INCOME AND FIDUCIARY TAX ISSUES FOR ESTATE PLANNERS, PART 1 & PART

INCOME AND FIDUCIARY TAX ISSUES FOR ESTATE PLANNERS, PART 1 & PART 2 First Run Broadcast: September 19 & 20, 2018 1:00 p.m. E.T./12:00 p.m. C.T./11:00 a.m. M.T./10:00 a.m. P.T. (60 minutes each day) Understanding fiduciary income taxation the taxation of grantor and non-grantor trusts, complex and simple trusts is essential to trust planning. It impacts the type of trust chosen, how it s structured and administered. Recently changes to federal tax law have added to the complexity of fiduciary income taxation. The tax treatment of trust income and accounting for distributions and expenses varies depending on the type of trust involved and how Distributable Net Income is allocated. The 3.8% on distributable net income adds a significant planning consideration when you advise trusts. This program will provide you with a real-world guide to the essential rules, timeframes, planning techniques and traps of the taxation of trusts. Day 1: September 19, 2018: Fiduciary income taxation framework and rules for estate and trust planners How fiduciary and income tax planning differ from each other Planning for fiduciary taxation v. planning for individual and corporate tax purposes Types of trusts simple, complex, grantor and differing tax rules for each Treatment of Distributable Net Income, including impact of 3.8% tax Understanding Trust Accounting Income, and impact of Prudent Investor Rule Day 2: September 20, 2018: Practical income allocation for simple, complex and grantor trusts Specific allocation rules for DNI Tier System, Separate Share Rule, 65 Day Rule, specific bequests Charitable giving tax treatment and practical impact Treatment of depreciation, administrative expenses, and allocation to income Trust terminations capital loss carryover and excess deductions Speaker: Jeremiah W. Doyle, IV is senior vice president in the Boston office of BNY Mellon Wealth Management, where he provides integrated wealth management advice to high net worth individuals on holding, managing and transferring wealth in a tax-efficient manner. He is the editor and co-author of Preparing Fiduciary Income Tax Returns, a contributing author of Preparing Estate Tax Returns, and a contributing author of Understanding and Using Trusts, all published by Massachusetts Continuing Legal Education. Mr. Doyle received his B.S. from Providence College, his J.D. form Hamline University Law School, and his LL.M. in banking from Boston University Law School.

VT Bar Association Continuing Legal Education Registration Form Please complete all of the requested information, print this application, and fax with credit info or mail it with payment to: Vermont Bar Association, PO Box 100, Montpelier, VT 05601-0100. Fax: (802) 223-1573 PLEASE USE ONE REGISTRATION FORM PER PERSON. First Name Middle Initial Last Name Firm/Organization Address City State ZIP Code Phone # Fax # E-Mail Address Income & Fiduciary Tax Issues for Estate Planners, Part 1 Teleseminar September 19, 2018 1:00PM 2:00PM 1.0 MCLE GENERAL CREDITS VBA Members $75 Non-VBA Members $115 NO REFUNDS AFTER SEPTEMBER 12, 2018 PAYMENT METHOD: Check enclosed (made payable to Vermont Bar Association) Amount: Credit Card (American Express, Discover, Visa or Mastercard) Credit Card # Exp. Date Cardholder:

VT Bar Association Continuing Legal Education Registration Form Please complete all of the requested information, print this application, and fax with credit info or mail it with payment to: Vermont Bar Association, PO Box 100, Montpelier, VT 05601-0100. Fax: (802) 223-1573 PLEASE USE ONE REGISTRATION FORM PER PERSON. First Name Middle Initial Last Name Firm/Organization Address City State ZIP Code Phone # Fax # E-Mail Address Income & Fiduciary Tax Issues for Estate Planners, Part 2 Teleseminar September 20, 2018 1:00PM 2:00PM 1.0 MCLE GENERAL CREDITS VBA Members $75 Non-VBA Members $115 NO REFUNDS AFTER SEPTEMBER 11, 2018 PAYMENT METHOD: Check enclosed (made payable to Vermont Bar Association) Amount: Credit Card (American Express, Discover, Visa or Mastercard) Credit Card # Exp. Date Cardholder:

Vermont Bar Association CERTIFICATE OF ATTENDANCE Please note: This form is for your records in the event you are audited Sponsor: Vermont Bar Association Date: September 19, 2018 Seminar Title: Income & Fiduciary Tax Issues for Estate Planners, Part 1 Location: Credits: Program Minutes: Teleseminar - LIVE 1.0 MCLE General Credit 60 General Luncheon addresses, business meetings, receptions are not to be included in the computation of credit. This form denotes full attendance. If you arrive late or leave prior to the program ending time, it is your responsibility to adjust CLE hours accordingly.

Vermont Bar Association CERTIFICATE OF ATTENDANCE Please note: This form is for your records in the event you are audited Sponsor: Vermont Bar Association Date: September 20, 2018 Seminar Title: Income & Fiduciary Tax Issues for Estate Planners, Part 2 Location: Credits: Program Minutes: Teleseminar - LIVE 1.0 MCLE General Credit 60 General Luncheon addresses, business meetings, receptions are not to be included in the computation of credit. This form denotes full attendance. If you arrive late or leave prior to the program ending time, it is your responsibility to adjust CLE hours accordingly.

Fiduciary Income Taxation Fundamentals Jeremiah W. Doyle IV Senior Vice President BNY Mellon Wealth Management Boston, MA (o) (617) 722-7420 jere.doyle@bnymellon.com Jeremiah W. Doyle IV All Rights Reserved 1

What We ll Cover Part I, The Basics Structure of Subchapter J Basic Rules Distributable Net Income (DNI) Types of Trusts Trust Accounting Income (TAI) Taxable Income Distribution System How DNI Gets Allocated Tier System Separate Share Rule 65 Day Rule Specific Bequests Charitable Deductions Depreciation Terminations Capital Loss C/O and Excess Deductions Administration Expenses Allocating Expenses to Tax Exempt Income 2

Income Taxation of Trusts and Estates Code Outline PART I, SUBCHAPTER J Subpart A - Sec. 641-646 - General Rules Subpart B - Sec. 651-652 - Simple Trusts Subpart C - Sec. 661-664 - Complex Trusts and CRT Subpart D - Sec/ 665-668 - Accumulation Distributions Subpart E - Sec. 671-678 - Grantor Trusts Subpart F - Sec. 681-685 - Misc. Rules PART II, SUBCHAPTER J Sec. 691-692 - Income in Respect of a Decedent 3

Income Taxation of Trusts and Estates Separate Taxable Entities Taxable Income Computed in Same Manner as Individuals (Sec. 641(b)) Own Tax Year and Method of Accounting Receive Income/Pay Expenses Income Taxed to Entity or Beneficiary 4

2018 Fiduciary Income Tax Rates Over Not Over 0 2,550 10% 2,550 9,150 24% 9,150 12,500 35% 12,500 37% 5

Income Taxation of Trusts and Estates Income Taxed to Either Entity or Beneficiary If income is accumulated and not deemed distributed, it is taxed to the trust or estate If income distributed: Trust gets deduction for amount of distribution Beneficiary accounts for income distributed on his own tax return 6

Income Taxation of Trusts and Estates DNI Distributable Net Income (DNI) governs: Amount of trust or estate s distribution deduction Amount beneficiary accounts for on his own return Character of income in beneficiary s hands 7

Income Taxation of Trusts and Estates DNI DNI acts as ceiling on entity s distribution deduction DNI acts as ceiling on amount beneficiary accounts for on his return Trust/Estate Beneficiary 8

DNI - Sec. 643(a) Start With Taxable Income and... Add back the distribution deduction Add back the personal exemption Subtract out capital gains/add back capital losses allocable to principal (except in the year of termination) Subtract out extraordinary dividends and taxable stock dividends Add back net tax-exempt income 9

DNI - Sec. 643(a) Note: capital gains generally taxed to trust or estate Exception: year of termination Note: The rules regarding DNI and the distribution deduction are applied differently to simple trusts versus complex trusts and estates Distributions of principal as well as income will carry out DNI Exception: Specific bequests under Sec. 663(a)(1) 10

Types of Trusts Simple Complex Grantor 11

Simple Trust Required to distribute accounting income annually Makes no principal distributions, and Makes no distributions to charity 12

Complex Trust Accumulates income Makes discretionary distributions of income or mandatory or discretionary distributions of principal, or Makes distributions to charity 13

Grantor Trust Grantor or beneficiary has one or more powers described in Sec. 673-678 Result: All income, expenses and credits flow through and are taxed to the Grantor or beneficiary regardless of whether distributions are made Subpart A-D, Subchapter J (rules for taxation of trusts and estates) do not apply to Grantor trusts 14

Trust Accounting Income (TAI) Governs amount of distributions Trustee allocates receipts/disbursements between accounting income and principal Accounting income and principal is determined by governing instrument or, if instrument silent, by state law May be governed by UPIA or unitrust statute 15

Trust Accounting Income (TAI) TAI Taxable Income Corp Bond Int Capital Gains Muni Bond Int Expenses?? 16

Trust Accounting Income - TAI BACKGROUND Prudent Investor Act Modern portfolio theory invest for total return Replaces the traditional notions of income and principal Enactment of the Uniform Principal and Income Act Enactment of Unitrust statutes 17

Trust Accounting Income - TAI TRUST ACCOUNTING INCOME Could be TAI defined under: Traditional definition of income and principal Unitrust statute Must be no less than 3%, no more than 5% of FMV of trust assets Uniform Principal and Income Act Requirements:» Trust is managed under the Uniform Prudent Investor Act» The beneficiary must be eligible for income distributions» The distribution is not favorable to one beneficiary over another 18

Taxable Income of Trust or Estate Computed same as individual Exemptions: $600/$300/$100 Different rules for charitable deductions Depreciation deduction allocated between entity and beneficiary Distribution deduction Administration expenses - some not subject to 2% floor AGI - same as individual except (a) personal exemption, (2) distribution deduction and (3) some administration expenses are subtracted off the top, i.e. subtracted from taxable income to arrive at AGI 19

Distributions - Simple Trust Beneficiary Taxed on Lower of TAI or DNI Gains Taxed to Trust Trust Gets Distribution Deduction Equal to DNI Simple Trust Gains DNI Beneficiary Accounts for DNI Beneficiary Trust income retains its character in Beneficiary s hands 20

Distributions - Complex Trusts and Estates Trust/Estate Accumulates Income Gains and DNI Taxed to Trust Complex Trust Gains DNI 21

Distributions - Complex Trusts and Estates Beneficiary Taxed on Distributions Up to DNI Gains Taxed to Trust Trust Gets Distribution Deduction Equal to Distributions up to DNI Complex Trust DNI Gains Beneficiary Accounts for Distributions Up to DNI Beneficiary Trust income retains its character in Beneficiary s hands 22

Distributions - Applicable Code Sections Simple Trusts Complex Trusts/ Estates 651 661 652 662 23

Distributions - Applicable Code Sections Distribution Deduction Simple Trusts Complex Trusts/ Estates 651 661 652 662 24

Distributions - Applicable Code Sections Distribution Deduction Simple Trusts Complex Trusts/ Estates 651 661 Amt Bene Accounts For 652 662 25

Allocation of DNI FOUR IMPORTANT CONCEPTS: Tier System Separate Share Rule 65 Day Rule ( 663(b) election) Specific Bequests - 663(a)(1) 26

Complex Trust and Estates Tier System Two tiers: First Tier - Distribution of income required to be distributed currently Second Tier - Distribution of all other amounts paid, credited or required to be distributed 27

Complex Trust and Estates Tier System DNI First Tier Beneficiary Second Tier Beneficiary DNI is taxed first to FTB and any balance of DNI is taxed to STB 28

Complex Trust and Estates Tier System - Example Facts: $40,000 DNI and TAI Trust requires A receive 50% of income Trustee makes discretionary distributions of $20,000 to each B and C A is FTB (Gets 50% of $40,000 TAI) B and C are STB (Discretionary Benes) 29

Complex Trust and Estates Tier System - Example $40,000 DNI ($20,000) DNI for FTB $20,000 DNI for STB 2 STB $10,000 DNI for Each STB 30

Complex Trust and Estates Tier System - Example $40,000 DNI A B C $20,000 DNI FTB $10,000 DNI STB $10,000 DNI STB 31

Separate Share Rule Solely for purposes of computing DNI, substantially separate and independent shares of different beneficiaries of a trust are treated as separate trusts. Effect: Treat multiple beneficiaries of single trust or estate as if each were the sole beneficiary of a single trust solely for determining how much DNI each distribution carries out. 32

Separate Share Rule Estate has $10,000 DNI for 2013 Two Equal Beneficiaries: A and B Distributes $10,000 to A in 2013 A taxed on $10,000 Estate has $5,000 DNI for 2014 Distributes $10,000 to B in 2014 B taxed on $5,000 Same amount paid in 2 different years, different tax result 33

Separate Share Rule Estate has $10,000 DNI for 2013 Two Equal Beneficiaries: A and B Distributes $10,000 to A in 2013 A taxed on $5,000 ($10,000 DNI/2) Estate has $5,000 DNI for 2014 Distributes $10,000 to B in 2014 B taxed on $2,500 ($5,000 DNI/2) DNI computed based on 2 separate shares 34

Applies to estates and trusts Separate Share Rule DNI computed separately for each share Mandatory, not elective Only Affects share of DNI Doesn t allow filing multiple returns Doesn t allow separate calculation of tax 35

65 Day Rule aka Sec. 663(b) Election Applies to complex trusts and estates Allows fiduciary to treat distribution made within 65 days of Y/E as being made on 12/31 of preceding year Election must be made by due date of return Election is irrevocable Year by year election (e.g. good for 1 year only) Limited to > DNI less current year distributions or TAI not distributed 36

65 Day Rule aka Sec. 663(b) Election 65 Days 2013 2014 12/31 37

Facts: $10,000 DNI for 2013 65 Day Rule aka Sec. 663(b) Election Distributes $6,000 in 2013, $4,000 in 2014 65 Days $6,000 2013 $4,000 2014 12/31 38

Specific Bequests - Sec. 663(a)(1) Bequest of specific sum of money or specific property do not carry out DNI Requirements: Paid all at once, or Paid in not more than 3 installments Not deductible by trust/estate or taxable to beneficiary 39

Charitable Deduction - Sec. 642(c) Requirements: Paid from gross income Paid pursuant to the governing document Unlimited in amount No distribution deduction Generally, must be actually paid in current year or preceding year Estates and pre- 1969 trusts get charitable deduction if permanently set aside 40

Depreciation - Sec. 642(e) Trusts: Depreciation apportioned between income beneficiary and the trust per trust document If no provisions in trust, depreciation apportioned on basis of trust income allocable between bene and trust Estates: Depreciation allocable on basis of income allocable to bene and estate 41

Depreciation - Sec. 642(e) Example FACTS: Trust owns apartment building $2,500 depreciation deduction Trust pays all income to beneficiary Beneficiary is entitled to entire $2,500 depreciation deduction 42

Depreciation - Sec. 642(e) Exceptions GR: Depreciation allocated based in TAI allocated to trust/estate and beneficiary 2 exceptions - both apply to trusts: Trust inst or local law indicates who get depreciation deduction Trustee maintains depreciation reserve, trust gets deduction to extent trustee transfers income to reserve for depreciation 43

FACTS: Depreciation - Sec. 642(e) Example Depreciation deduction is $5,000 TAI is $20,000 Inst requires trustee to maintain depreciation reserve Trustee transfers $5,000 of income for depreciation reserve RESULT: Entire $5,000 depreciation deduction is allocated to trust 44

Termination of Trusts and Estates - Sec. 642(h)/Unused Loss Carryovers and Excess Deductions NOL, capital loss c/o and excess deductions pass to the beneficiary on termination of an estate or trust Pass through only in the year of termination 45

Capital Loss C/O Unused capital loss c/o passes to beneficiary in year of termination of trust or estate No time limit on beneficiary to use capital loss c/o 46

Capital Loss C/O Example FACTS: Trust incurs $30,000 LTCL in 2013. Trust terminates in 2014, LTCL c/o still $30,000 $30,000 LTCL c/o passes to beneficiary on termination Beneficiary can use LTCL c/o to offset his own personal capital gains or, if he has no gains, deduct up to $3,000 each year against ordinary income 47

Excess Deductions Excess deductions occur where trust/estate expenses exceed income in year of termination Excess deductions pass through to beneficiary on termination of trust/estate Beneficiary can deduct on his personal return Deductible as miscellaneous itemized deduction subject to 2% floor If beneficiary doesn t itemize, he can t use deduction 48

Excess Deductions Example FACTS: Estate has $30,000 of income and $50,000 executor s fee for 2014. Estate terminates in 2014 Excess deductions are $20,000 ($30,000 - $50,000) Estate reports the $20,000 excess deduction to the beneficiary on a Form K-1 ( tax letter ) Beneficiary can take $20,000 excess deduction on his own personal return as a miscellaneous itemized deduction subject to the 2% floor 49

Administration Expenses Consist of attorney s fees, accountant s fees, executor s commissions, filing fees, surety bonds premiums, appraisal fees, etc. Deductible on Federal estate tax return (706) or fiduciary income tax return (1041), but not both Fiduciary can elect where to take expenses (706 or 1041) - the so-called Sec. 642(g) election Generally, not subject to 2% floor Test: would expenses be uncommon (or unusual or unlikely) for an individual to incur? Generally, claim on return with highest tax rate 50

Non-Deductible Expenses - Sec. 265 Sec. 265 disallows any deduction attributable to T/E income Generally applies to deductions for production of income, usually trustee s fees and executor s fees If trust/estate has T/E income, portion of trustee s and executor s fees are nondeductible No specific allocation formula Fiduciary can use any reasonable method 51

FACTS: Non-Deductible Expenses - Sec. 265 Example Trust has $30,000 taxable interest and $10,000 T/E interest Incurs $20,000 trustee fee Portion of trustee fee attributable to T/E income is nondeductible $10,000 T/E income $40,000 Total income x $20,000 fees = $5,000 non-deductible 52

Example of a 2013 Fiduciary Income Tax Return for a Complex Trust 53

Facts Trust provides that 50% of the income must be paid currently to Will During 2013 the trustee makes the following discretionary distributions: 25% of the income to Cam 25% of the income to charity No reserve for depreciation is required Question: What type of trust is this and why? 54

INCOME Rents 40,000 Tax Int. 30,000 T/E Int 15,000 LTCG 8,000 EXPENSES Depr/Rental 6,000 R/E Rent Ex 14,000 Tr Fee-Prin 1,000 Tr Fee-Inc 2,000 Char Ded Exemption Total 55

Distribution of Income Required: 50% to Will Discretionary: 25% to Cam 25% to Charity 56

INCOME TAI Rents 40,000 40,000 Tax Int. 30,000 30,000 T/E Int 15,000 15,000 LTCG 8,000 - EXPENSES Depr/Rental 6,000 - R/E Rent Ex 14,000 (14,000) Tr Fee-Prin 1,000 - Tr Fee-Inc 2,000 (2,000) Char Ded Exemption Total 69,000 57

Amount of TAI Received by Each Beneficiary Will: 50% x 69,000 TAI = 34,500 Cam: 25% x 69,000 TAI = 17,250 Charity: 25% x 69,000 TAI = 17,250 Total 69,000 60

INCOME TAI TI Rents 40,000 40,000 40,000 Tax Int. 30,000 30,000 30,000 T/E Int 15,000 15,000 - LTCG 8,000-8,000 78,000 EXPENSES Depr/Rental 6,000 - - R/E Rent Ex 14,000 (14,000) (14,000) Tr Fee-Prin 1,000 - (2,471) Tr Fee-Inc 2,000 (2,000) - Char Ded (14,206) Exemption (100) Total 69,000 47,223 61

No reserve for depreciation Depreciation Deduction Depreciation follows accounting income All accounting income is distributed to Will, Cam and the charity Therefore, the trust is not entitled to deduct any depreciation Beneficiaries are entitled to depreciation deduction 64

Trustee Fee Allocable to T/E Income 15,000 T/E Income 85,000 Gross TAI x 3,000 Total Tr Fees = 529 66

Trustee Fee Allocable to T/E Income 15,000 T/E Income 85,000 Gross TAI x 3,000 Total Tr Fees = 529 Non-Deductible Deductible Tr Fees (529) 2,471 67

Trustee Fee Allocable to T/E Income 15,000 T/E Income 85,000 Gross TAI x 17,250 TAI Charity = 3,044 Non-Deductible 3,044 Charitable Deduction 14,206 69

Calculation of DNI DNI TI before Dist Ded 47,223 Add: Exemption 100 Add: Net T/E Income 15,000 Less: ND Tr Fee (529) Less: ND Char Ded (3,044) 11,427 Less: LTCG (8,000) DNI 50,750 70

Calculation of DNI DNI TI before Dist Ded 47,223 Add: Exemption 100 Add: Net T/E Income 15,000 Less: ND Tr Fee (529) Less: ND Char Ded (3,044) 11,427 Less: LTCG (8,000) DNI 50,750 Enter on Form 1041, Sch. B, Line 7 71

Components of DNI 47.06% Rental Income 35.29% Taxable Interest 17.65% T/E Interest 100% Total Gross TAI 40,000 30,000 15,000 85,000 LESS: Rental Exp (14,000) (14,000) Tr. Fees (1,412) (1,059) (529) (3,000) Char Ded (8,118) (6,088) (3,044) (17,250) Totals 16,470 22,853 11,427 50,750 72

Application of the Tier System Will is a FTB - entitled to 50% of the income or $34,500 Cam is a STB - discretionary distribution of $17,250 How do we allocate DNI between FTB and STB??? 73

Now We ve Got a Problem!!! FTB Will gets distribution of $34,500 STB Cam gets distribution of $17,250 Total Distributions $51,750 But DNI is only $50,750!!! 74

The Tier System Solves Our Problem Share of DNI FTB Will - Receives $34,500; limited to DNI of $50,750 $34,500 STB Cam - Receives $17,250; limited to remaining DNI: 50,750 less 34,500 or $16,250 $16,250 Total (Equal to DNI) $50,750 75

The Tier System Solves Our Problem Share of DNI % of DNI FTB Will - Receives $34,500; limited to DNI of $50,750 $34,500 67.98 STB Cam - Receives $17,250; limited to remaining DNI: 50,750 less 34,500 or $16,250 $16,250 32.02 Total (Equal to DNI) $50,750 100 76

Remember This??? - Components of DNI 47.06% Rental Income 35.29% Taxable Interest 17.65% T/E Interest 100% Total Gross TAI 40,000 30,000 15,000 85,000 LESS: Rental Exp (14,000) (14,000) Tr. Fees (1,412) (1,059) (529) (3,000) Char Ded (8,118) (6,088) (3,044) (17,250) Totals 16,470 22,853 11,427 50,750 Will and Cam get 67.98% and 32.02%, respectively, of each of these items 77

Trustee reports these amounts to Will and Cam on separate K-1s 67.98% Will 32.02% Cam Total Rental Income 11,196 5,274 16,470 Taxable Interest 15,536 7,317 22,853 T/E Interest 7,768 3,659 11,427 Total 34,500 16,250 50,750 78

Will Reports $26,731 of TI 67.98% Will 32.02% Cam Total Rental Income 11,196 5,274 16,470 Taxable Interest 15,536 7,317 22,853 T/E Interest 7,768 3,659 11,427 Total 34,500 16,250 50,750 79

Cam Reports $12,592 of TI 67.98% Will 32.02% Cam Total Rental Income 11,196 5,274 16,470 Taxable Interest 15,536 7,317 22,853 T/E Interest 7,768 3,659 11,427 Total 34,500 16,250 50,750 80

But.. Aren t We Missing Something??? Will Reports Cam Reports Taxable Income $26,731 $12,592 81

YES! - Depreciation Will Reports Cam Reports Taxable Income $26,731 $12,592 Depreciation (3,000) (1,500) Net Taxable Income $23,731 $11,092 82

Where s the Other $1,500 of Depreciation? Will Reports Cam Reports Taxable Income $26,731 $12,592 Depreciation (3,000) (1,500) Net Taxable Income $23,731 $11,092 It is Allocated to Charity and is Wasted!!! 83

The Distribution Deduction is $39,323 67.98% Will 32.02% Cam Total Rental Income 11,196 5,274 16,470 Taxable Interest 15,536 7,317 22,853 T/E Interest 7,768 3,659 11,427 Total 34,500 16,250 50,750 84

Trust s Taxable Income TI Before Dist Deduction $47,223 Distribution Deduction $39,323 Taxable Income $7,900 The taxable income is the LTCG less the $100 exemption 85

Trust s Taxable Income TI Before Dist Deduction $47,223 Distribution Deduction $39,323 Report on Form 1041, Page1, Line22 Taxable Income $7,900 The taxable income is the LTCG less the $100 exemption 86

Summary Compute TAI Figure Distribution Beneficiaries Get Calculate Taxable Income Allocate Depreciation Allocate Expenses to T/E Income Calculate DNI Apply Tier System Allocate DNI Send K-1s to Beneficiaries Complete 1041 Thank God for Tax Software!!! 87

Summary Trust or estate is a separate taxable entity Income is taxed to either to estate/trust or beneficiary Concept of distributable net income (DNI) determines Amount of distribution deduction Amount included in beneficiary s income Character of income DNI affected by Tier system of allocating DNI Separate share rule 65 day rule Section 663(a)(1) for specific bequests This stuff is really complicated 88

Resources Federal Income Taxation of Estates, Trusts and Beneficiaries, 3 rd Edition by Ferguson, Freeland and Ascher (Aspen/CCH) 1041 Deskbook (Practitioners Publishing Co) Income Taxation of Trusts and Estates, 852-3rd (BNA portfolio Estate, Gift and Trust series) Federal Income Taxation of Decedents, Estates and Trusts, David A. Berek (2013 Edition) (CCH) Federal Income Taxation of Trusts and Estates, by Zaritsky and Lane, 3 rd Edition (RIA/Thompson/West) Income Taxation of Fiduciaries and Beneficiaries by Byrle M. Abbin, 2 volumes, 2013 Edition (CCH) 89