Market Research Findings Social Initiatives May 23, 2009
Focus group discussions Summary of findings
Qualitative Research 5 focus group discussions in Yellammabanda and Film Nagar, in March April 2009. Group Sizes 8-10 3 all women groups; 2 all men groups Duration around 45 minutes 3
Profiling the people the man The man spends a busy day; early off to work and late back home. Works hard usually, but does not see commensurate improvement in his life. Even if the wife earns, considers himself to be the head of the family. Is fairly engaged with his family, however not actively involved in day- to-day household work, except in case of infrastructural hurdles (such as, carrying water from afar, carrying the unwell child uphill in the absence of roads). Usually, a primary school drop-out. Construction worker (skilled, unskilled), employed in a small job, small time trader. Enjoys his drink, usually with friends in the colony. 4
Profiling the people the woman The woman spends a busy day, too. Cooks, cleans, washes, manages the children, helps the man Is the pivot of the family, keeps it together. Finds managing the home within the budget difficult. If she does not work (half of them do not), it is usually because she has to be there when the children get back from school, and also to collect water at mid-day. If she does works, she seeks activities that allow her some flexibility close to home, not 9-5 but fewer hours of the day. Often, a primary school drop-out. Is semi-/un-skilled. Maid, small trader, cook, tailor, construction worker. Not really happy with her state of life. 5
Profiling the people their children and families Usually nuclear families, with the parents / in-laws not staying together or back home in the village. Does not seem to be a very high level of engagement with the extended families, on a regular basis. Fairly bonded families, with children being the focus of parents aspirations our lives are past, we can only hope and strive to make their lives better. Education given significance. Parents aim to send children to school, preferably an English medium one. Not much of planning for their own future perhaps, the children will take care of them, in their old age. 6
Profiling the people their homes Having an own house is important. Most families are on squatted land, or have been relocated. Have stayed in the colony for 10 years or more. Small houses, usually a single room. Clean. Usually TV, cot. Drums to store water. Man has a mobile, usually. Combinations of kachcha and pucca roofs and walls. 7
Profiling the people their finances Barely make ends meet, with income just about matching expenses. Nearly all of them have loans drawn local moneylender, neighbours, SHG, microfinance. No savings accounts. Have a small amount of cash saved up at home to tide over cashflow issues. Have to borrow for large unexpected expenses. No insurance. 8
Profiling the people their colonies, infrastructure Water and sanitation are key shortcomings in local infrastructure. Despite years of follow-up with local governments, very slow progress if any. Affects their lives negatively in multiple ways time, health, work Usually access roads to the colonies are good concrete or tar roads. Quality of the interior roads leading to their homes is kachcha in the older colonies, pucca in the newly relocated areas. Easy access to schooling infrastructure anganwadis, government schools, private schools, tuitions, colleges. 9
Profiling the people their colonies, infrastructure Healthcare: Primary Care A number of RMPs, however not much trust or loyalty built-up. Govt UHPs are not the preferred port of call. Expensive; at least a visit a month, costing around 150 rupees. Apart from regular issues, high incidence of hypertension/bp, diabetes, joints pains and anaemia. Healthcare: Secondary and Tertiary Care Private care is expensive. In case of Film Nagar, no affordable facilities in proximate distance. Electricity is easily accessed and subsidised. A few community halls, not many. No parks, playgrounds. No libraries, reading rooms, sports facilities. 10
Profiling the people sources of joy Family is an integral part of their lives. Enjoy the time spent with the children. Fairly close-knit communities, that enjoy their time together. Women, during the afternoon downtime, and men, after a drink. Television is a source of entertainment and information movies, soaps and news. Not much of newspaper reading habit. Not much of outside entertainment no money to spare. 11
Profiling the people their attitudes Rather not talk about our lives. Nothing much to be happy about. Take each day as it comes. Not prepared for tomorrow. We need to fend for ourselves. Nobody helps us, definitely not the politicians, government. While many think that lives have improved over the last few years, especially once we got the roads, and water, many others believe that yesterday was definitely better than today. 12
Quantitative survey Survey set up Demographics of the population Income and expenditure patterns Local infrastructure Health care
Objective of survey Understand the socio-economic profile of households in the target slums Estimate the incidence of ultra poor households Understand household behaviours, with respect to primary and secondary health care needs 14
Survey set up Sample size: 400 households Survey methodology: Administration of questionnaires face-to-face Time per survey: Approx 20 minutes Sampling methodology: Random sampling (every 10 th household in target slums) Area covered: 3 localities: Film Nagar, Rasoolpura, Yellammabanda Sampling by locality: F Nagar R Pura Y Banda No. of slums surveyed 15 3 4 Total HH (estimated) 3500 25000 2000 Sample size 200 100 100 % 5.6% 0.4% 5% Both men and women selected as respondents in equal proportion Survey conducted by Access Livelihood Services, Hyderabad 15
Survey sample characteristics Respondents age Men Women Total Base 200 197 397 18-25 12% 27% 19% 26-35 45% 44% 44% 36-45 39% 26% 33% > 45 5% 3% 4% The respondents were largely in the age group of 25-45. As per census data, 74% of the population in Hyderabad is literate, however the reported incidence of any formal education was only 47% in this sample. 82% of households were Hindu, with 17% Muslim and 1% Christian. Given the age group of respondents, 93% were married. 5% households were of widows. Respondents education Men Women Total Base 182 192 374 No Education 45% 60% 53% <= 5th standard 16% 16% 16% 5th - 10th standard 29% 21% 25% 10-12th standard 7% 2% 4% graduate / diploma 3% 2% 2% Religion Marital status Base 399 Base 399 Christian 1% Not married 2% Hindu 82% Married 93% Muslim 17% Widowed 5% 16
Household characteristics No. of family members Base 398 3 or less 17% 4-6 73% 7-9 9% 10 or more 1% Average 4.7 The average household size is close to 5, of which 2-3 are likely to be earning members. Households typically have 2-3 children. No. of children Base 399 None 7% 1 child 16% 2 children 41% 3 children 26% 4 or more 11% Average 2.2 17
Migration patterns of sample households No. of years in current residence F Nagar R Pura Y Banda Total Base 201 100 95 396 <1 7% 3% 16% 8% 1-5 years 17% 23% 42% 25% 6-10 years 18% 19% 26% 20% 11-15 years 27% 10% 8% 18% 16-20 years 23% 22% 6% 19% > 20 years 7% 23% 1% 10% From where have people moved to their current house F Nagar R Pura Y Banda Total Base 196 91 95 382 Most families coming from outside Hyderabad, have moved from other parts of Andhra with a small percentage moving from Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra or Karnataka. Within Andhra, most of the families have moved from the surrounding districts of Mahboobnagar, Nalgonda, Warangal and Karimnagar. As per the City Development Plan data, 67% of growth in population is from natural growth and 25% from migration. The high number of people who migrated from outside Hyderabad and settled in the sample slums reflects this. Within Hyd 46% 41% 22% 39% Outside Hyd 54% 59% 78% 61% 18
Variation in housing structure within each slum Ownership of house F Nagar R Pura Y Banda Total Base 201 100 95 396 Own 73% 68% 54% 67% Rented 27% 32% 46% 33% Structure of house On an average, 67% of households live in their own house. However in Yellammabanda, almost 50% of residents are tenants. Yellammabanda is on the outskirts of the city and is typically one of the entry point for migrants. This is indicated both by the higher proportion of respondents who have migrated from outside Hyd and the greater proportion of tenants. Semi pucca 56% Full pucca 25% Full kaccha 11% Part kaccha 8% About 20% of houses are made of non permanent materials. The average duration of residence in even kaccha houses is 13 years. Thus, there are a number of households that stay in condition of continued poverty.
Primary occupations - men Main occupation of the men Stone cutter 5% Auto driver 7% Other 6% Business 13% Skilled labour 17% Does not work 3% Job 25% (*) Excluding households where man is dead or information is not available Unskilled labour 24% Men are engaged in a number of different occupations Unskilled workers are employed as daily wage earners in the construction sector. They typically source work from addas or local meeting places Skilled workers include painters, electricians, plumbers and carpenters. They source work through a combination of personal networks and addas. Underemployment or not enough days of work is problem in both these categories and is a reason for poverty. Jobs are largely in hospitality (cooks, waiters), security and car drivers. The businesses operated largely include: kirana stores (majority), vegetable vending, tailoring or ironing units and scrap sales 20
Primary occupations: women Main occupation of the women Does not work 63% Business 6% Labourer 11% Job 6% Other 3% (*) Excluding households where man is dead or information is not available Maid 11% 63% of the women do not work. However, 70% of them do want to work. The need to take care of children is the main reason for women being unable to work. Domestic work is the main source of employment for women. This is especially true in slums that are closer to middle class areas. In Rasoolpura, 24% of the women interviewed were working as maids. The incidence of women working as labour was high in Film Nagar (16%) and Yellammabanda (13%), while Rasoolpura had only one 1% women working as labour. 21
Household Finances - Incomes Contributors to household income Does not work 63% Business 6% Income levels across the three areas Man Woman Labourer 11% Maid 11% Job 6% Other 3% Other earners Other Sources* Total Income F Nagar 4,213 826 679 135 5,853 Y Banda 4,008 488 708 36 5,240 Man is the main provider for most households, supported by women and other members of family. Not significant income from other sources (rent, pension, interest etc) Relatively similar patterns across the three localities, except: Higher woman earnings in Film Nagar, reflecting more number of women working as labour and access to employment opportunities (high end residential area in proximity). Higher contribution from other members in the family in Rasoolpura, reflecting the presence of larger families in the relatively older slum R Pura 4,021 503 1,188 38 5,750 (*) Other Sources Rent, Pension, Interest, Misc
Household Finances - Incomes Distribution across income bands, and nature of work Total Own Business Employed Labour - adda Semi/Skilled worker Labour - non adda Base: 399 48 80 81 90 34 66 Upto 2000 23 2 2 0 1 2 16 Rs 2001-4000 134 15 21 38 33 5 22 Rs 4001-6000 127 13 28 22 30 17 17 Rs 6001-8000 61 7 13 14 16 5 6 Rs 8001-10000 21 2 7 4 5 2 1 More than 10000 33 9 9 3 5 3 4 Other* Average 5681 7370 6467 5919 5543 5016 4379 There is a large concentration of respondents in the 2000-4000 income band, reflecting the cross-section of the localities. Households with men engaged in labour, semi-skilled work earn lower than the micro-entrepreneurs or those with regular employment. The lowest household incomes are in the outlier segment, where the man either does not work, or is not alive. *Other: includes, not working, man not alive
Household Finances - Monthly Expense Patterns Families living in own houses Alcohol Debt 7% Servicing 16% Cable 2% Utilities 5% Healthca re Educatio 3% n 6% Rent 0% Food 61% Families living in rented houses Utilities Debt 3% Servicing Cable 10% 1% Healthcar e 2% Educatio n 3% Rent 23% Alcohol 5% Food 53% Food is the single largest expense accounting for around 50-60% of total household expenses. In absolute averages, families with own houses spend more on each expense head than those in rented houses. Rent constitutes 23% of total expenditure for people who do not have own houses and leaves them with less to spend on food etc. Alcohol estimations above may be conservative, reflecting the reticence in sharing this information by the respondents. FGDs indicate a significantly higher outflow.
Household Finances Overall Surplus / (Deficit) Monthly Income Expense Pattern Annual Income Expense Pattern Rs. Rs. 000 With the additional rental expense, families without own homes barely make ends meet on a monthly basis. Accounting for any annual one-time expenses, they are likely to add to their debt stock regularly. Households with own houses are likely to be able to meet their expenses, and may be left with a surplus (albeit small).
Healthcare patterns primary care First point of contact for health problems F Nagar R Pura Y Banda Total Base 203 100 96 399 Local RMP 77% 71% 84% 77% Qualified Doctor Clinic 15% 23% 14% 17% Govt Clinic / OPD 7% 4% 1% 5% Private Hospital 1% 1% 1% 1% Medical Shop 0% 1% 0% 1% Frequency of visit F Nagar R Pura Y Banda Total Base 202 99 95 396 > Once a month 12% 13% 14% 13% Once a month 22% 36% 24% 26% Once in 3 months 45% 45% 54% 47% Once in 6 months 21% 5% 8% 14% Residents have easy access to local RMPs. FGDs, however, reveal very limited faith in the abilities of these RMPs. The average frequency of visits for medical advice is around 1-2 times in a quarter. Households spend Rs 123 per month on average on primary health care. This includes consultation fees and medicines The average expense in Film Nagar is marginally higher, likely reflecting the serious water and sanitation problems
Food and provisions patterns Monthly food expenses Income band Rice Other Food Upto 2000 490 2155 Rs 2001-4000 716 2083 Rs 4001-6000 732 2539 Rs 6001-8000 734 2118 Rs 8001-10000 1001 2133 More than 10000 912 2777 Total 736 2294 Rice is the staple requirement, and it accounts for close to 25% of the total food expense of the household. There is an increase in reported expenditure on rice with income, reflecting the shift in shift in purchase patterns from PDS to more (better quality) non-pds rice. Quantum of rice purchased and mix of sources The average rice consumption is 17 Monthly Number of Kg of rice Kg/adult kg per person per month. Income band HH purchased pm % PDS % Market /month Upto 2k 27 30 37% 63% 17.0 2k 4k 128 39 30% 70% 17.2 4k 6k 126 40 36% 64% 17.1 6k 8k 61 44 36% 64% 16.7 8k 10k 21 52 23% 77% 16.1 > 10k 32 48 26% 74% 15.6 Total 395 41 33% 67% 16.9 The quantity and quality of PDS rice is not adequate to meet the food needs, and households purchase 67% of their rice requirements from the market.
Asset distribution across the households % of households with assets Electric Fan T V Mobile Phone 66% 74% 93% Most houses have access to electricity as indicated by presence of electric fan. Most houses also have a TV and watching TV is the primary leisure activity as observed during focus group discussions. Pressure Cooker Bike / Scooter Sewing Machine Cycle 21% 17% 16% 15% Significant number of households also have a mobile phone. Surprisingly, few households have reported having a pressure cooker need to understand how dal, meat etc is cooked.