Risk and Accounting Insurance Accounting Rosanna Cutruzzulà 19 th of March 2019
Agenda Introduction on Insurance & Accounting Accounting framework for Italian insurers Local gaap versus IAS/IFRS Individual financial statements Consolidated financial statements Other sources of information Annex 2
Introduction on Insurance (1/3) Insurance allows individuals & corporates to transfer the risks and their potentially costly financial outcome: Insurance is a contract whereby the insurer, against payment of a premium, undertakes to repay the insured, within the agreed limits, the damage caused to him from an event, or to pay a principal or an annuity upon the occurrence of an event relating to human life (art. 1882 Civil Code) Inverted production cycle: policyholders pay premiums upfront, and payments by insurers only if/when an insured event has occurred stable cash flows to insurers (no liquidity risk) loss sharing (mutualism): many people pay to cover the losses of few law of large numbers: when the pool of risks increase, it is more likely that actual loss is equal the expected loss (i.e. correct pricing) 3 hypothesis for pricing: demographic, financial and expenses components The insurance sector plays an important role in the EU economy (i.e. growth, stability) by taking on risks and mobilising savings. 3
Introduction on Insurance (2/3) 2 main products: 1) non life (P&C): the insurer indemnifies the policyholders from loss or damage caused by specific risks purpose: compensation/indemnity examples: car insurance, fire, aviation/marine, travel, health, etc 2) life: the insurer pays the beneficiary a sum of money (the benefit) in exchange for a premium, upon the death of an insured person purpose: investment/saving examples: term insurance, with profits contracts, unit/index linked 3 categories: term life insurance, whole life and endowment subject involved: insurer, beneficiary, insured person and policyholder. 2 main items in the insurer s balance sheet (annex 1): Investments: funded by premiums and held to match liabilities (ALM) Technical provisions: estimates of future obligations (expected losses) Insurers are highly regulated (Solvency II in EU annex 2): they are required to hold among other things eligible own funds (equity) to cover capital requirements (on top of TP) to cover unexpected losses ALM = Asset Liability Management 4
Introduction on Insurance (3/3) Premiums (2016)* Global = $ 4,732 bn EU = 1,189 bn (=7% of GDP) IT = 138 bn (=8% of GDP) Breakdown of premiums in EU (2016)* Life ( 696bn) Non Life ( 363bn) Breakdown of Investments in EU (2016)* Total Investments = 10,112 bn (=62% of EU GDP) Market structure in EU (2016)* 3 500 insurance companies (IT: 108) 944 000 direct employees Distribution channel: Bancassurance in life Agents and brokers in non life * European Insurance in Figures: 2016 data, February 2018 5
Introduction on Accounting (1/2) Objective: to provide information about the financial position and financial performance of an entity that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions (IAS 1 & CF) Structure: FS comprisesastatementof (IAS1+art.2423cc): Financial position Profit or loss (incl. OCI) Changes in equity Cash flows Notes General features (IAS1): Fair presentation Going concern Accrual basis Info about entity s: Materiality & aggregation offsetting Frequency of reporting assets, liabilities & equity incomes & expenses contribution by/to owners cash flows comparability consistency Pros & Cons of FS: (+): info on amount/timing/uncertainty of future cash flows ( ): no all info, no value of an entity, no exact figures but estimates FS = Financial Statements CF = Conceptual Framework cc = Civil Code OCI = Other Comprehensive Income 6
Introduction on Accounting (2/2) The financial analysis of FS depends on the objectives of users USERS Shareholders Investors Financial analyst Supervisory Authorities Policyholders Management OBJECTIVES Risk analysis Return on investments Value creation Solvency Protection of policyholders Prudent management Stewardship or accountability of management Internal planning 7
Accounting framework for Italian insurers In accordance to the options provided by IAS Regulation (Reg. 1606/2002) and differently from banking, Italian insurance undertakings prepare their financial statements in accordance to two different accounting principles: Individual financial statements Italian/local gaap [1] Consolidated accounts IAS/IFRS Legal framework: Primary laws: Civil code OIC principles Insurance code (2) : artt. 88 90 + artt. 91 74 D Lgs 173/1997 (transposition of Directive 91/674/EEC) Secondary provisions: Regolamento ISVAP n. 22/2008 (3) Legal framework: Primary laws: D Lgs 38/2005: art. 3 Insurance code (2) ): artt. 88 90 + artt. 95 100 Regulation (EC) No 1606/2002 and endorsing regulations Secondary provisions: Regolamento ISVAP n. 7/2007 (3) (1) IAS/IFFRS not permitted with the only exclusion of Italian Insurance undertakings listed on the market with no consolidated accounts (2) Legislative Decree n. 209 of 09/07/2005 8 (3) As modified by IVASS Orders n. 53 of 6 December 2016 (and n. 74 of 8 May 2018 only for Reg. 7/2007)
Local gaap versus IAS/IFRS (1/2) The two frameworks (i.e. local gaap and IAS/IFRS) are based on different underlying principles: Local gaap Information to lenders Historical cost Prudence Form over substance Realized gains and losses IAS/IFRS Information to (actual and potential) investors Fair value Mark to market Substance over form Unrealized gains and losses 9
Local gaap versus IAS/IFRS (2/2) in relation to insurance accounting the main differences are: Local gaap IAS/IFRS Structure of layouts Separately for Life (L) & Non Life (NL) No separation L/NL + segment reporting Goodwill Properties Investments Derivatives Amortised (over 5 years) Cost + depreciation Current portfolio: lower cost & market value Fixed ptf: cost + permanent write down Off balance sheet P&L: matching principle for hedging At cost less impairment losses (no amortization) Own use (IAS 16) or Investment (IAS40) Cost or fair value HTM : amortised cost (+ impairments to P&L) LR: amortised cost AFS: FV to OCI (+ impairments to P&L) HFT: FV to P&L On balance sheet Hedge accounting Technical provisions (TP) Additional provisions Life Technical provisions: shadow accounting Premiums from Life investments contracts* Prudent valuation Equalization and catastrophe provisions N.A. P&L: Written premiums BS: insurance liabilities (item D) at FV IFRS 4 allows the use of local gaap with minor amendments (LAT) Equalization and catastrophe provisions are derecognized Applied to par contracts to reduce accounting mismatch between assets, valued at FV, and TP, valued at cost with local gaap. No premiums + Financial liabilities (IAS 39) FV = fair value par contracts = participating contracts (contracts with discretionary participation features ) * With no significant insurance risk 10
Which statements are true? Consolidated insurance accounts are based on local GAAP Local GAAP are optional accounting principles for individual financial statements Italian Insurance undertakings listed on the market with no consolidated accounts use local GAAP IAS/IFRS are adopted for consolidated insurance accounts IAS/IFRS are mainly based on fair value 11
Individual financial statements (1/4) Based on local gaap Regolamento ISVAP 22/2008: valuation principles, layouts (BS and P&L), chart of accounts, public disclosure & supervisory data Balance sheet: Layout from Insurance Accounting Directive* + new items No split by current/fixed portfolio and life/non life portfolio which is available in the notes (templates) Investments split by «item C» (risk borne by insurer) and «item D» (unit/index linked risk borne by the policyholders) [Annex 3] Technical provisions split by item C/item D (class III & VI) [Annex 2] Separate line for Equity Profit & loss: 3sections:non life/life technical accounts and non technical account Financial results: Life: gains & losses recognised in technical account (TA) + % in non TA Non life: gains & losses in non technical account (TA) + % in TA * Directive 91/674/EEC, transposed by D Lgs 173/1997 12
Individual financial statements (2/4) Framework for the valuation of technical provisions (TP): legal framework: D Lgs 173/1997+ Regolamento ISVAP 22/2008* Principles for non life reserving: TP sufficient to face the obligations towards policyholders (reserve risk) TP gross of reinsurance (recoverables from reinsurance) Prudent valuation method based on analytical evaluation of each claim + verification applying statistic/actuarial methodology 2 main provisions: 1) provisions for unearned premiums. It includes: provisions for unearned premiums: part of gross written premiums which is to be allocated to the following financial year(s) provisions for unexpired risks: to cover the risk of mis pricing (expected losses > provisions for UP + future premiums) 2) provisions for claims outstanding: provisions for insurance claims which have been reported and not yet settled (RBNS) or which have been incurred but not yet reported (IBNR). * Annex 14, 15, and 16 13
Individual financial statements (3/4) 14 Claims development and the provision included in the balance sheet
Individual financial statements (4/4) Framework for the valuation of technical provisions (TP) con t Principles for life reserving: Mathematical provisions is the most important provisions TP gross of reinsurance (recoverables from reinsurance) Valuation per each single contract but possible to aggregate similar risks Calculation methods: 1) Prospective actuarial method (default) to estimate all future and expected cash out flows by the insurer (payments to policyholders), net of cash in flows (future premiums by policyholders) 2) Retrospective actuarial method (at certain condition) Type of demographic/financial assumptions used to estimate TP: Technical basis of 1 st order: same assumptions used for pricing + additional reserve for demographic and financial risks ( pricing vs experience) Technical basis of 2 nd order: most up dated assumptions TP for unit/index linked valued in accordance with close matching principle 15
Consolidated financial statements (1/3) Based on IAS/IFRS legal framework: Regolamento ISVAP 7/2007: NO valuation principles but layouts (BS and P&L) and public disclosure Balance sheet: Assets 7macro items Split of investments & reinsurance (TP & receivables) Liabilities 6macro items Insurance liabilities (IFRS 4) and financial liabilities (IAS 39) Insurance and reinsurance playbles equity Assets Balance sheet Liabilities 16
Consolidated financial statements (2/3) Income statement Other Comprehensive Income 17
Consolidated financial statements (3/3) Investments (BS/assets) are mostly valued at fair value (IAS 39): Technical provisions (BS/liabilities) are mostly valued at cost (IFRS 4: local gaap), excluding unit/index linked: 816,721 /mln (2015) Accounting mismatch between assets and liabilities Shadow accounting: mitigates the accounting mismatch for insurance/investment contracts with DPF splitting the unrealised gain (losses) from investments by the policyholders share increase(decrease, subject to the guarantee rate) of TP and the insurer s share (see example in annex 4). 18
Some questions for you: 1. Does IVASS Regulation No. 22/2008 set valuation criteria for individual financial statement? 2. Are local GAAP less prudent than IAS/IFRS? 3. Which is the most important provision for non-life insurers? 4. With regard to the financial analysis of FS, what is the main objective of investors? 19
Other source of information (1/2) The financial statements include: the Notes to accounts which includes information on: Part A: summary of significant accounting policies Part B: information on the Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Part C: other information Detailed quantitative templates with breakdown of BS/P&L items the management report with information about the performance of the company, the principal risks/uncertainties faced by the undertaking and the compliance with of capital requirements Risk report with information on: Risk management system The solvency position The risk profile: underwriting risk (life and non life) financial risk (market and credit risk) operational risk other risks: liquidity, strategic, reputational, contagion, emerging risk. 20
Other source of information (2/2) Since January 2016, EU insurers have to comply with Solvency II regulation which requires among other things to disclosure the Solvency and Financial Condition (SFCR) report with info on: Business and performance: qualifying shareholders, material line of business, significant operations, info on source of performance (underwriting, investments, other activities) System of governance: Structure of the Board, remuneration policy, fit & proper policy, risk management system, internal control system, etc. Risk profile: underwriting risk, market risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, operational risk, other material risks; use and effect of risk mitigation techniques; stress testing; etc. Valuation for solvency purposes (TP and investments) Capital management Capital management policy, eligible own funds to cover capital requirements with reconciliation with account equity, info on capital requirements (standard formula vs internal model) and use of simplifications, etc. 21
Insurance accounting: next steps IFRS 17 => «Insurance contracts» On the 17 th May 2017 IASB published IFRS 17, the new standard on insurance contracts IFRS 17 substitutes the current IFRS 4 (Insurance contracts) New measurement models for insurance contracts IASB Postponement > Entry in force: 1st January 2022 22
Annex 1 Synthetic balance sheet for European life/non life insurance groups Source: Insurance and Financial Stability, IAIS, November 2011 23
Annex 2 Solvency II: 3 Pillars 24
Annex 3 (Consolidated data as of 2013 year end source IVASS) 25
Annex 4 Let consider an Available-for-Sale assets (whose change of fair value is recognised in Equity/OCI), included in the segregated fund related to a participating contract, with a fair value of 100 CU at t and a fair value of 80 CU a t+1. At t+1, the unrealised loss of 20 CU (80-100) is split - assuming a share of 85% of returns distributed to policyholders between the insurer s share (4 CU=20%*20 CU) e the policyholders share (16 CU=80%*20 CU): 26