DEPARTMENT OF LAND AFFAIRS

DEPARTMENT OF LAND AFFAIRS MONITORING AND EVALUATING THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF LAND REFORM BENEFICIARIES: 2000/2001 Technical Report prepared for the Department of Land Affairs, Directorate Monitoring and Evaluation January 2003 Prepared by Citizen Surveys 102 De Waal House, 172 Victoria Road, Woodstock, 7925 PO Box 16529, Vlaeberg 8018

Report Authors Amien Ahmed (Citizen Surveys) Dr. Peter Jacobs (PLAAS, Univ. of the Western Cape) Ruth Hall (PLAAS, Univ. of the Western Cape) Washeelah Kapery (Citizen Surveys) Reza Omar (Citizen Surveys) Matthew Schwartz (Citizen Surveys) Fieldwork Citizen Surveys Data Processing: Mariam Davids (Citizen Surveys) Technical Advisors: Prof. T.B. Pretorius (University of the Western Cape) Dr. Rajen Govender (Khyana Consulting) Final report as submitted on 6 January 2003 to the Department of Land Affairs

Table of Contents List of Tables ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ix List of Annexures ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xvi Acknowledgements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ xvii Executive Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ xviii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to Land Reform ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 1.2 Monitoring and Evaluation of Land Reform ----------------------------------------------------- 2 1.3 Context of the Study ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 1.4 Overview of the Report------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 CHAPTER TWO: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 2.1 Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 2.2 Framework for Analysis ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9 2.3 Questionnaire Design ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10 2.3.1 Themes covered by the Questionnaires --------------------------------------- 11 2.3.2 Structure of the Questionnaires--------------------------------------------------- 14 2.4 Research Design ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15 2.4.1 Sampling Design ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 2.4.2 Sampling Lists ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 2.4.3 Sampling Attained -------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 2.4.4 Details of Realised Sample -------------------------------------------------------- 18 2.5 Respondents ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19 2.6 Fieldwork ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 2.7 Problems with the Study --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 CHAPTER THREE: BENEFICIARY PROFILE 3.1 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 3.2 Household Size & Structure ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 3.2.1 Average Household Size ----------------------------------------------------------- 21 3.2.2 Household Structure ----------------------------------------------------------------- 22 3.3 Land Grant Beneficiaries -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 3.3.1 By Province ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 3.3.2 By Relationship to Household Head --------------------------------------------- 23 3.4 Gender Profile of Household --------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 3.4.1 Gender Profile of Household Members ----------------------------------------- 24 3.4.2 Gender Profile of Household Heads --------------------------------------------- 24 3.4.3 Gender Profile of Land Grant Beneficiaries ----------------------------------- 25 Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys i

Table of Contents (continued) 3.5 Age Profile of Household -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 3.5.1 Age Profile of Resident Household Members--------------------------------- 25 3.5.2 Age Profile of Household Heads ------------------------------------------------- 26 3.5.3 Age Profile of Land Grant Beneficiaries ---------------------------------------- 27 3.5.4 Age Cohorts by Gender ------------------------------------------------------------- 28 3.6. Level of Education ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 3.6.1 Primary Education -------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 3.6.2 Secondary Education ---------------------------------------------------------------- 30 3.6.3 Adult Illiteracy -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 3.6.4 Education of Land Grant Beneficiaries ----------------------------------------- 30 3.6.5 Education of Household Heads --------------------------------------------------- 31 3.6.6 Currently Receiving Education ---------------------------------------------------- 32 3.7 Household Members Receiving Pension & Grants----------------------------------------- 32 3.8 Farming Experience of Household Members ------------------------------------------------ 33 3.9 Main Activity Status of Household Members ------------------------------------------------- 34 3.9.1 Employment ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 3.9.2 Unemployment ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 36 3.9.3 Formal Education --------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 3.9.4 Main Activities of Land Grant Beneficiaries ----------------------------------- 37 3.10 Migration Patterns ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 CHAPTER FOUR: SERVICES AND FACILITIES 4.1 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 4.2 Housing ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 4.2.1 Number of Rooms Occupied ------------------------------------------------------ 41 4.2.2 Number of People in Homestead ------------------------------------------------ 41 4.2.3 Type of Dwelling Occupied by Household ------------------------------------- 42 4.2.4 Main Material used for Dwellings ------------------------------------------------- 43 4.2.5 Ownership of Homestead ---------------------------------------------------------- 45 4.2.6 Ownership of Homes Outside Project------------------------------------------- 49 4.3 Water ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50 4.3.1 Source of Drinking Water ----------------------------------------------------------- 50 4.3.2 Source of Water for Other Purposes -------------------------------------------- 51 4.3.3 Adequacy of Water for Household Purposes --------------------------------- 52 4.3.4 Number of Trips and Time Spent Collecting Water ------------------------- 52 4.4 Sanitation and Waste Disposal ------------------------------------------------------------------ 53 4.4.1 Toilet Facilities ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 4.4.2 Disposal of Refuse ------------------------------------------------------------------- 54 4.5 Energy -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 4.5.1 Connection to an Electricity Supply ---------------------------------------------- 55 4.5.2 Using Wood for Cooking ------------------------------------------------------------ 55 Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys ii

Table of Contents (continued) 4.6 Safety and Security --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 4.6.1 Safety of Households ---------------------------------------------------------------- 56 4.7 Telecommunications -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 4.7.1 Access to a Telephone -------------------------------------------------------------- 56 4.7.2 Conventional Telephone in Homestead ---------------------------------------- 57 4.7.3 Time Taken to Nearest Telephone ---------------------------------------------- 57 4.8 Roads --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58 4.9 Health Care ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59 4.9.1 Health Services ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 59 4.9.2 Time Taken to Access Health Service ------------------------------------------ 59 4.10 Access to Schooling -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60 4.10.1 Primary School ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 60 4.10.2 Secondary School -------------------------------------------------------------------- 61 4.11 Payment of Services -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62 4.12 Payment of Fees to Other Bodies --------------------------------------------------------------- 63 4.13 Gender Issues ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64 4.13.1 Financial Decisions ------------------------------------------------------------------ 64 4.13.2 Gender Attitudes ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 65 CHAPTER FIVE: PROJECT LAND FOR PRIVATE USE 5.1 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 69 5.2 Access to Project Land for Private Use-------------------------------------------------------- 69 5.3 Land for Vegetable Garden ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 69 5.3.1 Land Size (Overall) ------------------------------------------------------------------- 69 5.3.2 Land Size: Cultivated Land -------------------------------------------------------- 70 5.3.3 Rent and Sale of Land -------------------------------------------------------------- 70 5.3.4 Irrigation of Land ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 71 5.4 Land for Other Cultivation ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71 5.4.1 Land Size (Overall) ------------------------------------------------------------------- 71 5.4.2 Land Size: Cultivated Land -------------------------------------------------------- 72 5.4.3 Rent and Sale of Land -------------------------------------------------------------- 73 5.4.4 Irrigation of Land ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 73 CHAPTER SIX: ECONOMIC PROFILE 6.1 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74 6.2 Household Income ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74 6.2.1 Mean Household Income ----------------------------------------------------------- 74 6.2.2 Distribution of Household Income ------------------------------------------------ 75 Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys iii

Table of Contents (continued) 6.3 Expenditure Profile ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 76 6.3.1 Total Monthly Household Expenditure ------------------------------------------ 76 6.3.2 Food and Non-Food Monthly Expenditure ------------------------------------- 77 6.4 Assets and Wealth ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 81 6.4.1 Agricultural Tools and Equipment Owned ------------------------------------- 84 6.4.2 Household Items owned by the Household ----------------------------------- 85 6.5 Savings ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87 6.6 Loans from Formal Sources ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 88 6.6.1 Institutions Loan Obtained From ------------------------------------------------- 89 6.6.2 Value of Loan -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 90 6.7 Loans from Informal Sources --------------------------------------------------------------------- 91 6.7.1 Where Loans Obtained From ----------------------------------------------------- 93 6.7.2 Value of Loan -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 94 6.8 Cash Loans to Others ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 95 6.9 Livelihood Strategies ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 96 6.9.1 Source of Income by Gender of Head ------------------------------------------ 97 6.9.2 Source of Income by Province ---------------------------------------------------- 98 CHAPTER SEVEN: AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES 7.1 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 99 7.2 Crop Production -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 99 7.2.1 Crop Production on Project Land ------------------------------------------------ 99 7.2.2 Crops Produced (Types)-----------------------------------------------------------100 7.2.3 Crops Harvested ---------------------------------------------------------------------101 7.2.4 Sale of Crops -------------------------------------------------------------------------102 7.3 Agricultural Inputs ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------104 7.3.1 Types of Inputs Used ---------------------------------------------------------------104 7.3.2 Cost/Perceived Cost of Obtaining Inputs -------------------------------------104 7.4 Private Livestock Ownership --------------------------------------------------------------------105 7.4.1 Type of Livestock Owned ---------------------------------------------------------105 7.4.2 Number of Livestock Owned -----------------------------------------------------106 7.4.3 Animal Products Produce ---------------------------------------------------------107 CHAPTER EIGHT: PROJECT ACTIVITIES 8.1 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------108 8.2 Type of Activities on the Project ----------------------------------------------------------------108 8.3 Cultivation of Land ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------109 8.3.1 Size of Land for Communal Agriculture ---------------------------------------110 Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys iv

Table of Contents (continued) 8.4 Number of People on the Project --------------------------------------------------------------111 8.4.1 Number of Land Grant Holders --------------------------------------------------111 8.4.2 Fulltime Workers on the Project -------------------------------------------------113 8.4.3 Casual Workers on the Project --------------------------------------------------114 8.5 Cash Contributions to Project -------------------------------------------------------------------116 8.5.1 Contributions by Land Grant Holders (full time employ) ------------------116 8.5.2 Contributions by Land Grant Holders (casual employ) --------------------118 8.5.3 Contributions by Land Grant Holders (not employed) ---------------------119 8.6 Salaries, Wages, Bonuses and Dividends ---------------------------------------------------120 8.6.1 Mean Monthly Income Paid Out -------------------------------------------------120 8.6.2 Annual Bonuses and Dividends Paid Out -------------------------------------122 8.7 Other Benefits ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------123 8.8 Communal Crop Production ---------------------------------------------------------------------124 8.8.1 Type of Crops Grown ---------------------------------------------------------------124 8.8.2 Value of Crop Production ----------------------------------------------------------126 8.9 Agricultural Inputs and Services ----------------------------------------------------------------127 8.9.1 Agricultural Inputs -------------------------------------------------------------------127 8.9.2 Agricultural Services ----------------------------------------------------------------128 8.9.3 Cost of Obtaining Inputs and Services-----------------------------------------129 8.10 Communal Livestock ------------------------------------------------------------------------------129 8.10.1 Type of Livestock Owned ---------------------------------------------------------130 8.10.2 Number of Livestock Owned -----------------------------------------------------131 8.10.3 Value of Livestock -------------------------------------------------------------------132 8.10.4 Animal Products Produced --------------------------------------------------------133 8.10.5 Value of Animal Products ---------------------------------------------------------134 8.11 Assets --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------135 8.11.1 Agricultural Equipment and Tools -----------------------------------------------135 8.11.2 Communally Owned Buildings ---------------------------------------------------137 8.12 Loans --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------138 8.12.1 Source of Loan or Credit-----------------------------------------------------------138 8.12.2 Value of Loan -------------------------------------------------------------------------139 8.12.3 Working Capital ----------------------------------------------------------------------139 8.12.4 Overdraft Facility ---------------------------------------------------------------------140 8.13 Other Project Activities and Agro-Processing-----------------------------------------------141 8.13.1 Income and Expenditure -----------------------------------------------------------141 8.14 Support Services------------------------------------------------------------------------------------143 8.14.1 Support Services Received -------------------------------------------------------143 8.14.2 Type of Support Received --------------------------------------------------------145 8.14.3 Monetary Value of Grants and Goods Received ----------------------------146 Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys v

Table of Contents (continued) 8.15 Project Income and Expenditure ---------------------------------------------------------------147 8.15.1 Project Income -----------------------------------------------------------------------147 8.15.2 Project Expenses --------------------------------------------------------------------148 CHAPTER NINE: INSTITUTIONAL PROFILE 9.1 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------150 9.2 Nature and Functioning of the Legal Entity --------------------------------------------------150 9.2.1 Nature of Legal Entity --------------------------------------------------------------150 9.2.2 Community Meetings ---------------------------------------------------------------152 9.2.3 Management Committee Meetings ---------------------------------------------156 9.2.4 Interaction Between Community and Committee ---------------------------157 9.2.5 Land Grant Usage & Allocation of Profits -------------------------------------159 9.3 Organisations, Committees and Groups -----------------------------------------------------161 9.3.1 Committees on the Project --------------------------------------------------------161 9.3.2 Involvement in Organisations and Groups ------------------------------------162 9.4 Factor Affecting the Functioning of the Project ---------------------------------------------163 9.4.1 Management of the Project -------------------------------------------------------163 9.4.2 Conflict and Other Social Factors -----------------------------------------------166 9.4.3 Other Problems in the Community ----------------------------------------------170 CHAPTER 10: PROJECT MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE PROFILE 10.1 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------173 10.2 Land Grant Holders on Management Committee ------------------------------------------173 10.3 Current Management of the Project -----------------------------------------------------------174 10.4 Structure of the Management Committees --------------------------------------------------175 10.4.1 Positions on the Management Committee ------------------------------------175 10.4.2 Gender Profile of Management Committee ----------------------------------176 10.4.3 Age Profile of Management Committee ---------------------------------------177 10.4.4 Level of Education of Management Committee -----------------------------177 10.5 Management and Farming Experience -------------------------------------------------------178 10.5.1 Previous Management & Leadership Experience --------------------------178 10.5.2 Farming Experience ----------------------------------------------------------------179 10.5.3 Formal Training for Management -----------------------------------------------179 CHAPTER 11: SATISFACTION AND EXPECTATIONS 11.1 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------180 11.2 Satisfaction with Land Reform Process ------------------------------------------------------180 11.2.1 General Satisfaction ----------------------------------------------------------------180 11.2.2 Nature of Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction ------------------------------------------181 Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys vi

Table of Contents (continued) 11.3 Satisfaction and Expectations of Service Provision ---------------------------------------183 11.3.1 General Satisfaction with Community Services -----------------------------183 11.3.2 Expectations of Service Provision ----------------------------------------------183 11.4 Other Quality of Life Expectations -------------------------------------------------------------185 11.4.1 Expectations about Income, Education & Self-Worth----------------------185 11.5 Improving Land Reform Projects ---------------------------------------------------------------188 CHAPTER 12: A COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF THE 1998/1999 AND 2000/2001 ASSESSMENTS 12.1 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------190 12.2 Land Reform in South Africa --------------------------------------------------------------------191 12.2.1 The 1999 and 2001 Assessments Some Caveats -----------------------193 12.3 Beneficiary Profile ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------194 12.3.1 Household size and structure ----------------------------------------------------194 12.3.2 Literacy and Educational Attainment -------------------------------------------196 12.3.3 Employment Trends ----------------------------------------------------------------197 12.4 Services and Facilities ----------------------------------------------------------------------------198 12.4.1 Housing ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------199 12.4.2 Water services ------------------------------------------------------------------------201 12.4.3 Sanitation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------201 12.4.4 Energy ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------202 12.4.5 Telecommunications ----------------------------------------------------------------202 12.4.6 Health Care ---------------------------------------------------------------------------202 12.4.7 Education ------------------------------------------------------------------------------203 12.5 Agricultural Activities -------------------------------------------------------------------------------203 12.5.1 Production of crops -----------------------------------------------------------------204 12.5.2 Use of Agricultural Inputs ----------------------------------------------------------205 12.5.3 Livestock Ownership and Use ---------------------------------------------------205 12.6 Institutional Profile ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------207 12.6.1 Nature of legal entity ----------------------------------------------------------------207 12.6.2 Participation ---------------------------------------------------------------------------208 12.6.3 Conflict ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------209 12.7 Expectations and Satisfaction -------------------------------------------------------------------211 12.7.1 General satisfaction with the land reform programme ---------------------212 12.7.2 Expectations of service provision -----------------------------------------------213 12.8 Project Activities ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------215 12.8.1 Communal Crop production ------------------------------------------------------216 12.8.2 Types of Crops Cultivated ---------------------------------------------------------217 12.8.3 Livestock -------------------------------------------------------------------------------217 Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys vii

Table of Contents (continued) 12.9 Economic Profile ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------218 12.9.1 Household Income ------------------------------------------------------------------219 12.9.2 Household Expenditure ------------------------------------------------------------220 12.9.3 Assets and Wealth ------------------------------------------------------------------222 12.9.4 Access to Savings -------------------------------------------------------------------224 12.9.5 Loans and Credit---------------------------------------------------------------------225 12.9.6 Use of loans ---------------------------------------------------------------------------225 12.9.7 Livelihood Strategies ---------------------------------------------------------------225 12.10 Summary and Discussion ------------------------------------------------------------------------227 12.10.1 Targeting -------------------------------------------------------------------------------228 12.10.2 1Food Security -----------------------------------------------------------------------230 12.10.3 Access to Services ------------------------------------------------------------------231 12.10.4 Local Institutions ---------------------------------------------------------------------232 12.10.5 Role of Agriculture -------------------------------------------------------------------234 12.11 Methodology Issues --------------------------------------------------------------------------------235 CHAPTER THIRTEEN: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 13.1 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------236 13.2 Quality of Life Overview---------------------------------------------------------------------------236 13.3 Methodology -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------238 13.4 Land Reform M&E Systems ---------------------------------------------------------------------240 13.5 Policy ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------241 REFERENCES ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------246 Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys viii

List of Tables Chapter One Table 1.1: Growth of Land Reform Projects 1994 to 2000 --------------------------------------------- 3 Table 1.2: Approved Land Reform Projects from 1994 to 2000 by Province ------------------------ 4 Table 1.3: Approved Land (ha) from 1994 to 2000 by Province ---------------------------------------- 5 Chapter Two Table 2.1: Structure of the Household, Community and Commonage Questionnaires --------- 14 Table 2.2: Type of Questionnaire Administered by Year of Project ---------------------------------- 16 Table 2.3: Ratio of Sampled Projects Allocated vs. Projects Visited -------------------------------- 17 Table 2.4: Sample of Projects ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 Chapter Three Table 3.1: Average Household Size -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 Table 3.2: Mean Household Size by Province ------------------------------------------------------------- 21 Table 3.3: Household Structure by Gender of Household Head -------------------------------------- 22 Table 3.4: Household Structure by Province --------------------------------------------------------------- 22 Table 3.5: Average Number of Land Grant Beneficiaries by Province ------------------------------ 23 Table 3.6: Land Grant Beneficiaries by Household Relation ------------------------------------------- 23 Table 3.7: Gender Profile of Household Members -------------------------------------------------------- 24 Table 3.8: Gender Profile of Household Heads by Province ------------------------------------------- 24 Table 3.9: Gender Profile of Land Grant Beneficiaries -------------------------------------------------- 25 Table 3.10: Gender Profile of Land Grant Beneficiaries by Province --------------------------------- 25 Table 3.11: Mean Age of Resident Household Members by Province -------------------------------- 26 Table 3.12: Mean Age of Household Heads by Province------------------------------------------------- 26 Table 3.13: Mean Age of Land Grant Beneficiaries by Gender ----------------------------------------- 27 Table 3.14: Mean Age of Land Grant Beneficiaries by Gender of Household Head -------------- 27 Table 3.15: Mean Age of Land Grant Beneficiaries by Province --------------------------------------- 27 Table 3.16: Age Cohorts by Gender ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 Table 3.17: Age Profile by Province ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 Table 3.18: Average Level of Education (No. of years) by Province ---------------------------------- 31 Table 3.19: Household Members Currently Receiving Education -------------------------------------- 32 Table 3.20: Mean and Median Pension & Grant Income ------------------------------------------------- 32 Table 3.21: Farming Experience of Household (15 yrs & older) ---------------------------------------- 33 Table 3.22: Farming Experience of Household (15 yrs & older) by Province ----------------------- 33 Table 3.23: Main Activity for Individuals Aged 5 and Older by Gender ------------------------------- 35 Table 3.24: Main Activity for Individuals Aged 5 and Older by Province ----------------------------- 35 Table 3.25: Age-Specific Unemployment Rates ------------------------------------------------------------ 36 Table 3.26: Main Activity of Land Grant Beneficiaries ----------------------------------------------------- 38 Table 3.27: Main Activity of Land Grant Beneficiaries by Province ------------------------------------ 38 Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys ix

List of Tables (continued) Table 3.28: Residency Status by Gender and Gender of Head ---------------------------------------- 39 Table 3.29: Residency Status by Province ------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 Table 3.30: Main Activity of Migrants --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40 Chapter Four Table 4.1: Number of Rooms in Homestead --------------------------------------------------------------- 41 Table 4.2: Number of People in Homestead --------------------------------------------------------------- 41 Table 4.3: Household with Members Living on Project Land ------------------------------------------ 42 Table 4.4: Household Moving to Live on Project Land -------------------------------------------------- 42 Table 4.5: Dwelling Type by Province ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 43 Table 4.6: Main Material used for the Walls of Dwelling by Province -------------------------------- 44 Table 4.7: Main Material used for the Roof of Dwelling by Province --------------------------------- 45 Table 4.8: Ownership of Homestead by Province--------------------------------------------------------- 46 Table 4.9: Household with Bond/Loan on Homestead by Province ---------------------------------- 47 Table 4.10: Households Receiving a Government Housing Subsidy by Province ----------------- 48 Table 4.11: Payment of Rent for Homestead by Province ----------------------------------------------- 49 Table 4.12: Owning a Home Outside of Project by Province -------------------------------------------- 49 Table 4.13: Source of Drinking Water by Province --------------------------------------------------------- 51 Table 4.14: Source of Water for Other Purposes by Province ------------------------------------------ 51 Table 4.15: Adequacy of Water for Household Purposes by Province ------------------------------- 52 Table 4.16: Incidence of Fetching Water for Household Purposes by Province ------------------- 53 Table 4.17: Duration of each Round Trip to Fetch Water by Province -------------------------------- 53 Table 4.18: Type of Toilet Facility Used by Province ------------------------------------------------------ 54 Table 4.19: How Refuse/Rubbish is Disposed of by Province ------------------------------------------ 54 Table 4.20: Connection to an Electrical Supply by Province -------------------------------------------- 55 Table 4.21: Using Wood for Cooking by Province ---------------------------------------------------------- 55 Table 4.22: How Safe Households Feel by Province ------------------------------------------------------ 56 Table 4.23: Access to Telephone ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57 Table 4.24: Conventional Telephone in the Homestead -------------------------------------------------- 57 Table 4.25: Duration of each Round Trip to Access Nearest Telephone by Province ------------ 57 Table 4.26: Quality of Road into (Project) Area by Province -------------------------------------------- 58 Table 4.27: Frequency with which roads become Impassable by Province ------------------------- 58 Table 4.28: Health Services used by Households by Province ----------------------------------------- 59 Table 4.29: Time Taken to Nearest Health Service by Province --------------------------------------- 60 Table 4.30: Difficulty in Attending Primary School - Travelling by Province ------------------------- 60 Table 4.31: Difficulty in Attending Primary School Other Expenses by Province ---------------- 61 Table 4.32: Difficulty in Attending Secondary School - Traveling by Province---------------------- 61 Table 4.33: Difficulty in Attending Secondary School Other Expenses by Province------------ 62 Table 4.34: Payment of Fees for Services by Province --------------------------------------------------- 62 Table 4.35: Payment of Services -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62 Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys x

List of Tables (continued) Table 4.36: Payment of Services by Province --------------------------------------------------------------- 63 Table 4.37: Payment of Fees to Other (Community) Entities by Province --------------------------- 63 Table 4.38: Payment of Fees to Other (Community) Entities -------------------------------------------- 64 Table 4.39: Financial Decision Makers in Household ----------------------------------------------------- 65 Table 4.40: Attitudes towards Gender Roles ----------------------------------------------------------------- 66 Table 4.41: Attitudes towards Gender Roles by Gender-------------------------------------------------- 67 Chapter Five Table 5.1: Access to Project Land for Private Use by Province --------------------------------------- 69 Table 5.2: Average Size of Land used for Vegetable Gardens by Province ----------------------- 69 Table 5.3: Cultivated: Average Size of Land used for Vegetable Gardens ------------------------ 70 Table 5.4: Irrigation of Land used for Vegetable Gardens by Province ----------------------------- 71 Table 5.5: Average Size of Land used for Other Cultivation by Province -------------------------- 72 Table 5.6: Cultivated: Average Size of Land used for Other Cultivation ---------------------------- 72 Table 5.7: Irrigation of Land used for Other Cultivation by Province --------------------------------- 73 Chapter Six Table 6.1: Mean and Median Monthly Household Income (Rand) ----------------------------------- 75 Table 6.2: Total Monthly Household Income by Gender of Head ------------------------------------ 75 Table 6.3: Total Monthly Household Income by Province ---------------------------------------------- 76 Table 6.4: Mean and Median Total Monthly Expenditure (Rand)------------------------------------- 77 Table 6.5: Mean and Median Total Monthly Expenditure by Province (Rand) -------------------- 77 Table 6.6: Mean Monthly Expenditure: Food & Non-Food Items ------------------------------------- 78 Table 6.7: Mean Monthly Expenditure: Food & Non-Food Items by Province -------------------- 80 Table 6.8: Assets Household Have Access To by Gender of Head --------------------------------- 81 Table 6.9: Assets Household Have Access To by Province ------------------------------------------- 82 Table 6.10: Ownership of Agricultural Tools and Farming Equipment -------------------------------- 84 Table 6.11: Ownership of Agricultural Tools and Farming Equipment by Province --------------- 84 Table 6.12: Households by Irrigation Pipes by Province-------------------------------------------------- 85 Table 6.13: Ownership of Household Items ------------------------------------------------------------------ 85 Table 6.14: Ownership of Household Items by Province ------------------------------------------------- 86 Table 6.15: Households Perceptions of the Amount of Money They Have ------------------------- 87 Table 6.16: Apply for Loans in Past 12 Months from Formal Sources -------------------------------- 88 Table 6.17: Reason for Not Applying for Loan or Credit by Province --------------------------------- 88 Table 6.18: Institutions Loan Applied from in the Past 12 Months ------------------------------------- 89 Table 6.19: Mean Loan Amounts Granted in Past 12 Months (Rand) -------------------------------- 90 Table 6.20: Collateral Provided for Loans -------------------------------------------------------------------- 90 Table 6.21: What Loan/Credit Was Used For ---------------------------------------------------------------- 91 Table 6.22: Apply for Loans in Past 12 Months from Informal Sources ------------------------------ 91 Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys xi

List of Tables (continued) Table 6.23: Apply for Loans by Gender of Head ------------------------------------------------------------ 92 Table 6.24: Reason for Not Applying for Loan From Informal Sources by Province -------------- 92 Table 6.25: Where Informal Loan Applied From in the Past 12 Months ------------------------------ 93 Table 6.26: Mean Loan Amounts Granted in Past 12 Months (Rand) -------------------------------- 94 Table 6.27: Collateral Provided for Loans -------------------------------------------------------------------- 94 Table 6.28: What Loan/Credit Was Used For ---------------------------------------------------------------- 95 Table 6.29: Household Making Cash Loan to Others ----------------------------------------------------- 95 Table 6.30: Mean Cash Loan Amounts Made to Others in Past 12 Months (Rand) -------------- 96 Table 6.31: Source of Income and Proportion of Source ------------------------------------------------- 96 Table 6.32: Source of Income by Gender of Head --------------------------------------------------------- 97 Table 6.33: Source of Income by Province ------------------------------------------------------------------- 98 Chapter Seven Table 7.1: Crops Grown by Household in Past 12 Months on Project Land ----------------------- 99 Table 7.2: Type of Crops Grown by Province -------------------------------------------------------------100 Table 7.3: Crops Harvested by Province -------------------------------------------------------------------102 Table 7.4: Crops Sold by Province ---------------------------------------------------------------------------103 Table 7.5: Reason for Not Selling Crops -------------------------------------------------------------------103 Table 7.6: Type of Inputs Used in the Past 12 Months by Province --------------------------------104 Table 7.7: Cost/Perceived Cost of Obtaining Inputs Used in the Past 12 Months by Province -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------104 Table 7.8: Ownership of Private Livestock by the Household by Province -----------------------105 Table 7.9: Type of Private Livestock Owned by the Household by Province ---------------------105 Table 7.10: Mean Number of Livestock Owned by the Household by Province-------------------106 Table 7.11: Animal Products Produced by the Households --------------------------------------------107 Chapter Eight Table 8.1: Number of Land Reform Projects by Province ---------------------------------------------108 Table 8.2: Type of Activities on the (Land Reform) Projects by Province -------------------------109 Table 8.3: Land for Agriculture and Grazing ---------------------------------------------------------------109 Table 8.4: Land Suitable for Agriculture by Province ---------------------------------------------------110 Table 8.5: Land Suitable for Grazing by Province -------------------------------------------------------110 Table 8.6: Project Land Jointly Cultivated (Communal Agriculture) ---------------------------------111 Table 8.7: Average Number of Land Grant Holders in the Project by Province -----------------112 Table 8.8: Average Number of Female Land Grant Holders in the Project -----------------------112 Table 8.9: Percentage of Projects with People Working Fulltime by Province -------------------113 Table 8.10: Average Number of People Working Fulltime on the Project ---------------------------113 Table 8.11: Percentage of Projects with Land Grant Holders Working Fulltime-------------------114 Table 8.12 Average Number of Land Grant Holders Working Fulltime on the Project ---------114 Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys xii

List of Tables (continued) Table 8.13: Percentage of Projects with People Working on a Casual Basis ----------------------115 Table 8.14: Average Number of People Working on a Casual Basis on the Project -------------115 Table 8.15: Percentage of Projects with Land Grant Holders on a Casual Basis -----------------116 Table 8.16: Average No. of Land Grant Holders working on a Casual Basis on the Project --116 Table 8.17: Percentage of Projects with Paid Full Time Land Grant Holders ----------------------117 Table 8.18: Projects with Full Time Land Grant Holders making Cash Contributions -----------117 Table 8.19: Annual Cash Contributions Made by Fulltime Land Grant Holders -------------------117 Table 8.20: Percentage of Projects with Paid Full Time Land Grant Holders ----------------------118 Table 8.21: Projects with Casual Land Grant Holders making Cash Contributions --------------118 Table 8.22: Annual Contributions Made by Casual Employed Land Grant Holders--------------119 Table 8.23: Percentage of Projects with Land Grant Holders working on Project ---------------119 Table 8.24: Percentage of Projects Paying an Income ---------------------------------------------------120 Table 8.25: Mean Monthly Income of People Working on the Project ------------------------------121 Table 8.26: Percentage of Projects Granting Bonuses and Dividends ------------------------------122 Table 8.27: Mean Annual Bonuses and Dividends Paid Out -------------------------------------------122 Table 8.28: Other Benefits Received by Working on the Project -------------------------------------123 Table 8.29: Percentage of Projects with Communal Crops by Province ----------------------------124 Table 8.30: Type of Communal Crops Grown in the Past 12 Months by Province ---------------125 Table 8.31: Mean and Median Value of Crop Production -----------------------------------------------126 Table 8.32: Projects Using Seed and Seedlings by Province ------------------------------------------127 Table 8.33: Projects Using Fertilizer and Chemicals by Province -------------------------------------127 Table 8.34: Types Services/Inputs Used in the Past 12 Months by Province----------------------128 Table 8.35: Cost of Obtaining Services/Inputs (Rand/Annum)-----------------------------------------129 Table 8.36: Percentage of Projects with Communally Owned Livestock ----------------------------129 Table 8.37: Communally Owned Livestock in the Past 12 Months by Province-------------------130 Table 8.38: Mean Number of Communally Owned Livestock by Province -------------------------131 Table 8.39: Mean and Median Value of Herd ---------------------------------------------------------------133 Table 8.40: Animal Products Produced by the Projects --------------------------------------------------133 Table 8.41: Mean and Median of Animal Products --------------------------------------------------------134 Table 8.42: Communal Ownership of Agricultural Equipment and Tools ---------------------------135 Table 8.43: Communal Ownership of Agricultural Equipment and Tools ---------------------------137 Table 8.44: Projects Receiving Loan/Credit for Production or Services -----------------------------138 Table 8.45: Source of Loan or Credit by Province ---------------------------------------------------------138 Table 8.46: Mean Loan Amounts Since Transfer of the Land ------------------------------------------139 Table 8.47: Projects with Working Capital -------------------------------------------------------------------139 Table 8.48: Mean Working Capital Amounts by Province -----------------------------------------------140 Table 8.49: Projects With an Overdraft Facility by Province --------------------------------------------140 Table 8.50: Mean Income from Other Activities & Agro-Processing ----------------------------------141 Table 8.51: Mean Expenditure on Other Activities & Agro-Processing ------------------------------142 Table 8.52: Mean Income and Expenditure: Other Activities & Agro-Processing -----------------143 Table 8.53: Support Services Received by the Land Reform Projects ------------------------------144 Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys xiii

List of Tables (continued) Table 8.54: Type of Support Provided to Land Reform Projects --------------------------------------145 Table 8.55: Projects Receiving Grants and Goods as Gifts --------------------------------------------146 Table 8.56: Mean Value of Grants and Goods -------------------------------------------------------------146 Table 8.57: Project Income in 2000/2001 --------------------------------------------------------------------147 Table 8.57: Project Income in 2000/2001 --------------------------------------------------------------------148 Table 8.59: Project Expenditure in 2000/2001 --------------------------------------------------------------149 Chapter Nine Table 9.1: Table 9.2: Table 9.3: Table 9.4: Type of Legal Entity by Province Project Management Committees (Community Questionnaire) -----------------------151 Type of Legal Entity by Province Households (Household Questionnaire) -----------------------------------------------------151 Frequency of Community Meetings Project Management Committees (Community Questionnaire) -----------------------152 Frequency of Community Meetings - Past 12 Months by Province Project Management Committees (Community Questionnaire) -----------------------153 Table 9.5: Attendance of Community Meetings by Household Members -------------------------154 Table 9.6: Attendance of Community Meetings - Past 12 Months by Province Table 9.7: Table 9.8: Household Members (Household Questionnaire) -----------------------------------------155 Household Members Attendance of Community Meetings by Province-------------156 Frequency of Management Committee Meetings - Past 12 Months Project Management Committees (Community Questionnaire) -----------------------157 Table 9.9: Report Back of Management Committees to the Community --------------------------157 Table 9.10: Report Back of Management Committees by Province Table 9.11: Table 9.12: Table 9.13: Table 9.14: Table 9.15: Table 9.16: Table 9.17: Project Management Committees (Community Questionnaire) -----------------------158 Report Back of Management Committees by Province Household Members (Community Questionnaire) ----------------------------------------158 Report Back of Management Committees by Type of Legal Entity Household Members (Household Questionnaire) -----------------------------------------159 Household Members source about Land Grant Usage Household Members (Household Questionnaire) -----------------------------------------159 Who decides about Allocation of Profits from the Project Project Management Committees (Community Questionnaire) -----------------------160 Groups and Committees on the Project Project Management Committees (Community Questionnaire) -----------------------161 Membership of Groups and Organisations by Province Household Members (Household Questionnaire) -----------------------------------------162 Level of Satisfaction with Women, Men & Youth Participation in Project Project Management Committees (Community Questionnaire) -----------------------163 Quality of Life Report: 2000/2001 prepared by Citizen Surveys xiv