May 2018 Statistical Factsheet Italy CONTENTS Main figures 1. KEY DATA 2. POPULATI ON & ECONOMY 3. FINANCIAL ASPECTS 4. ECONOMI C ACCOUNTS 5. AGRICULTURAL TRADE 6. FARM STRUCTURE 1 2 3 4-5 6-12 13-14 15-16 Main figures - Year 2017 Population (1 st January) 60 589 445 persons Area* 302 073 km 2 Currency EUR euro Nominal GDP at current prices 1 715 133 million EUR GDP per capita at current prices 28 308 EUR GDP per capita at purchasing power 28 536 PPS Harmonised index of consumer prices 1.4% change over previous year Unemployment rate 11.3 % of labour force Exports (goods & services)** 504 322 million EUR Imports (goods & services)** 472 705 million EUR Balance (goods & services)*** 49 751 million EUR Exports of agricultural products 41 128 million EUR Imports of agricultural products 40 087 million EUR Current account balance 2.5 % of GDP General government balance -2.1 % of GDP General government gross debt 132.1 % of GDP Sources: European Commission, Eurostat, and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs. Updated: M ay 2018 * Data refer to the year 2015 ** 2010 prices *** current prices Agriculture and Rural Development
1. KEY DATA Macroeconomics Population (new European Commission methodology) Total population (number of persons), of which: 2016 60 665 551 11.9% of EU-28 in predominantly rural regions (PR) 2016 9.6% 19.2% in EU-28 in intermediate regions 2016 42.6% 36.0% in EU-28 in predominantly urban regions 2016 47.9% 44.8% in EU-28 Population in PR regions (number of persons) 2016 5 804 543 5.9% of EU-28 GDP In EUR (current prices): Million EUR 2017 1 715 133 12.5% of EU-28 GDP per capita 2017 28 308 29 833 in EU-28 GDP per capita (PPS) 2017 28 536 29 833 in EU-28 Real GDP growth rate (% change over previous year) 2017 1.5% 2.3% in EU-28 Gross value added Agriculture, forestry and fishing (% of total GVA) 2017 2.1% 1.6% in EU-28 Financial aspects Agricultural expenditure Total expenditure (million EUR), of which: 2017 5 937.7 0.0% of EU-28 Direct payments (%) 2017 63.9% 70.6% in EU-28 Market measures (%) 2017 10.9% 5.1% in EU-28 Rural development (%) 2017 25.2% 24.3% in EU-28 Economic accounts of agriculture Agricultural output Agricultural goods output (million EUR), of which: 2017 45 153.5 11.7% of EU-28 Crop output, of which: 2017 64.1% 13.6% of EU-28 Cereals (including seeds) 2017 7.5% 7.4% of EU-28 Industrial crops 2017 1.8% 3.9% of EU-28 Forage plants 2017 3.0% 5.7% of EU-28 Vegetables and horticultural products 2017 20.1% 16.5% of EU-28 Potatoes 2017 1.5% 5.9% of EU-28 Fruits 2017 10.3% 17.9% of EU-28 Wine 2017 15.3% 33.2% of EU-28 Olive oil 2017 3.6% 27.2% of EU-28 Animal output, of which: 2017 35.9% 9.4% of EU-28 Cattle 2017 6.6% 9.0% of EU-28 Pigs 2017 7.3% 8.8% of EU-28 Sheep and goats 2017 0.4% 3.0% of EU-28 Poultry 2017 5.9% 12.4% of EU-28 Milk 2017 10.9% 8.4% of EU-28 Eggs 2017 2.8% 12.3% of EU-28 Gross value added at basic prices (million EUR) 2017 31381.7 17.5% of EU-28 Agricultural input Total intermediate consumption (million EUR) 2016 23 218.8 9.6% of EU-28 Agricultural income Indicator A (% change over previous year) 2017 3.9% 8.4% in EU-28 Farm structure Holdings Total (No), of which: 2013 1 010 330 9.3% of EU-28 UAA < 5 ha (%) 2013 58.7% 66.3% in EU-28 Economic size < 4 000 2013 29.5% 55.7% in EU-28 Holder < 35 years (%) 2013 4.5% 6.0% in EU-28 Holder > 64 years (%) 2013 39.7% 31.1% in EU-28 UAA per holding (has) 2013 12.0 16.1 in EU-28 Labour force Persons (No), of which: 2013 2 139 060 9.6% of EU-28 Women (%) 2013 40.5% 41.8% in EU-28 Holders (%) 2013 46.6% 46.8% in EU-28 Agriculture in % of total employment 2016 3.7% 4.0% in EU-28 Sources: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Agriculture and Rural Development. Updated: M ay 2018 2
2. POPULATION AND ECONOMY Importance of rural areas Territory Population GVA Employment (km 2 ) (persons) (Million EUR) (persons) Year 2015 2016 2014 2016 Predominantly Rural Regions 72 545 5 804 543 127 892 2 138 700 Intermediate Regions 164 326 25 818 935 600 227 9 743 700 Predominantly Urban Regions 65 202 29 042 073 726 907 10 358 700 Total 302 073 60 665 551 1 455 026 22 241 100 Source: Eurostat. Updated: M ay 2018 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 21.58% 54.40% 47.87% 49.96% 46.57% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 42.56% 41.25% 43.81% 24.02% 21.58% 8.79% 9.62% % Territory % Population % GVA % Employment predominantly rural intermediate predominantly urban Economic forecast Indicators 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 GDP In million EUR (current prices) 1 604 515 1 637 463 1 613 265 1 604 599 1 621 827 1 652 153 1 680 523 1 715 133 1 759 199 1 800 647 Per capita (in PPS; current prices) 26 539 27 105 27 018 26 358 26 653 27 934 28 038 28 536 29 310 30 081 % change over previous period GDP growth (at constant prices) 1.7% 0.6% -2.8% -1.7% 0.1% 1.0% 0.9% 1.5% 1.3% 1.0% GDP deflator 0.3% 1.5% 1.4% 1.2% 1.0% 0.9% 0.8% 0.6% 1.3% 1.4% Harmonised index of consumer prices 1.6% 2.9% 3.3% 1.2% 0.2% 0.1% -0.1% 1.4% 1.2% 1.5% Exports (goods and services) 11.8% 5.2% 2.3% 0.7% 2.7% 4.4% 2.4% 4.8% 3.8% 3.3% Imports (goods and services) 12.4% 0.5% -8.1% -2.4% 3.2% 6.7% 3.1% 5.9% 4.7% 3.8% Net exports of goods and services (million EUR) -31 596-25 713 15 937 36 241 46 275 48 401 56 926 49 751 51 130 51 229 % of total employment Unemployment rate 8.4 8.4 10.7 12.1 12.7 11.9 11.7 11.3 10.9 10.5 % of GDP Current account balance -3.4-3.0-0.3 1.0 1.9 1.5 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.3 General government balance -4.2-3.7-2.9-2.9-3.0-2.6-2.5-2.1-1.8-2.0 General government gross debt 115.4 116.5 123.4 129.0 131.8 131.5 132.0 132.1 130.8 130.0 Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs Updated: May 2018 Data for 2018 and 2019 is a forecast 3
3.1. AGRICULTURE: FINANCIAL ASPECTS CAP expenditure Measures 2017 2017 1 000 EUR % Decoupled direct aids 3 180 718 53.6% 83.8% Other direct aids 576 615 9.7% 15.2% Additional amounts of aid 2 0.0% 0.0% Reimbursement of direct aids in relation to financial discipline 37 645 0.6% 1.0% Direct payments 3 794 981 63.9% 100.0% Olive oil 32 187 0.5% 5.0% Textile plants 0 0.0% 0.0% Fruit and vegetables 257 371 4.3% 39.6% Wine sector 323 463 5.4% 49.8% Promotion 12 737 0.2% 2.0% Other plant products/measures 0 0.0% 0.0% Milk and milk products 6 829 0.1% 1.1% Beef and veal 8 386 0.1% 1.3% Sheepmeat and goatmeat 3 385 0.1% 0.5% Pigmeat, eggs, poultry and other 4 944 0.1% 0.8% School schemes* 0 0.0% 0.0% Market measures 649 301 10.9% 100% Rural development 1 493 380 25.2% TOTAL 5 937 663 100.0% Note: Expenditure in commitments for direct payments and market measures; ceilings of support for rural development. * Programme implementation based on school years; reimbursement possible in the next financial year Source: European Commission, Directorate General for Agriculture and Rural Development Distribution of CAP expenditure 100% 90% 80% 70% 25.2% 24.3% 10.9% 5.1% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 63.9% 70.6% 10% 0% Italy EU-28 Direct payments Market measures Rural development 4
3.2. AGRICULTURE: FINANCIAL ASPECTS Distribution of direct aids to the producers Size-class of aid (all direct payments) Beneficiaries x 1 000 % of total x 1 000 % of total < 0 0.70 0.08% - 680 0.0% 0 and < 500 192.08 22.80% 68 764 1.8% 500 and < 1 250 266.68 31.66% 217 456 5.7% 1 250 and < 2 000 89.12 10.58% 142 892 3.8% 2 000 and < 5 000 144.78 17.19% 458 246 12.1% 5 000 and < 10 000 71.18 8.45% 501 030 13.2% 10 000 and < 20 000 42.61 5.06% 592 427 15.6% 20 000 and < 50 000 24.94 2.96% 755 549 19.9% 50 000 and < 100 000 7.08 0.84% 481 467 12.7% 100 000 and < 150 000 1.71 0.20% 206 419 5.4% 150 000 and < 200 000 0.66 0.08% 112 963 3.0% 200 000 and < 250 000 0.30 0.04% 66 679 1.8% 250 000 and < 300 000 0.15 0.02% 41 687 1.1% 300 000 and < 500 000 0.20 0.02% 73 186 1.9% 500 000 0.08 0.01% 79 330 2.1% Total 842.29 100% 3 797 415 100% Source: European Commission, Directorate General for Agriculture and Rural Development. Financial year 2017 Note: In order to protect the anonymity of the beneficiaries, numbers less than 10 have been made invisible in this table. Payments in EUR 35% Indicative figures on the distribution of direct aid by size-class of aid (1 000 EUR) 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 0 - <0.5 0.5 - <1.25 1.25 - <2 2 - <5 5 - <10 10 - <20 20 - <50 50 - <100 100 - <150 150 - <200 200 - <250 250 - <300 300 - <500 >=500 Beneficiaries Payments 5
4.1. AGRICULTURE: ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS Agricultural output Output components (constant prices) 2015 2016 Million EUR 2017 Million EUR % of total % of EU-28 Cereals: 3904 3635 3143 7.5% 7.4% Wheat and spelt 2 093 1 789 1 521 3.6% 7.2% Rye and meslin 2 2 1 0.0% 0.1% Barley 148 148 147 0.4% 1.9% Oats and summer cereal mixtures 49 42 35 0.1% 2.8% Grain maize 1069 1183 1067 2.5% 11.9% Rice 375 307 225 0.5% 36.8% Other cereals 169 164 146 0.3% 9.2% Industrial crops: 729 743 774 1.8% 3.9% Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits 360 349 344 0.8% 3.1% Protein crops 95 120 138 0.3% 10.9% Raw tobacco 162 162 167 0.4% 34.8% Sugar beet 91 90 103 0.2% 3.0% Other industrial crops 22 21 22 0.1% 0.7% Forage plants 1247 1269 1255 3.0% 5.8% Vegetables and horticultural products 8 427 7 934 8 436 20.1% 16.4% Potatoes 523 653 618 1.5% 6.0% Fruits 4567 4483 4317 10.3% 17.5% Wine 7275 7094 6434 15.3% 33.0% Olive oil 2175 1040 1512 3.6% 25.9% Other crop products 431 408 422 1.0% 15.1% Crop output 29 277 27 257 26 913 64.1% 13.6% Animals: 8 997 8 727 9 287 22.1% 9.9% Cattle 2 798 2 726 2 773 6.6% 9.1% Pigs 2 649 2 680 3 084 7.3% 8.7% Equines 81 83 87 0.2% 8.4% Sheep and goats 160 159 151 0.4% 3.1% Poultry 2 519 2 309 2 460 5.9% 12.4% Other animals 791 769 733 1.7% 32.4% Animal products: 5 794 5 280 5 813 13.8% 8.7% Milk 4 565 4 210 4 586 10.9% 8.4% Eggs 1171 1017 1184 2.8% 12.3% Other animal products 57 54 43 0.1% 1.7% Animal output 14 791 14 007 15 100 35.9% 9.4% Agricultural goods output 44 068 41 264 42 013 100.0% 11.7% Source: Eurostat, Economic Accounts for Agriculture (values at real producer prices). Updated: M ay 2018 6
4.2. AGRICULTURE: ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS Agricultural input Input components 2015 2016 2017 2016/2015 2017/2016 Million EUR % Change Seeds and planting stock 1 281 1 293 1 253 0.9% -3.1% Energy 2 653 2 445 2 683-7.8% 9.8% Fertilisers and soil improvers 1 469 1 413 1 368-3.8% -3.2% Plant protection products 873 890 907 1.9% 1.9% Veterinary expenses 695 694 685-0.2% -1.3% Feedingstuffs 7 113 6 983 7 036-1.8% 0.8% Maintenance of materials 758 765 771 0.9% 0.9% Maintenance of buildings 323 324 325 0.4% 0.2% Agricultural services 2 516 2 568 2 596 2.0% 1.1% Other goods and services 3 824 3 625 3 607-5.2% -0.5% Total intermediate consumption 21 946 21 369 21 604-2.6% 1.1% Fixed capital consumption 11 343 11 087 10 846-2.3% -2.2% Note: 2017 data are estimates and may still change Source: Eurostat, Economic Accounts for Agriculture: values at real basic prices (2010 = 100) Updated: M ay 2018 Agricultural income Values at basic prices 2015 2016 2017 2016/2015 2017/2016 Million EUR % Change Output of the agricultural "industry": 52 584 49 824 50 802-5.2% 2.0% Crop output 29 277 27 257 26 913-6.9% -1.3% Animal output: 14 791 14 007 15 100-5.3% 7.8% Animals 8 997 8 727 9 287-3.0% 6.4% Animal products 5 794 5 280 5 813-8.9% 10.1% Agricultural services 4 517 4 580 4 634 1.4% 1.2% Secondary activities 3 999 3 981 4 156-0.5% 4.4% - Intermediate consumption 21 946 21 369 21 604-2.6% 1.1% = Gross value added at basic prices 30 758 28 621 29 349-7.0% 2.5% - Consumption of fixed capital 11 343 11 087 10 846-2.3% -2.2% - Taxes 1 165 674 680-42.2% 0.9% + Subsidies 3 790 4 813 4 651 27.0% -3.4% = Factor income 22 040 21 673 22 474-1.7% 3.7% Agricultural income* (2010=100) 133.7 129.9 135.0-2.8% 3.9% Note: 2017 data are estimates and may still change Source: Eurostat, Economic Accounts for Agriculture (values at real prices; constant prices for *Indicator A - see definition at the end of this document). Updated: M ay 2018 7
4.3. AGRICULTURE: ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS Output components (2015-2017 average) Other, 3.1% Eggs, 2.6% Forage plants, 3.0% Industrial crops, 1.8% Cereals, 8.4% Milk, 10.5% Vegetables and horticultural products, 19.5% Potatoes, 1.4% Fruits, 10.5% Wine, 16.3% Poultry, 5.7% Pigs, 6.6% Cattle, 6.5% Olive oil, 3.7% Sheep and goats, 0.4% Source: Eurostat, Economic Accounts for Agriculture (values at real producer prices) Updated: May 2018 Intermediate consumption (2015-2017 average) Maintenance of materials, 3.5% Maintenance of buildings, 1.5% Agricultural services, 11.8% Other, 18.9% Seeds and planting stock, 5.9% Feedingstuffs, 32.6% Energy, lubricants, 12.0% Veterinary expenses, 3.2% Plant protection products, 4.1% Fertiliser, soil improver, 6.5% Source: Eurostat, Economic Accounts for Agriculture (values at real basic price) Updated: May 2018 8
1 000 AWU Italy 4.4. AGRICULTURE: ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS Evolution of agricultural labour input 1 400 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 non-salaried salaried Source: Eurostat Updated: May 2018 Evolution of agricultural income (*) compared to wages and salaries in other sectors of the economy 165 155 145 135 125 115 105 95 85 75 65 55 45 35 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Agricultural income (Indicator A) (2010=100) Wages and salary index - Industry (2010=100) Wages and salary index - Construction (2010=100) Wages and salary index - Services (2010=100) Source: Eurostat Updated: May 2018 (*) The so-called indicator A is the real net value added at factor cost of agriculture per annual work unit (AWU). The net value added at factor cost (factor income) is calculated by subtracting the consumption of fixed capital from gross value added at basic prices and adding the value of subsidies less taxes. The AWU is defined as the work volume corresponding to one full-time employed worked. 9
4.5. AGRICULTURE: ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS Evolution of agricultural input and output prices 120 115 110 105 100 95 90 85 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Input prices (intermediate consumption) Output prices Source: Eurostat Updated: May 2018 Evolution of harmonised indices of consumer prices 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 all items food Source: Eurostat Updated: May 2018 10
4.6. AGRICULTURE: ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS Farmers' income and labour development index (real terms) Index 2010=100 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Agricultural income (Indicator A) (2010=100) Annual Working Units (Thousand AWU) Source: Eurostat and DG Agriculture and Rural Development Updated: May 2018 (*) The so-called indicator A is the real net value added at factor cost of agriculture per annual work unit (AWU). The net value added at factor cost (factor income) is calculated by subtracting the consumption of fixed capital from gross value added at basic prices and adding the value of subsidies less taxes. The AWU is defined as the work volume corresponding to one full-time employed worked. 11
4.7. AGRICULTURE: ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS Agricultural income (real prices) 80 000 million Euro Revenues 60 000 40 000 20 000 0 20 000 40 000 Costs 60 000 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Crop output Animal output Product subsidies Other subsidies Agricultural services output Non-agricultural secondary Seeds Energy Fertilisers Plant/animal protection Feedingstuffs Labour Rents Interest Other costs Entrepreneurial income 100% Cost Structure 100% Revenue Structure 80% 80% 60% 60% 40% 40% 20% 20% 0% 2003-2005 2015-2017 Plant/animal protection Other costs Taxes Interest Rents Labour Feedingstuffs Energy Fertilisers Seeds 0% 2003-2005 2015-2017 Non-agricultural secondary Agricultural services output Other subsidies Product subsidies Source: Eurostat Updated: May 2018 12
5.1. AGRICULTURAL TRADE Agricultural trade in 2017 By category of product Exports Total trade Million EUR Trade with EU countries Trade with non-eu countries % change % change Million EUR 2017/2016 Million EUR 2017/2016 Commodities 2849.2 1916.8 6.9% 910.6 11.22% Other primary products 7017.8 5738.3 3.8% 1279.3-3.74% Processed products 16941.9 10180.4 3.8% 6759.8 4.70% Food preparations 9453.8 6084.9 10.3% 3368.0 5.85% Beverages 1945.7 1125.7 12.2% 819.4 10.01% Non edible 2919.8 1635.4 8.8% 1250.9 64.46% Total agricultural products 41128.3 26681.6 6.1% 14388.1 8.25% Imports as % of total exports 9.2% 10.7% - 7.2% - Commodities 10889.7 5002.3 5.5% 5884.6 2.5% Other primary products 12339.7 9676.7 7.1% 2662.9-3.8% Processed products 5874.5 5386.2 9.8% 488.3-21.1% Food preparations 4080.9 3736.8 3.3% 344.1 5.5% Beverages 1230.6 1047.1 0.5% 183.5 72.0% Non edible 5672.1 4565.9 2.2% 1106.2 7.4% Total agricultural products 40087.4 29415.1 5.7% 10669.5 0.72% Balance as % of total imports 10.0% 12.2% - 6.7% - Commodities -8040.5-3085.5 - -4974.0 - Other primary products -5321.8-3938.4 - -1383.6 - Processed products 11067.4 4794.2-6271.5 - Food preparations 5372.9 2348.1-3023.9 - Beverages 715.1 78.6-636.0 - Non edible -2752.2-2930.5-144.8 - Total agricultural products 1040.9-2733.5-3718.6 - Source: Directorate General for Agriculture and Rural Development, based on COM EXT data Updated: M ay 2018 Exports of agricultural products 100% 90% 80% 29% 35% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 71% 65% 20% 10% 0% 2008 2017 to EU countries to non-eu countries Imports of agricultural products 100% 90% 26% 27% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 74% 73% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2008 2017 from EU countries from non-eu countries 13
Imports Exports Italy 5.2. AGRICULTURAL TRADE Evolution of agricultural trade with EU and non-eu countries Million EUR 50 000 40 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 0 10 000 6000 4000 2000 0-2000 20 000 30 000 40 000-4000 -6000 50 000 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017-8000 Exports to non-eu countries Imports from non-eu countries Balance with EU countries (right axis) Exports to EU countries Imports from EU countries Balance with non-eu countries (right axis) Structure of agricultural exports and imports 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 6% 9% 4% 16% 6% 4% 23% 23% 13% 18% 38% 10% 2% 3% 5% 25% 40% 30% 47% 33% 55% 20% 22% 10% 0% 9% 7% 6% Exports to EU countries Exports to non-eu countries 17% Imports from EU countries Imports from non-eu countries Commodities Other primary products Processed products Food preparations Beverages Non edible products Source: Eurostat, Comext Updated: May 2018 14
6.1. FARM STRUCTURE Structure of agricultural holdings By UAA (*) By economic size (**) By LSU (***) By age of holder Total UAA in 1 000 ha Holdings UAA (ha) per holding Total % Total % < 5 ha 1 271 660 73.6% 592 720 58.7% 5-10 ha 205 880 11.9% 172 900 17.1% 10-20 ha 130 740 7.6% 114 850 11.4% 20-30 ha 44 120 2.6% 44 690 4.4% 30-50 ha 37 510 2.2% 39 870 3.9% 50-100 ha 25 710 1.5% 30 180 3.0% > 100 ha 12 910 0.7% 15 100 1.5% < 4 000 802 720 46.4% 298 510 29.5% < 8 000 315 830 18.3% 175 270 17.3% < 15 000 214 230 12.4% 154 910 15.3% < 25 000 133 290 7.7% 102 720 10.2% < 50 000 123 580 7.1% 115 370 11.4% < 100 000 72 130 4.2% 81 640 8.1% < 250 000 46 420 2.7% 55 570 5.5% < 500 000 12 050 0.7% 16 000 1.6% =/> 500 000 8 290 0.5% 10 340 1.0% 0 1 431 790 82.8% 839 580 83.1% 0-5 161 370 9.3% 57 910 5.7% 5-10 29 410 1.7% 24 380 2.4% 10-15 19 280 1.1% 14 780 1.5% 15-20 14 210 0.8% 10 340 1.0% 20-50 37 820 2.2% 32 360 3.2% 50-100 18 540 1.1% 14 790 1.5% 100-500 13 650 0.8% 13 210 1.3% > 500 2 470 0.1% 2 970 0.3% < 35 years 60 370 3.5% 45 680 4.5% 35-44 years 194 050 11.2% 109 590 10.8% 45-54 years 332 510 19.2% 218 620 21.6% 55-64 years 425 340 24.6% 235 780 23.3% > 64 years 716 270 41.4% 400 650 39.7% 1 728 530 100 1 010 330 100 12 708 12 099 7.4 12.0 Source: Eurostat, Farm Structure Survey Updated: January 2017 2005 2013 (*) UAA = Utilised agricultural area. (**) Economic size: The standard output of an agricultural product (crop or livestock), abbreviated as SO, is the average monetary value of the agricultural output at farm-gate price, in euro per hectare or per head of livestock. There is a regional SO coefficient for each product, as an average value over a reference period (5 years, except for the SO 2004 coefficient calculated using the average of 3 years). The sum of all the SO per hectare of crop and per head of livestock in a farm is a measure of its overall economic size, expressed in euro. (***) LSU = Livestock units. A LSU is equivalent to a dairy cow. The number of animals (heads) is converted into LSU using a set of coefficients reflecting the feed requirements of the different animal categories. 15
6.2. FARM STRUCTURE Structure of farm labour force Family labour force persons: 1 992 690 of which women: 41.8% AWUs (*): 617 150 AWUs: 199 760 Holders Family members 2013 Regular non family labour force persons: persons: persons: 995 810 996 880 146 370 of which women: of which women: of which women: 32.0% 51.6% 30.2% Non family labour force Non regular non family labour force AWUs: AWUs: AWUs: AWUs: 404 780 212 380 79 090 120 670 Total farm labour force (persons) Total farm labour force (AWUs) 2 139 060 816 910 Source: Eurostat, Farm Structure Survey Updated: January 2017 * AWUs = Annual work units. An AWU is equivalent to a worker employed on a full time basis for one year. This document does not necessarily represent the official views of the European Commission European Union, 2018 - Reproduction authorised provided the source is acknowledged Contact: DG Agriculture and Rural Development, Farm Economics Unit Tel: +32-2-29 75471 / E-mail: Agri-C3@ec.europa.eu 16