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Transcription:

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1396 "#! ----------------------------------- 88 0$ 7 8 '% N%Q. 2 4 1\ I`! ;\.3% &32B% 1EI + { >G 12J> -$ 13"K &K5% \ F!./,-.6.,- 4E 43$ 12J>,-. 0$ C '$ N%Q + EF% 4-7/:G 1-$ 1/:G (1393.I 1\ I`)! 1% 12J> 1/6 7G 7 G R \ "v% sb E 1 %- 12J>,-.,./ "/ 4 JE/../ 1: 16 1@ 1J% 1@,-! i 12J> J$ &! +.3% &<$ +3$ +,.5.(1395JE/ 1-$) Z %./"/ F6 1> :.% s32b%) 13"K. A 1 a%. CG X6 7/- + 1% 7 15' 15' +.3% &<$ /1% { - s32b% ()5> F! R r> 75./ 7 15' 8% 4E s3%, +VE/. 13"K L. CG X6 7/- 7 432B% % sub% 13"K L,. CG X6 7/- + 7 4 U% 1% M 1Z% 3% RI $./%G.C '$ E/ 4 4$.(1394+,.5) 06 &$ 4 " M i, 1/6. ;\ 7/:G + > 0 #! +., 0$ 1 G 43$ 3E.% 4 \% $ 1% 6 : 4 6 4% 1 1 /. ^K% + RI $./%G.6 &? L '?< )CI D JV: 1/- 4UB% 4 13"K 3I% f, 4- h> ; 1 / 06. 432B% % 4UB% 6 E/ 1! ^K% I 6 1D )E! )E! g$eq 1/- ^K%.!1% RU$ 1! ) %6 [ 1 3E R-$ 8% 1.4I?! 0 0./ EI a%%- / < 8/47 1EI & I F! 4-./F!, h / 1390 1 3E R-$ % F! 6, G 1 3E R-$ 8% +. 2/95 -, a%%- < 3/61 4 R-$ 8%.3 X$%.!1% a%%- / < 6/82 < 1/33 "F a%%- < 1/4 S> a%%- < 2/34 [ a%%- < "K a%%- < 1/01 4 a%%- < 1/1 a%%- < 1/31 a%%- ` + 4J.. 244 3$ "F F!.! 4"Z% a%%- < 0/47, a%%- h / 1 ju R-$ 8%.. > `16/2 13./ 15 1 4BU 226 4 F!.3 X$%.! 4"Z% 0/900 F! + i> / 0/290 6 LB * 1 R-$ 8% 4-./ N-, `.! 1% 1/53 4 2/1 "F N<J$.!1% a%%-

89 --------------------------------------... -. /0, *+ # )(! #! 432B% % ^K% 4J. / R-$ 3$ :1:7I =: k'a P+ (km2) (Z> 75 =: 7+ @= j 0/029 7727/34 15 226 4 1 0/009 26038/5 16/2 244 "F 2 (1385-90 )./F! / 3$ 3E R-$ [U% =: (I 27933 34742 1390 =: 7+ 223 240 =: (I 29484 37766 1385 =: 7+ 228 291 :2 :7I @= 4 "F (X5%./)1 >.//, a%%- / 3E.6 R-$ :3:7I > R-$ 2/88 0/63542 0/83457 22/46 2/42638 1/39964 0/96269 1/16625 2/00413 0/52615 0/39342 3E 3606 986 1424 1778 3488 1483 3749 2981 3141 2637 5118 > 3$ 32 27 25 39 53 47 35 56 75 40 34 *% 1251/41 1551/73 1706/26 720/85 1437/53 1059/56 3894/29 2556/5 1567/26 5011/85 13009/04 T 0D % 6 +%% F S! 45Q % 4 F! 4 "F 13951 >. &QAK %6 :a"% 0$ +3$. 1: : TK 7/:G + 1 a%a%.60$ TB%./ 4<2q% 3 o! +3%! 4M.6 4 K 4/ 0 / )% 6,;-/ 4-1 / 4<2q% 3 57/:G + 45-r,&QAK.6 ae. 1 EG r 4 1Z$ 1<`$ 7/:G + ;\r. : 4 &`, N*%."% @* 7/:G.! <1% 7/:G.

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1396 "#! ----------------------------------- 98 :DJ =A 1.1* / 45$ 6 1 k 1J%./%G 12J> &! 1!.,-./ 1>. CG 3E F! R/ 1$%>.I - AQ 4. &$ 4 4$ 0 F! 1 ^K% &F%! 1 3$ 1` N%Q, $1% -, 1J! &J%,.>.E! /F! N"I.%6./ 4 " 1BZ% (13"K 1, RQ) 1BZ% &K5% 4F% : 4./F! 1./; + 1 3E 1<%! 6 E 4-! 1./k, 1. G 4 \% w>! 1%E$ 4- H$ + I U$! />, 6./%G 1EI &$ 4UB% h 2* F 1%,. 4UB% 3@ \6.,.6 0$ 3 / 4<2% / 6-3% 1, #! "F 1EF% 7U $ 1% 4UB% h.,./ 05 /"/ 1BZ%., 7$./ + 13"K a% 4.! 1 432B% % 4UB%.- < 4 4$.! 1% 0Z% 4UB% h. G N%Q, 8.,./ 4 8 H$.! 1% J! G )" 4 N"I / &%, Ql 4UB% 1EI 3@ $ 4 (`90)/ OG 4J 7- o 1EI #! i 5 6 05 + EF%. 3@ +, #! -. ei ; AK ; r 4E,.9I./ 4 8, < - "/ +5. 6 1, 1%./ 7, < - X- N! 05 4E, NEJ%./ 4 8, <,. I.3./ 2! rg ;%./ 12J> -.2 $ % B> E!,.% I : 4"% &F% 4 $ 1% 8 7/:G + { + EF% X- i> 06 <- 4E, 1 /% + 1"E/ 4B.! 4! 1QE./%G $ 1% 4-4B.,- 4%, &F% r,%6 12J> 3, 1/6 1! H$ 1 a `,* - 4E, &32B% 7/:G + {. 432B% % 4UB% M., $.3%./ 7/:G %- (1395)JE/ 1-$ 0/, NG (1391)JE/.2> 7/:G / (2014)%! h!m- "E, (2014)JE/ E % F +UUZ% '$ +-,- RI $ i 4", - ( 2016)[E- &- %- (2015). UB% &$ + 1%.,./J/ 05 F6 3%,-., $ 'q% S < N%Q 1 (1394) 1! 2, i% ` 1Q 1, Š%- + 25.2> -678w` 3 E! 6 1./ 7/:G %- 0/l NG F! - ; :.% s32b% RI &$ /8 - ;,-. CG X6.- (1395) 1, Š%- +*% 1 1Q 4"Z% 1F2>.243-264w`1E! 7 1./ 7/:G /F!:.% s32b%.,^b%,<.655

99 --------------------------------------... -. /0, *+ # )(! #!.F$ &1./ XJ%(1382)+*1/J! -$ 13"K &K5%,-.6 0$ '% N%Q. 2 (1393) E*.I 1\ /K I` 12J>.F%129-153w` 10 E! 1BZ% &K5%.% 432B% \./,- 12J>,-.,./ "/ NZ$ 1(1395)1I G 1E2./ <31-$.217-242 w`1e! 7 1./ 7/:G%- a%. CG X6 7/- + 1% 7 15' &<$ +3$ s32b% (1394) +, + 2 +- @2"Q.5 47 1../ 7/:G ()5> F! R r> 75./:.% s32b%) 13"K. A1.727-742w`4 E! Adger, W.N., Huq, S., Brown, K., Conway, D. and Hulme, M. 2003. Adaptation to climate change in the developing world. Progress in DevelopmentStudies 3(2):179 195. Bebbington, A. 1999. Capitals and capabilities: a framework for analyzing peasant viability, rural livelihoods and poverty. World Development 27(12):2021-2044. Blanco, A.V.R. 2006. Local initiatives and adaptation to climate change. Disasters 30(1):140-147. Bayala, J., Sileshi, G. W., Coe, R., Kalinganire, A., Tchoundjeu, Z., Sinclair, F., & Garrity, D.(2012). Cereal yield response to conservation agriculture practices in drylands of west Africa:A quantitative synthesis. Journal of Arid Environments, 78, 13-25.doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.10.011. Dahlquist, R., Whelan, M., Winowiecki, L., Polidoro, B., Candela, S., Harvey, C.A., Wulfhorst, J., Mcdaniel, P. and Bosque- Perez, N. 2007 Incorporating livelihoods in biodiversity conservation: a case study of Cacao agroforestry systems in Talamanca, Costa Rica. Biodiversity Conservation 16:2311-2333. Federica Battista and Stephan Baas (2004) Rural Institutions and Participation Service, FAO and Participation Service (SDAR). FAO, Rome April 2004. Kaushik., and Sharama,. K,. (2015) Climate change and rural livelihoods-adaptation and vulnerability in Rajetan, Global NEST Journal, Vol 17 No 1, pp 41-49. Morton, J.F. 2007. The impact of climate change on smallholder and subsistence agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (50):19680-19685. Noble, I.R., Huq, S., Anokhin, Y.A., Carmin, J., Goudou, D., Lansigan, F.P., Osman-Elasha, B. and Shaw, R. 2006. Community-based climate change adaptation in Vietnam: inter-linkages of environment, disaster, and human security. In: Sonak, J. (Ed.). Multiple dimensions of global environmental changes, TERI publications, pp. 521-547. Speranza, C.I. 2012. Buffer capacity: Capturing a dimension of resilience to climate change in African Smallholder agriculture. Regional Environmental Change 13:521-535. Urwin, K. and Jordan, A. 2008. Does public policy support or undermine climate change adapation? Exploring policy interplay across different scales of governance. Global Environmental Change, 18(1):180-191. Speranza, C. I., Kiteme, B., & Wiesmann, U. (2008). Droughts and famines: The underlying factors and causal links among agro-pastoral households in semi-arid Makueni district,kenya. Global Environmental Change 18(1), 220-233. Barnett, J. & Adger, W.N., 2007, Climate Change, Human Security and Violent Conflict, Political Geography, Vol. 26, Issue 6, August, PP. 639 655. Vento, J.Ph., Reddy, V.R. & Umapathy, D., 2010, Coping with Drought in Irrigated South India: Farmers adjustments in Nagarjuna Sagar, Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, Vol 11,PP. 1434-1442. Patt, A. & Gwata, C., 2002, Effective Seasonal Climate Forecast Applications: Examining Constraints for Subsistence Farmers in Zimbabwe, Global Environmental Change, 12(3), 185-195 Nhemachena, C. & Hassan, R., 2007, Micro-Level Analysis of Farmers Adaption to Climate Change in Southern Africa, Intl Food Policy Res Inst. African Renewable Energy. Kurukulasuriya, P., Mendelsohn, R., 2008, A Ricardian Analysis of the Impact of Climate Change on African Cropland, African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2 (1), 1 23. IPCC, 2007, Summary for Policy Makers, Climate change 2007: The physical science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Ebi, K.L., Lim, B. & Aguilar, Y., 2005, Scoping and Designing an Adaptation Process, Adaptation Policy Frameworks for Climate Change, B. Lim, E. Spanger-Siegfried, I. Burton, E.L. Malone and S. Huq, Eds., Cambridge University Press, New York, 33-46. Dazé, A., 2007, Climate Change and Poverty in Ghana, CARE International, Accra, Ghana. Bryan, E., Ringler, C., Okoba, B., Roncoli, C., Silvestri, S. & Herrero, M., 2011, Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change in Kenya: Household and community strategies and determinants, In International Conference on May, Vol,18.

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Journal of Natural Environmental Hazards, Vol.06, Issue 11, Spring 2017 ------------------------------------------------------- Evaluation of adaptation to climate change in rural areas south of South Khorasan Morteza Esmailnejad* 1, Mohamadreza Pudineh 2 1- Assistant Professor, PhD, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran Email: Esmailnejad.m@birjand.ac.ir 2- Assistant Professor, PhD, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahrdan, Iran Received: 2016.11.11 Accepted: 2017.02.27 Abstract Rural areas and their livelihoods directly related to the arid and semi-arid climatic variables. Natural hazards such as drought and water resource crisis in relation to climate change and climate variability in recent years have increased in the south of the province, including Nehbandan. This is especially the livelihoods and living conditions of the rural poor and vulnerable and small farming had a negative impact. The present study seeks to explore local perceptions and an insight about their livelihood strategies adopted in arid areas is Nehbandan. Methods was conducted in two parts, the first long-term According to the synoptic stations and climatology (2015-1980) the frequency of climatic risks in the area was zoned GIS environment, then according to the state of economic, social and environmental measures to prepare the questionnaire for the villagers' perceptions of climate change and adaptation strategies were discussed. Results showed that the consequences of climate change in South Khorasan respectively, drought, dust, floods and freezing is that spatial to differences. 90 percent of respondents with regard to variables such as the increase in hot days, the frequency of droughts, declining rainfall and believe that the new situation in the climate of the region has occurred. 87% of respondents have attempted to adapt to these conditions. The most important economic reaction respondents sale of livestock, borrow and borrow from relatives, reduce the cultivation and use of agricultural inputs and selecting new business and immigration. Environmental reactions can be resistant to change culture or ship new situation, the Bandsar and save water. Create new businesses that are less dependent on nature as a new approach to coping with climate change and reducing vulnerability and improving livelihoods in the region have been proposed. Keywords: Climate Change, south of South Khorasan, adaptation, indigenous knowledge.

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