AVIVA INVESTORS UK INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY A SAFE HAVEN? by Tom Goodwin

This document is for professional clients, financial advisers and institutional or qualified investors only. Not to be distributed, or relied on by retail clients. AVIVA INVESTORS UK INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY A SAFE HAVEN? by Tom Goodwin March 2017

Contents Key points 3 Structural drivers and the strategic case 4 Cyclical drivers: outlook for the sector 5 TOM GOODWIN UK STRATEGY & RESEARCH ANALYST, REAL ESTATE Main responsibilities Mitigating the risks - why use an expert investor? 7 Conclusion - deploying a successful investment strategy 9 Notes 10 Tom is responsible for forecasting UK real estate markets and has a key role in developing the house view and investment strategy for our UKfocussed real estate funds. Experience and qualifications Prior to joining Aviva Investors, Tom worked for PMA where he specialised in analysing real estate within the context of global capital markets, with primary responsibility for the US. Tom has a degree in Modern Languages & Business from the University of Nottingham, and an MSc in Real Estate Investment & Finance from the University of Reading. He holds the Investment Management Certificate, and is a member of the Investment Property Forum and Society of Property Researchers. 2 Aviva Investors UK Industrial Property A Safe Haven?

Key points KEY POINTS Industrial sector well-placed to weather EU referendum fallout and economic slowdown. Market cycle advanced but supply of new stock constrained, supporting rental levels. Sector strongly in favour with investors at current pricing. Robust structural drivers, including clear sources of future growth. Attractive lease terms, strong and diverse covenants, and generally low non-recoverable costs. Changing occupier requirements driving polarisation in locations and asset characteristics, but risks manageable for expert investors. Aviva Investors UK Industrial Property A Safe Haven? 3

Structural drivers and the strategic case STRUCTURAL DRIVERS AND THE STRATEGIC CASE The industrial sector makes up a relatively small, but growing, part of the UK s commercial property market. Once dominated by manufacturing, the increasing importance of distribution has transformed the sector over the past 20 years, and investors have increasingly focused on efficient supply chains and the requirements of online retailing as the major drivers behind growth and future development. Figure 1: Investment Property Databank Annual Index composition 2015 Retail 44% Office 27% Industrial 16% Residential 5% Hotel 2% Other 6% Source: MSCI, March 2016 For a long period, real estate investors seeking exposure to the consumer economy were restricted to the retail sector, but it is increasingly possible to benefit from this important driver of the UK s economic growth via investment in industrial property. Large national or regional distribution centres form the backbone of retail supply chains, while smaller, multi-let industrial estates, once dominated by the manufacturing sector, are of increasing importance to local or last-mile delivery functions. Investors in the sector are attracted by security of income, often enjoying long lease terms and strong covenants. In comparison to the retail sector, depreciation and obsolescence are of less concern, given that land value, rather than the material fabric of a building, is of greater significance to an asset s value. Non-recoverable costs are typically lower than in other sectors, with office buildings and shopping centres requiring security, mechanical and electrical maintenance, and regular refurbishment to retain their appeal to occupiers, for example. The potential upside from conversion to alternative use is also greatest in the industrial sector. This is particularly significant in London, where industrial estates have seen large capital value gains driven by the strength of the housing market. As sites have been converted from industrial to residential use, those that remain have benefitted from increased competition among occupiers. We would consider industrial property to be considerably more future-proof than large parts of the UK s office or retail sectors, where large swathes of the built stock are already obsolete, and there are strong reasons to expect further upheaval not least driven by continued growth in online retailing, and the likelihood of automation replacing some low value-added office functions. The industrial sector is certainly seeing widespread changes in the way occupiers use their space, and there is scope for significant efficiency improvements (which could mean occupiers require less space overall). However, the impact of any consolidation would be gradual, and is more likely to moderate demand growth than to cause a contraction. Warehouses are, primarily, space to store goods, and it seems unlikely that the need for such space will fall away. 4 Aviva Investors UK Industrial Property A Safe Haven?

Cyclical drivers: outlook for the sector CYCLICAL DRIVERS: OUTLOOK FOR THE SECTOR The industrial market has seen a strong recovery in rents since the 2008-09 downturn, with growth in recent years surpassing levels typically seen historically. The post-global financial crisis years have been characterised by relatively robust occupier demand and an increasingly constrained supply of newly-built stock, with development activity, particularly of multi-let estates and sub- 100k sq ft units, at very low levels. The reasons for the dearth of development are not entirely clear in the years following the crash, development was constrained by a lack of finance and low risk appetite. More recently, it is possible that planning constraints have held back supply, with alternative uses creating more employment or greater development value (e.g. residential); this could provide on-going support to rental levels. Following two to three years of strong performance, rental growth peaked in 2015 and has slowed slightly over the past year. The fallout from the UK s referendum on EU membership has had significantly less impact in this sector than other parts of the market, with no noticeable change in market conditions since the middle of 2016. There are two reasons the sector has held up well since the Brexit vote. Sterling s devaluation has made UK-manufactured goods more competitive; both to overseas buyers and in the UK relative to imports. In addition, consumption drives the logistics sector through online retailing. Consumer spending has, to date, been very resilient. Indeed, we think the sector is best placed to weather the uncertain economic outlook and our five-year average rental growth forecasts, at 1.0-1.5 per cent per annum, are broadly unchanged on our pre-brexit view. We anticipate a moderate slowdown in growth as the recovery previously underway matures, but we do not expect to see rental decline, in contrast to other parts of the market. That outlook is attractive to investors, and so the outward yield shift that we anticipate in the industrial sector is less than in others. According to our February 2017 forecasts, investors can expect to see total returns averaging circa six per cent per annum over a five-year period ahead of the 4.5 per cent per annum we expect to see at an All Property level. Figure 2: Aviva Investors Rental Growth forecasts 2017-21 % p.a. 8 6 Std Industrials - SE (incl. London) Std Industrials - Non SE Dist. Warehouses 4 2 0-2 -4-6 -8 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 Source: Aviva Investors February 2017. There is no guarantee forecast performance can be achieved. Aviva Investors UK Industrial Property A Safe Haven? 5

Cyclical drivers: outlook for the sector Figure 3: Aviva Investors Total Returns forecasts 2017-21 % p.a. Std Industrials - Non SE All Standard Industrials Std Industrials - SE (incl. London) Distribution Warehouses Retail Warehouses All Property Shopping Centres Standard Shops Offices 0 2 4 6 % Source: Aviva Investors February 2017. There is no guarantee forecast returns can be achieved. The total returns we are forecasting in the industrial sector look attractive on an absolute basis relative to other parts of the market, but appear even more so when looking at risk-adjusted returns prospects. At current valuations, the sector looks fairly priced relative to the hurdle rates that we use to underwrite direct real estate investments, and in some parts of the market our five-year industrial returns forecasts are more than 15 per cent above these rates. Outside of industrials, very few parts of the UK real estate market look attractive on this basis. Among other factors, the low volatility that industrial property performance has seen historically means that we have a lower hurdle rate than in sectors which are typically more volatile, like London offices, for example. Figure 4: Aviva Investors Total Returns forecasts 2017-21 % p.a. shown as % of sector hurdle rate. Std Industrials - Non SE All Standard Industrials Std Industrials - SE (incl. London) Distribution Warehouses Retail Warehouses All Property Standard Shops Shopping Centres Offices -60-40 -20 0 20 % Source: Aviva Investors February 2017. There is no guarantee forecast returns can be achieved. 6 Aviva Investors UK Industrial Property A Safe Haven?

Mitigating the risks - why use an expert investor? MITIGATING THE RISKS - WHY USE AN EXPERT INVESTOR? Despite the compelling investment case, there remain a number of risks when investing in the sector. On the structural side, it should be recognised that occupiers requirements are changing, and factors such as power availability, eaves heights, crossdocking, yard depths, and reinforced floors capable of supporting machinery and/or mezzanine levels have become as important as occupiers long-standing demands for access to markets and labour. As a consequence, assets that lack the capacity to cope with these shifts have suffered from a degree of obsolescence. For example, densely built multilet estates which lack the space to service highthroughput distribution functions might be restricted to manufacturing or trade-counter occupiers, for example, while some 1990s-built distribution warehouses have struggled to perform well in recent years as operators have consolidated their regional hubs into fewer locations. Indeed, as logistics has overtaken manufacturing as the key function of industrial property, there has been a corresponding polarisation in the attractiveness of locations, which continues to grow. Expert investors are well placed to judge which assets and locations are well future-proofed and which are not. It is increasingly important to have a broad overview of occupier activity within the sector in order to keep up with these evolving trends. With low barriers to entry in the sector, it is relatively easy for a competing investor to build a better product, underlining the need to remain aware of occupiers changing requirements. A cyclical risk is the development pipeline in the warehouse segment. As described earlier in the paper, the sector s market cycle is relatively well-advanced, and has been characterised by unusually low levels of development. There is, however, a growing pipeline of larger units underway, and while some of these are pre-let, many of them are not. Given pent-up demand following a number of years of low supply, this has not concerned us enough to expect rental levels to decline, but it will give occupiers a greater choice of available properties, again highlighting the need to be invested in the right product. Supply of smaller units (less than 100,000 sq ft) remains very tight; selective development activity in the right locations could provide attractive returns in the current climate. Figure 5: Development pipeline (Rolling starts, m sq.ft.), 2000-2016 14 12 <100k sqft >100k sqft 10 8 6 4 2 0 2000 Q1 2002 Q1 2004 Q1 2006 Q1 2008 Q1 2010 Q1 2012 Q1 2014 Q1 2016 Q1 Source: PMA, November 2016. Aviva Investors UK Industrial Property A Safe Haven? 7

Mitigating the risks - why use an expert investor? A second cyclical risk, related to the investment market rather than the occupier market cycle, is the current popularity of the sector amongst investors. The attractiveness of the industrial sector has not gone unnoticed, and even over the latter half of 2016 as other sectors weakened, industrial pricing became quite stretched versus valuations. In the November survey of institutional investors by Property Market Analysis (PMA), (see figure 6) the net balance of investment intentions was above 90 per cent in the standard industrial segment and over 50 per cent in distribution warehouses. This is in marked contrast to investors sentiment in the office and retail sectors, with respondents indicating that they would be net sellers over 2017. Bidding on good industrial assets is therefore likely to become very competitive this year, and successful investors will need to be skilled in sourcing and structuring deals. Figure 6: PMA Surveys of UK Institutions Net Investment Intentions 100% 75% Q1 2016 Q2 2016 Q3 2016 Q4 2016 50% 25% 0% -25% -50% -75% -100% Retail Units Shopping Centres Retail Warehouse C London Offices Provincial Offices Standard Industrials Distribution Warehouse Source: PMA, November 2016. 8 Aviva Investors UK Industrial Property A Safe Haven?

Conclusion - deploying a successful investment strategy CONCLUSION - DEPLOYING A SUCCESSFUL INVESTMENT STRATEGY In our view the industrial sector is one of the most attractive segments of the UK s real estate market at present, with absolute and risk-adjusted returns prospects ahead of those expected in the office and retail sectors. The sector looks relatively well insulated from the expected turbulence and uncertainty following the UK s decision to leave the EU; manufacturing exporters are benefiting from the devaluation in sterling, while distribution functions remain supported by the strength of the consumer economy and ongoing structural change driven by the rise in online retail. for the sector, weaker assets and locations will face obsolescence as the market evolves. Modern assets with strong sustainability credentials in locations that combine excellent access to final consumers and good proximity to labour are most likely to outperform. Distribution warehouses that are well positioned for changes in supply chain demands and multi-let estates in core urban locations, or areas supported by high tech industries, would look particularly attractive. Changing occupier requirements in terms of both location and product have driven a polarisation in the market, and whilst we believe expert investors are well placed to consider the outlook Aviva Investors UK Industrial Property A Safe Haven? 9

Notes NOTES 10 Aviva Investors UK Industrial Property A Safe Haven?

Market forces also a growing driver of climate-related change across asset classes Aviva Investors UK Industrial Property A Safe Haven? 11

Important Information Unless stated otherwise, any sources and opinions expressed are those of Aviva Investors Global Services Limited (Aviva Investors) as at 3 March 2017. This commentary is not an investment recommendation and should not be viewed as such. They should not be viewed as indicating any guarantee of return from an investment managed by Aviva Investors nor as advice of any nature. Past performance is not a guide to future returns. The value of an investment and any income from it may go down as well as up and the investor may not get back the original amount invested. Aviva Investors Global Services Limited, registered in England No. 1151805. Registered Office: St Helen s, 1 Undershaft, London EC3P 3DQ. Authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority and a member of the Investment Association. Contact us at Aviva Investors Global Services Limited, St Helen s, 1 Undershaft, London EC3P 3DQ. J16452 - RA17/0351/30062017