CHAPTER 3 THE ADJUSTING PROCESS

1. a. Under cash-basis accounting, revenues are reported in the period in which cash is received and expenses are reported in the period in which cash is paid. b. Under accrual-basis accounting, revenues are reported in the period in which they are earned and expenses are reported in the same period as the revenues to which they relate. 2. The matching concept is related to the accrual basis of accounting. 3. Adjusting entries are necessary at the end of an accounting period to bring the ledger up to date. 4. Adjusting entries bring the ledger up to date as a normal part of the accounting cycle. Correcting entries correct errors in the ledger. 5. Four different categories of adjusting entries include prepaid expenses (deferred expenses), unearned revenues (deferred revenues), accrued expenses (accrued liabilities), and accrued revenues (accrued assets). 6. Statement (a): Increases the balance of a revenue account. 7. Statement (b): Increases the balance of an expense account. 8. Yes, because every adjusting entry affects expenses or revenues. 9. a. The rights acquired represent an asset. THE ADJUSTING PROCESS DISCUSSION QUESTIONS b. The justification for debiting Rent Expense is that when the ledger is summarized in a trial balance at the end of the month and statements are prepared, the rent will have become an expense. Hence, no adjusting entry will be necessary. 10. a. The portion of the cost of a fixed asset deducted from revenue of the period is debited to Depreciation Expense. It is the expired cost for the period. The reduction in the fixed asset account is recorded by a credit to Accumulated Depreciation rather than to the fixed asset account. The use of the contra asset account facilitates the presentation of original cost and accumulated depreciation on the statement of financial position. b. Depreciation Expense debit balance; Accumulated Depreciation credit balance. c. No, it is not customary for the balances of the two accounts to be equal in amount. d. Depreciation Expense appears on the statement of comprehensive income; Accumulated Depreciation appears on the statement of financial position. 3-1

11. Under the IASB s Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting, revenues are defined as increases in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of inflows or enhancements of assets or decreases of liabilities that result in increases in equity, other than those relating to contributions from equity participants, and that arise in the course of an entity s ordinary activities. The assets increased by revenues may be of various kinds, for example, cash, claims against customers, inventory or other assets. 12. The US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) guidance on revenue recognition states that revenue is generally realized or realizable and earned when all of the following conditions are met: 1. Persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists. 2. Delivery has occurred or services have been rendered. 3. The seller s price to the buyer is fixed or determinable. 4. Collectability is reasonably assured. 13. 1. Identify the contract(s) with a customer. Contracts can be written, oral, or implied by an entity s customary business practices. Combining two or more contracts is acceptable if the prices of the contracts are interdependent. In contrast, when two or more elements within a single contract are priced independently, the contract should be treated as two or more contracts; 2. Identify the separate performance obligations in the contract an entity should evaluate all goods and services promised in the contract to determine if they involve separate performance obligations. If so, the entity should account separately for the distinct good and service. Product or service is distinct when the good or service either is sold separately in the customer s market or could be sold separately because it would be useful in itself or in conjunction with another product that is available separately; 3. Determine the transaction price time value should be adjusted when a payment is due significantly before or after the transfer of goods or services. The adjustment of revenues for time value of money can involve a prepayment made by a customer or a credit period granted to a customer; 4. Allocate the transaction price to the separate performance obligations transaction price should be allocated among distinct elements in proportion to the stand-alone selling price of each element, which is the observable price of good or service sold separately; and 5. Recognize revenue when the entity satisfies each performance obligation a performance is satisfied when a customer obtains the control of the goods or services. A customer has obtained control if it has the present right to use the asset for its remaining economic life or to consume the asset in the customer s activities, together with the present right to obtain substantially all of the potential cash flows from that asset. The transfer of control of a product or service can be at a point in time or continuous. 3-2

14. Stand-alone selling price Percentage Allocated Allocated Amount Product A $50,000 33.33% 44995.50 Product B 100,000 66.67% 90004.50 Total $150,000 100% 135000.00 15. For the first two years, the company recognize the interest expense as follows: year one, Cash 135000 Contract Liability 135000 Interest Expenses 8100 Contract Liability 8100 Interest expense = 135000*0.06 = 8100 year two, Interest Expenses 8586 Contract Liability 8586 Interest expense = (135000+8100)*0.06 = 8586 Contract Liability 50556.94 Revenue 50556.94 Recognize revenues for product A. Revenue = 50556.94 Year Three Interest Expense 6067.74 Contract Liability 6067.74 Interest expense = (135000+8100+8586-50556.94)*0.06 = 6067.74 Year four Interest Expense 6431.81 Contract Liability 6431.81 Interest expense = (13500+8100+8586-50556.94+6067.74)*0.06 = 6431.81 Contract Liability 113628.61 Revenue 113628.61 Recognize revenue for product B. Revenue = 113628.61 3-3

EXERCISES Ex. 3 1 1. Prepaid expense 5. Unearned revenue 2. Accrued revenue 6. Prepaid expense 3. Unearned revenue 7. Accrued expense 4. Accrued expense 8. Accrued expense Ex. 3 2 Account Answer Accounts Receivable Normally requires adjustment (AR). Share Capital Does not normally require adjustment. Cash Does not normally require adjustment. Interest Expense Normally requires adjustment (AE). Interest Receivable Normally requires adjustment (AR). Land Does not normally require adjustment. Office Equipment Does not normally require adjustment. Prepaid Rent Normally requires adjustment (PE). Supplies Normally requires adjustment (PE). Unearned Fees Normally requires adjustment (UR). Wages Expense Normally requires adjustment (AE). Ex. 3 3 Supplies Expense 1,559 Supplies 1,559 Supplies used ($2,389 $830). Ex. 3 4 $5,810 ($1,560 + $4,250). Ex. 3 5 a. Insurance expense (or expenses) will be understated. Net profit will be overstated. b. Prepaid insurance (or assets) will be overstated. Retained earnings (equity) will be overstated. 3-4

Ex. 3 6 a. Insurance Expense 16,450 Prepaid Insurance 16,450 Insurance expired. b. Insurance Expense 16,450 Prepaid Insurance 16,450 Insurance expired ($21,700 $5,250). Ex. 3 7 a. Insurance Expense 16,400 Prepaid Insurance 16,400 Insurance expired ($12,000 + $18,000 $13,600). b. Insurance Expense 16,400 Prepaid Insurance 16,400 Insurance expired. Ex. 3 8 Unearned Fees 25,200 Fees Earned 25,200 Fees earned ($37,500 $12,300). Ex. 3 9 a. Rent revenue (or revenues) will be understated. net profit will be understated. b. Unearned rent (liabilities) will be overstated. Retained earnings (equity) at the end of the period will be understated. Ex. 3 10 a. Accounts Receivable 8,450 Fees Earned 8,450 Accrued fees. b. No. If the cash basis of accounting is used, revenues are recognized only when the cash is received. Therefore, earned but unbilled revenues would not be recognized in the accounts, and no adjusting entry would be necessary. 3-5

Ex. 3 11 a. Unearned Fees 71,600 Fees Earned 71,600 Unearned fees earned during year. b. Accounts Receivable 47,400 Fees Earned 47,400 Accrued fees earned. Ex. 3 12 a. Fees earned (or revenues) will be understated. net profit will be understated. b. Accounts (fees) receivable (or assets) will be understated. Retained earnings (equity) will be understated. Ex. 3 13 a. Salaries Expense 7,050 Salaries Payable 7,050 Accrued salaries [($11,750 5 days) 3 days]. b. Salaries Expense 9,400 Salaries Payable 9,400 Accrued salaries [($11,750 5 days) 4 days]. Ex. 3 14 $66,075 ($73,250 $7,175) Ex. 3 15 a. Salary expense (or expenses) will be understated. net profit will be overstated. b. Salaries payable (or liabilities) will be understated. Retained earnings (equity) will be overstated. Ex. 3 16 a. Salary expense (or expenses) will be overstated. net profit will be understated. b. The statement of financial position will be correct. This is because salaries payable has been satisfied, and the net profit errors have offset each other. Thus, equity (retained earnings) is correct. 3-6

Ex. 3 17 a. Taxes Expense 21,600 Prepaid Taxes 21,600 Prepaid taxes expired [($28,800 12 months) 9 months]. Taxes Expense 49,800 Taxes Payable 49,800 Accrued taxes. b. $71,400 ($21,600 + $49,800) Ex. 3 18 Depreciation Expense 6,760 Accumulated Depreciation Equipment 6,760 Depreciation on equipment. Ex. 3 19 a. $650,000 ($1,375,000 $725,000) b. No. Depreciation is an allocation of the cost of the equipment to the periods benefiting from its use. It does not necessarily relate to value or loss of value. Ex. 3 20 a. $7,630 million ($16,259 $8,629) b. No. Depreciation is an allocation method, not a valuation method. That is, depreciation allocates the cost of a PP&E over its useful life. Depreciation does not attempt to measure market values, which may vary significantly from year to year. Ex. 3 21 Income: $3,947 million ($2,054 + $1,893) Ex. 3 22 a. $560 million b. 45.1% ($560 $1,242) 3-7

Ex. 3 23 Error (a) Error (b) Over- Under- Over- Understated stated stated stated 1. Revenue for the year would be $ 0 $23,250 $ 0 $ 0 2. Expenses for the year would be 0 0 0 4,000 3. Net profit for the year would be 0 23,250 4,000 0 4. Assets at August 31 would be 0 0 0 0 5. Liabilities at August 31 would be 23,250 0 0 4,000 6. Equity at August 31 would be 0 23,250 4,000 0 Ex. 3 24 $132,900 ($113,650 + $23,250 $4,000) Ex. 3 25 a. Depreciation Expense 13,900 Accumulated Depreciation Equipment 13,900 Depreciation on equipment. b. (1) Depreciation expense would be understated. Net profit would be overstated. (2) Accumulated depreciation would be understated, and total assets would be overstated. Equity (retained earnings) would be overstated. 3-8

Ex. 3 26 1. Accounts Receivable 3 Fees Earned 3 Accrued fees earned. 2. Supplies Expense 1 Supplies 1 Supplies used. 3. Insurance Expense 6 Prepaid Insurance 6 Insurance expired. 4. Depreciation Expense 2 Accumulated Depreciation Equipment 2 Equipment depreciation. 5. Wages Expense 1 Wages Payable 1 Accrued wages. 3-9

Ex. 3 27 1. The accountant debited Accounts Receivable for $5,000 but did not credit Laundry Revenue. This adjusting entry represents accrued laundry revenue. 2. The accountant debited rather than credited Laundry Supplies for $3,000. 3. The accountant credited the prepaid insurance account for $3,600, but debited the insurance expense account for only $600. 4. The accountant credited Laundry Equipment for the depreciation expense of $13,000, instead of crediting the accumulated depreciation account. 5. The accountant did not debit Wages Expense for $1,000. The corrected adjusted trial balance is shown below. EVA'S LAUNDRY Adjusted Trial May 31, Debit Credit s s Cash 7,500 Accounts Receivable 23,250 Laundry Supplies 750 Prepaid Insurance 1,600 Laundry Equipment 190,000 Accumulated Depreciation Laundry Equipment 61,000 Accounts Payable 9,600 Wages Payable 1,000 Share Capital 35,000 Retained Earnings 75,300 Dividends 28,775 Laundry Revenue 187,100 Wages Expense 50,200 Rent Expense 25,575 Utilities Expense 18,500 Depreciation Expense 13,000 Laundry Supplies Expense 3,000 Insurance Expense 3,600 Miscellaneous Expense 3,250 369,000 369,000 3-10

Ex. 3 28 a. $420 million increase ($1,907 $1,487) 28.2% ($420 $1,487) increase b. Year 2: 10.0% ($1,907 $19,014) Year 1: 7.8% ($1,487 $19,176) c. The net profit increased during Year 2 by $420 million from Year 1. net profit as a percent of net sales also increased from 7.8% in Year 1 to 10.0% in Year 2. Both of these results are favorable trends for Nike. Ex. 3 29 a. Dell Inc. Amount Percent Net sales $61,494 100.0% Cost of goods sold (50,098) 81.5% Operating expenses (7,963) 12.9% Operating profit (loss) $ 3,433 5.6% b. Hewlett-Packard Company (HP) Amount Percent Net sales $126,033 100.0% Cost of goods sold (96,089) 76.2% Operating expenses (18,465) 14.7% Operating profit (loss) $ 11,479 9.1% c. Hewlett-Packard (HP) is more profitable than Dell. Specifically, HP s cost of goods sold of 76.2% is 5.3% (81.5% 76.2%) less than Dell s cost of goods sold. This is partially offset by HP s higher operating expenses of 14.7% as compared to Dell's operating expenses of 12.9%. The net result is that HP generates an operating income of 9.1% of sales, while Dell generates operating profit of 5.6% of sales. Dell must improve its operations if it is to remain competitive with HP. 3-11

PROBLEMS Prob. 3 1A 1. a. Supplies Expense 4,680 Supplies 4,680 Supplies used ($6,880 $2,200). b. Unearned Rent 2,300 Rent Revenue 2,300 Rent earned ($9,200 4 months). c. Wages Expense 1,850 Wages Payable 1,850 Accrued wages. d. Accounts Receivable 11,700 Fees Earned 11,700 Accrued fees earned. e. Depreciation Expense 3,500 Accumulated Depreciation Office Equipment 3,500 Depreciation expense. 2. Adjusting entries are a planned part of the accounting process to update the accounts. Correcting entries are not planned but arise only when necessary to correct errors. 3-12

Prob. 3 2A 1. a. Accounts Receivable 9,150 Fees Earned 9,150 Accrued fees earned. b. Supplies Expense 2,325 Supplies 2,325 Supplies used ($3,000 $675). c. Rent Expense 5,000 Prepaid Rent 5,000 Prepaid rent expired. d. Depreciation Expense 3,300 Accumulated Depreciation Equipment 3,300 Equipment depreciation. e. Unearned Fees 7,500 Fees Earned 7,500 Fees earned ($10,500 $3,000). f. Wages Expense 3,100 Wages Payable 3,100 Accrued wages. 2. Fees Earned would be understated by $9,150; Wages Expense would be understated by $3,100; and net profit would be understated by $6,050 ($9,150 $3,100). 3. Accounts Receivable would be understated by $9,150; total assets would be understated by $9,150; Wages Payable would be understated by $3,100; total liabilities would be understated by $3,100; equity (Retained Earnings) would be understated by $6,050 ($9,150 $3,100); and total liabilities and equity would be understated by $9,150 ($3,100 + $6,050). 4. There is no effect on the Net increase or decrease in cash on the statement of cash flows, since adjusting entries do not affect cash. 3-13

Prob. 3 3A 1. a. Accounts Receivable 12,700 Fees Earned 12,700 Accrued fees earned. b. Supplies Expense 17,425 Supplies 17,425 Supplies used ($21,600 $4,175). c. Depreciation Expense 7,400 Accumulated Depreciation Equipment 7,400 Equipment depreciation. d. Unearned Fees 14,200 Fees Earned 14,200 Fees earned. e. Wages Expense 1,100 Wages Payable 1,100 Accrued wages. 2. Revenues $393,000 Expenses 301,800 ($126,000 + $96,000 + $69,000 + $10,800) Net profit $ 91,200 3. Revenues $419,900 ($393,000 + $12,700 + $14,200) Expenses 327,725 ($301,800 + $17,425 + $7,400 + $1,100) Net profit $ 92,175 4. The effect of the adjusting entries on Retained Earnings is the difference in Net profit in (2) and (3) of $975 ($92,175 $91,200), which increases Retained Earnings. 3-14

Prob. 3 4A Nov. 30 Supplies Expense 8,850 Supplies 8,850 Supplies used ($11,250 $2,400). 30 Insurance Expense 10,400 Prepaid Insurance 10,400 Insurance expired ($14,250 $3,850). 30 Depreciation Expense Equipment 11,600 Accumulated Depreciation Equipment 11,600 Equipment depreciation ($106,100 $94,500). 30 Depreciation Expense Automobiles 7,300 Accumulated Depreciation Automobiles 7,300 Automobile depreciation ($62,050 $54,750). 30 Utilities Expense 1,200 Accounts Payable 1,200 Accrued utilities expense ($26,130 $24,930, or $14,100 $12,900). 30 Salary Expense 8,100 Salaries Payable 8,100 Accrued salary ($525,000 $516,900). 30 Unearned Service Fees 9,000 Service Fees Earned 9,000 Service fees earned ($18,000 $9,000, or $742,800 $733,800). 3-15

Prob. 3 5A 1. a. Insurance Expense 1,800 Prepaid Insurance 1,800 Insurance expired ($7,200 $5,400). b. Supplies Expense 1,605 Supplies 1,605 Supplies used ($1,980 $375). c. Depreciation Expense Building 6,000 Accumulated Depreciation Building 6,000 Building depreciation. d. Depreciation Expense Equipment 3,000 Accumulated Depreciation Equipment 3,000 Equipment depreciation. e. Unearned Rent 5,400 Rent Revenue 5,400 Rent revenue earned ($6,750 $1,350). f. Salaries and Wages Expense 2,900 Salaries and Wages Payable 2,900 Accrued salaries and wages. g. Accounts Receivable 18,600 Fees Earned 18,600 Accrued fees earned. 3-16

Prob. 3 5A (Concluded) 2. DICKENS COMPANY Adjusted Trial October 31, Debit Credit s s Cash 7,500 Accounts Receivable 57,000 Prepaid Insurance 5,400 Supplies 375 Land 112,500 Building 150,250 Accumulated Depreciation Building 93,550 Equipment 135,300 Accumulated Depreciation Equipment 100,950 Accounts Payable 12,150 Unearned Rent 1,350 Salaries and Wages Payable 2,900 Share Capital 75,000 Retained Earnings 146,000 Dividends 15,000 Fees Earned 343,200 Rent Revenue 5,400 Salaries and Wages Expense 196,270 Utilities Expense 42,375 Advertising Expense 22,800 Repairs Expense 17,250 Depreciation Expense Building 6,000 Depreciation Expense Equipment 3,000 Insurance Expense 1,800 Supplies Expense 1,605 Miscellaneous Expense 6,075 780,500 780,500 3-17

Prob. 3 6A 1. a. Supplies Expense 2,750 Supplies 2,750 Supplies used. b. Accounts Receivable 23,700 Fees Earned 23,700 Accrued fees earned. c. Depreciation Expense 1,800 Accumulated Depreciation Equipment 1,800 Equipment depreciation. d. Wages Expense 1,400 Wages Payable 1,400 Accrued wages. 2. Net Total Total Total Profit Assets = Liabilities + Equity Reported amounts $120,000 $750,000 $300,000 $450,000 Corrections: Adjustment (a) 2,750 2,750 0 2,750 Adjustment (b) +23,700 +23,700 0 +23,700 Adjustment (c) 1,800 1,800 0 1,800 Adjustment (d) 1,400 0 +1,400 1,400 Corrected amounts $137,750 $769,150 $301,400 $467,750 3-18

Prob. 3 1B 1. a. Accounts Receivable 19,750 Fees Earned 19,750 Accrued fees earned. b. Supplies Expense 8,150 Supplies 8,150 Supplies used ($12,300 $4,150). c. Wages Expense 2,700 Wages Payable 2,700 Accrued wages. d. Unearned Rent 3,000 Rent Revenue 3,000 Rent earned ($9,000 3 months). e. Depreciation Expense 3,200 Accumulated Depreciation Equipment 3,200 Depreciation expense. 2. Adjusting entries are a planned part of the accounting process to update the accounts. Correcting entries are not planned but arise only when necessary to correct errors. 3-19

Prob. 3 2B 1. a. Supplies Expense 2,620 Supplies 2,620 Supplies used ($3,170 $550). b. Depreciation Expense 1,675 Accumulated Depreciation Equipment 1,675 Depreciation for year. c. Rent Expense 8,500 Prepaid Rent 8,500 Rent expired. d. Wages Expense 2,000 Wages Payable 2,000 Accrued wages. e. Unearned Fees 6,000 Fees Earned 6,000 Fees earned ($10,000 $4,000). f. Accounts Receivable 5,380 Fees Earned 5,380 Accrued fees. 2. Fees Earned would be understated by $6,000; Depreciation Expense would be understated by $1,675; and Net profit would be understated by $4,325 ($6,000 $1,675). 3. Accumulated Depreciation Equipment would be understated by $1,675; total assets would be overstated by $1,675; Unearned Fees would be overstated by $6,000; total liabilities would be overstated by $6,000; equity (Retained Earnings) would be understated by $4,325 ($6,000 $1,675); and total liabilities and equity would be overstated by $1,675 ($6,000 $4,325). 4. There is no effect on the Net increase or decrease in cash on the statement of cash flows, since adjusting entries do not affect cash. 3-20

Prob. 3 3B 1. a. Supplies Expense 5,820 Supplies 5,820 Supplies used ($7,200 $1,380). b. Accounts Receivable 3,900 Fees Earned 3,900 Accrued fees earned. c. Depreciation Expense 3,000 Accumulated Depreciation Equipment 3,000 Equipment depreciation. d. Wages Expense 2,475 Wages Payable 2,475 Accrued wages. e. Unearned Fees 14,140 Fees Earned 14,140 Fees earned. 2. Revenues $305,800 Expenses 261,800 ($157,800 + $55,000 + $42,000 + $7,000) Net profit $ 44,000 3. Revenues $323,840 ($305,800 + $3,900 + $14,140) Expenses 273,095 ($261,800 + $5,820 + $3,000 + $2,475) Net profit $ 50,745 4. The effect of the adjusting entries on Retained Earnings is the difference in Net profit in (3) and (2) of $6,745 ($50,745 $44,000), which would increase Retained Earnings. 3-21

Prob. 3 4B Mar. 31 Supplies Expense 4,025 Supplies 4,025 Supplies used ($6,200 $2,175). 31 Insurance Expense 7,850 Prepaid Insurance 7,850 Insurance expired ($9,000 $1,150). 31 Depreciation Expense Buildings 9,500 Accumulated Depreciation Buildings 9,500 Depreciation ($61,000 $51,500). 31 Depreciation Expense Trucks 5,000 Accumulated Depreciation Trucks 5,000 Depreciation ($17,000 $12,000). 31 Utilities Expense 1,830 Accounts Payable 1,830 Accrued utilities expense ($8,750 $6,920, or $8,030 $6,200). 31 Salary Expense 1,400 Salaries Payable 1,400 Accrued salaries ($81,400 $80,000). 31 Unearned Service Fees 6,650 Service Fees Earned 6,650 Service fees earned ($10,500 $3,850, or $169,330 $162,680). 3-22

Prob. 3 5B 1. a. Depreciation Expense Building 6,400 Accumulated Depreciation Building 6,400 Building depreciation. b. Depreciation Expense Equipment 2,800 Accumulated Depreciation Equipment 2,800 Equipment depreciation. c. Salaries and Wages Expense 900 Salaries and Wages Payable 900 Accrued salaries and wages. d. Insurance Expense 4,500 Prepaid Insurance 4,500 Insurance expired ($6,000 $1,500). e. Accounts Receivable 10,200 Fees Earned 10,200 Accrued fees earned. f. Supplies Expense 1,110 Supplies 1,110 Supplies used ($1,725 $615). g. Unearned Rent 3,300 Rent Revenue 3,300 Rent revenue earned ($3,600 $300). 3-23

Prob. 3 5B (Concluded) 2. REECE FINANCIAL SERVICES CO. Adjusted Trial July 31, Debit Credit s s Cash 10,200 Accounts Receivable 44,950 Prepaid Insurance 1,500 Supplies 615 Land 50,000 Building 155,750 Accumulated Depreciation Building 69,250 Equipment 45,000 Accumulated Depreciation Equipment 20,450 Accounts Payable 3,750 Unearned Rent 300 Salaries and Wages Payable 900 Share Capital 60,000 Retained Earnings 93,550 Dividends 8,000 Fees Earned 168,800 Rent Revenue 3,300 Salaries and Wages Expense 57,750 Utilities Expense 14,100 Advertising Expense 7,500 Depreciation Expense Building 6,400 Repairs Expense 6,100 Insurance Expense 4,500 Depreciation Expense Equipment 2,800 Supplies Expense 1,110 Miscellaneous Expense 4,025 420,300 420,300 3-24

Prob. 3 6B 1. a. Accounts Receivable 31,900 Fees Earned 31,900 Accrued fees earned. b. Depreciation Expense 7,500 Accumulated Depreciation Equipment 7,500 Equipment depreciation. c. Wages Expense 5,200 Wages Payable 5,200 Accrued wages. d. Supplies Expense 3,000 Supplies 3,000 Supplies used. 2. Net Total Total Total Profit Assets = Liabilities + Equity Reported amounts $112,500 $650,000 $225,000 $425,000 Corrections: Adjustment (a) +31,900 +31,900 0 +31,900 Adjustment (b) 7,500 7,500 0 7,500 Adjustment (c) 5,200 0 +5,200 5,200 Adjustment (d) 3,000 3,000 0 3,000 Corrected amounts $128,700 $671,400 $230,200 $441,200 3-25

1. CONTINUING PROBLEM Description JOURNAL Page 3 Ref. Debit Credit July Adjusting Entries 31 Accounts Receivable 12 1,400 Fees Earned 41 1,400 Accrued fees earned (115 hrs. 80 hrs.) $40 = $1,400. 31 Supplies Expense 56 745 Supplies 14 745 Supplies used ($1,020 $275). 31 Insurance Expense 57 225 Prepaid Insurance 15 225 Insurance expired ($2,700 12 months) = $225 per month. 31 Depreciation Expense 58 50 Accum. Depr. Office Equipment 18 50 Office equipment depreciation. 31 Unearned Revenue 23 3,600 Fees Earned 41 3,600 Fees earned ($7,200 2 months). 31 Wages Expense 50 140 Wages Payable 22 140 Accrued wages. 3-26

Continuing Problem (Continued) 2. Cash Account No. 11 July 1 3,920 1 1 5,000 8,920 1 1 1,750 7,170 1 1 2,700 4,470 2 1 1,000 5,470 3 1 7,200 12,670 3 1 250 12,420 4 1 900 11,520 8 1 200 11,320 11 1 1,000 12,320 13 1 700 11,620 14 1 1,200 10,420 16 2 2,000 12,420 21 2 620 11,800 22 2 800 11,000 23 2 750 11,750 27 2 915 10,835 28 2 1,200 9,635 29 2 540 9,095 30 2 500 9,595 31 2 3,000 12,595 31 2 1,400 11,195 31 2 1,250 9,945 Accounts Receivable Account No. 12 July 1 1,000 2 1 1,000 23 2 1,750 1,750 30 2 1,000 2,750 31 Adjusting 3 1,400 4,150 3-27

Continuing Problem (Continued) Supplies Account No. 14 July 1 170 18 2 850 1,020 31 Adjusting 3 745 275 Prepaid Insurance Account No. 15 July 1 1 2,700 2,700 31 Adjusting 3 225 2,475 Office Equipment Account No. 17 July 5 1 7,500 7,500 Accumulated Depreciation Office Equipment Account No. 18 July 31 Adjusting 3 50 50 Accounts Payable Account No. 21 July 1 250 3 1 250 5 1 7,500 7,500 18 2 850 8,350 Wages Payable Account No. 22 July 31 Adjusting 3 140 140 3-28

Continuing Problem (Continued) Unearned Revenue Account No. 23 July 3 1 7,200 7,200 31 Adjusting 3 3,600 3,600 Share Capital Account No. 31 July 1 4,000 1 1 5,000 9,000 Dividends Account No. 33 July 1 500 31 2 1,250 1,750 Income Summary Account No. 34 (This account is not used in Chapter 3.) Fees Earned Account No. 41 July 1 6,200 11 1 1,000 7,200 16 2 2,000 9,200 23 2 2,500 11,700 30 2 1,500 13,200 31 2 3,000 16,200 31 Adjusting 3 1,400 17,600 31 Adjusting 3 3,600 21,200 3-29

Continuing Problem (Continued) Wages Expense Account No. 50 July 1 400 14 1 1,200 1,600 28 2 1,200 2,800 31 Adjusting 3 140 2,940 Office Rent Expense Account No. 51 July 1 800 1 1 1,750 2,550 Equipment Rent Expense Account No. 52 July 1 675 13 1 700 1,375 Utilities Expense Account No. 53 July 1 300 27 2 915 1,215 Music Expense Account No. 54 July 1 1,590 21 2 620 2,210 31 2 1,400 3,610 3-30

Continuing Problem (Continued) Advertising Expense Account No. 55 July 1 500 8 1 200 700 22 2 800 1,500 Supplies Expense Account No. 56 July 1 180 31 Adjusting 3 745 925 Insurance Expense Account No. 57 July 31 Adjusting 3 225 225 Depreciation Expense Account No. 58 July 31 Adjusting 3 50 50 Miscellaneous Expense Account No. 59 July 1 415 4 1 900 1,315 29 2 540 1,855 3-31

Continuing Problem (Concluded) 3. PS MUSIC Adjusted Trial July 31, Debit Credit s s Cash 9,945 Accounts Receivable 4,150 Supplies 275 Prepaid Insurance 2,475 Office Equipment 7,500 Accumulated Depreciation Office Equipment 50 Accounts Payable 8,350 Wages Payable 140 Unearned Revenue 3,600 Share Capital 9,000 Dividends 1,750 Fees Earned 21,200 Music Expense 3,610 Wages Expense 2,940 Office Rent Expense 2,550 Advertising Expense 1,500 Equipment Rent Expense 1,375 Utilities Expense 1,215 Supplies Expense 925 Insurance Expense 225 Depreciation Expense 50 Miscellaneous Expense 1,855 42,340 42,340 3-32

CASES & PROJECTS CP 3 1 It is acceptable for Daryl to prepare the financial statements for Squid Realty Co. on an accrual basis. The revision of the financial statements to include the accrual of the $30,000 commission as of December 28, 2013, would not be appropriate. Most real estate contracts include contingencies that can void the contract. Such contingencies include obtaining a loan, appraisals, environmental studies, and inspection results. In other words, Daryl only can be sure of earning the commission on January 5,, when the attorney formally records the transfer of the property to the buyer, and Daryl may disclose the pending sale and related commission in a note to the financial statements. Indicating on the loan application to Free Spirit Bank that Squid Realty Co. has not been rejected previously for credit is unethical and unprofessional, and intentionally filing false loan documents is illegal. CP 3 2 The cost of the warranty repairs, $1,650, should be recognized as an expense of in order to properly match revenues from the sale of the truck with the related expenses. Since the cost of the actual repairs will not be known at the time of sale (), Ford Motor Company would estimate warranty costs and expenses at the end of using its past warranty (repair) history with the Ford 350F. This estimate would be recorded in the accounts through use of an adjusting entry. The adjusting entry would debit Warranty Expense and credit Estimated Warranty Payable, a liability account. 3-33

CP 3 3 Revenue is normally recorded when the services are provided or when the goods are delivered (title passes) to the buyer. By waiting until after the services are provided, the expenses of providing the services can be more accurately measured and matched against the related revenues. Also, at this point, the provider of the services has a right to demand payment for the services if payment has not already been received. Airlines, such as Delta Air Lines, normally record revenue from ticket sales after completing a flight. At this point, the boarding passes, which have been collected from the passengers, represent revenue to the airline. In addition, the expenses related to each flight, such as landing fees and fuel, would have been incurred and would be accurately measured. Note to Instructors: The following points also might be worth discussing: (1) The receipt of revenue from customers in advance of a flight represents unearned revenues to the airline. For example, the purchase of discount tickets, which often requires prepayment months in advance of the actual flight, is unearned revenue to the airline. (2) At the end of the airline s accounting period, it would have adjusting entries related to such items as the following: Accrued wages for employees Depreciation on airplanes, terminal buildings, etc. Unearned revenues (described above) Accrued income from transporting freight, etc. Accrued income from other airlines (When a flight is delayed or canceled, airlines often accept passengers from other airlines and then later collect the revenue from the other airline.) Prepaid expenses related to insurance, etc. 3-34

CP 3 4 a. There are several indications that adjusting entries were not recorded before the financial statements were prepared, including: 1. All expenses on the statement of comprehensive income are identified as paid items and not as expenses. 2. No expense is reported on the statement of comprehensive income for depreciation, and no accumulated depreciation is reported on the statement of financial position. 3. No supplies, accounts payable, or wages payable are reported on the financial position. b. Likely accounts requiring adjustment include: 1. Accumulated Depreciation Truck for depreciation expense. 2. Supplies (paid) expense for supplies on hand. 3. Insurance (paid) expense for unexpired insurance. 4. Wages accrued. 5. Utilities accrued. CP 3 5 Note to Instructors: The purpose of this activity is to familiarize students with behaviors that are common in codes of conduct. In addition, this activity addresses an actual ethical dilemma for students related to doing their homework. Consider asking students to look up your school s Student Code of Conduct and discuss its implications for the behaviors described in this case. An excerpt from one such Honor Code is shown below. Students must share the responsibility for creating and maintaining an atmosphere of honesty and integrity. Students should be aware that personal experience in completing assigned work is essential to learning. Permitting others to prepare their work, using published or unpublished summaries as a substitute for studying required materials, or giving or receiving unauthorized assistance in the preparation of work to be submitted are directly contrary to the honest process of learning. Students who are aware that others in a course are cheating or otherwise acting dishonestly have the responsibility to inform the professor and/or bring an accusation to the Honor Council. http://smu.edu/studentlife/studenthandbook/pcl_05_hc.asp Southern Methodist University, The Honor Code, http://smu.edu/studentlife/studenthandbook. 3-35