Africa-EU - international trade in goods statistics Statistics Explained Data extracted in September 2018. Planned article update: September 2019. This article provides a picture of international trade in goods between the European Union (EU) and Africa. It analyses the type of goods exchanged and the shares of each EU Member State in those exchanges. In this article the UN subdivision of Africa in five different regions is used (as shown in Map 1). Map 1: African regions according to the United Nations geoscheme. This article is part of an online publication providing recent statistics on international trade in goods, covering information on the EU s main partners, main products traded, specific characteristics of trade as well as background information. Africa s main trade in goods partner is China The five largest trade in goods partners of Africa are shown in Figure 1. For both exports and imports, China was the largest partner. For exports, the next four largest partners were the EU and the United States (11 % each), Japan (8 %) and South Korea (4 %). For imports, the same four partners appear but in a different order: Japan and the EU (9 % each) were the second largest, followed by South Korea and the United States (7 % each). Source : Statistics Explained (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/) - 06/11/2018 1
Figure 1: African trade in goods: export and import shares with main partners, 2017 %Source: UNCTAD From the EU perspective, following the financial crisis, imports of goods from Africa fell more than exports and, consequently, the EU s trade in goods deficit with Africa nearly disappeared in 2009 (see Figure 2). After the crisis, both imports from and exports to Africa picked up, with imports growing slightly stronger. This trend continued until 2012, when the trade deficit reached EUR 37 billion. However, afterwards imports from Africa decreased, while exports continued to grow. The year 2014 was a turning point, when exports and imports were almost balanced. Two years later, in 2016, the EU had a record surplus in trade in goods (EUR 28 billion). In 2017, this surplus decreased to EUR 18 billion due to growing imports from Africa. Figure 2: EU-28, trade in goods exports, imports and balance with African countries, 2007-2017 (EUR billion)source: Eurostat - Comext (DS-018995) Africa-EU - international trade in goods statistics 2
Manufactured goods dominate exports to Africa In 2007, 80 % of goods exported from the EU to Africa were manufactured goods (see Figure 3). This share fell to 72 % in 2017, while the share of primary goods rose from 19 % to 26 %. The declining share of manufactured goods was mostly caused by the declining share of machinery and vehicles, from 44 % in 2007 to 37 % in 2017. Figure 3: EU-28 exports to Africa by main product groups, 2017 (shares of total exports in value)source: Eurostat - Comext (DS-018995) Primary goods dominate imports with Africa For imports from Africa, primary goods are the largest group (see Figure 4). However, between 2007 and 2017 there share decreased from 68 % to 62 % mainly due to the decreasing share of energy. In the same period, the share of manufactured goods rose from 30 % to 34 %. This was due to increasing imports of machinery and vehicles from 7 % to 13 %, while the drop in imports of other manufactured goods was smaller (from 20 % to 17 %). Africa-EU - international trade in goods statistics 3
Figure 4: EU-28 imports from Africa by main product groups, 2017 (shares of total exports in value)source: Eurostat - Comext (DS-018995) Northern Africa largest trade in goods partner EU exports of goods to Northern Africa rose from EUR 49 billion in 2007 to EUR 77 billion in 2017 (see Figure 5), equivalent to an average annual growth rate of 4.6 %. Among the five African regions, Eastern Africa (4.9 %) had the highest growth rate for exports. The growth rate for EU exports to Western Africa was 4.2 %, while for Southern Africa (2.0 %) and Middle Africa (0.2 %) it was significantly lower. Figure 5 also reveals that these growth rates were mostly driven by the first half of the analysed period. Africa-EU - international trade in goods statistics 4
Figure 5: EU-28 exports of goods to African regions, 2007-2017 (EUR million)source: Eurostat - Comext (DS-018995) In 2007 and 2017, EU imports of goods from Africa stood at EUR 131 billion, although they had been as high as EUR 187 billion in 2012. Figure 6, depicting the evolution of imports in the five African regions, shows a decline of imports from Middle and Northern Africa, which was fully offset by a growth of imports from Southern, Eastern and Western Africa. Still, in 2017, imports from Northern Africa made up almost half of all imports from Africa Figure 6: EU-28 imports of goods from African regions, 2007-2017 (EUR million)source: Eurostat - Comext (DS-018995) In 2017, the EU had small trade in goods deficits with Middle Africa (EUR -0.1 billion) and Southern Africa Africa-EU - international trade in goods statistics 5
(EUR -0.5 billion) and trade in goods surpluses with Eastern Africa (EUR 1.6 billion), Western Africa (EUR 3.2 billion ) and Northern Africa (EUR 13.9 billion), as shown in Figure 7. It is interesting to note that the EU was running a substantial deficit with Northern Africa up until 2014, when this turned to a quite substantial surplus. Figure 7: EU-28 trade in goods balance with African regions, 2007-2017 (EUR million)source: Eurostat - Comext (DS-018995) Spain, France, Germany and Italy largest EU trade in goods partners for Africa France (EUR 26.7 billion), Germany (EUR 25.6 billion), Spain (EUR 17.6 billion) and Italy (EUR 17.4 billion) were the largest exporters of goods to Africa in 2017 (Figure 8). Together they accounted for almost 60 % of all EU exports to Africa. Portugal (31 %), Cyprus (23 %), Malta (19 %) and Spain (18 %) had the highest shares for exports to Africa in their total exports to countries outside the EU. Africa-EU - international trade in goods statistics 6
Figure 8: Exports of goods to Africa by Member State, 2017 (EUR million and %)Source: Eurostat - Comext (DS-018995) The four largest exporters were also the largest importers of goods from Africa in 2017 (Figure 9). Spain (EUR 23.9 billion) led, followed by France (EUR 21.1 billion), Italy (EUR 18.5 billion) and Germany (EUR 17.3 billion). The highest shares of imports from Africa in total extra-eu imports were found in Spain (19 %), Portugal and France (both 13 %) and Italy (12 %). Africa-EU - international trade in goods statistics 7
Figure 9: Imports of goods from Africa by Member State, 2017 (EUR million and %)Source: Eurostat - Comext (DS-018995) In 2017, 23 EU Member States had a trade in goods surplus with Africa. The highest two were found in Germany (EUR 8.3 billion) and France (EUR 5.6 billion). The five countries that had trade in goods deficits with Africa were Greece (EUR 130 million), Slovenia (EUR 134 million), Italy (EUR 1.1 billion), the United Kingdom (EUR 4.9 billion) and Spain (EUR 6.3 billion). Figure 10: Trade in goods balance with Africa by Member State, 2017 (EUR million)source: Eurostat - Comext (DS-018995) Africa-EU - international trade in goods statistics 8
Source data for tables and graphs EU-28 trade with African countries Data sources EU data is taken from Eurostat s COMEXT database. COMEXT is the reference database for international trade in goods. It provides access not only to both recent and historical data from the EU Member States but also to statistics of a significant number of third countries. International trade aggregated and detailed statistics disseminated via the Eurostat website are compiled from COMEXT data according to a monthly process. Data are collected by the competent national authorities of the Member States and compiled according to a harmonised methodology established by EU regulations before transmission to Eurostat. For extra-eu trade, the statistical information is mainly provided by the traders on the basis of customs declarations. EU data are compiled according to Community guidelines and may, therefore, differ from national data published by the Member States. Statistics on extra-eu trade are calculated as the sum of trade of each of the 28 EU Member States with countries outside the EU. In other words, the EU is considered as a single trading entity and trade flows are measured into and out of the area, but not within it. Data from the perspective of Africa (as used in figure 1) is based on statistics from UNCTAD, combining data from UN Comtrade, IMF, Eurostat, UNCTADstat and UNCTAD secretariat calculations. Methodology According to the EU concepts and definitions, extra-eu trade statistics (trade between EU Member States and non-eu countries) do not record exchanges involving goods in transit, placed in a customs warehouse or given temporary admission (for trade fairs, temporary exhibitions, tests, etc.). This is known as special trade. The partner is the country of final destination of the goods for exports and the country of origin for imports. Product classification Information on commodities exported and imported is presented according to the Standard international trade classification (SITC). A full description is available from Eurostat s classification server RAMON. Unit of measure Trade values are expressed in millions or billions (109) of euros. They correspond to the statistical value, i.e. to the amount which would be invoiced in case of sale or purchase at the national border of the reporting country. It is called a FOB value (free on board) for exports and a CIF value (cost, insurance, freight) for imports. Context Trade is an important indicator of Europe s prosperity and place in the world. The block is deeply integrated into global markets both for the products it sources and the exports it sells. The EU trade policy is an important element of the external dimension of the Europe 2020 strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth and is one of the main pillars of the EU s relations with the rest of the world. Because the 28 EU Member States share a single market and a single external border, they also have a single trade policy. EU Member States speak and negotiate collectively, both in the World Trade Organization, where the rules of international trade are agreed and enforced, and with individual trading partners. This common policy enables them to speak with one voice in trade negotiations, maximising their impact in such negotiations. This is even more important in a globalised world in which economies tend to cluster together in regional groups. The openness of the EU s trade regime has meant that the EU is the biggest player on the global trading scene and remains a good region to do business with. Thanks to the ease of modern transport and communications, it is now easier to produce, buy and sell goods around the world which gives European companies of every size the potential to trade outside Europe. Africa-EU - international trade in goods statistics 9
Other articles International trade in goods Extra-EU trade in goods Main tables International trade in goods (t_ext_go), see: International trade in goods - long-term indicators (t_ext_go_lti) International trade in goods - short-term indicators (t_ext_go_sti) Database International trade in goods (ext_go), see: International trade in goods - aggregated data (ext_go_agg) International trade in goods - long-term indicators (ext_go_lti) International trade in goods - short-term indicators (ext_go_sti) International trade in goods - detailed data (detail) Full access to detailed statistics on international trade in goods (Comext), see: EU trade since 1988 by SITC (DS-018995) Dedicated section International trade in goods Data visualisations Top 5 partners in trade in goods My Country in a bubble Methodology International trade in goods statistics - background International trade in goods (ESMS metadata file ext_go_esms) User guide on European statistics on international trade in goods External links European Commission Globalisation Trade Africa-EU - international trade in goods statistics 10