes of occupation and industry classification, multiple jobholders are counted in the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours during the reference week. Included in the total are employed citizens of foreign countries who are temporarily in the United States but not living on the premises of an embassy. Excluded are persons whose only activity consisted of work around their own house (painting, repairing, or own home housework) or volunteer work for religious, charitable, and other organizations. persons. All persons who had no employment during the reference week, were available for work, except for temporary illness, and had made specific efforts to find employment some time during the 4week period ending with the reference week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed. Duration of unemployment. This represents the length of time (through the current reference week) that persons classified as unemployed had been looking for work. For persons on layoff, duration of unemployment represents the number of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment. Reason for unemployment. Unemployment also is categorized according to the status of individuals at the time they began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into five major groups: (1) Job losers, comprising (a) persons on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who expect to return within 6 months (persons on layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), and (b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work; (2) Job leavers, persons who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for work; (3) Persons who completed temporary jobs, who began looking for work after the jobs ended; (4) Reentrants, persons who previously worked but who were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search; and (5) New entrants, persons who never worked. Each of these five categories of the unemployed can be exp r essed as a proportion of the entire civilian labor force; the sum of the four rates thus equals the unemployment rate for all civilian workers. (For statistical presentation purposes, "job losers" and "persons who completed temporary jobs" are combined into a single category until seasonal adjustments can be developed for the separate categories.) 162

Jobseekers. All unemployed persons who made specific efforts to find a job sometime during the 4week period preceding the survey week are classified as jobseekers. Jobseekers do not include persons classified as on temporary layoff, who, although often looking for work, are not required to do so to be classified as unemployed. Jobseekers are grouped by the methods used to seek work. Only active methods which have the potential to result in a job offer without further action on the part of the jobseeker qualify as job search. Examples include going to an employer directly or to a public or private employment agency, seeking assistance from friends or relatives, placing or answering ads, or using some other active method. Examples of the "other" category include being on a union or professional register, obtaining assistance from a community organization, or waiting at a designated labor pickup point. Passive methods, which do not qualify as job search, include reading (as opposed to answering or placing) "help wanted" ads and taking a job training course. Labor force. This group comprises all persons classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above.. The unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. Participation rate. This represents the proportion of the population that is in the labor force. Employmentpopulation ratio. This represents the proportion of the population that is employed. Not in the labor force. Included in this group are all persons in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor unemployed. Information is collected on their desire for and availability to take a job at the time of the CPS interview, job search activity in the prior year, and reason for not looking in the 4week period prior to the survey week. This group includes discouraged workers, defined as persons not in the labor force who want and are available for a job and who have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months), but who are not currently looking because they believe there are no jobs available or there are none for which they would qualify. Persons classified as not in the labor force who are in the sample for either their fourth or eighth month.are asked additional questions relating to job history and workseeking intentions. These latter data are available on a quarterly basis. Occupation, industry, and class of worker. This information for the employed applies to the job held in the reference week. Persons with two or more jobs are classified in the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours. The unemployed are classified according to their last job. The occupational and industrial classification of CPS data is based on the coding systems used in the 1990 census. The classofworker breakdown assigns workers to the following categories: Private and government wage and salary workers, selfemployed workers, and unpaid family workers. Wage and salary workers receive wages, salary, commissions, tips, or pay in kind from a private employer or from a government unit. Selfemployed persons are those who work for profit or fees in their own business, profession, trade, or farm. Only the unincorporated selfemployed are included in the selfemployed category in the class of worker typology. Selfemployed persons who respond that their businesses are incorporated are included among wage and salary workers because, technically, they are paid employees of a corporation. Unpaid family workers are persons working without pay for 15 hours a week or more on a farm or in a business operated by a member of the household to whom they are related by birth or marriage. Multiple jobholders. These are employed persons who, during the reference week, either had two or more jobs as a wage and salary worker, were selfemployed and also held a wage and salary job, or worked as an unpaid family worker and also held a wage and salary job. Excluded are selfemployed persons with multiple businesses and persons with multiple jobs as unpaid family workers. Hours of work. These statistics relate to the actual number of hours worked during the reference week. For example, persons who normally work 40 hours a week but were off on the Columbus Day holiday would be reported as working 32 hours, even though they were paid for the holiday. For persons working in more than one job, the published figures relate to the number of hours worked in all jobs during the week; all the hours are credited to the major job. Unpublished data are available for the hours worked in each job and for usual hours. At work part time for economic reasons. Sometimes referred to as involuntary part time, this category refers to individuals who gave an economic reason for working 1 to 34 hours during the reference week. Economic reasons include slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find fulltime work, and seasonal declines in demand. Those who usually work part time must also indicate that they want and are available for fulltime work to be classified as on part time for economic reasons. At work part time for noneconomic reasons. This group includes those persons who usually work part time and were at work 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for a noneconomic reason. Noneconomic reasons include, for example: Illness or other medical limitations, childcare problems or other family or personal obligations, school or training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and being in a job where fulltime work is less than 35 hours. The group also includes those who gave an economic reason for usually working 1 to 34 hours but said they do not want to work full time or are unavailable for such work. Usual full or parttime status. Data on persons "at work" 163

exclude persons who were temporarily absent from a job and therefore classified in the zerohoursworked category, "with a job but not at work." These are persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week for such reasons as bad weather, vacation, illness, or involvement in a labor dispute. In order to differentiate a person's normal schedule from his or her activity during the reference week, persons also are classified according to their usual full or parttime status. In this context, fulltime workers are those who usually worked 35 hours or more (at all jobs combined). This group will include some individuals who worked less than 35 hours in the reference week for either economic or noneconomic reasons and those who are temporarily absent from work. Similarly, parttime workers are those who usually work less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs), regardless of the number of hours worked in the reference week. This may include some individuals who actually worked more than 34 hours in the reference week, as well as those who are temporarily absent from work. The fulltime labor force includes all employed persons who usually work full time and unemployed persons who are either looking for fulltime work or are on layoff from fulltime jobs. The parttime labor force consists of employed persons who usually work part time and unemployed persons who are seeking or are on layoff from parttime jobs. s for full and parttime workers are calculated using the concepts of the full and parttime labor force. White, black, and other. These are terms used to describe the race of persons. Included in the "other" group are American Indians, Alaskan Natives, and Asians and Pacific Islanders. Because of the relatively small sample size, data for "other" races are not published. In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent. Hispanic origin. This refers to persons who identified themselves in the enumeration process as Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or of other Hispanic origin or descent. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; thus, they are included in both the white and black population groups. Vietnamera veterans. These are persons who served in the Armed Forces of the United States between 5, 1964, and May 7, 1975. Published data are limited to men in the civilian noninstitutional population; that is, veterans in institutions and women are excluded. Nonveterans are persons who never served in the Armed Forces. Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, hourly) are converted to weekly. The term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to wage and salary workers (excluding all selfemployed persons regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated) who usually work full time on their sole or primary job. Median earnings. These figures indicate the value that divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one part having values above the median and the other having values below the median. The medians shown in this publication are calculated by linear interpolation of the $50 centered interval within which each median falls. Data expressed in constant dollars are deflated by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPIU). Single, never married; married, spouse present; and other marital status. These are the terms used to define the marital status of individuals at the time of interview. Married, spouse present, applies to husband and wife if both were living in the same household, even though one may be temporarily absent on business, vacation, on a visit, in a hospital, etc. Other marital status applies to persons who are married, spouse absent; widowed; or divorced. Married, spouse absent relates to persons who are separated due to marital problems, as well as to husbands and wives who are living apart because one or the other was employed elsewhere or was on duty with the Armed Forces, or for any other reasons. Household. A household consists of all persons related family members and all unrelated persons who occupy a housing unit and have no other usual address. A house, an apartment, a group of rooms, or a single room is regarded as a housing unit when occupied or intended for occupancy as separate living quarters. A householder is the person (or one of the persons) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The term is never applied to either husbands or wives in marriedcouple families but relates only to persons in families maintained by either men or women without a spouse. Family. A family is defined as a group of two or more persons residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such persons are considered as members of one family. Families are classified either as marriedcouple families or as families maintained by women or men without spouses. A family maintained by a woman or a man is one in which the householder is either single, widowed, divorced, or married, spouse absent. HISTORICAL COMPARABILITY Changes in concepts and methods While current survey concepts and methods are very similar to those introduced at the inception of the survey in 1940, a number of changes have been made over the years to improve the accuracy and usefulness of the data. Some of the most important changes include: In 1945, the questionnaire was radically changed with the introduction of four basic employment questions. Prior to that time, the survey did not contain specific question wording, but rather relied on a complicated scheme of activity prioritization. 164

In 1953, the current 484 rotation system was adopted, whereby households are interviewed for 4 consecutive months, leave the sample for 8 months, and then return to the sample for the same 4 months of the following year. Before this system was introduced, households were interviewed for 6 consecutive months and then replaced. The new system provided some yeartoyear overlap in the sample, thereby improving measurement over time. In 1955, the survey reference week was changed to the calendar week including the 12th day of the month, for greater consistency with the reference period used for other laborrelated statistics. Previously, the calendar week containing the 8th day of the month had been used as the reference week. In 1957, the employment definition was modified slightly as a result of a comprehensive interagency review of labor force concepts and methods. Two relatively small groups of persons classified as employed, under "with a job but not at work," were assigned to different classifications. Persons on layoff with definite instructions to return to work within 30 days of the layoff date, and persons volunteering that they were waiting to start a new wage and salary job within 30 days of interview, were, for the most part, reassigned to the unemployed classification. The only exception was the small subgroup in school during the reference week but waiting to start new jobs, which was transferred to not in the labor force. In 1967, more substantive changes were made as a result of the recommendations of the President's Committee to Appraise Employment and Unemployment Statistics (the Gordon Committee). The principal improvements were as follows: a) A 4week job search period and specific questions on jobseeking activity were introduced. Previously, the questionnaire was ambiguous as to the period for jobseeking, and there were no specific questions concerning job search methods. b) An availability test was introduced whereby a person must be currently available for work in order to be classified as unemployed. Previously, there was no such requirement. This revision to the concept mainly affected students, who, for example, may begin to look for summer jobs in the spring although they will not be available until June or. Such persons, until 1967, had been classified as unemployed but since have been assigned to the "not in the labor force" category. c) Persons "with a job but not at work" because of strikes, bad weather, etc., who volunteered that they were looking for work were shifted from unemployed status to employed. d) The lower age limit for official statistics on employment, unemployment, and other labor force concepts was raised from 14 to 16 years. Historical data for most major series have been revised to provide consistent information based on the new minimum age limit. e) New questions were added to obtain additional information on persons not in the labor force, including those referred to as "discouraged workers," defined as persons who indicate that they want a job but are not currently looking because they believe there are no jobs available or none for which they would qualify. f) New "probing" questions were added to the questionnaire in order to increase the reliability of information on hours of work, duration of unemployment, and selfemployment. In 1994, major changes to the Current Population Survey (CPS) were introduced, which included a complete redesign of the questionnaire and the use of computerassisted interviewing for the entire survey. In addition, there were revisions to some of the labor force concepts and definitions, including the implementation of some changes recommended in 1979 by the National Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statistics (NCEUS, also known as the Levitan Commission). Some of the major changes to the survey were: a) The introduction of a redesigned and automated questionnaire. The CPS questionnaire was totally redesigned in order to obtain more accurate, comprehensive, and relevant information, and to take advantage of stateoftheart computer interviewing techniques. b) The addition of two, more objective, criteria to the definition of discouraged workers. Prior to 1994, to be classified as a discouraged worker, a person must have wanted a job and been reported as not currently looking because of a belief that no jobs were available or that there were none for which he or she would qualify. Beginning in 1994, persons classified as discouraged must also have looked for a job within the past year (or since their last job, if they worked during the year), and must have been available for work during the reference week (a direct question on availability was added in 1994; prior to 1994, availability had been inferred from responses to other questions). These changes were made because the NCEUS and others felt that the previous definition of discouraged workers was too subjective, relying mainly on an individual's stated desire for a job and not on prior testing of the labor market. c) Similarly, the identification of persons employed part time for economic reasons (working less than 35 hours in the reference week because of poor business conditions or because of an inability to find fulltime work) was tightened by adding two new criteria for persons who usually work part time: They must want and be available for fulltime work. Previously, such information was inferred. (Persons who usually work full time but worked part time for an economic reason during the reference week are assumed to meet these criteria.) d) Specific questions were added about the expectation of recall for persons who indicate that they are on layoff. To be classified as "on temporary layoff," persons must ex 165

pect to be recalled to their jobs. Previously, the questionnaire did not include explicit questions about the expectation of recall. e) Persons volunteering that they were waiting to start a new job within 30 days must have looked for work in the 4 weeks prior to the survey in order to be classified as unemployed. Previously, such persons did not have to meet the job search requirement in order to be included among the unemployed. For additional information on changes in CPS concepts and methods, see "The Current Population Survey: Design and Methodology," Technical Paper 63 (Washington, U.S. Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, March ), available on the Internet at www.bls.census.gov/cps/tp/ tp63.htm; "Overhauling the Current Population Survey Why is it Necessary to Change?," "Redesigning the Questionnaire," and "Evaluating Changes in the Estimates," Monthly Labor Review, September 1993; and "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994," in the February 1994 issue of this publication. Noncomparability of labor force levels In addition to the refinements in concepts, definitions, and methods made over the years, other changes also have affected the comparability of the labor force data. Beginning in 1953, as a result of introducing data from the 1950 census into the estimating procedures, population levels were raised by about 600,000; labor force, total employment, and agricultural employment were increased by about 350,000, primarily affecting the figures for totals and for men; other categories were relatively unaffected. Beginning in 1960, the inclusion of Alaska and Hawaii resulted in increases of about 500,000 in the population and about 300,000 in the labor force. Fourfifths of the labor force increase was in nonagricultural employment; other labor force categories were not appreciably affected. Beginning in 1962, the introduction of data from the 1960 census reduced the population by about 50,000 and labor force and employment by about 200,000; unemployment totals were virtually unchanged. Beginning in 1972, information from the 1970 census was introduced into the estimation procedures, increasing the population by about 800,000; labor force and employment totals were raised by a little more than 300,000; unemployment levels and rates were essentially unchanged. In March 1973, a subsequent population adjustment based on the 1970 census was introduced. This adjustment, which affected the white and blackandother groups but had little effect on totals, resulted in the reduction of nearly 300,000 in the white population and an increase of the same magnitude in the blackandother population. Civilian labor force and total employment figures were affected to a lesser degree; the white labor force was reduced by 150,000, and the blackandother labor force rose by about 210,000. Unemployment levels and rates were not significantly affected. Beginning in January 1974, the method used to prepare independent estimates of the civilian noninstitutional population was modified to an "inflationdeflation" approach. This change in the derivation of the estimates had its greatest impact on estimates of 20 to 24yearold men particularly those in the blackandother population but had little effect on estimates of the total population 16 years and over. Additional information on the adjustment procedure appears in "CPS Population Controls Derived from InflationDeflation Method of Estimation," in the February 1974 issue of this publication. Effective in 1975, as a result of the large inflow of Vietnamese refugees to the United States, the total and blackandother independent population controls for persons 16 years and over were adjusted upward by 76,000 30,000 men and 46,000 women. The addition of the refugees increased the blackandother population by less than 1 percent in any agesex group, with all of the changes being confined to the "other" component of the population. Beginning in January 1978, the introduction of an expansion in the sample and revisions in the estimation procedures resulted in an increase of about 250,000 in the civilian labor force and employment totals; unemployment levels and rates were essentially unchanged. An explanation of the procedural changes and an indication of the differences appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey in January 1978" in the February 1978 issue of this publication. Beginning in October 1978, the race of the individual was determined by the household respondent for the incoming rotation group households, rather than by the interviewer as before. The purpose of this change was to provide more accurate estimates of characteristics by race. Thus, in October 1978, oneeighth of the sample households had race determined by the household respondent and seveneighths of the sample households had race determined by interviewer observation. It was not until January 1980 that the entire sample had race determined by the household respondent. The new procedure had no significant effect on the estimates. Beginning in January 1979, the firststage ratio adjustment method was changed in the CPS estimation procedure. Differences between the old and new procedures existed only for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan area estimates, not for the total United States. The reasoning behind the change and an indication of the differences appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey in January 1979" in the February 1979 issue of this publication. Beginning in January 1982, the secondstage ratio adjustment method was changed. The rationale for the change and an indication of its effect on national estimates of labor force characteristics appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 1982" in the Feb 166

ruary 1982 issue of this publication. In addition, current population estimates used in the secondstage estimation procedure were derived from information obtained from the 1980 census, rather than the 1970 census. This change caused substantial increases in the total population and in the estimates of persons in all labor force categories. Rates for labor force characteristics, however, remained virtually unchanged. Some 30,000 labor force series were adjusted back to 1970 to avoid major breaks in series. The adjustment procedure used also is described in the February 1982 article cited above. The revisions did not, however, smooth out the breaks in series occurring between 1972 and 1979 (described above), and data users should consider them when comparing estimates from different periods. Beginning in January 1983, the firststage ratio adjustment method was updated to incorporate data from the 1980 census. The rationale for the change and an indication of its effect on national estimates for labor force characteristics appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 1983" in the February 1983 issue of this publication. There were only slight differences between the old and new procedures in estimates of levels for the various labor force characteristics and virtually no differences in estimates of participation rates. Beginning in January 1985, most of the steps of the CPS estimation procedure the noninterview adjustment, the first and secondstage ratio adjustments, and the composite estimator were revised. These procedures are described in the Estimating Methods section. A description of the changes and an indication of their effect on national estimates of labor force characteristics appear in "Changes in the Estimation Procedure in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 1985" in the February 1985 issue of this publication. Overall, the revisions had only a slight effect on most estimates. The greatest impact was on estimates of persons of Hispanic origin. Major estimates were revised back to January 1980. Beginning in January 1986, the population controls used in the secondstage ratio adjustment method were revised to reflect an explicit estimate of the number of undocumented immigrants (largely Hispanic) since 1980 and an improved estimate of the number of emigrants among legal foreignborn residents for the same period. As a result, the total civilian population and labor force estimates were raised by nearly 400,000; civilian employment was increased by about 350,000. The Hispanicorigin population and labor force estimates were raised by about 425,000 and 305,000, respectively, and Hispanic employment was increased by 270,000. Overall and subgroup unemployment levels and rates were not significantly affected. Because of the magnitude of the adjustments for Hispanics, data were revised back to January 1980 to the extent possible. An explanation of the changes and an indication of their effect on estimates of labor force characteristics appear in "Changes in the Estimation Procedure in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 1986" in the February 1986 issue of this publication. Beginning in 1989, the secondstage ratio estimation procedures were changed slightly to decrease the chance of very small cells occurring and to be more consistent with published age, sex, race cells. This change had virtually no effect on national estimates. Beginning in January 1994, 1990 censusbased population controls, adjusted for the estimated undercount, were introduced into the secondstage estimation procedure. This change resulted in substantial increases in total population and in all major labor force categories. Effective February 1996, these controls were introduced into the estimates for 199093. Under the new population controls, the civilian noninstitutional population for 1990 increased by about 1 million, employment by about 880,000, and unemployment by approximately 175,000. The overall unemployment rate rose by about 0 percentage point. For further information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994," and "Revisions in Household Survey Data Effective February 1996" in the February 1994 and March 1996 issues, respectively, of this publication. Additionally, for the period January through May 1994, the composite estimation procedure was suspended for technical and logistical reasons. Beginning in January 1997, the population controls used in the secondstage ratio adjustment method were revised to reflect updated information on the demographic characteristics of immigrants to, and emigrants from, the United States. As a result, the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over was raised by about 470,000. The labor force and employment levels were increased by about 320,000 and 290,000, respectively. The Hispanicorigin population and labor force estimates were raised by about 450,000 and 250,000, respectively, and Hispanic employment was increased by 325,000. Overall and subgroup unemployment rates and other percentages of labor market participation were not affected. An explanation of the changes and an indication of their effect on national labor force estimates appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1997" in the February 1997 issue of this publication. Beginning in January 1998, new composite estimation procedures and minor revisions in the population controls were introduced into the household survey. The new composite estimation procedures simplify processing of the monthly labor force data at BLS, allow users of the survey microdata to more easily replicate the official estimates released by BLS, and increase the reliability of the employment and labor force estimates. The new procedures also produce somewhat lower estimates of the civilian labor force and employment and slightly higher estimates of unemployment. For example, based on 1997 annual average data, the differences resulting from the use of old and new composite weights were as follows: (229,000), total employed (256,000), and total unemployed (+27,000). s were not significantly affected. 167

Also beginning in January 1998, the population controls used in the survey were revised to reflect new estimates of legal immigration to the United States and a change in the method for projecting the emigration of foreignborn legal residents. As a result, the Hispanicorigin population was raised by about 57,000; however, the total civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over was essentially unchanged. More detailed information on these changes and their effect on the estimates of labor force change and composition appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1998," in the February 1998 issue of this publication. Beginning in January, the population controls used in the survey were revised to reflect newly updated information on immigration. As a result, the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over was raised by about 310,000. The impact of the changes varied for different demographic groups. The civilian noninstitutional population for men 16 years and over was lowered by about 185,000, while that for women was increased by about 490,000. The Hispanicorigin population was lowered by about 165,000 while that of persons of nonhispanic origin was raised by about 470,000. Overall labor force and employment levels were increased by about 60,000 each, while the Hispanic labor force and employment estimates were reduced by about 225,000 and 215,000, respectively. The changes had only a small impact on overall and subgroup unemployment rates and other percentages of labor market participation. An explanation of the changes and an indication of their effect on national labor force estimates appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January " in the February issue of this publication. Beginning in January, the population controls used in the survey were revised to reflect newly updated information on immigration and an upward revision in the number of deaths. As a result, the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over was lowered by about 215,000. The labor force and employment levels were decreased by about 125,000 and 120,000, respectively. Overall and subgroup unemployment rates and other percentages of labor market participation were not significantly affected. An explanation of the changes and an indication of their effect on national labor force estimates appear in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January " in the February issue of this publication. Changes in the occupational and industrial classification systems Beginning in 1971, the comparability of occupational employment data was affected as a result of changes in the occupational classification system for the 1970 census that were introduced into the CPS. Comparability was further affected in December 1971, when a question relating to major activity or duties was added to the monthly CPS questionnaire in order to more precisely determine the occupational classification of individuals. As a result of these changes, meaningful comparisons of occupational employment levels could not be made between 197172 and prior years nor between those 2 years. s were not significantly affected. For a further explanation of the changes in the occupational classification system, see "Revisions in Occupational Classifications for 1971" and "Revisions in the Current Population Survey" in the February 1971 and February 1972 issues, respectively, of this publication. Beginning in January 1983, the occupational and industrial classification systems used in the 1980 census were introduced into the CPS. The 1980 census occupational classification system evolved from the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system and was so radically different in concepts and nomenclature from the 1970 system that comparisons of historical data are not possible without major adjustments. For example, the 1980 major group "sales occupations" is substantially larger than the 1970 category "sales workers." Major additions include "cashiers" from "clerical workers" and some selfemployed proprietors in retail trade establishments from "managers and administrators, except farm." The industrial classification system used in the 1980 census was based on the 1972 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system, as modified in 1977. The adoption of the new system had much less of an adverse effect on historical comparability than did the new occupational system. The most notable changes from the 1970 system were the transfer of farm equipment stores from "retail" to "wholesale" trade and of postal service from "public administration" to "transportation," and some interchange between "professional and related services" and "public administration." Additional information on the 1980 census occupational and industrial classification systems appears in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 1983" in the February 1983 issue of this publication. Beginning in January 1992, the occupational and industrial classification systems used in the 1990 census were introduced into the CPS. (These systems were based largely on the 1980 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) and 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) systems, respectively.) There were a few breaks in comparability between the 1980 and 1990 censusbased systems, particularly within the "technical, sales, and administrative support" categories. The most notable changes in industry classification were the shift of several industries from "business services" to "professional services" and the splitting of some industries into smaller, more detailed categories. A number of industry titles were changed as well, with no change in content. Sampling Since the inception of the survey, there have been various changes in the design of the CPS sample. The sample traditionally is redesigned and a new sample selected after each decennial census. Also, the number of sample areas and the number of sample persons are changed occasionally. Most of these changes are made to improve the efficiency of the sample design, increase the reliability of the sample estimates, or control cost. 168

Changes in this regard since 1960 are as foliows: When Alaska and Hawaii received statehood in 1959 and 1960, respectively, three sample areas were added to the existing sample to account for the population of these States. In January 1978, a supplemental sample of 9,000 housing units, selected in 24 States and the District of Columbia, was designed to provide more reliable annual average estimates for States. In October 1978, a coverage improvement sample of approximately 450 sample household units representing 237,000 occupied mobile homes and 600,000 new construction housing units was added. In January 1980, another supplemental sample of 9,000 households selected in 32 States and the District of Columbia was added. A sample reduction of about 6,000 units was implemented in May 1981. In January 1982, the sample was expanded by 100 households to provide additional coverage in counties added to the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs), which were redefined in 1973. In January 1985, a new Statebased CPS sample was selected based on 1980 census information. A sample reduction of about 4,000 households was implemented in April 1988; the households were reinstated during the 8month period, AprilNovember 1989. A redesigned CPS sample based on the 1990 decennial census was selected for use during the 1990s. Households from this new sample were phased into the CPS between April 1994 and 1995. The 1995 sample was the first monthly sample based entirely on the 1990 census. For further information on the 1990 sample redesign, see "Redesign of the Sample for the Current Population Survey" in the May 1994 issue of this publication. The original 1990 censusbased sample design included about 66,000 housing units per month located in 792 selected geographic areas called primary sampling units (PSUs). The sample initially was selected to meet specific reliability criteria for the Nation, for each of the 50 States and the District of Columbia, and for the substate areas of New York City and the Los AngelesLong Beach metropolitan area. In 1996, the original sample design reliability criteria were modified to reduce costs. The current criteria, given below, are based on the coefficient of variation (CV) of the unemployment level, where the CV is defined as the standard error of the estimate divided by the estimate, expressed as a percentage. These CV controls assume a 6percent unemployment rate to establish a consistent specification of sampling error. The current sample design, introduced in January 1996, includes about 59,000 households from 754 sample areas and maintains a percent CV on national monthly estimates of unemployment level. This translates into a change of 0.2 percentage point in the unemployment rate being significant at a 90percent confidence level. For each of the 50 States and for the District of Columbia, the design maintains a CV of at most 8 percent on the annual average estimate of unemployment level, assuming a 6percent unemployment rate. Due to the national reliability criterion, estimates for several large States are substantially more reliable than the State design criterion requires. Annual average unemployment estimates for California, Florida, New York, and Texas, for example, carry a CV of less than 4 percent. In the first stage of sampling, the 754 sample areas are chosen. In the second stage, ultimate sampling unit clusters composed of about four housing units each are selected. Each month, about 59,000 housing units are assigned for data collection, of which about 50,000 are occupied and thus eligible for interview. The remainder are units found to be destroyed, vacant, converted to nonresidential use, containing persons whose usual place of residence is elsewhere, or ineligible for other reasons. Of the 50,000 housing units, about 6.5 percent are not interviewed in a given month due to temporary absence (vacation, etc.), other failures to make contact after repeated attempts, inability of persons contacted to respond, unavailability for other reasons, and refusals to cooperate (about half of the noninterviews). Information is obtained each month for about 94,000 persons 16 years of age or older. Selection of sample areas. The entire area of the United States, consisting of 3,141 counties and independent cities, is divided into 2,007 sample units (PSUs). In most States, a PSU consists of a county or a number of contiguous counties. In New England and Hawaii, minor civil divisions are used instead of counties. Metropolitan areas within a State are used as a basis for forming PSUs. Outside of metropolitan areas, counties normally are combined except when the geographic area of an individual county is too large. Combining counties to form PSUs provides greater heterogeneity; a typical PSU includes urban and rural residents of both high and low economic levels and encompasses, to the extent feasible, diverse occupations and industries. Another important consideration is that the PSU be sufficiently compact so that, with a small sample spread throughout, it can be efficiently canvassed without undue travel cost. The 2,007 PSUs are grouped into strata within each State. Then, one PSU is selected from each stratum with the probability of selection proportional to the population of the PSU. Nationally, there are a total of 428 PSUs in strata by themselves. These strata are selfrepresenting and are generally the most populous PSUs in each State. The 326 remaining strata are formed by combining PSUs that are similar in such characteristics as unemployment, proportion of housing units with three or more persons, number of persons employed in various industries, and average monthly wages for various industries. The single PSU randomly selected from each of these strata is nonselfrepresenting because it represents not only itself but the entire stratum. The probability of selecting a particular PSU in a nonselfrepresenting stratum is proportional to its 1990 population. For example, within a stratum, the chance that a PSU with a population of 50,000 would be selected for the sample is twice that for a PSU having a population of 25,000. Selection of sample households. Because the sample design is State based, the sampling ratio differs by State and depends on State population size as well as both national 169

and State reliability requirements. The State sampling ratios range roughly from 1 in every 100 households to 1 in every 3,000 households. The sampling ratio occasionally is modified slightly to hold the size of the sample relatively constant given the overall growth of the population. The sampling ratio used within a sample PSU depends on the probability of selection of the PSU and the sampling ratio for the State. In a sample PSU with a probability of selection of 1 in 10 and a State sampling ratio of 3,000, a within PSU sampling ratio of 1 in 300 achieves the desired ratio of 1 in 3,000 for the stratum. The 1990 withinpsu sample design was developed using blocklevel data from the 1990 census. (The 1990 census was the first decennial census that produced data at the block level for the entire country.) Normally, census blocks are bounded by streets and other prominent physical features such as rivers or railroad tracks. County, minor civil division, and census place limits also serve as block boundaries. In cities, blocks can be bounded by four streets and be quite small in land area. In rural areas, blocks can be several square miles in size. For the purpose of sample selection, census blocks were grouped into three strata: Unit, group quarters, and area. (Occasionally, units within a block were split between the unit and groupquarters strata.) The unit stratum contained regular housing units with addresses that were easy to locate (for example, most singlefamily homes, townhouses, condominiums, apartment units, and mobile homes). The groupquarters stratum contained housing units in which residents shared common facilities or received formal or authorized care or custody. Unit and groupquarters blocks exist primarily in urban areas. The area stratum contains blocks with addresses that are more difficult to locate. Area blocks exist primarily in rural areas. To reduce the variability of the survey estimates and to ensure that the withinpsu sample would reflect the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the PSU, blocks within the unit, groupquarters, and area strata were sorted using geographic and blocklevel data from the census. Examples of the census variables used for sorting include proportion of minority renteroccupied housing units, proportion of housing units with female householders, and proportion of owneroccupied housing units. The specific sorting variables used differed by type of PSU (urban or rural) and stratum. Within each block, housing units were sorted geographically and grouped into clusters of approximately four units. A systematic sample of these clusters was then selected independently from each stratum using the appropriate within PSU sampling ratio. The geographic clustering of the sample units reduces field representative travel costs. Prior to interviewing, special listing procedures are used to locate the particular sample addresses in the groupquarters and area blocks. Units in the three strata described above all existed at the time of the 1990 decennial census. Through a series of additional procedures, a sample of building permits is included in the CPS to represent housing units built after the decennial census. Adding these newly built units keeps the sample uptodate and representative of the population. It also helps to keep the sample size stable: Over the life of the sample, the addition of newly built housing units compensates for the loss of "old" units that may be abandoned, demolished, or converted to nonresidential use. Rotation of sample. Part of the sample is changed each month. Each monthly sample is divided into eight representative subsamples or rotation groups. A given rotation group is interviewed for a total of 8 months, divided into two equal periods. It is in the sample for 4 consecutive months, leaves the sample during the following 8 months, and then returns for another 4 consecutive months. In each monthly sample, one of the eight rotation groups is in the first month of enumeration, another rotation group is in the second month, and so on. Under this system, 75 percent of the sample is common from month to month, and 50 percent is common from year to year for the same month. This procedure provides a substantial amount of monthtomonth and yeartoyear overlap in the sample, thus providing better estimates of change and reducing discontinuities in the data series without burdening any specific group of households with an unduly long period of inquiry. CPS sample, 1947 to present. Table 1A provides a description of some aspects of the CPS sample designs in use since 1947. A more detailed account of the history of the CPS sample design appears in "The Current Population Survey: Design and Methodology," Technical Paper 63, (Washington, U.S. Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, March ). available on the Internet at www.bls.census.gov/cps/tp/tp63.htm. A description of the 1990 censusbased sample design appears in "Redesign of the Sample for the Current Population Survey," in the May 1994 issue of this publication. ESTIMATING METHODS Under the estimating methods used in the CPS, all of the results for a given month become available simultaneously and are based on returns from the entire panel of respondents. The estimation procedure involves weighting the data from each sample person by the inverse of the probability of the person being in the sample. This gives a rough measure of the number of actual persons that the sample person represents. Since 1985, most sample persons within the same State have had the same probability of selection. Some selection probabilities may differ within a State due to the sample design or for operational reasons. Field subsampling, for example, which is carried out when areas selected for the sample are found to contain many more households than expected, may cause probabilities of selection to differ for some sample areas within a State. Through a series of estimation steps (outlined below), the selection probabilities are adjusted for noninterviews and survey undercoverage; data from previous months are incorporated into the estimates through the composite estimation procedure. 170

Table 1 A. Characteristics of the CPS sample, 1947 to present Period Number of sample areas Interviewed Households eligible Not interviewed Households visited but not eligible 1947 to Jan. 1954 Feb. 1954 to Apr. 1956 May 1956 to Dec. 1959 Jan. 1960 to Feb. 1963 Mar. 1963 to Dec. 1966 Jan. 1967 to 1971 1971 to 1972 1972 to Dec. 1977 Jan. 1978 to Dec. 1979 Jan. 1980 to Apr. 1981 May 1981 to Dec. 1984 Jan. 1985 to Mar. 1988 Apr. 1988 to Mar. 1989 April 1989 to Oct. 1994 3 Nov. 1994 to 19954 1995 to Dec. 1995 Jan. 1996 to present 68 230 1 330 2 333 357 449 449 461 614 629 629 729 729 729 792 792 754 21,000 21,000 33,500 33,500 33,500 48,000 45,000 45,000 53,500 62,200 57,800 57,000 53,200 57,400 54,500 52,900 46,800 5001,000 5001,000 1,500 1,500 1,500 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,500 2,800 2,500 2,500 2,600 2,600 3,500 3,400 3,200 3,0003,500 3,0003,500 6,000 6,000 6,000 8,500 8,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 11,000 11,000 11,500 11,800 10,000 9,700 9,000 1 Beginning in May 1956, these areas were chosen to provide coverage in each State and the District of Columbia. 2 Three sample areas were added in 1960 to represent Alaska and Hawaii after statehood. 3 The sample was increased incrementally during the 8month period, April November 1989. 4 Includes 2,000 additional assigned housing units from Georgia and Virginia that were gradually phased in during the 10month period, October 1994 1995. /. Noninterview adjustment The weights for all interviewed households are adjusted to account for occupied sample households for which no information was obtained because of absence, impassable roads, refusals, or unavailability of the respondents for other reasons. This noninterview adjustment is made separately for clusters of similar sample areas that are usually, but not necessarily, contained within a State. Similarity of sample areas is based on Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) status and size. Within each cluster, there is a further breakdown by residence. Each MSA cluster is split by "central city" and "balance of the MSA." Each nonmsa cluster is split by "urban" and "rural" residence categories. The proportion of sample households not interviewed varies from 6 to 7 percent, depending on weather, vacation, etc. 2. Ratio estimates. The distribution of the population selected for the sample may differ somewhat, by chance, from that of the population as a whole in such characteristics as age, race, sex, and State of residence. Because these characteristics are closely correlated with labor force participation and other principal measurements made from the sample, the survey estimates can be substantially improved when weighted appropriately by the known distribution of these population characteristics. This is accomplished through two stages of ratio adjustment, as follows: a. Firststage ratio estimation. The purpose of the firststage ratio adjustment is to reduce the contribution to variance that results from selecting a sample of PSUs rather than drawing sample households from every PSU in the Nation. This adjustment is made to the CPS weights in two race cells: Black and nonblack; it is applied only to PSUs that are not selfrepresenting and for those States that have a substantial number of black households. The procedure corrects for differences that existed in each State cell at the time of the 1990 census between 1) the race distribution of the population in sample PSUs and 2) the race distribution of all PSUs. (Both 1 and 2 exclude selfrepresenting PSUs.) b. Secondstage ratio estimation. This procedure substantially reduces the variability of estimates and corrects, to some extent, for CPS undercoverage. The CPS sample weights are adjusted to ensure that samplebased estimates of population match independent population controls. Three sets of controls are used: 1)51 State controls of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years of age and older, 2) National civilian noninstitutional population controls for 14 Hispanic and 5 nonhispanic agesex categories, 3) National civilian noninstitutional population controls for 66 white, 42 black, and 10 "other" agesex categories. The independent population controls are prepared by projecting forward the resident population as enumerated on April 1, 1990. The projections are derived by updating demographic census data with information from a variety of other data sources that account for births, deaths, and net migration. Estimated numbers of resident Armed Forces personnel and institutionalized persons reduce the resident population to the civilian noninstitutional population. Esti 171

mates of net census undercount, determined from the Post Enumeration Survey, are added to the population projections. Prior to January 1994, the projections were based on earlier censuses, and there was no correction for census undercount. A summary of the current procedures used to make population projections is given in "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994," appearing in the February 1994 issue of this publication. 3. Composite estimation procedure. The last step in the preparation of most CPS estimates makes use of a composite estimation procedure. The composite estimate consists of a weighted average of two factors: The twostage ratio estimate based on the entire sample from the current month and the composite estimate for the previous month, plus an estimate of the monthtomonth change based on the six rotation groups common to both months. In addition, a bias adjustment term is added to the weighted average to account for relative bias associated with monthinsample estimates. This monthinsample bias is exhibited by unemployment estimates for persons in their first and fifth months in the CPS being generally higher than estimates obtained for the other months. The composite estimate results in a reduction in the sampling error beyond that which is achieved after the two stages of ratio adjustment. For some items, the reduction is substantial. The resultant gains in reliability are greatest in estimates of monthtomonth change, although gains usually are also obtained for estimates of level in a given month, change from year to year, and change over other intervals of time. Rounding of estimates The sums of individual items may not alway equal the totals shown in the same tables because independent rounding of totals and components to the nearest thousand. Similarly, sums of percent distributions may not always equal 100 percent because of rounding. Differences, however, are insignificant. Reliability of the estimates An estimate based on a sample survey has two types of error sampling error and nonsampling error. The estimated standard errors provided in this publication are approximations of the true sampling errors. They incorporate the effect of some nonsampling errors in response and enumeration, but do not account for any systematic biases in the data. Nonsampling error. The full extent of nonsampling error is unknown, but special studies have been conducted to quantify some sources of nonsampling error in the CPS. The effect of nonsampling error is small on estimates of relative change, such as monthtomonth change; estimates of monthly levels tend to be affected to a greater degree. Nonsampling errors in surveys can be attributed to many sources, for example, the inability to obtain information about all persons in the sample; differences in the interpretation of questions; inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information; inability of respondents to recall information; errors made in collecting and processing the data; errors made in estimating values for missing data; and failure to represent all sample households and all persons within sample households (undercoverage). Nonsampling errors occurring in the interview phase of the survey are studied by means of a reinterview program. This program is used to estimate various sources of error, as well as to evaluate and control the work of the interviewers. A random sample of each interviewer's work is inspected through reinterview at regular intervals. The results indicate, among other things, that the data published from the CPS are subject to moderate systematic biases. A description of the CPS reinterview program and some results may be found in "The Current Population Survey Reinterview Program, January 1961 through December 1966," Technical Paper No. 19 (Washington, U.S. Census Bureau, 1968). The effects of some components of nonsampling error in the CPS data can be examined as a result of the rotation plan used for the sample, because the level of the estimates varies by rotation group. A description appears in Barbara A. Bailar, "The Effects of Rotation Group Bias on Estimates from Panel Surveys," Journal of the American Statistical Association, March 1975, pp. 2330. Undercoverage in the CPS results from missed housing units and missed persons within sample households. The CPS covers about 92 percent of the decennial census population (adjusted for census undercount). It is known that the CPS undercoverage varies with age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Generally, undercoverage is larger for men than for women and is larger for blacks, Hispanics, and other races than for whites. Ratio adjustment to independent agesexraceorigin population controls, as described previously, partially corrects for the biases due to survey undercoverage. However, biases exist in the estimates to the extent that missed persons in missed households or missed persons in interviewed households have characteristics different from those of interviewed persons in the same agesexraceorigin group. Additional information on nonsampling error in the CPS appears in Camilla Brooks and Barbara Bailar, "An Error Profile: Employment as Measured by the Current Population Survey," Statistical Policy Working Paper 3 (Washington, U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards, September 1978); Marvin Thompson and Gary Shapiro, "The Current Population Survey: An Overview," Annals of Economic and Social Measurement, Vol. 2, April 1973; and "The Current Population Survey: Design and Methodology," Technical Paper 63 (Washington, U.S. Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, March ), available on the Internet at www.bls.census.gov/cps/tp/tp63.htm. The last document includes a comprehensive discussion of various sources of errors and describes attempts to measure them in the CPS. 172

Sampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, estimates differ from the true population values that they represent. This difference, or sampling error, occurs by chance, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. Sample estimates from a given survey design are unbiased when an average of the estimates from all possible samples would yield, hypothetically, the true population value. In this case, the sample estimate and its standard error can be used to construct approximate confidence intervals, or ranges of values that include the true population value with known probabilities. If the process of selecting a sample from the population were repeated many times, an estimate made from each sample, and a suitable estimate of its standard error calculated for each sample, then: 1. Approximately 68 percent of the intervals from one standard error below the estimate to one standard error above the estimate would include the true population value. 2. Approximately 90 percent of the intervals from 1.645 standard errors below the estimate to 1.645 standard errors above the estimate would include the true population value. 3. Approximately 95 percent of the intervals from 6 standard errors below the estimate to 6 standard errors above the estimate would include the true population value. These confidence interval statements are approximately true for the CPS. Although the estimating methods used in the CPS do not produce unbiased estimates, biases for most estimates are believed to be small. Methods for estimating standard errors reflect not only sampling errors but also some kinds of nonsampling error. Although both the estimates and the estimated standard errors depart from the theoretical ideal, the departures are minor and have little impact on the confidence interval statements. When clarity is needed, an estimated confidence interval is specified to be "approximate," as is the estimated standard error used in the computation. Tables 1 B through 1 D are provided so that approximate standard errors of estimates can be easily obtained. Tables 1 B and 1 C give approximate standard errors for estimated monthly levels and rates for selected employment status characteristics; the tables also provide approximate standard errors for consecutive monthtomonth changes in the estimates. It is impractical to show approximate standard errors for all CPS estimates in this publication, so table 1D provides parameters and factors that allow the user to calculate approximate standard errors for a wide range of estimated levels, rates, and percentages, and also changes over time. The parameters and factors are used in formulas that are commonly called generalized variance functions. The approximate standard errors provided in this publication are based on the sample design and estimation procedures as of 1996, and reflect the population levels and sample size as of that year. Standard errors for years prior Table 1 B. Approximate standard errors for major employment status categories (In thousands) Characteristic Total Total, 16 years and over:. Men, 20 years and over: Women, 20 years and over: Both sexes, 16 to 19 years: Black Total, 16 years and over:... Men, 20 years and over: Women, 20 years and over: Both sexes, 16 to 19 years: Hispanic origin Total, 16 years and over: Monthly level 267 273 131 184 196 83 209 215 11 90 95 56 113 121 64 81 85 39 72 11 40 42 39 28 90 100 54 Consecutive monthtomonth change 174 177 166 120 128 106 136 140 98 87 91 93 73 79 81 53 55 50 47 50 50 40 38 46 59 65 69 to 1996 may be roughly approximated by applying these adjustments to the standard errors presented here. (More accurate standard error estimates for historical CPS data may be found in previous issues of this publication.) 1. For the years 1967 through 1995, multiply the standard errors by 0.96. 2. For the years 1956 through 1966, multiply the standard errors by 17. 3. For years prior to 1956, multiply the standard errors by 1.44. Use of tables 1B and 1C. These tables provide a quick reference for standard errors of major characteristics. Table 173

Table 1 C. Approximate standard errors for unemployment rates by major characteristics (In percent) Characteristic Total Men Men, 20 years and over Women Women, 20 years and over Both sexes, 16 to 19 years White Black Hispanic origin Married men, spouse present Married women, spouse present Women who maintain families Occupation Managerial and professional specialty Executive, administrative, and managerial Professional specialty Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support Sales occupations Administrative support, including clerical Service occupations Private household Protective service Service, except private household and protective Precision production, craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers Construction trades Other precision production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, and laborers Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Construction laborers Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and fishing Industry Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers Goodsproducing industries Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Serviceproducing industries Transportation, communications, and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate.. Services Government workers Agricultural wage and salary workers Monthly rate 0.09 2 2 3 3.66 0.39.37 2 4.43 2 7 6 6.39.27.23.29 1.51.58.33.28.40.50.50.30.45.45.66 0.69.72 1.22 1.67.51.23.29.38 2.34.23.29 8 8 1.07 Consecutive monthtomonth change 02 6 5 7 6 1.08 2.49.47 5 8.54 5.21.21.21.49.34.29.37 2.74.42.35.50.64.63.38.57.58.84 9.88.91 4.27 2.65.29.36.48 6.43.30.37.23.23 1.36 1B gives approximate standard errors for estimates of monthly levels and consecutive monthtomonth changes in levels for major employment status categories. Table 1C gives approximate standard errors for estimates of monthly unemployment rates and consecutive monthtomonth changes in unemployment rates for some demographic, occupational, and industrial categories. For characteristics not given in tables 1 B and 1 C, refer to table 1 D. Illustration. Suppose that, for a given month, the number of women age 20 years and over in the civilian labor force is estimated to be 60,000,000. For this characteristic, the approximate standard error of 245,000 is given in table 1 B in the row "Women, 20 years and over; Civilian labor force." To calculate an approximate 90percent confidence interval, multiply the standard error of 245,000 by the factor 1.645 to obtain 403,000. This number is subtracted from and then added to 60,000,000 to obtain an approximate 90percent confidence interval: 59,597,000 to 60,403,000. Concluding that the true civilian labor force level lies within an interval calculated in this way would be correct for roughly 90 percent of all possible samples that could have been selected for the CPS. Use of table 1D. This table gives a and b parameters that can be used with formulas to calculate approximate monthly standard errors for a wide range of estimated levels, proportions, and rates. Factors are provided to convert monthly measures into approximate standard errors of estimates for other periods (quarterly and yearly averages) and approximate standard errors for changes over time (consecutive monthly changes, changes in consecutive quarterly and yearly averages, and changes in monthly estimates 1 year apart). The standard errors for estimated changes in level from one month to the next, one year to the next, etc., depend more on the monthly levels for characteristics than on the size of the changes. Likewise, the standard errors for changes in rates (or percentages) depend more on the monthly rates (or percentages) than on the size of the changes. Accordingly, the factors presented in table 1D are applied to the monthly standard error approximations for levels, percentages, or rates; the magnitudes of the changes do not come into play. Factors are not given for estimated changes between nonconsecutive months (except for changes of monthly estimates 1 year apart); however, the standard errors may be assumed to be higher than the standard errors for consecutive monthly changes. Standard errors of estimated levels using table 1D. The approximate standard error se(x) of x, an estimated monthly level, can be obtained using the formula below, where a and b are the parameters from table i D associated with a particular characteristic. se (x) = y/ax 2 + bx 174

Illustration. Assume that, in a given a month, there are an estimated 3 million unemployed men. Obtain the appropriate a and b parameters from table 1D (Total or white; Men; ). Use the formula for se(x) to compute an approximate standard error on the estimate of x = 3,000,000. a 0.0000348 b = 2927.43 5^(3,000,000) = V0.0OOO348(3,OOO,0OO) 2 + 2927.43 (3,000,000) «92,000 Procedure for using table 1D factors for levels. Table 1D gives factors that can be used to compute approximate standard errors of levels for other periods or for changes over time. For each characteristic, factors /are given for: Consecutive monthtomonth changes Changes in monthly estimates 1 year apart Quarterly averages Changes in consecutive quarterly averages Yearly averages Changes in consecutive yearly averages For a given characteristic, the table 1D factor is used in the following formula, which also uses the a and b parameters from the same line of the table. A threestep procedure for using the formula is given. The/in the formula is frequently called an adjustment factor, because it appears to adjust a monthly standard error se(x). However, the x in the formula is not a monthly level, but an average of several monthly levels (see examples listed under Step 1, below). se(x, f) = f * se(x) = / * yl(ax 2 +bx) where x is an average of monthly levels over a designated period. Step 1. Average monthly levels appropriately in order to obtain x. Levels for 3 months are averaged for quarterly averages, and those for 12 months are averaged for yearly averages. For changes in consecutive averages, average over the 2 months, 2 quarters, or 2 years involved. For changes in monthly estimates 1 year apart, average the 2 months involved. Step 2. Calculate an approximate standard error se(x), treating the average x from step 1 as if it were an estimate of level for a single month. Obtain parameters a and b from table 1D. (Note that, for some characteristics, an approximate standard error of level could instead be obtained from table 1B and used in place of se(x) in the formula.) Step 3. Determine the standard error se (x,f) on the average level or on the change in level. Multiply the result from step 2 by the appropriate factor /. The a and b parameters used in step 2 and the factor/used in this step come from the same line in table 1D. Illustration of a standard error computation for consecutive month change in level. Continuing the previous example, suppose that in the next month the estimated number of unemployed men increases by 150,000, from 3,000,000 to 3,150,000. Step 1. The average of the two monthly levels is x = 3,075,000. Step 2. Apply the a and b parameters from table 1D (Total or white; Men; ) to the average x, treating it like an estimate for a single month. a 0.0000348 b 2927.43 5^(3,075,000) = V 0.0000348(3,075,000) 2 + 2927.43 (3,075,000) «93,000 Step 3. Obtain/= 1.27 from the same row of table 1D in the column "Consecutive monthtomonth change," and multiply the factor by the result from step 2. se{\ 50,000) = / * ^(3,075,000) = 1.27 * 93,000 118,000 For an approximate 90percent confidence interval, compute 1.645 * 118,000 «194,000. Subtract the number from and add the number to 150,000 to obtain an interval of 44,000 to 344,000. This is an approximate 90percent confidence interval for the true change, and since this interval includes zero, one cannot assert at this level of confidence that any real change has occurred in the unemployment level. The result also can be expressed by saying that the apparent change of 150,000 is not significant at a 90 percent confidence level. Illustration of a standard error computation for quarterly average level. Suppose that an approximate standard error is desired for a quarterly average of the black employment level. Suppose that the estimated employment levels for the 3 months making up the quarter are 14,900,000, 15,000,000, and 15,100,000. Step 1. The average of the three monthly levels is x = 15,000,000. Step 2. Apply the a and b parameters from table 1D (Black; Total;, employed, and not in labor force) to the average x, treating it like an estimate for a single month. 175

a 0.0001541 b 3295.99 ^(15,000,000) > /OOOO154ia5,OOO,OOQ 2 +3295.99 (15,200,000) «122,000 Step 3. Obtain/=.86 from the same row of table 1D in the column "Quarterly averages," and multiply the factor by the result from step 2. ^(15,000,000) =.86*122,000 «105,000 Illustration of a standard error computation for change in quarterly level. Continuing the example, suppose that, in the next quarter, the estimated average employment level for blacks is 15,400,000, based on monthly levels of 15,300,000, 15,400,000, and 15,500,000. This is an estimated increase of 400,000 over the previous quarter. Step 1. The average of the two quarterly levels is x = 15,200,000. Step 2. Apply the a and b parameters from table 1D (Black; Total;, employed, and not in labor force) to the average x, treating it like an estimate for a single month. a 0.0001541 b = 3295.99 5^(15,200,000) = V0.0001541 (15,200,000) 2 + 3295.99 (15,200,000) «120,000 Step 3. Obtain/=.78 from the same row of table 1D in the column "Change in consecutive quarterly averages," and multiply the factor by the result from step 2. the base y and the numerator of/? are from different categories within the table, use the b parameter from table 1D relevant to the numerator of the rate or percentage. se(p,y)=lp(\00p) Note that se(p,y) is in percent. Illustration. For a given month, suppose y = 6,200,000 women 20 to 24 years of age are estimated to be employed. Of this total, 2,000,000, or p = 32 percent, are classified as parttime workers. Obtain the parameter b = 3006 from the table 1D row (Employment; Parttime workers) that is relevant to the numerator of the percentage. Apply the formula to obtain:, /3005.I 3006 (32)(10032)»1.0 percent se(p,y) = J 200,000 y V6,200,( For an approximate 95percent confidence interval, compute 6 * 1.0 percent, and round the result to 2 percent. Subtract this from and add this to the estimate of p = 32 percent to obtain an interval of 30 percent to 34 percent. Procedure for using table 1D factors for rates and percentages. Table 1D factors can be used to compute approximate standard errors on rates and percentages for other periods or for changes over time. As for levels, there are three steps in the procedure for using the formula. 5^(400,000) =.78 * se{\ 5,200,000) =.78*120,000 «94,000 For an approximate 95percent confidence interval, compute 6 * 94,000 «184,000. Subtract the number from and add the number to 400,000 to obtain an interval of 216,000 to 584,000. The interval excludes zero. Another way of stating this is to observe that the estimated change of 400,000 clearly exceeds 6 standard errors, or 184,000. One can conclude from these data that the change in quarterly averages is significant at a 95percent confidence level. Standard errors of estimated rates and percentages using table I'D. As shown in the formula below, the approximate standard error se(p,y) of an estimated rate or percentage p depends, in part, upon the number of persons y in its base or denominator. Generally, rates and percentages are not published unless the monthly base is greater than 75,000 persons, the quarterly average base is greater than 60,000 persons, or the yearly average base is greater than 35,000 persons. The b parameter is obtained from table 1D. When where p and y are averages of monthly estimates over a designated period. Note that se (p,y,f) is in percent. Step 1. Appropriately average estimates of monthly rates or percentages to obtain /?, and also average estimates of monthly levels to obtain y. Rates for 3 months are averaged for quarterly averages, and those for 12 months are averaged for yearly averages. For changes in consecutive averages, average over the 2 months, 2 quarters, or 2 years involved. For changes in monthly estimates 1 year apart, average the 2 months involved. Step 2. Calculate an approximate standard error se (p, y), treating the averages p and y from step 1 as if they were estimates for a single month. Obtain the b parameter from the table 1D row that describes the numerator of the rate or percentage. (Note that, for some characteristics, an approximate standard error could instead be obtained from table 1C and used in place of se (/?, y) in the formula.) 176

Step 3. Determine the standard error se (p, y,f) on the average level or on the change in level. Multiply the result from step 2 by the appropriate factor/. The b parameter used in step 2 and the factor/used in this step come from the same line in table 1D. Illustration of a standard error computation for consecutive month change in percentage. Continuing the previous example, suppose that, in the next month, 6,300,000 women 20 to 24 years of age are reported employed, and that 2,150,000, or 34 percent, are parttime workers. Step 1. The monthtomonth change is 2 percent = 34 percent 32 percent. The average of the two monthly percentages of 32 percent and 34 percent is needed (p = 33 percent), as is the average of the two bases of 6,200,000 and 6,300,000 (y = 6,250,000). Step 2. Apply the b = 3006 parameter from table 1D (Employment; Parttime workers) to the averaged p and y, treating the averages like estimates for a single month. 3006 (33)(10033)»1.0 percent 6,250,000 Step 3. Obtain/^.65 from the same row of table 1D in the column "Consecutive monthtomonth change," and multiply the factor by the result from step 2. se(2%) =.65 * 1.0 percent =.65 percent For an approximate 95percent confidence interval, compute 6 *.65 percent, and round the result to 1.3 percent. Subtract this from and add this to the 2percent estimate of change to obtain an interval of 0.7 percent to percent. Because this interval excludes zero, it can, be concluded at a 95percent confidence level that the change is significant. 177

Table 1 D. Parameters and factors for computation of approximate standard errors for estimates of monthly levels Parameters Factors Characheristic Consecutive monthtomonth change Yeartoyear change of monthly estimates Quarterly averages Change in consecutive quarterly averages Yearly averages Change in consecutive yearly Total or white Total:, employed, and not in labor force 0.0000077.0000174 1586.29 3006 0.65 1.27 1.22 1.38 0.87.72 0.77.91 0.68.42 0.81.57 Men:, employed, and not in labor force.0000348.0000348 2927.43 2927.43.65 1.27 1.23 1.39.86.72.79.91.66.43.80.57 Women:, employed, and not in labor force.0000325.0000325 2697 2697.65 1.27 1.22 1.39.87.71.78.90.67.41.81.55 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years:, employed, and not in labor force.0002436.0002436 3006 3006.96 1.65 1.32 1.37.81.68.87.88.55.40.71.53 Black Total:, employed, and not in labor force.0001541.0001541 3295.99 3295.99.65 1.28 1.22 1.38.86.73.78.90.66.43.80.58 Men:, employed, and not in labor force.0003361.0003361 3338 3338.65 1.27 1.25 1.37.84.73.82.91.62.43.76.58 Women:, employed, and not in labor force.0002821.0002821 2946 2946.65 1.27 1.27 1.39.84.71.80.90.64.41.78.56 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years:, employed, and not in labor force.0015306.0015306 3295.99 3295.99.96 1.65 1.33 1.37.80.68.85.86.56.41.70.52 Hispanic origin Total:, employed, and not in labor force.0001868.0001868 3295.99 3295.99.65 1.28 1.20 1.38.86.71.82.90.65.42.78.56 Men:, employed, and not in labor force.0003630.0003630 3338 3338.65 1.29 1.26 1.38.84.71.82.90.62.41.76.55 Women:, employed, and not in labor force.0003800.0003800 2946 2946.65 1.27 1.21 1.38.86.71.84.89.63.41.76.55 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years:, employed, and not in labor force.0018224.0018224 3295.99 3295.99.96 1.65 1.34 1.42.81.70.84.89.58.41.73.55 178

Table 1 D. Parameters and factors for computation of approximate standard errors for estimates of monthly levels Continued Parameters Factors Characheristic Consecutive monthtomonth change Yeartoyear change of monthly estimates Quarterly averages Change in consecutive quarterly averages Yearly averages Change in consecutive yearly averages Employment Educational attainment Marital status, men Marital status, women Women who maintain families.. Mining and manufacturing Other industries and occupations Agriculture: Total Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Nonagricultural industries: Total Wage and salary workers Selfemployed workers Unpaid family workers Fulltime workers Parttime workers Multiple jobholders 0.0000174.0000348.0000325.0000325.0000174.0000174.0013447.0013447.0013447.0013447.0000174.0000174.0000174.0000174.0000174.0000174.0000174 3006 2927.43 2697 2697 3006 3006 2989.22 2989.22 2989.22 2989.22 3006 3006 3006 3006 3006 3006 3006 0.65.65.65.65.37.65.62.62.65.65.65.65.65.65.65.65 1.27 11 15 18 18.98 1.25 1.22 1.22.92 1.21 15 13 15 1.26 17 1.27 1.29 0.87.86.85.85.91.85.84.84.91.80.88.88.87.81.85.81.78 0.92.93.94.94.78.97.91.91.80.96.75.84.96.95.92.89.91 0.61.59.57.57.74.55.57.57.73.49.71.67.58.50.59.55.50 0.74.72.72.72.84.70.72.72.82.61.83.79.71.65.72.69.64 At work Total and nonagricultural industries: Total 1 to 4 and 5 to 14 hours 15 to 29 hours 30 to 34 or 35 to 39 hours 1 to 34 or 40 hours 41 to 48 or 49 to 59 hours 35+, 41 +, or 60+ hours Part time for economic reasons Part time for noneconomic reasons.0000174.0000174.0000174.0000174.0000174.0000174.0000174.0000174.0000174 3006 3006 3006 3006 3006 3006 3006 3006 3006.65 1.65 1.27 1.65 1.27 1.65 1.27 1.47 1.27 1.21 1.36 1.33 1.34 1.30 1.34 1.25 1.37 1.29.84.67.73.67.76.71.78.67.74.77.86.88.86.87.86.86.87.85.66.38.45.39.51.45.53.39.49.79.51.58.51.64.57.65.52.62 Unemployment Educational attainment Marital status, men Marital status, women Women who maintain families.. Industries and occupations.0000174.0000348.0000325.0000325.0000174 3006 2927.43 2697 2697 3006 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.38 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.38.72.72.71.71.72.91.91.90.90.91.42.43.41.41.42.57.57.55.55.57 Fulltime workers Parttime workers Less than 5 weeks 5 to 14 weeks 15 to 26 weeks 15+or 27+weeks.0000174.0000174.0000174.0000174.0000174.0000174 3006 3006 3006 3006 3006 3006 1.27 1.65 1.27 1.65 1.65 1.27 1.38 1.40 1.38 1.37 1.39 1.42.72.69.72.66.67.75.91.88.91.88.89.93.42.40.42.35.36.44.57.53.57.50.50.60 All reasons for unemployment, except temporary layoff On temporary layoff.0000174.0000174 3006 3006 1.27 1.65 1.38 1.35.72.68.91.87.42.40.57.53 Not in the labor force Total Persons who currently want a job and discouraged workers.0000077.0000174 1586.29 3006.65 1.65 1.22 1.41.87.63.77.83.68.36.81.48 179

Establishment Data ("B" tables) DATA COLLECTION BLS cooperates with State Employment Security Agencies in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) or establishment survey to collect data each month on employment, hours, and earnings from a sample of nonfarm establishments (including government). This sample includes about 300,000 reporting units. From these data, a large number of employment, hours, and earnings series in considerable industry and geographic detail are prepared and published each month. Historical statistics are available at http://stats.bls.gov, the BLS Internet site. Each month, BLS and the State agencies collect data on employment, payrolls, and paid hours from a sample of establishments. Data are collected by touchtone data entry (TDE) from most respondents. Under the TDE system, the respondent uses a touchtone telephone to call a tollfree number and activate an interview session. The questionnaire resides on the computer in the form of prerecorded questions that are read to the respondent. The respondent enters numeric responses by pressing the touchtone phone buttons. Each answer is read back for respondent verification. A majority of sample units use TDE. For establishments that do not use TDE, data are collected mostly by mail, FAX, or Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), through sites established on the World Wide Web, or on magnetic tape or computer diskette. Computerassisted telephone interviewing (CATI) is used for a small number of respondents (5 percent). Chart 1 shows the percentages of the stablishments using different data collection methods. All reports are edited by the State agencies each month to make sure that the data are correctly reported and that they are consistent with the data reported by the establishment in earlier months. The State agencies forward the data to BLS Washington. They also use the data to develop State and area Chart 1: Distribution of CES sample by collection mode Tape/diskette 7% FAX /EDI/WEB 11% estimates of employment, hours, and earnings. At BLS, the data are edited again by computer to detect processing and reporting errors that may have been missed in the initial State editing; the edited data are used to prepare national estimates. It should be noted that, in the case of employment, the sum of the State figures will differ from the official U.S. national totals because of the effects of differing industrial and geographic stratification and differences in the timing of benchmark adjustments. CONCEPTS Industrial classification Establishments reporting on Form BLS 790 are classified into industries on the basis of their principal product or activity, as determined from information on annual sales volume. Since January 1980, this information has been collected on a supplement to the quarterly unemployment insurance tax reports filed by employers. For an establishment making more than one product or engaging in more than one activity, the entire employment of the establishment is included under the industry indicated by the principal product or activity. All data on employment, hours, and earnings for the Nation (beginning with 1990 data) and for States and areas (beginning with January 1990 data) are classified in accordance with the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification Manual (SIC), U.S. Office of Management and Budget. Industry employment Employment data, except those for the Federal Government, refer to persons on establishment payrolls who received pay for any part of the pay period that includes the 12th day of the month. For Federal Government establishments, employment figures represent the number of persons who occupied positions on the last day of the calendar month. Intermittent workers are counted if they performed any service during the month. The data exclude proprietors, the selfemployed, unpaid volunteer or family workers, farmworkers, and domestic workers. Salaried officers of corporations are included. Government employment covers only civilian employees; military personnel are excluded. Employees of the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Agency also are excluded. Persons on establishment payrolls who are on paid sick leave (for cases in which pay is received directly from the firm), on paid holiday, or on paid vacation, or who work during a part of the pay period even though they are unemployed or on strike during the rest of the period are counted as employed. Not counted as employed are persons who are on layoff, on leave without pay, or on strike for the entire period, or who were hired but have not yet reported during the period. 180

Indexes of diffusion of employment change. These indexes measure the dispersion among industries of the change in employment over the specified timespan. The overall indexes are calculated from 356 seasonally adjusted employment series (3digit industries) covering all nonfarm payroll employment in the private sector. The manufacturing diffusion indexes are based on 139 3digit industries. To derive the indexes, each component industry is assigned a value of 0, 50, or 100 percent, depending on whether its employment showed a decrease, no change, or an increase, respectively, over the timespan. The average value (mean) is then calculated, and this percent is the diffusion index number. The reference point for diffusion analysis is 50 percent, the value indicating that the same number of component industries had increased as had decreased. Index numbers above 50 show that more industries had increasing employment and values below 50 indicate that more had decreasing employment. The margin between the percent that increased and the percent that decreased is equal to the difference between the index and its complement that is, 100 minus the index. For example, an index of 65 percent means that 30 percent more industries had increasing employment than had decreasing employment (65( 10065) = 30). However, for dispersion analysis, the distance of the index number from the 50percent reference point is the most significant observation. Although diffusion indexes commonly are interpreted as showing the percent of components that increased over the timespan, it should be remembered that the index reflects half of the unchanged components as well. (This is the effect of assigning a value of 50 percent to the unchanged components when computing the index.) Industry hours and earnings Average hours and earnings data are derived from reports of payrolls and hours for production and related workers in manufacturing and mining, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in private serviceproducing industries. Production and related workers. This category includes working supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers (including group leaders and trainees) engaged in fabricating, processing, assembling, inspecting, receiving, storing, handling, packing, warehousing, shipping, trucking, hauling, maintenance, repair, janitorial, guard services, product development, auxiliary production for plant's own use (for example, power plant), recordkeeping, and other services closely associated with the above production operations. Construction workers. This group includes the following employees in the construction division: Working supervisors, qualified craft workers, mechanics, apprentices, helpers, laborers, and so forth, engaged in new work, alterations, demolition, repair, maintenance, and the like, whether working at the site of construction or in shops or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed by members of the construction trades. Nonsupervisory employees. These are employees (not above the workingsupervisor level) such as office and clerical workers, repairers, salespersons, operators, drivers, physicians, lawyers, accountants, nurses, social workers, research aides, teachers, drafters, photographers, beauticians, musicians, restaurant workers, custodial workers, attendants, line installers and repairers, laborers, janitors, guards, and other employees at similar occupational levels whose services are closely associated with those of the employees listed. Payroll This refers to the payroll for full and parttime production, construction, or nonsupervisory workers who received pay for any part of the pay period that includes the 12th day of the month. The payroll is reported before deductions of any kind, such as those for oldage and unemployment insurance, group insurance, withholding tax, bonds, or union dues; also included is pay for overtime, holidays, and vacation, and for sick leave paid directly by the firm. Bonuses (unless earned and paid regularly each pay period); other pay not earned in the pay period reported (such as retroactive pay); tips; and the value of free rent, fuel, meals, or other payment in kind are excluded. Employee benefits (such as health and other types of insurance, contributions to retirement, and so forth, paid by the employer) also are excluded. Hours. These are the hours paid for during the pay period that includes the 12th of the month for production, construction, or nonsupervisory workers. Included are hours paid for holidays and vacations, and for sick leave when pay is received directly from the firm. Overtime hours. These are hours worked by production or related workers for which overtime premiums were paid because the hours were in excess of the number of hours of either the straighttime workday or the workweek during the pay period that included the 12th of the month. Weekend and holiday hours are included only if overtime premiums were paid. Hours for which only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums were paid are excluded. Average weekly hours. The workweek information relates to the average hours for which pay was received and is different from standard or scheduled hours. Such factors as unpaid absenteeism, labor turnover, parttime work, and stoppages cause average weekly hours to be lower than scheduled hours of work for an establishment. Group averages further reflect changes in the workweek of component industries. 181

Indexes of aggregate weekly hours. The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are prepared by dividing the current month's aggregate by the average of the 12 monthly figures for 1982. For basic industries, the hours aggregates are the product of average weekly hours and production worker or nonsupervisory worker employment. At all higher levels of industry aggregation, hours aggregates are the sum of the component aggregates. Average overtime hours. Overtime hours represent that portion of average weekly hours that exceeded regular hours and for which overtime premiums were paid. If an employee were to work on a paid holiday at regular rates, receiving as total compensation his or her holiday pay plus straighttime pay for hours worked that day, no overtime hours would be reported. Because overtime hours are premium hours by definition, weekly hours and overtime hours do not necessarily move in the same direction from month to month. Such factors as work stoppages, absenteeism, and labor turnover may not have the same influence on overtime hours as on average hours. Diverse trends at the industry group level also may be caused by a marked change in hours for a component industry in which little or no overtime was worked in both the previous and current months. Average hourly earnings. Average hourly earnings are on a "gross" basis. They reflect not only changes in basic hourly and incentive wage rates, but also such variable factors as premium pay for overtime and lateshift work and changes in output of workers paid on an incentive plan. They also reflect shifts in the number of employees between relatively highpaid and lowpaid work and changes in workers' earnings in individual establishments. Averages for groups and divisions further reflect changes in average hourly earnings for individual industries. Averages of hourly earnings differ from wage rates. Earnings are the actual return to the worker for a stated period; rates are the amount stipulated for a given unit of work or time. The earnings series do not measure the level of total labor costs on the part of the employer because the following are excluded: Irregular bonuses, retroactive items, payments of various welfare benefits, payroll taxes paid by employers, and earnings for those employees not covered under production worker, construction worker, or nonsupervisory employee definitions. Average hourly earnings, including lumpsum wage payments. These series are compiled only for aircraft (SIC 3721) and guided missiles and space vehicles (SIC 3761) manufacturing. The same concepts and estimation methods apply to these series as apply to the average hourly earnings series described above; the one difference between the series is definitional. The payroll data used to calculate these series include lumpsum payments made to production workers in lieu of general wage rate increases; such payments are excluded from the definition of gross payrolls used to calculate the other average hourly earnings series. For each sample establishment in SIC 3721 and SIC 3761 covered by a lumpsum agreement, the reported payroll data are adjusted to include a prorated portion of the lumpsum payment. Such payments generally are made once a year and cover the following 12month period. In order to spread the payment across this period, a prorated portion of the payment is added to the payroll each month. This prorated portion is adjusted by an exit rate to reduce the lumpsum amount to account for persons who received the payment but left before the payment allocation period expired. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtimepremium pay, are com ; puted by dividing the total production worker payroll for the industry group by the sum of total production worker hours and onehalf of total overtime hours. No adjustments are made for other premium payment provisions, such as holiday pay, lateshift premiums, and overtime rates other than time and onehalf. Railroad hours and earnings. The figures for Class I railroads plus Amtrak (excluding switching and terminal companies) are based on monthly data summarized in the M300 report of the Interstate Commerce Commission, and relate to all employees except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC group I) who received pay during the month. Average hourly earnings are computed by dividing total compensation by total hours paid for. Average weekly hours are obtained by dividing the total number of hours paid for, reduced to a weekly basis, by the number of employees. Multiplying average weekly hours by average hourly earnings yields average weekly earnings. Average weekly earnings. These estimates are derived by multiplying average weekly hours estimates by average hourly earnings estimates. Therefore, weekly earnings are affected not only by changes in average hourly earnings but also by changes in the length of the workweek. Monthly variations in such factors as the proportion of parttime workers, stoppages for varying reasons, labor turnover during the survey period, and absenteeism for which employees are not paid may cause the average workweek to fluctuate. Longterm trends of average weekly earnings can be affected by structural changes in the makeup of the workforce. For example, persistent longterm increases in the proportion of parttime workers in retail trade and many of the services industries have reduced average workweeks in these industries and have affected the average weekly earnings series. Real earnings. These earnings are in constant dollars and are calculated from the earnings averages for the current month using a deflator derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earnings and Clerical Workers (CPIW). The reference year for these series is 1982. 182

ESTIMATING METHODS [NOTE: This section and the next apply to all industries except those in the wholesale trade major industry division. (See the section on CES sample redesign for information on wholesale trade.)] The Current Employment Statistics (CES) or establishment survey estimates of employment are generated through an annual benchmark and monthly sample link procedure. Annual universe counts or benchmark levels are generated primarily from administrative records on employees covered by unemployment insurance (UI) tax laws. These annual benchmarks, established for March of each year, are projected forward for each subsequent month based on the trend of the sample employment, using an estimation procedure called the link relative. Benchmarks and sample link relatives are computed for each basic estimating cell and summed to create aggregatelevel employment estimates. Benchmarks For the establishment survey, annual benchmarks are constructed in order to realign the samplebased employment totals for March of each year with the Ulbased population counts for March. These population counts are much less timely than samplebased estimates; however, they provide an annual pointintime census for employment. Population counts are derived from the administrative file of employees covered by UI. All employers covered by UI laws are required to report employment and wage information to the appropriate State Employment Security Agency four times a year. Approximately 99 percent of private employment within the scope of the establishment survey is covered by UI. A benchmark for the remaining 1 percent is constructed from alternate sources, primarily records from the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Social Security Administration. The full benchmark developed for March replaces the March samplebased estimate for each basic cell. The monthly samplebased estimates for the year preceding and the year following the benchmark are also then subject to revision. Monthly estimates for the year preceding the March benchmark are readjusted using a "wedge back" procedure. The difference between the final benchmark levei and the previously published March sample estimate is calculated and spread back across the previous 11 months. The wedge is linear; eleventwelfths of the March difference is added to the February estimate, tentwelfths to the January estimate, and so on, back to the previous April estimate, which receives onetwelfth of the March difference. This assumes that the total estimation error since the last benchmark accumulated at a steady rate throughout the current benchmark year. Estimates for the 11 months following the March benchmark also are recalculated each year. These postbenchmark estimates reflect the application of samplebased monthly changes to new benchmark levels for March, and the recomputation of bias adjustment factors for each month. Bias factors are updated to take into account the most recent experience of the estimates generated by the monthly sample versus the full universe counts derived from the UI. Following the revision of basic employment estimates, all other derivative series (such as number of production workers and average hourly earnings) also are recalculated. New seasonal adjustment factors are calculated and all data series for the previous 5 years are reseasonally adjusted before full publication of all revised data in June of each year. Monthly estimation Estimates are derived from a sample of approximately 300,000 business establishments nationwide. A current month's estimate is derived as the product of the previous month's estimate and a sample link relative for the current month. A bias adjustment factor is then applied to this result, primarily to account for new business births during the month. Stratification. The sample is stratified into basic estimating cells for purposes of computing national employment, hours, and earnings estimates. Cells are defined primarily by detailed industry, and secondarily by size, for a majority of cells. In a few industries, mostly within the construction division, geographic stratification also is used. Industry classification is in accordance with the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification Manual (SIC); most estimation cells are defined at the 4digit SIC level. This detailed stratification pattern allows for the production and publication of estimates in considerable industry detail. Subindustry stratification by size is important because major statistics that the survey measures, particularly employment change and average earnings, often vary significantly between establishments of different size. Stratification reduces the variance of the published industrylevel estimates. Link relative technique. A ratio of the previous to the current month's employment is computed from a sample of establishments reporting for both months this ratio is called a "link relative." For each basic cell, a link relative is computed and applied to the previous month's employment estimate to derive the current month's estimate. Thus, a March benchmark is moved forward to the next March benchmark through application of monthly link relatives. Basic cell estimates created through the link relative technique are aggregated to form published industry level estimates for employment, as described in table 2A. Basic estimation and aggregation methods for the hours and earnings data also are shown in table 2A. Bias adjustment. Except for the wholesale trade division, bias adjustment factors are computed at the 3digit SIC level and applied each month at the basic cell level, as part of the standard estimation procedures. The main purpose of bias adjustment is to reduce a primary source of nonsampling er 183

Table 2A. Summary of methods for computing industry statistics on employment, hours, and earnings for the nonprobabilitybased and the probabilitybased sample estimates Employment, hours, and earnings Nonprobability sample Basic estimating cell (industry, region, size, or region/size cell) Probability sample Basic estimating cell (industry, 4digit published level) Aggregate industry level (division and, where stratified, industry) Both samples Annual average data All employees Allemployee estimate for previous month multiplied by ratio of all employees in current month to all employees in previous month, for sample establishments that reported for both months. 1 Allemployee estimate for previous month multiplied by weighted ratio of all employees in current month to all employees in previous month, for sample establishments, which reported for both months. 2 Sum of allemployee estimates for component cells. Sum of monthly estimates divided by 12. Production or nonsupervisory workers, women employees Allemployee estimate for current month multiplied by (1) ratio of production or nonsupervisory workers to all employees in sample establishments for current month, (2) estimated ratio of women to all employees. 3 Allemployee estimate for current month multiplied by (1) the ratio of the sum of the weighted production or nonsupervisory workers and the sum of the weighted all employees for the current month and the sum of the weighted production or nonsupervisory workers and the sum of the weighted all employees for the previous month that is applied to the previous month's production or nonsupervisory worker ratio, (2) the ratio of the sum of the weighted women workers and the sum of the weighted all employees for the current month and the sum of the weighted women workers and the sum of the weighted all employees for the previous month that is applied to the previous month's women worker ratio. Sum of production or nonsupervisory worker estimates, or estimates of women employees, for component cells. Sum of monthly estimates divided by 12. Average weekly hours Production or nonsupervisory worker hours divided by number of production or nonsupervisory workers. 3 Production or nonsupervisory worker hours divided by number of production or nonsupervisory workers. 4 Average, weighted by production or nonsupervisory worker employment, of the average weekly hours for component cells. Annual total of aggregate hours (production or nonsupervisory worker employment multiplied by average weekly hours) divided by annual sum of employment. Average weekly overtime hours Production worker overtime hours divided by number of production workers. 3 Production worker overtime hours divided by number of production workers. 4 Average, weighted by production worker employment, of the average weekly overtime hours for component cells. Annual total of aggregate overtime hours (production or nonsupervisory worker employment multiplied by average weekly overtime hours) divided by annual sum of employment. Average hourly earnings Total production or nonsupervisory Total production or nonsupervisory worker payroll di vided by total production or nonsupervisory worker hours. 3 worker payroll divided vided by total production or nonsupervisory worker hours. 4 Average, weighted by aggregate hours, of the average hourly earnings for component cells. Annual total of aggregate payrolls (production or nonsupervisory worker employment multiplied by weekly hours and hourly earnings) divided by annual aggregate hours. See footnotes at end of table. 184

Table 2A. Summary of methods for computing industry statistics on employment, hours, and earnings for the nonprobabilitybased and the probabilitybased sample estimates Continued Employment, hours, and earnings Nonprobability sample Basic estimating cell (industry, region, size, or region/size cell) Probability sample Basic estimating cell (industry, 4digit published level) Aggregate industry level (division and, where stratified, industry) Both samples Annual average data Average weekly earnings Product of average weekly hours and average hourly earnings. Product of average weekly hours and average hourly earnings. Product of average weekly hours and average hourly earnings. Product of average weekly hours and average hourly earnings. 1 The estimates are computed by multiplying the above product by bias adjustment factors that compensate for the underrepresentation of newly formed enterprises and other sources of bias in the sample. 2 The estimates are computed by applying a unique monthly birth/ death model component that estimates the residual net birth/death employment not accounted for by the sample. 3 The sample productionworker ratio, womenworker ratio, average weekly hours, average overtime hours, and average hourly earnings are modified by a wedging technique designed to compensate for changes in the sample arising mainly from the voluntary characteristics of the reporting. The wedging procedure accepts the advantage of continuity from the use of the match sample and, at the same ror in the survey the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firm births. There is a lag of several months between an establishment's opening for business and its appearing on the UI universe frame and being available for sampling. Nonsampling methods must be used to capture the portion of employment growth accounted for by new firms; otherwise, substantial underestimation of total employment levels would occur. Formal bias adjustment procedures have been used in the establishment survey since the late 1960s. Prior to the 1983 benchmark, bias adjustments were derived from a simple mean error model, which averaged undercount errors for the previous 3 years to arrive at bias projections for the coming year. The undercount errors were measured as the difference between samplebased estimate results and benchmark levels. This procedure eventually proved inadequate during periods of rapidly changing employment trends, and the bias adjustment methodology was revised. Research done in the early 1980s indicated that bias requirements were strongly correlated with current employment growth or decline. Based on this research, a revised method was developed that uses the sample data on employment growth over the most recent two quarters, and a regressionderived coefficient for the significance of that change, to adjust the mean error model results. This change in methodology provided a more cyclically sensitive bias model. The regressionadjusted mean error model has been used for the production of national estimates since 1983. The current model still has limitations on its ability to react tc changing economic conditions or changing error structure relationships between the samplebased estimates and the UI universe counts. A principal limitation is the inability to incorporate UI universe counts as they become available on an ongoing basis, with a 6 to 9month lag from the reference period. For this reason, the current quarterly outputs from the model are subject to intervention analysis and adtime, tapers or wedges the estimate toward the level of the latest sample average. 4 A weighted link relative estimator is used to move average weekly hours, average overtime hours, and average hourly earnings forward from the point at which the probabilitybased sample estimates are introduced. For average weekly hours, this ratio is weighted hours divided by weighted production/nonsupervisory workers. For average hourly earnings, this ratio is weighted payroll divided by weighted hours. This will effectively preserve the true monthtomonth sample movement if the new probability sample has different levels than the current sample. justments can be made to model results prior to the establishment of final bias levels for a quarter. Review for purposes of intervention analysis is done primarily in terms of detection of outlier (abnormally high or low) values, and by comparison of CES sample and bias trends with the most recent quarterly observations of UI universe counts. Although the primary function of bias adjustment is to account for employment resulting from new business formations, it also adjusts for other elements of nonsampling error in the survey, because the primary input to the modeling procedure is total estimation error. Significant among these nonsampling error sources is a business death bias. When a sampled firm closes down, most often it simply does not respond to the survey that month, rather than reporting zero employment. Followup with nonrespondents may reveal an outofbusiness firm, but this information often is received too late to incorporate into monthly estimates, and the firm is simply treated as a nonrespondent for that month. Because the bias adjustments incorporated into the estimates represent a composite of a birth bias, a death bias, and a number of other differences between the samplebased estimates and the population counts, the monthly bias adjustment levels have no specific economic meaning in and of themselves. Table 2B summarizes bias adjustments for the past decade. The table displays the average monthly "bias added" and the average monthly "bias required" with the benchmark revisions for each year. Bias added shows the average amount of bias that was added each month over the course of an interbenchmark period. For example, the bias added for is listed as 150,000; this represents the average of bias adjustments made each month over the period April 1998 through March. Bias required is computed retrospectively, after the March benchmark for a given year is known. Bias required figures are calculated by taking the difference between a March estimate derived purely from the sample 185

(that is, a series calculated without bias adjustment) and the March benchmark. Dividing this figure by 12 gives the average monthly bias required figure. The bias required is thus defined as the amount of bias adjustment that would have achieved a zero benchmark error. The difference between the total bias required and the total bias added is then, by definition, approximately the benchmark revision amount, for any given year. Also provided in table 2B are the MarchtoMarch changes. As discussed above, the overtheyear changes indicate correlation with the bias added and bias required figures. THE SAMPLE Design The emphasis in the establishment survey is on producing timely data at minimum cost. Therefore, the primary goal of its design is to sample a large enough segment of the universe to provide reliable estimates that can be published both promptly and regularly. The present sample allows BLS to produce preliminary total nonfarm employment estimates for each months including some limited industry detail, within 3 weeks after the reference period, and data in considerably more detail with an additional 1month lag. The CES survey, which was begun over 50 years ago, predates the introduction of probability sampling methods and has operated as a quota sample since its inception. Quota sampling is different from probability sampling in that it requires a fixed number of units, but they need not have been drawn in a random selection process. The sampling plan used in the establishment survey is a form of sampling with probability proportionate to size, known as "sampling proportionate to average size of establishment." This design results in an optimum allocation of the sample among strata because sampling variance is proportional to the average size of establishments. The universe of establishment employment is highly skewed, with a large percentage of total employment concentrated in relatively few establishments. Because variance on a population total estimate is a function of percentage universe coverage achieved by the sample, it is efficient to sample larger establishments at a higher rate than smaller establishments, assuming the cost per sample unit is fairly constant across size classes. Under the establishment survey design, large establishments fall into certainty strata for sample selection. The size of the sample for the various industries is determined empirically based on experience and cost considerations. For iexaraple,, in a manufacturing industry with a high proportion of total; employment concentrated in a small number of establishments, a larger percent of total employment is included in the sample. Consequently, the sample design for such industries provides for a complete census of the large establishments, with a relatively few chosen from among the smaller establishments. For an industry in which a large proportion of total employment is accounted for by small establishments, the sample design again calls for inclusion of all large establishments but also for a more substantial number of smaller ones. Many industries in the trade and services divisions fall into this category. To keep the sample to a size that can be handled with available resources, these industries are sampled with a smaller proportion of total universe coverage than is the case for most manufacturing industries. Table 2B. March employment benchmarks and bias adjustments for total private industries (In thousands) Year Employment 1 Benchmark Revision 2, March 198999 Average monthly bias Added 3 Required 4 Overtheyear employment change 5 1989 89,015 93 131 123 2,835 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 90,546 88,790 88,347 89,790 92,730 96,175 98,158 101,040 103,965 106,627 261 583 130 288 688 511 72 518 85 242 85 61 33 83 115 144 129 130 150 150 63 12 22 107 171 187 135 173 157 170 1,531 1,756 443 1,443 2,940 3,445 1,983 2,882 2,925 2,662 1 Universe counts for March of each year are used to make annual benchmark adjustments to the employment estimates. About 97 percent of the benchmark employment is from unemployment insurance administrative records, and the remaining 3 percent is from alternate sources. Data represent benchmark levels as originally computed. 2 Difference between the final March samplebased estimate and the benchmark level for total private employment. 3 The average amount of bias adjustment each month over the course of an interbenchmark period, that is, from April of the prior year through March of the given year. 4 The difference between the March benchmark and the March estimate derived solely from the sample without bias adjustment, converted to a monthly amount by dividing by 12. 5 MarchtoMarch changes in the benchmark employment level. NOTE: Data in this table exclude government employment because there is no bias adjustment for this sector. 186

Coverage Table 2C shows the latest benchmark employment levels and the approximate proportion of total universe employment coverage at the total nonfarm and major industry division levels. The coverage for individual industries within the divisions may vary from the proportions shown. Reliability The establishment survey, like other sample surveys, is subject to two types of error sampling and nonsampling. The magnitude of sampling error, or variance, is directly related to the size of the sample and the percentage of universe coverage achieved by the sample. The establishment survey sample covers more than onethird of total universe employment; this yields a very small variance on the total nonfarm estimates. Measurements of error associated with sample estimates are provided in tables 2D through 2G. Benchmark revision as a measure of survey error. The sum of sampling and nonsampling error can be considered total survey error. Unlike most sample surveys, for which only Table 2C. Employment benchmarks and approximate coverage of BLS employment and payrolls sample, March Industry Total Mining Construction Manufacturing Transportation and public utilities... Wholesale trade. Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate.. Services Government: Federal State Local Benchmarks (thousands) 127,125 539 5,918 18,533 6,720 6,846 22,262 7,486 38,323 2,697 4,804 12,997 Number of establishments 2 292,718 2,594 24,697 48,151 3 14,453 22,821 54,469 19,901 69,733 4 7,594 8,176 20,129 Sample coverage 1 Number (thousands) 41,592 182 1,025 7,561 2,009 1,052 4,701 1,835 7,881 Employees 2,697 3,907 8,742 Percent of benchmarks 33 34 17 41 30 15 21 25 21 100 81 67 Counts reflect reports used in final estimates. Because not all establishments report payroll and hours information, hours and earnings estimates are based on a smaller sample than employment estimates. 2 In the CES redesign probabilitybased sample for wholesale trade, this figure is a count of the number of Ul accounts sampled. 3 The Interstate Commerce Commission provides a complete count of employment for Class I railroads plus Amtrak. Hours and earnings estimates are derived from a sample. 4 Total Federal employment counts by agency for use in national estimates are provided to BLS by the U.S. Office of Personnel Management. Detailed industry estimates for the Executive Branch, as well as State and area estimates of Federal employment, are based on a sample of reports covering about 60 percent of employment in Federal establishments. sampling error can be estimated, the CES yields an annual approximation of total error, on a lagged basis, because of the availability of the independently derived universe data. While the benchmark error is used as a measure of total error for the CES survey estimate, it actually represents the difference between two independent estimates derived from separate survey processes (specifically, the CES sample process and the UI universe process), and thus reflects the errors present in each program. Historically, the benchmark revision has been very small for total nonfarm employment. Over the past decade, percentage benchmark error has averaged 0.3 percent, with absolute revisions ranging from less than 0.05 percent to 0.7 percent. Table 2D shows the most current benchmark revisions, along with 10year mean revisions and mean absolute revisions for major industries. Mean revisions give an indication of bias in the estimates; unbiased estimates have a mean revision close to zero, as over and underestimations cancel out over time. Mean absolute revisions give an overall indication of the accuracy of the estimates; the larger the value, the further the estimate was from the final benchmark level. Estimated standard errorsfor employment, hours, and earnings. The hours and earnings estimates for the basic estimating cells cannot be compared with universe data sources, and therefore are not subject to benchmark revisions, although the broader groupings may be affected slightly by changes in employment weights. Like the employment estimates, the hours and earnings estimates also are subject to sampling and nonsampling errors. Estimates of the sampling error for employment, hours, and earnings are computed using the method of random groups, and are expressed as relative standard errors (standard error divided by the estimate). Relative standard errors for individual industries having specified numbers of employees are presented in table 2E; those for major industries appear in table 2F. Multiplying the relative standard error by its estimated value gives the estimate of the standard error. The errors presented here are based on averages observed from sample data over the March 1994 through March 1995 period. Standard errors for differences between industries and times. The standard error of a difference is required to test for significant differences between estimates from two different industries. Because the estimates for the two industries are independent, the standard error of a difference is the square root of the sum of the estimated variance of each estimate, S, 2 and S 2 2: S difference = The CES sample overlaps almost entirely from month to month, so monthly estimates are not independent. The covariance between these estimates must be accounted for when testing the significance of the change in estimates over time. 187

The standard error of the change can be estimated as follows: S change If Si = S2, then: S change = f + s* 2ps { s 2 Conservative estimates of p after 1 month are 0.8 for employment, 0.6 for average weekly hours, and 0.8 for average hourly earnings. If the bias is small, the standard error can be used to construct an approximate confidence interval, or range of values, that includes the true population value. If the process of selecting a sample from the population were repeated many times, and an estimate and its standard error were calculated for each sample, then approximately 68 percent of the intervalsfrom 1 standard error below the estimate to 1 standard error above the estimatewould include the true population value. Revisions between preliminary and final data. First preliminary estimates of employment, hours, and earnings, based on less than the total sample, are published immediately following the reference month. Final revised samplebased estimates are published 2 months later, when nearly all the reports in the sample have been received. Table 2G presents the rootmeansquare error, the mean percent, and the mean absolute percent revision that may be expected between the preliminary and final employment estimates. Revisions of preliminary hours and earnings estimates are normally not greater than 0 of an hour for weekly hours and 1 cent for hourly earnings at the total private nonfarm level, and may be slightly larger for the more detailed industry groupings. CES sample redesign In June 1995, BLS announced plans for a comprehensive sample redesign of its monthly payroll survey. The initial research phase for the CES sample redesign was completed in 1997, and BLS launched a production test of the new sample design at that time. The production test phase concluded in June, when the first estimates from the new design, for the wholesale trade industry, were published with the benchmark revisions. Redesigned samples for the remaining industry divisions will be phased in with subsequent years' benchmark releases, between 2001 and 2003. Original sample design limitations. The original CES survey is based on a quota sample, the inception of which, over 50 years ago, predated the introduction of probability sampling as the internationally recognized standard for sample surveys. Quota samples are known to be at risk for potentially significant biases. Introducing a probabilitybased sample for CES ensures a proper representation of the universe of nonfarm business establishments through randomized selection techniques and the regular rotation of sample members. In addition, the CES sample redesign addresses a second critical limitation of the current CES sample, which is lack of timely samplebased representation of employment from new business births. Procedures have been developed for regular sample updates that will ensure better representation of new units in the CES sample. Time series modeling techniques are being used to estimate the residual portion of birth employment not accounted for through the improved sampling techniques. Introduction of a probabilitybased sample for the CES survey allows for the publication of sampling errors and confidence intervals, standard survey accuracy measures not directly applicable to the current nonprobability design. Overall accuracy of the survey employment estimates, however, is still best measured by the magnitude of annual benchmark revisions, as they encompass the total estimation error associated with the CES employment series. The new CES sample design. The new design is a stratified, simple random sample of worksites, clustered by UI account number. The UI account number is a major identifier on the BLS longitudinal database of employer records, which serves as both the sampling frame and the benchmark source for the CES employment estimates. The sample strata, or subpopulations, are defined by State, industry, and employment size, yielding a Statebased design. The sampling sates for each stratum are determined through a method known as optimum allocation, which distributes a fixed number of sample units across a set of strata to minimize the overall variance, or sampling error, on the primary estimate of interest. The total nonfarm employment level is the primary estimate of interest, and the new design gives top priority to measuring it as precisely as possible, or, in other words, minimizing the statistical error around the statewide total nonfarm employment estimates. For the CES redesign, the number of sample units drawn was fixed to the approximate size of the original CES sample, which is the sample size supported by current program resources. This sample size makes possible the publication of considerable industry and geographic detail within a State, and provides for highly reliable national CES estimates at the total nonfarm and detailed industry levels. Frame and sample selection. The Longitudinal Data Base (LDB) is the universe from which BLS draws the CES sample. The LDB contains data on approximately 7.5 million U.S. business establishments, representing nearly all nonfarm elements of the U.S. economy. The ES202 program collects these data from employers, on a quarterly basis, in cooperation with State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs). The LDB contains employment and wage information from employers, as well as name, address, and location information. It also contains identification information such as Unemploy 188

Table 2D. Current (March ) and historical benchmark revisions (Numbers in thousands) Total Total private Industry March) benchmark revision Level 258 242 Percent 0.2.2 Tenyear average mean percent revision Actual 0 Absolute 0.3.4 Goodsproducing 217.9.4.7 Mining Metal mining Coal mining Oil and gas extraction Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels 1 3 1 0 3.2 6.5 1 0.2 1.5.5.8.3 1.4 1.5 Construction General building contractors ' Heavy construction, except building Special trade contractors 112 15 4 94 1.5.2.9.2 1.2 1.2 Manufacturing 106.6.5.6 Durable goods 114 1.0.6.8 Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Computer and office equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Electronic components and accessories Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Aircraft and parts Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 2 8 4 10 5 26 10 9 10 1 27 18 4 18 7.2 1.5.7 1.4.5.6.2 1.4.8.5.8.3.3.7.6.6.5.2.2 1.0 1.4.5.7.7 1.5 1.2.8.7 1.8.9 1.6.8 1.4 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.3 1.5 Nondurable goods 8.3.6 Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products 8 0 2 8 8 1 1 3 12 4.5 0.4 1 1.2 1.2.2.7.6.4.2.3.7.8.9.9 1.3.8.5.8 1.6 1 Serviceproducing 41.3 Transportation and public utilities Transportation Railroad transportation Local and inter urban passenger transit Trucking and warehousing Water transportation Transportation by air Pipelines, except natural gas Transportation services Communications and public utilities Communications Electric, gas, and sanitary services 35 9 0 2 3 5 8 0 4 44 24 19.5.2 0.4.2.7 0.9 1.6.2.9.3 1.3 1.6.5.4.4.2.8 1.2.9 1.3.8 Wholesale trade Durable goods Nondurable goods 63 13 50.9.3.5.4.6 1 1.3 1 See footnotes at end of table. 189

Table 2D. Current (March ) and historical benchmark revisions Continued (Numbers in thousands) Industry March benchmark revision Level Percent Tenyear average mean percent revision Actual Absolute Retail trade Building materials and garden supplies General merchandise stores Department stores Food stores Automotive dealers and service stations New and used car dealers Apparel and accessory stores Furniture and home furnishings stores Eating and drinking places Miscellaneous retail establishments 88 0 1 32 6 29 2 7 3 117 3 0.4 0 1.4.2 1.2.2.6.3 1.5 0.3.6 1.5.2 1.9.8 1.0.9 0.6 1.3.7 1 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.3.9 Finance, insurance, and real estate Finance Depository institutions Commercial banks Savings institutions Nondepository institutions Mortgage bankers and brokers Security and commodity brokers Holding and other investment offices Insurance Insurance carriers Insurance agents, brokers, and service Real estate 61 15 13 11 5 1 5 6 32 28 21 7 18.8.4.6.7 1.4.9 1 1.2 1.3.9 1.2.2.6.9.5.4.4.4.3.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.0 6.0 1 1.4 1.6 1.0 1.3 Services 2 Agricultural services Hotels and other lodging places Personal services Business services Services to buildings Personnel supply services Help supply services Computer and data processing services Auto repair, services, and parking Miscellaneous repair services Motion pictures Amusement and recreation services Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Nursing and personal care facilities Hospitals Home health care services Legal services Educational services Social services Child day care services Residential care Museums and botanical and zoological gardens. Membership organizations Engineering and management services Engineering and architectural services Management and public relations Services, nee 26 8 44 21 109 3 154 173 50 4 19 8 20 20 9 31 13 17 4 4 9 53 10 3 35 147 10 108 5 1.2 1.6 1.2.3 5.7.3 1.4 1.3.2.5.3.4.2.3 7.6 1.3 1.4 1 10.7 10.0 1.4 1.0 1.0.6.4 1.4 1 1 1.5.5.5.2.7.8.8.4.2.8.4.8.3 1.3 0.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5.7 1.3.9.8 1.0 1.4 1.4 1 Government Federal Federal, except Postal Service State Education Other State government Local Education Other local government 16 0 0 4 19 15 12 10 3 0 0.9.6 0 0 O.2 0 0.5 1.2.5.2.3.4 1 Less than 0.05 percent. 2 Includes other industries, not shown separately. 190 NOTE: Nee is an abbreviation for "not elsewhere classified" and designates broad categories of industries that cannot be more specifically identified.

Table 2E. Relative standard errors 1 for estimates of employment, hours, and earnings (In percent) 50,000 100,000 200,000 500,000 1,000,000 2,000,000 Number of employees Employment 1.4 1.8.6.4.3 Relative standard error Average weekly hours 1.5 1.2.9.7.6 Average hourly earnings 1.3 1 Relative errors were estimated using sample data from March 1994March 1995. Table 2F. Relative standard errors 1 for estimates of employment, hours, and earnings by industry (In percent) Industry Total private Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Employment 0.8.4.3.2.2 2 Relative standard error Average weekly hours 0.6.5.2.2 2 Average hourly earnings 0.2 1.3.4.5.5 1.0.4.3 Relative errors were estimated using sample data from March 1994March 1995. ment Insurance (UI) Account Number, Reporting Unit Number, and LDB Number. The LDB consists of all employers covered under the Unemployment Insurance Tax System. That system covers 97 percent of all employers in the 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. There are a few sections of the economy that are not covered, including the selfemployed, small family businesses, railroads, charitable organizations, small agricultural employers, and elected officials. Data for employers generally are reported at the worksite level. Employers who have multiple establishments within a State usually report data for each individual establishment. The LDB tracks establishments over time and links them from quarter to quarter. Permanent Random Numbers (PRNs) have been assigned to all UI accounts on the sampling frame. As new units appear on the frame, random numbers are assigned to those units as well. As records are linked across time, the PRN is carried forward in the linkage..7.4 The probability sample is stratified by State, industry, and size. Stratification groups population members together for the purpose of sample allocation and selection. The strata, or groups, are composed of homogeneous units. With 11 industries and 8 size classes, there are 88 total allocation cells per State. The sampling rate for each stratum is determined through a method known as optimum allocation. Optimum allocation minimizes variance at a fixed cost or minimizes cost for a fixed variance. Under the CES probability design, a fixed number of sample units for each State is distributed across the allocation strata in such a way as to minimize the overall variance, or sampling error, of the total State employment level. The number of sample units in the CES probability sample is fixed to the approximate size of the existing nonprobability CES survey. The optimum allocation formula will place more sample in cells for which data cost less to collect, cells that have more units, and cells that have a larger variance. When compared with the quota sample, there are fewer units selected in manufacturing and more units selected in services. During the first quarter of each year, a new sample is drawn from the LDB. Annual sample selection helps keep the CES survey current with respect to employment from business births and business deaths. In addition, the updated universe files provide the most recent information on industry, size, and metropolitan area designation. After all outofscope records are removed, the sampling frame is sorted into allocation cells. Within each allocation cell, units are sorted by MSA and by the size of the MSA, which is the number of UI accounts in that MSA. As the sampling rate is uniform across the entire allocation cell, implicit stratification by MSA ensures that a proportional number of units are sampled from each MSA. Some MSAs may have too few UI accounts in the allocation cell; these MSAs are collapsed and treated as a single MSA. Within each selection cell, the units art sorted by PRN, and units are selected according to the specified sample selection rate. The number of units selected randomly from each selection cell is equal to the product of the sample selection rate and the number of eligible units in the cell, plus any carryover from the prior selection cell. The result is rounded to the nearest whole number. Carryover is defined as the amount that is rounded up or down to the nearest whole number. Once the sample is drawn, sample selection weights are calculated based on the number of UI accounts actually selected within each allocation cell. The sample selection weight is approximately equal to the inverse of the probability of selection, or the inverse of the sampling rate. It is computed as: Sample selection weight N h / where: N h = the number of noncertainty UI accounts within the allocation cell that are eligible for sample selection n h = the number of noncertanity UI accounts selected within the allocation cell 191

Table 2G. Errors of preliminary employment estimates Industry Rootmeansquare error of monthly level 1 Actual Mean percent revision Absolute Total Total private 47,200 40,800 Goodsproducing 12,800 Mining Metal mining Coal mining Oil and gas extraction Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels 1,700 400 700 1,500 400 0 0.2.5.6.3.3 Construction General building contractors Heavy construction, except building Special trade contractors \ Manufacturing Durable goods Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products Industrial machinery and equipment Computer and office equipment Electronic and other electrical equipment Electronic components and accessories Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment Aircraft and parts Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing 7,500 3,900 2,900 5,000 9,600 6,600 1,500 1,100 1,200 1,600 1,200 2,100 2,900 2,100 2,300 1,600 4,700 3,900 1,600 1,400 800 0 0 0.2.3 0 0.2.2.2.3.5.2.2.3.2.2 Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Tobacco products Textile mill products Apparel and other textile products Paper and allied products Printing and publishing Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and coal products Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products 4,800 2,900 600 1,200 2,600 1,100 1,700 1,700 900 1,400 500 0.9 0.2 00 0 1.2.3.4.4 Serviceproducing 43,700 Transportation and public utilities Transportation Railroad transportation Local and interurban passenger transit Trucking and warehousing Water transportation Transportation by air Pipelines, except natural gas Transportation services Communications and public utilities Communications Electric, gas, and sanitary services 9,300 8,900 1,800 3,500 5,600 1,400 6,600 200 1,100 4,100 3,600 1,400 0.2.2.2.5 0.2.6.5.2.7.4.8.2.2 Wholesale trade Durable goods Nondurable goods 7,500 4,400 4,700 See footnotes at end of table. 192

Table 2G. Errors of preliminary employment estimates Continued Industry Rootmeansquare error of monthly level 1 Actual Mean percent revision Absolute Retail trade Building materials and garden supplies... General merchandise stores Department stores Food stores Automotive dealers and service stations.. New and used car dealers Apparel and accessory stores Furniture and home furnishings stores Eating and drinking places Miscellaneous retail establishments Finance, insurance, and real estate Finance Depository institutions Commercial banks Savings institutions Nondepository institutions Mortgage bankers and brokers Security and commodity brokers Holding and other investment offices Insurance Insurance carriers Insurance agents, brokers, and service. Real estate Services 2 Agricultural services Hotels and other lodging places Personal services Business services Services to buildings Personnel supply services Help supply services Computer and data processing services Auto repair, services, and parking Miscellaneous repair services Motion pictures Amusement and recreation services Health services Offices and clinics of medical doctors Nursing and personal care facilities Hospitals Home health care services Legal services Educational services Social services Child day care services Residential care Museums and botanical and zoological gardens. Membership organizations Engineering and management services Engineering and architectural services Management and public relations Services, nee Government Federal Federal, except Postal Service. State Education Other State government Local Education Other local government 25,200 2,900 17,500 17,200 6,400 3,000 1,100 6,400 2,400 8,800 8,000 5,700 3,900 3,100 2,900 900 1,600 1,200 1,000 1,700 2,500 2,100 1,300 2,600 28,700 3,000 5,600 4,900 12,700 2,400 11,100 10,900 2,800 1,900 1,100 6,800 9,200 5,500 2,500 1,600 3,500 2,000 1,300 12,100 9,200 4,000 1,400 600 3,400 5,200 2,000 3,400 500 16,000 8,700 7,700 10,200 8,600 4,900 12,600 11,700 7,000 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.2 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0 0 0.2.2 00 0 0 00 0.2 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2.5.5.4.2.2.2.2.3.6,1.3.2.3.2.3.3.2.2.9.4 0.2.5.2.5.2.5.2.3.8.2.3.2.4 1 The rootmeansquare error is the square root of the mean squared error. The mean squared error is the square of the difference between the final and preliminary estimates averaged across a series of monthly observations. 2 Includes other industries, not shown separately. NOTE: Nee is an abbreviation for "not elsewhere classified" and designates broad categories of industries that cannot be more specifically identified. Errors are based on differences from January 1995 through December. 193

To further reduce enrollment workload caused by the annual update of the sample, BLS has established a "swapping" procedure in which sample members selected in the previous year are used in lieu of new sample members. As a result of the swap procedure, the amount of sample overlap from year to year is increased. A sample is selected from the firstquarter frame using the random sampling procedures. If a new sample member is selected during random sampling, a check is made for a previously selected unit that was not selected in the new sample. The previously selected unit must be within the same State, industry, and size class and must have the same PRN date as the originally selected unit. Newly selected units are replaced until all suitable replacements are exhausted. The units are generally available for swapping due to changes in the MSA, SIC, and size of units. As a result of the swap procedure, approximately 90 percent of the Current Employment Statistics Sample Redesign (CESR) sample overlaps from one year to the next. Before the swap procedure was implemented, approximately 35,000 new UI accounts were selected each year during the annual update. With the swap procedure, this number is reduced by as much as 40 percent, or 15,000 units. Due to the dynamic economy, there is a constant cycle of business births and deaths. A semiannual update is performed during the third quarter of each year. This update selects units from the population of births and other units not previously eligible for selection, and includes them as part of the sample. Updated location, contact, and administrative information is provided for all establishments that were selected in the annual sample selection. Sample enrollment activities. The primary enrollment of new establishments for the CESR is taking place in BLS Data Collection Centers (DCCs) located in Atlanta, Kansas City, and Dallas, and in the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) Center in Chicago. Once the sample has been sent to the DCCs, interviewers enroll the selected establishments. While the UI account represents the sample unit, interviewers are responsible for tracking and collecting the data for the individual establishments, regardless of the current UI configuration associated with the establishments. In the case of large, multipleworksite UI accounts, it is sometimes necessary to subsample employers. This occurs when: With subsampling of a smaller number of worksites, both interviewer workload and respondent burden are reduced without significantly reducing the accuracy of the estimates, but this technique will result in a small increase in variance. In the event that a UI account is subsampled, weight adjustments are made to reflect each of the worksites' probability of selection. Estimation. Under the new methodology, CES will use a matched sample concept and weighted link relative estimator to produce employment, hours, and earnings estimates. Consistent with the historical CES definition, a matched sample is defined to be all sample members that have reported data for the reference month and the month prior. A slight adjustment to the above matched definition is made to exclude from the matched sample any sample unit that reports that it is outofbusiness. The reasoning behind this handling is described later in the section on estimation of business births and deaths. The estimator for employment and that for hours and earnings uses the sample trend in the cell to move the previous level or ratio to the currentmonth estimated level or ratio. In the case of all employees, an additive modelbased component is applied as well. This component also is described in the business birth and death estimation section. The basic formula for estimating employment is: AE C = where: { matched sample unit; w i Cl + (net birth/death model), «weight associated with the CES report; currentmonth reported all employees; ae P%1 previousmonth reported all employees; A AE C AE currentmonth estimated all employees; and previousmonth estimated all employees. The basic form for the estimator used to develop the currentmonth production workers series is: PW = AExPWRATIO,, and the company cannot report for all worksites from a central location; the company cannot provide an aggregate report for the entire UI account; there are too many individual worksites to make it practical to contact each of them. PWRATIO C = PWRATIOxj. 194

where: vv. ' " c PWRATIO c matched sample unit; = weight associated with the CES report; = currentmonth estimated production workers; = currentmonth productionworkertoallemployee ratio; PWRATIO p = previousmonth productionworkertoallemployee ratio; P w cj currentmonth reported production workers; PW p j = previousmonth reported production workers; ae c,i currentmonth reported all employees; ae p j previousmonth reported all employees; and AE currentmonth estimated all employees. Estimation of the series for women workers is identical to thai described for production workers, with the appropriate substitution of women workfer vahies for the production worker values in the previous formulas. The same basic form of the estimator holds for all data types. The basic estimators of average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are: and AWH C=AWH x Z w x wh where: = matched sample unit; AHEC = w i weight associated with the CES report; AWH c AHEpx «currentmonth estimated average weekly hours; AWrt p previousmonth estimated average weekly hours; w "ci w^p.i P w d " currentmonth reported weekly hours; = previousmonth reported weekly hours; = currentmonth reported production workers; P w pj previousmonth reported production workers; AHE C AHE p WH c WH p currentmonth estimated average hourly earnings; = previousmonth estimated average hourly earnings; = currentmonth estimated weekly man hours; = previousmonth estimated average man hours; vv. x prc i t x whp Estimation of overtime hours is identical to that described for weekly hours, with the appropriate substitution of overtime hours values for the weekly hours values in the previous formula. Benchmarking. Annual benchmark adjustment that revises 2 years of data continues under the redesign, but with slight modification to the process. Under the original CES procedures, when national series are benchmarked, sample links derived from the final (or third) set of monthly estimates are applied to the March benchmark level to reestimate 1 year forward from the new benchmark levels. The year prior to the benchmark is adjusted by a simple wedgeback procedure that distributes the benchmark error in equal increments across the 11 months preceding the March benchmark. For initial implementation of the redesign estimates for each major industry division, all series for both the year prior to and the year following the March benchmark month are revised to incorporate samplebased estimates calculated from the new sample and estimators. Thus, there is more revision in the benchmark period under the redesign than experienced previously for all data types. In particular, basic celllevel hours and earnings estimates, which have no benchmark revision under current procedures, are subject to change. Business birth and death estimation. In a dynamic economy, firms are continually going outofbusiness while, at the same time, new businesses are opening. These two normal occurrences offset each other to some extent. That is, firms that are born replace firms that die. CES uses this fact to account for a large proportion of the employment associated with business births. This is accomplished by excluding such units from the matched sample definition. Effectively, business deaths are not included in the samplebased link portion of the estimate, and their employment loss is assumed to offset a portion of the employment associated with births. There is an operational advantage associated with this approach as well. Most firms will not report that they have gone out of business; rather, they simply cease reporting and are excluded from the link, as are all other nonrespondents. As a result, extensive followup with monthly nonrespondents to determine whether a company is outofbusiness or simply did not respond is not required. Employment associated with business births will not exactly equal that associated with business deaths. The amount by which it differs varies by month and by industry. As a result, the residual component of the birth/death offset must be accounted for by using a modelbased approach. With any modelbased approach, it is desirable to have 5 or more years of history to use in developing the models. Due to the absence of reliable counts of monthly business births and deaths, development of an appropriate birth/death residual series assumed the following form: = currentmonth reported weekly payroll; and previousmonth reported weekly payroll. Birth/death residual Population Samplebased estimate + Error 195

Simulated monthly probability estimates over a 7year period were created and compared with population employment levels. Moving from a simulated benchmark, the differences between the series across time represent a cumulative birth/death component. Those residuals are converted to monthtomonth differences and used as input series to the modeling process. Models are fit using X12 ARIMA (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average). Outliers, level shifts, and temporary ramps are automatically identified. Seven models are tested, and the model exhibiting the lowest average forecast error is selected for each series. Difference between the birth/death model and bias adjustment. Table 2H compares the level of bias adjustment applied in the previously published CES series with the net birth/death adjustment used in the redesign series in wholesale trade. Over the course of the "postbenchmark year" from April to March, the cumulative bias adjustment added 150,000 to the wholesale trade employment level, while the net birth/death model added 30,000 overall. Note that the latter model has greater variability from month to month, including months with a negative adjustment. This mainly reflects the seasonal pattern of the net birth/death series observed in the historical UI universe data series. The net birth/death models will replace the bias adjustment modeling currently used for the CES program as estimates for each major industry division are phased in for official publication. The ARIMA model component is updated and reviewed on a quarterly basis, as are the current bias adjustments. However, the net birth/death model component figures are unique to each month, unlike the bias adjustments, which are identical for all 3 months of a given quarter. An important conceptual and empirical distinction between current bias adjustment and new net birth/death models involves the elements that the models are designed to identify. Although the primary purpose of the existing bias adjustment process is to account for new business birth employment, it also adjusts for other elements of nonsampling error, or bias, in the current CES estimate because the primary input to the model is total estimation error. Sampling bias can be significant in the existing sample because of its quota design, and the bias component is therefore relatively large. In contrast, the net birth/death models estimate only the residual component not measurable by the sample; the models do not attempt to correct for deficiencies in sample design. Therefore, the net birth/death model component in the redesign series is expected to be significantly smaller than the bias adjustment component in the current CES estimates. The most significant potential drawback to a modelbased approach is that time series modeling assumes a predictable continuation of historical patterns and relationships. Therefore, a modelbased approach is likely to have some difficulty producing reliable estimates at economic turning points or during periods in which there are sudden changes in trend. In sum, accurate estimation of the business birth component of total nonfarm employment will continue to be the most difficult issue in CES employment estimation. Variance estimation for the CES redesign estimates. A probabilitybased sample allows for the calculation and publication of sampling variances and confidence intervals standard survey accuracy measures not directly applicable to the current nonprobability design. The estimation of sample variance for the survey is accomplished through use of the method of Balanced Half Samples (BHS). This replication technique uses half samples of the original sample and calculates estimates using those subsamples. The sample variance is calculated by measuring the variability of the subsample estimates. The weighted link estimator is used to calculate both estimates and variances. The sample units in each cell where a cell is based on State, industry, and size classification are divided into two random groups. The basic BHS method is applied to both groups. The subdivision of the cells is done systematically, in the same order as the initial sample selection. Weights for units in the half sample are multiplied by a factor of 1 + a where weights for units not in the half sample are multiplied by a factor of 1 «. Estimates from these subgroups are calculated using the estimation formula described previously. The formula used to calculate CES variances is as follows: where: k = number of halfsamples; and Q = original full sample estimates is the halfsample estimator; Appropriate uses of sampling variances in CES. Variance statistics are useful for comparison purposes, but they do have some limitations. Variances reflect the error component of the estimates that is due to surveying only a subset of the population, rather than conducting a complete count of the entire population. However, they do not reflect nonsampling error, such as response errors, and bias due to nonresponse. The overall performance of the program (calculating allemployee estimates) will still be measured in terms of the benchmark revisions. Variances for items not benchmarked that is, average hourly earnings and average weekly hours can serve as a more meaningful measure of their error now with a representative probability sample. The variances of the overthemonth change estimates are very useful in determining when changes are significant at some level of confidence. Sampling errors for wholesale trade. The sampling errors shown for the wholesale trade industry have been calculated 196

Table 2H. Bias adjustment effects for published series versus net birth/death model effects for the wholesale trade industry (In thousands) Year and month : April May June September. October November December : January February March Wholesale trade industry Bias adjustment for published series 13 13 13 14 14 14 12 12 12 11 11 11 Monthly amount Net birth/death adjustment for the postbenchmark period 1 9 5 6 9 4 4 6 9 23 6 6 [lustration of the use of table 2J. Table 2J provides a reference for the standard errors of 1, 3, and 12month changes in AE, AHE, and AWH. The errors are presented as standard errors of the changes. Suppose that the overthemonth change in AHE from January to February for motor vehicles, parts, and supplies is $01. The standard error for a 1month change for this industry from the table is $0.09. The interval estimate of the overthemonth change in AHE that will include the true overthemonth change with 90percent confidence is calculated: $01 +/(1.645*$0.09) = $01 +/ $05 = $0.04 to $0.26 The true value of the overthemonth change is in the interval $0.04 to $0.26. Because this interval includes $0.00 (no change), the change of $01 shown is not significant at the 90percent confidence level. Alternatively, the estimated change of $01 does not exceed $05 (1.645 * $0.09); therefore, one could conclude from these data that the change is not significant at the 90percent confidence level. Cumulative total 150 30 STATISTICS FOR STATES AND AREAS (Tables B7, B14, and B18) for estimates that follow the benchmark employment revision by a period of 12 to 24 months. Since the error estimates generally increase as a function of time after the month of benchmark revision, this period was determined to be the period of greatest interest for the estimates. For example, the May estimates follow the benchmark revision (March ) by 14 months. The errors are presented as median values of the observed error estimates. These estimates have been estimated using the method of Balanced Half Samples (BHS) with the probability sample data and sample weights assigned at the time of sample selection. Illustration of the use of table 21. Table 21 provides a reference for relative standard errors of three major series developed from the CES estimates of the numbers of all employees (AE), of average hourly earnings (AHE), and of average weekly hours (AWH). The errors are presented as relative standard errors (standard error divided by the estimate and expressed as a percent). Multiplying the relative standard error by its estimated value gives the estimate of the standard error. Suppose that the level of all employees for wholesale trade in a given month is estimated at 6,944,000. The approximate relative standard error of this estimate (0.57 percent) is provided in table 21. A 90percent confidence interval would then be the interval: 6,944,000 +/ (1.645*.0057*6,944,000) = 6,944,000+/65,110 = 7,009,110 to 6,878,890 As explained earlier, State agencies in cooperation with BLS collect and prepare State and area employment, hours, and earnings data. These statistics are based on the same establishment reports used by BLS. However, BLS uses the full CES sample to produce monthly national employment estimates, while each State agency uses its portion of the sample to independently develop a State employment estimate. The CES area statistics relate to metropolitan areas. Definitions for all areas are published each year in the issue of Employment and Earnings that contains State and area annual averages (usually the May issue). Changes in definitions are noted as they occur. Additional industry detail may be obtained from the State agencies listed on the inside back cover of each issue. Caution in aggregating State data. The national estimation procedures used by BLS are designed to produce accurate national data by detailed industry; correspondingly, the State estimation procedures are designed to produce accurate data for each individual State. State estimates are not forced to sum to national totals or vice versa. Because each State series is subject to larger sampling and nonsampling errors than is the national series, summing them cumulates individual Statelevel errors and can cause distortions at an aggregate level. This has been a particular problem at turning points in the U.S. economy, when the majority of the individual State errors tend to be in the same direction. Due to these statistical limitations, the Bureau does not compile or publish a "sumofstates" employment series. Additionally, BLS cautions users that such a series is subject to a relatively large and volatile error structure, particularly at turning points. 197

Table 21. Relative standard error for estimates of employment, hours, and earnings in wholesale trade (In percent) Relative standard error Industry All employees Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Wholesale trade 0.57 0.66 0.49 Durable goods.69.89.60 Motor vehicles, parts, and supplies Furniture and home furnishings Lumber and other construction materials Professional and commercial equipment Metals and minerals, except petroleum Electrical goods Hardware, plumbing, and heating equipment Machinery, equipment, and supplies Misc. wholesale trade durable goods... 1.29 5 4 1.32 0 6 3 2 4 1.55 0 2 3 1 7 7 5 2 9 9 6 1.22 7 1.53 9 1.08 1 Nondurable goods».*...*.»..78 11.82 Paper and paper products... Drugs, proprietaries, and sundries Apparel, piece goods, and notions Groceries and related products Farmproduct raw materials Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and petroleum products Beer, wine, and distilled beverages Misc. wholesale trade nondurable goods 5 0 7 1.22 6 6 4 1.64 1.62 3 5 3 1 6 3 3 9 3 7 0 3 0 5 7 8 8 1.68 Table 2J. Standard error for change in levels estimates of employment, hours, and earnings in wholesale trade Industry All employees Standard error 1month change Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings All employees Standard error 3month change Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings All employees Standard error 12month change Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Wholesale trade Durable goods Motor vehicles, parts, and supplies Furniture and home furnishings Lumber and other construction materials. Professional and commercial equipment. Metals and minerals, except petroleum... Electrical goods Hardware, plumbing, and heating equipment Machinery, equipment, and supplies Misc. wholesale trade durable goods Nondurable goods Paper and paper products Drugs, proprietaries, and sundries Apparel, piece goods, and notions Groceries and related products Farmproduct raw materials Chemicals and allied products Petroleum and petroleum products Beer, wine, and distilled beverages Misc. wholesale trade nondurable goods. 8,694 6,024 1,784 1,252 1,362 2,778 971 2,165 1,245 2,571 2,071 5,750 1,596 1,778 1,746 3,091 1,260 1,054 952 926 2,647 0.08 0.26.44.32.23.42.25.27 7.30 3.37.39.39.24.51.49.41.36.27 0.04.05.09 9 2 5 4 9 3.09 1.05 8.24 6.08 3 7 1 9.08 13,804 9,175 2,864 2,071 2,524 4,990 1,448 3,222 2,091 3,824 3,385 9,747 2,841 2,769 2,897 5,401 1,933 1,623 1,560 1,555 4,648 01 3.31.58.39.32.48.32.44.22.40 8.47.58.51.33.68.68.48.51.35 0.05.07 2.29 6.20 8.24 8 1 5.07.22.33.23.r.20.23 4.31 2 26,198 18,995 5,838 4,674 4,155 9,935 2,862 7,469 5,045 7,063 6,339 16,865 4,556 5,231 5,927 8,969 2,552 2,962 3,270 2,176 6,997 06 9.68.83.63.45.90.49.64.33.64.28.70.92.81.57 1.04 13.76.77.54 0.09 2 9.59.25.39.28.34.38.20.37 2.37.59.39 8.29.36.30.66.21 198

Region, State, and Area Labor Force Data ("C" tables) FEDERALSTATE COOPERATIVE PROGRAM Labor force and unemployment estimates for States, labor market areas (LMAs), and other areas covered under Federal assistance programs are developed by State employment security agencies under a FederalState cooperative program. The local unemployment estimates which derive from standardized procedures developed by BLS are the basis for determining eligibility of an area for benefits under Federal programs such as the Job Training Partnership Act. Annual average data for the States and 337 areas shown in table C3 are published in Employment and Earnings (usually the May issue). For regions, States, selected metropolitan areas, and central cities, annual average data classified by selected demographic, social, and economic characteristics are published in the BLS bulletin, Geographic Profile of Employment and Unemployment. Labor force estimates for counties, cities, and other small areas have been prepared for administration of various Federal economic assistance programs and may be ordered from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. The report "Unemployment in States and Local Areas" is published monthly through GPO and is available in microfiche form only, on a subscription basis. ESTIMATING METHODS Monthly labor force, employment, and unemployment estimates are prepared for the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and over 6,500 areas, including nearly 2,400 LMAs, counties, and cities with a population of 25,000 or more. Regional aggregations are derived by summing the State estimates. The estimation methods are described below for States (and the District of Columbia) and for sub State areas. At the sublma (county and city) level, estimates are prepared using disaggregation techniques based on decennial and annual population estimates and current unemployment insurance data. A more detailed description of the estimation procedure is contained in the BLS document, Manual for Developing Local Area Unemployment Statistics. Estimates for States Current monthly estimates. Effective January 1996, civilian labor force and unemployment estimates for all States and the District of Columbia are produced using models based on a "signalplusnoise" approach. The model of the signal is a time series model of the true labor force which consists of three components: A variable coefficient regression, a flexible trend, and a flexible seasonal component. The regression techniques are based on historical and current relationships found within each State's economy as reflected in the different sources of data that are available for each State the Current Population Survey (CPS), the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey, and the unemployment insurance (UI) system. The noise component of the models explicitly accounts for auto correlation in the CPS sampling error and changes in the average magnitude of the error. In addition, the models can identify and remove the effects of outliers in the historical CPS series. While all the State models have important components in common, they differ somewhat from one another to better reflect individual State characteristics. Two models one for the employmenttopopulation ratio and one for the unemployment rate are used for each State. The employmenttopopulation ratio, rather than the employment level, and the unemployment rate, rather than the unemployment level, are estimated primarily because these ratios are usually more meaningful for economic analysis. The employmenttopopulation ratio models use the relationship between the State's monthly employment from the CES and the CPS. The models also include trend and seasonal components to account for movements in the CPS not captured by the CES series. The seasonal component accounts for the seasonality in the CPS not explained by the CES, while the trend component adjusts for longrun systematic differences between the two series. The unemployment rate models use the relationship between the State's monthly unemployment insurance (UI) claims data and the CPS unemployment rate, along with trend and seasonal components. In both the employmenttopopulation ratio and unemployment rate models, an important feature is the use of a technique that allows the equations to adjust automatically to structural changes that occur. The regression portion of the model includes a builtin tuning mechanism, known as the Kalman Filter, which revises a model's coefficients when the new data that become available each month indicate that changes in the data relationships have taken place. Once the estimates are developed from the models, levels are calculated for employment, unemployment, and labor force. Benchmark correction procedures. Once each year, monthly estimates for all States and the District of Columbia are adjusted, or benchmarked, by BLS to the annual average CPS estimates. The benchmarking technique employs a pro 199

cedure (called the Denton method) which adjusts the annual average of the models to equal the CPS annual average, while preserving, as much as possible, the original monthly seasonal pattern of the model estimates. Estimates for substate areas Monthly labor force, employment, and unemployment estimates for two large substate areas New York City and the Los AngelesLong Beach metropolitan area are obtained using the same modeling approach as for states. Estimates for the nearly 2,400 remaining LMAs, are prepared through indirect estimation techniques, described below. Preliminary estimate employment. The total civilian employment estimates are based largely on CES data. These "placeofwork" estimates must be adjusted to refer to place of residence as used in the CPS. Factors for adjusting from place of work to place of residence have been developed on the basis of employment relationships at the time of the 1990 decennial census. These factors are applied to the CES estimates for the current period to obtain adjusted employment estimates, to which are added estimates for employment not represented in the CES agricultural employees, nonagricultural selfemployed and unpaid family workers, and private household workers. Preliminary estimate unemployment. In the current month, the estimate of unemployment is an aggregate of the estimates for each of two categories: (1) Persons who were previously employed in industries covered by State UI laws; and (2) those who were entering the civilian labor force for the first time or reentering after a period of separation. SubState adjustment for additivity. Estimates of employment and unemployment are prepared for the State and all LMAs within the State. The LMA estimates geographically exhaust the entire State. Thus, a proportional adjustment is applied to all substate preliminary LMA estimates to ensure that they add to the independently estimated State totals for employment and unemployment. For California and New York, the proportional adjustment is applied to all LMAs other than the two modeled areas, to ensure that the LMA estimates sum to an independent modelbased estimate for the balance of State. Benchmark correction. At the end of each year, substate estimates are revised. The revisions incorporate any changes in the inputs, such as revisions in the CESbased employment figures, corrections in UI claims counts, and updated historical relationships. The updated estimates are then readjusted to add to the revised (benchmarked) State estimates of employment and unemployment. 200

Seasonal Adjustment Over the course of a year, the size of the Nation's labor force, the levels of employment and unemployment, and other measures of labor market activity undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make it easier to observe the cyclical and other nonseasonal movements in the series. In evaluating changes in a seasonally adjusted series, it is important to note that seasonal adjustment is merely an approximation based on past experience. Seasonally adjusted estimates have a broader margin of possible error than the original data on which they are based, because they are subject not only to sampling and other errors but are also affected by the uncertainties of the seasonal adjustment process itself. Seasonally adjusted series for selected labor force and establishmentbased data are published monthly in Employment and Earnings. Household data Since January 1980, national labor force data have been seasonally adjusted with a procedure called Xll ARIMA (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average), which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the standard Xl 1 method. A detailed description of the procedure appears in The Xll ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Method by Estela Bee Dagum, Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 12 564E, January 1983. BLS uses an extension of X11 ARIMA to allow it to adjust more adequately for the effects of the presence or absence of religious holidays in the April survey reference period and of Labor Day in the September reference period. This extension was applied for the first time at the end of 1989 to three personsatwork labor force series which tested as having significant and welldefined effects in their April data associated with the timing of Easter. At the beginning of each calendar year, projected seasonal adjustment factors are calculated for use during the January June period. In of each year, BLS calculates and publishes in Employment and Earnings projected seasonal adjustment factors for use in the second half, based on the experience through June. Revisions of historical data, usually for the most recent 5 years, are made only at the beginning of each calendar year. However, as a result of the revisions to the estimates for 197081 based on 1980 census population counts, revisions to seasonally adjusted series in early 1982 were carried back to 1970. In 1994, data were revised only for that year because of the major redesign and 1990 censusbased population controls, adjusted for the estimated undercount, introduced into the Current Population Survey. In 1996, 199093 data also were revised to incorporate these 1990 censusbased population controls and seasonally adjusted series were revised back to 1990. Subsequent revisions are only carried back to 1994. All labor force and unemployment rate statistics, as well as the major employment and unemployment estimates, are computed by aggregating independently adjusted series. For example, for each of the three major labor force components agricultural employment, nonagricultural employment, and unemployment data for four sexage groups (men and women under and over 20 years of age) are separately adjusted for seasonal variation and are then added to derive seasonally adjusted total figures. The seasonally adjusted figure for the labor force is a sum of eight seasonally adjusted civilian employment components and four seasonally adjusted unemployment components. The total for unemployment is the sum of the four unemployment components, and the unemployment rate is derived by dividing the resulting estimate of total unemployment by the estimate of the labor force. Because of the independent seasonal adjustment of various series, components will not necessarily add to totals. In each January issue (March issue in 1996), Employment and Earnings publishes revised seasonally adjusted data for selected labor force series based on the experience through December, new seasonal adjustment factors to be used to calculate the civilian unemployment estimate for thefirst6 months of the following year, and a description of the current seasonal adjustment procedure. Establishment data Effective in June 1996, with the release of the March 1995 benchmark revisions, BLS began using an updated version of the Xl2 ARIMA software developed by the Bureau of the Census to seasonally adjust national establishmentbased employment, hours, and earnings series. The conversion to Xl2 ARIMA allows BLS to refine its seasonal adjustment procedures to control for survey interval variations, sometime referred to as the 4 vs. 5week effect. While the CES survey is referenced to a consistent concept, the pay period including the 12th day of the month, inconsistencies arise because there are variations of 4 or 5 weeks between the week of the 12th in any given pair of months. In highly seasonal months and industries, this variation can be an important determinant of the magnitude of seasonal hires or layoffs that have occurred at the time the survey is taken, thereby complicating seasonal adjustment. 201

The interval effect adjustment is accomplished through the REGARIMA (regression with autocorrelated errors) option in the X12 software. This process combines standard regression analysis, which measures correlations between two or more variables, with ARIMA modeling, which describes and predicts the behavior of a data series based on its own past history. In this application, the correlations of interest are those between employment levels in individual calendar months and the length of the survey intervals for those months. The REGARIMA models estimate and remove the variation in employment levels attributable to 11 separate survey intervals, one specified for each month, except March. March is excluded because this month has a 5week interval between the February and March surveys only every 29 years. Effective with the release of the March 1997 benchmark, seasonally adjusted series for hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers from 1989 forward incorporate refinements to the seasonal adjustment process to correct for distortions related to the method of accounting for the varying length of payroll periods across months a calendar effect. REGARIMA modeling also is used to identify, measure, and remove this calendar effect for the publication level seasonally adjusted hours and earnings series. Projected seasonal factors for the establishmentbased series are calculated and published twice a year, paralleling the procedure used for the household series. Revisions to historical data (usually the most recent 5 years) are made once a year, coincident with benchmark revisions. All series are seasonally adjusted using multiplicative models in X12. Seasonal adjustment factors are computed and applied at component levels. For employment series, these are generally the 2digit SIC levels. Seasonally adjusted totals are arithmetic aggregations for employment series and weighted averages of the seasonally adjusted data for hours and earnings series. Seasonally adjusted average weekly earnings are the product of seasonally adjusted average hourly earnings and average weekly hours. Average weekly earnings in constant dollars, seasonally adjusted, are obtained by dividing the average weekly earnings series by the seasonally adjusted Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPIW), and multiplying by 100. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, are obtained by multiplying average weekly hours by production or nonsupervisory workers and dividing by the 1982 annual average base. For total private, total goodsproducing, total private serviceproducing, and major industry divisions, the indexes of aggregate weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, are obtained by summing the aggregate weekly hours for the appropriate component industries and dividing by the 1982 annual average base. Seasonally adjusted data are not published for a number of series characterized by small seasonal components relative to their trendcycle and/or irregular components. These series, however, are used in the aggregation to higher level seasonally adjusted series. Seasonal adjustment factors for Federal Government employment are derived from unadjusted data which include Christmas temporary workers employed by the Postal Service. The number of temporary census workers for the decennial census, however, is removed prior to the calculation of seasonal adjustment factors. The standard procedure for seasonal adjustment for the local education employment series was improved with the 1997 benchmark. In the past, the seasonal factors for this industry were derived using the standard seasonal adjustment procedure of a logarithmic transformation of the data as input for the multiplicative decomposition of the series. However, in recent years, the forecasted seasonal factors have failed to adequately reflect the changing behavior of this industry in the summer months. The factors for this industry are now derived using a squareroot transformation of the data as input for an additive decomposition of the series. These modifications produce seasonal factors that better reflect current industry seasonal patterns. However, the annual averages of seasonally adjusted and unadjusted series will not be equal. BLS also makes special adjustments for floating holidays for the establishmentbased series on average weekly hours and manufacturing overtime hours. From 1988 forward, these adjustments are now accomplished as part of the X12 ARIMA/REGARIMA modeling process. The special adjustment made in November each year to adjust for the effect of poll workers in the local government employment series also is incorporated into the X12 process from 1988 forward. Revised seasonally adjusted national establishmentbased series based on the experience through March, new seasonal adjustment factors for MarchOctober, and a description of the current seasonal adjustment procedure appear in the June issue of Employment and Earnings. Revised factors for the September April 2001 period will appear in the December issue. Beginning in 1993, BLS introduced publication of seasonally adjusted nonfarm payroll employment data by major industry for all States and the District of Columbia (table B7). Seasonal adjustment factors are applied directly to the employment estimates at the division level (component series for manufacturing and trade) and then aggregated to the State totals. The recomputation of seasonal factors and historical revisions are made coincident with the annual benchmark adjustments. State estimation procedures are designed to produce accurate (unadjusted and seasonally adjusted) data for each State. BLS independently develops a national employment series; State estimates are not forced to sum to national totals. Because each State series is subject to larger sampling and nonsampling errors than the national series, summing them cumulates individual State level errors and can cause significant distortions at an aggregate level. Due to these statistical limitations, BLS does not compile a 202