Facts about and in Great Britain 2001 EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES COMMISSION
and in Great Britain... Education and Training In their last year of compulsory education, 55 per cent of girls and 44 per cent of boys gain five or more A- C grades at GCSE or grades 1-3 at SCE Standard Grade. 1 A third of girls and just over a quarter of boys gain two or more A level passes aged 17-19 either at school or in FE or three or more SCE Highers in Years S5/S6. 1 Employment Overall, 69 per cent of working age women and 79 per cent of working age men are in employment. 2 People who are married or cohabiting have the highest employment rates: 73 per cent for women and 85 per cent for men. 2 Only 8 per cent of male employees of working age work part-time, compared with 43 per cent of females employees. 2 form 74 per cent of clerical & secretarial occupations, whilst men make up 82 per cent or more of those working as plant & machine operatives or in craft & related occupations. 2 Equal Pay Female employees working full-time earn on average 82 per cent of the average hourly earnings of male full-time employees. 3 s gross individual income, including income from employment, pensions, benefits, investments etc., is on average only 51 per cent of men s. 4 Political and Public Life Forty-four per cent of members of the Greater London Assembly are women. 5 Only 18 per cent of Members of Parliament are women. 6 Work/Life Balance Employment rates for women and men without dependent children are both slightly less than three-quarters, however 90 per cent of men with dependent children are in employment compared with 65 per cent of women with dependent children. 2 whose youngest child is aged under 5 have the lowest employment rate of 54 per cent, compared with 70 per cent for women whose youngest child is 5 to 10, and 76 per cent for women whose dependent children are 11 or over. 2 For every 7 children aged under 8 there was only one place in a day nursery, with a registered childminder or at an out of school club. 7 Sources: 1 Regional Trends 35, Office for National Statistics. 2 Labour Force Survey Spring 2000, Office for National Statistics. 3 New Earnings Survey 2000, Office for National Statistics. 4 Department for Social Security Analytical Services Division. 5 Greater London Authority Website, December 2000. 6 House of Commons Weekly Information Bulletin, 11 November 2000. 7 Statistics of Education: Children s Day Care Facilities at 31 March 2000 England, Department for Education and Employment. 1
Introduction The contents of this annual booklet have been selected to give a broad picture of the relative situation of women and men in Great Britain. The tables are grouped according to four of the EOC s Priority Themes: Equal pay, sex stereotyping, work/life balance and political and public life. Copies of this booklet, equivalent booklets for Scotland and Wales, and other information on gender equality and sex discrimination can be obtained from the EOC website at www.eoc.org.uk or by contacting the EOC in one of the following ways: E-mail: info@eoc.org.uk Fax: 0161 838 8312 Tel & Minicom: 0161 833 9244 Post: Equal Opportunities Commission, Arndale House, Arndale Centre, Manchester, M4 3EQ. Please note that most of the statistics in this booklet are covered by Crown Copyright and are reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO. Contents Page Key statistics.................................................... 1 Introduction..................................................... 2 Resident population............................................... 2 Sex stereotyping - Education and training.......................................... 3 - Employment.................................................. 6 Equal pay...................................................... 11 Political and public life............................................ 12 Work/life balance................................................ 13 Resident Population 1999 Total population: 57.8 million & Girls & Boys thousands % of total thousands % of total Age group population population Under 16 5,702 10 6,000 10 Working age (16-59/64) 16,898 29 18,714 32 Over SRA* (60/65 and over) 6,739 12 3,756 6 All ages 29,339 51 28,470 49 * SRA = State Retirement Age (Source: Population Trends 102 Winter 2000, Office for National Statistics 2
Sex Stereotyping - Education and Training National Curriculum Assessments 2000 School pupils aged 7, 11 & 14 ENGLAND per cent at expected level Girls Boys TA^ Test TA^ Test Key Stage 1 - level 2 or above English 88 77-89* 80 67-80* Mathematics 89 91 87 89 Science 89 -- 87 -- Key Stage 2 - level 4 or above English 76 79 65 70 Mathematics 73 71 72 72 Science 80 85 78 84 Key Stage 3 - level 5 or above English 73 72 56 55 Mathematics 68 65 65 64 Science 63 58 60 61 ^ Teacher assessment. * Results from reading, writing and spelling tests are reported separately. (Source: National Curriculum Assessments of 7, 11 and 14 year olds by Local Education Authority, 2000, SFR 43/2000, Department for Education and Employment) Examination Achievements 1998/9 UNITED KINGDOM per cent Girls England Wales Scotland UK GCSEs and SCE Standard Grades* 5 or more grades A*-C or 1-3 53.4 53.1 63.6 54.6 1-4 grades A*-C or 1-3 24.5 23.5 24.0 24.3 Grades D-G or 4-7 only 17.2 17.1 8.8 16.3 No graded GCSEs/SCEs 5.0 6.2 3.5 4.8 2 or more GCE A levels or 3 or more SCE Highers^ 33.1 30.1 32.3 33.2 Boys GCSEs and SCE Standard Grades* 5 or more grades A*-C or 1-3 42.8 42.1 52.1 43.8 1-4 grades A*-C or 1-3 24.8 24.2 29.6 25.2 Grades D-G or 4-7 only 25.4 24.0 13.8 24.1 No graded GCSEs/SCEs 7.0 9.8 4.4 6.9 2 or more GCE A levels or 3 or more SCE Highers^ 26.9 22.2 24.0 26.5 * examination achievements of pupils in their last year of compulsory education, England figures include GNVQ equivalents. ^ examination achievements of pupils in schools and students in FE aged 17-19 at the end of the academic year in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a percentage of the 18 year old population; and of pupils in Years S5/S6 in Scotland as a percentage of the 17 year old population. (Source: Regional Trends 35, Office for National Statistics) 3
Highest Qualification 2000 People of working age thousands per cent thousands per cent Degree or equivalent 2,152 13 3,042 16 Higher education below degree 1,550 9 1,396 8 GCE A level or equivalent 2,805 17 5,550 30 GCSE grades A*-C or equivalent 4,579 27 3,215 17 Other qualifications 2,466 15 2,488 13 No qualifications 3,093 18 2,584 14 All people of working age* 16,799 100 18,496 100 * includes those whose highest qualification is unknown Examination: Entries and Results 1998/9 Entries % passes at Entries % passes at GCSE/SCE Standard grade 1 thousands C or above# thousands C or above# English 309.8 67 310.8 52 English literature 253.7 69 235.3 55 French 198.3 60 179.2 44 Mathematics 315.8 50 323.8 49 Science single award/general science 33.8 22 36.1 18 Science double award* 233.9 51 231.6 48 Computer studies 40.9 61 62.7 54 Design & technology 202.0 59 236.6 44 Business studies 57.9 58 55.8 51 Home economics 47.6 48 5.1 31 Art & design 114.3 75 101.2 55 Geography 116.1 61 151.4 55 History 113.6 64 108.1 57 Any subject 2,743.3 61 2,717.1 51 GCSE/SCE Standard grade 2 English 30.7 62 19.0 61 English literature 45.8 61 19.1 62 French 16.7 67 6.5 68 Mathematics 32.7 68 52.0 64 Biological sciences 37.6 60 23.1 55 Chemistry 23.2 68 25.3 65 Physics 10.2 70 31.6 63 Business studies 22.4 61 20.3 56 Art & design 26.2 74 15.1 64 Geography 21.6 68 25.6 61 History 23.9 62 18.9 62 Social studies* 43.8 55 18.9 50 # SCE Standard grades 1-3 * England & Wales only 1 Achievements by school pupils in their last year of compulsory education. 2 Achievements by students aged 17-19 at the end of the academic year in schools and FE sector colleges in England & Wales, & by pupils in S5/S6 in Scotland. (Source: Education and Training Statistics for the UK 2000 edition, Department for Education and Employment) 4
Vocational Qualification Awards 1998/9 UNITED KINGDOM thousands NVQ/SVQs GNVQ/GSVQs Major occupational groups Management & administration 45.3 20.3 -- 3.5 Professional 18.8 6.8 -- -- Associate professional 13.6 11.2 18.1 12.7 Clerical & secretarial 63.5 43.2 16.2 23.0 Craft & related 10.2 85.2 -- 2.9 Personal & protective services 56.7 16.6 15.4 9.1 Sales 13.3 4.1 -- -- Plant & machine operators 1.7 10.8 -- -- Miscellaneous 5.5 7.5 -- -- Not classified 5.9 1.9 6.1 5.0 Total 234.6 207.7 56.6 56.8 -- less than 1,000 in cell (Source: Statistics of Education: Vocational Qualifications in the United Kingdom 1998/99, 05/00, Department for Education and Employment.) Modern Apprenticeships 2000 Percentage of trainees in each sector on 30 June ENGLAND per cent Selected sectors Advanced Foundation Advanced Foundation Electrical installation engineering 1 n/a 99 n/a Plumbing 1 -- 99 100 Motor industry 1 1 99 99 Construction 1 1 99 99 Engineering manufacturing 3 3 97 97 Information technology 23 25 77 75 Hotel & catering 47 49 53 51 Accountancy 59 57 41 43 Retailing 58 60 42 40 Customer service 68 63 32 37 Business administration 80 77 20 23 Travel service 87 86 13 14 Health & social care 89 90 11 10 Hairdressing 92 94 8 6 Childcare 98 98 2 2 All sectors (including those not listed above) 41 54 59 46 n/a not applicable -- less than 0.5% (Source: TEC/CCTE delivered Government supported training: Work-based training for young people and work-based learning for adults: volumes and outcomes, SFR 37/2000, Department for Education and Employment, plus additional data on gender breakdown of those in training in all sectors) 5
Students in Higher Education Institutions 1998/99 First degree undergraduates thousands Subject area Full-time Part-time Full-time Part-time Medicine & dentistry 14.7 -- 13.3 -- Subjects allied to medicine 35.5 20.0 11.5 2.4 Biological sciences 37.8 1.8 23.9 1.2 Veterinary science 1.8 -- 0.9 -- Agriculture & related subjects 4.1 0.1 3.4 0.1 Physical sciences 17.4 0.8 29.7 1.2 Mathematical sciences 5.7 0.1 9.4 0.2 Computer science 8.9 1.0 37.6 3.4 Engineering & technology 11.4 0.5 64.2 6.9 Architecture, building & planning 5.4 0.9 15.6 4.4 Social, economic & political studies 42.9 3.2 30.0 1.9 Law 19.9 3.2 13.5 3.3 Business & administrative studies 52.3 5.8 50.2 4.7 Librarianship & information science 8.2 0.5 5.0 0.2 Languages 41.1 2.3 16.0 1.0 Humanities 17.0 1.6 14.6 1.0 Creative arts & design 42.7 1.9 30.0 1.0 Education 34.2 3.0 10.2 0.9 Combined 61.0 5.8 45.8 3.4 All subjects 462.1 52.4 424.7 37.3 -- less than 50 in cell (Source: Students in Higher Education Institutions 1998/99, Higher Education Statistics Agency) Sex Stereotyping - Employment LABOUR MARKET DEFINITIONS People of working age - women aged 16 to 59 and men aged 16 to 64. In employment - people aged 16 and over who did some paid work in the reference week; those who had a job they were temporarily away from; those on government-supported training and employment programmes; and those doing unpaid work for their own or a family business. The employment rate is the number in employment as a percentage of the total number in employment, ILO unemployed or outside the labour market. ILO unemployed - an International Labour Organisation (ILO) recommended measure, which counts as unemployed those aged 16 and over who are without a job, are available to start work in the next two weeks and have been seeking a job in the last four weeks, or are waiting to start a job already obtained. The unemployment rate is the number of ILO unemployed as a percentage of the economically active. Economically active - people aged 16 and over who are either in employment or ILO unemployed. The economic activity rate is the number economically active as a percentage of the total number in employment, ILO unemployed or outside the labour market. Outside labour market - also described as economically inactive, those who are neither in employment nor ILO unemployed. 6
Employment by Marital Status 2000 People of working age thousands per cent Married or Not married or cohabiting Total cohabiting Single Separated, divorced or widowed Employees 7,247 2,426 1,106 10,778 - Full-time 3,930 1,574 666 6,170 - Part-time 3,317 852 438 4,607 % part-time 46 35 40 43 Self-employed 577 86 80 743 In employment 7,884 2,554 1,192 11,630 Employment rate 73 62 62 69 ILO unemployed 231 272 98 601 Unemployment rate 3 10 8 5 Outside labour market 2,647 1,290 631 4,568 Employees 8,555 3,255 652 12,462 - Full-time 8,221 2,684 609 11,514 - Part-time 334 569 42 945 % part-time 4 17 6 8 Self-employed 1,685 281 138 2,104 In employment 10,267 3,614 794 14,675 Employment rate 85 68 68 79 ILO unemployed 389 478 84 950 Unemployment rate 4 12 10 6 Outside labour market 1,379 1,197 295 2,871 Part-Time Employees 2000 Part-time employees aged 16 and over % of % of thousands employees thousands employees 16-24 723 42 500 26 25-34 983 35 104 3 35-44 1,385 48 88 3 45-54 1,106 43 101 4 55-64 624 57 152 11 65 and over 112 88 114 75 All ages 4,933 44 1,059 8 7
Employment by Age Group 2000 People aged 16 and over thousands per cent 16-24 25-44 45-64 65 & over In employment 1,793 6,147 4,052 169 Employment rate 59 73 60 3 ILO unemployed 202 290 117 -- Unemployment rate 10 5 3 -- Economically active 1,994 6,438 4,169 171 Economic activity rate 66 77 61 3 Outside labour market 1,025 1,976 2,616 4,784 In employment 2,018 7,750 4,907 276 Employment rate 64 89 74 8 ILO unemployed 308 381 261 -- Unemployment rate 13 5 5 -- Economically active 2,326 8,131 5,168 283 Economic activity rate 74 94 77 8 Outside labour market 819 550 1,502 3,364 -- less than 10,000 in cell Employment by Disability Status 2000 People of working age thousands per cent Disabled* Not Disabled Disabled* Not Disabled In employment 1,373 10,257 1,703 12,972 Employment rate 44 75 49 86 ILO unemployed 136 465 213 738 Unemployment rate 9 4 11 5 Economically active 1,509 10,722 1,916 13,710 Economic activity rate 48 78 56 91 Outside labour market 1,620 2,948 1,529 1,342 * Having a current long-term disability covered by the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) or a work-limiting disability or both. 8
Employment by Ethnic Origin 2000 People of working age In employment ILO unemployment thousands rate (%) thousands rate (%) Black- Caribbean 114 65 16 12 Black- African 69 50 11 14 Indian 182 57 15 8 Pakistani & Bangladeshi 57 24 16 21 Chinese & other Asian 75 49 -- -- Mixed & other origins 94 51 12 12 All non-white groups 590 49 77 12 White 11,039 71 524 5 All ethnic groups 11,630 69 601 5 Black- Caribbean 112 67 25 18 Black- African 72 68 -- -- Indian 249 73 21 8 Pakistani & Bangladeshi 172 61 32 16 Chinese & other Asian 85 65 -- -- Mixed & other origins 114 61 26 19 All non-white groups 804 66 120 13 White 13,869 80 829 6 All ethnic groups 14,675 79 950 6 -- less than 10,000 in cell Employment by Sector 2000 Employees and self-employed aged 16 and over Major sectors thousands % of group thousands % of group Agriculture & fishing 81 22 289 78 Energy & water 67 23 226 77 Manufacturing 1,193 26 3,411 74 Construction 171 9 1,728 91 Wholesale, retail & motor trade 2,066 50 2,090 50 Hotels & restaurants 655 59 461 41 Transport, storage & communication 463 25 1,397 75 Banking, insurance & pension funding 610 52 570 48 Real estate, renting & business 1,231 41 1,787 59 Public administration & defence 738 45 895 55 Education 1,539 71 615 29 Health & social work 2,350 81 552 19 Other services 766 51 735 49 All sectors* 12,039 45 14,831 55 * including sectors not shown separately and those not stating sector 9
Employment by Occupation 2000 Employees and self-employed aged 16 and over Major occupational groups thousands % of thousands % of group group Managers & administrators 1,461 33 2,934 67 Professional 1,190 40 1,781 60 Associate professional & technical 1,434 51 1,395 49 Clerical & secretarial 2,921 74 1,011 26 Craft & related 222 7 2,893 93 Personal & protective 1,975 67 983 33 Sales 1,419 64 800 36 Plant & machine operatives 434 18 1,941 82 Other occupations 980 47 1,087 53 All occupations* 12,039 45 14,831 55 * includes those not stating occupation Occupational Segregation 2000 Employees and self-employed aged 16 and over thousands % of thousands % of Selected occupations group group Drivers of road goods vehicles 11 2 464 98 Production, works & maintenance managers 27 7 348 93 Warehouse & storekeepers 57 15 321 85 Technical & wholesale reps. 44 19 181 81 Computer analysts/programmers 61 21 232 79 Marketing & sales managers 166 29 412 71 Chefs & cooks 121 50 121 50 Secondary teachers 195 53 172 47 Sales assistants 967 72 369 28 Book-keepers & financial clerks 528 74 186 26 Computer & records clerks 236 76 74 24 Waiters & waitresses 140 77 42 23 Counter clerks & cashiers 244 80 62 20 Retail check-out operators 180 81 43 19 Cleaners & domestics 545 81 128 19 Catering assistants 186 82 41 18 Primary & nursery teachers 314 86 53 14 Nurses 431 90 47 10 Care assistants & attendants 488 92 41 8 10
Equal Pay Full-Time Earnings 1975 & 2000 Average gross hourly earnings, excluding the effects of overtime, and weekly earnings of full-time employees on adult rates Ratio of W s to M s Hourly Earnings ( per hour) Earnings 1975 All* 0.98 1.39 71 2000 All 8.98 11.00 82 Manual 5.63 7.51 75 Non-Manual 9.62 13.72 70 Weekly Earnings ( per week) 1975 All* 37.4 60.8 62 2000 All 337.6 453.3 74 Manual 227.9 343.9 66 Non-Manual 357.5 533.9 67 * women aged 18 & over, men aged 21 & over (Source: New Earnings Surveys 1975 & 2000, Office for National Statistics) Part-Time Earnings 2000 part-time % of men s part-time % of men s earnings full-time full-time earnings/ earnings/ Gross hourly earnings, hours hours excluding overtime ( per hour) 6.69 61 7.61 69 Gross weekly earnings ( per week) 130 29 142 31 Weekly paid hours of work 19.4 47 18.5 45 (Source: New Earnings Survey 2000, Office for National Statistics) Individual Income 1998/9 Average gross weekly individual income of people aged 16 or over per week % of total per week % of total Source of income income income Earnings 103 61 221 67 Self employment 8 5 40 12 Occupational pensions 8 5 26 8 Investment 8 5 14 4 Benefit income, including state pension 36 21 27 8 Other income 5 3 5 2 Total income 169 100 332 100 (Source: Department of Social Security Analytical Services Division) 11
Political and Public Life Local Authority Councillors 1997 & 1999 ENGLAND & WALES per cent All councillors (1997) Newly Elected (1999) Conservative 26 74 26 74 Labour 26 74 31 69 Liberal Democrats 34 66 33 67 Plaid Cymru 15 85 23 77 Independent 22 78 21 79 Other 21 79 29 71 All 27 73 29 71 (Source: Survey of Local Authority Councillors 1997 & Survey of Newly Elected Councillors 1999, Employers Organisation for Local Government) Greater London Authority 2000 GREATER LONDON no. of % of no. of % of members members members members Political party in party in party Conservative 2 22 7 78 Labour 5 56 4 44 Liberal Democrats 3 75 1 25 Greens 1 33 2 67 All parties 11 44 14 56 (Source: Greater London Authority Website, December 2000) Members of Parliament 2000 UNITED KINGDOM no. of MP s % of MP s no. of MP s % of MP s Political party in party in party Conservative 14 9 146 91 Labour 99 24 318 76 Liberal Democrats 4 9 43 91 Other parties* 3 9 32 91 All parties 120 18 539 82 * includes speaker and independent MP (Source: House of Commons Weekly Information Bulletin 13 January 2001) 12
Members of the European Parliament 2000 UNITED KINGDOM no. of % of MEP s no. of % of MEP s Political party MEP s in party MEP s in party Conservative 3 8 33 92 Labour 10 34 19 66 Liberal Democrats 5 50 5 50 Other parties and independents 3 25 9 75 All parties 21 24 66 76 (Source: Vacher s European Companion Number 114, December 2000) Work/Life Balance Employment by Family Type 2000 People of working age thousands per cent With dependent children Without Lone parent Married or All parents dependent cohabiting children Employees 765 3,561 4,326 6,435 - Full-time 327 1,418 1,745 4,409 - Part-time 437 2,143 2,580 2,026 % part-time 57 60 60 31 Self-employed 46 319 365 376 All in employment 815 3,914 4,729 6,882 Employment rate 49 70 65 72 ILO unemployed 130 144 274 327 ILO unemployment rate 14 4 5 5 Outside labour market 727 1,511 2,238 2,330 Employees 72 4,543 4,615 7,804 - Full-time 65 4,409 4,474 6,999 - Part-time -- 134 140 804 % part-time -- 3 3 10 Self-employed 21 882 903 1,198 All in employment 94 5,441 5,535 9,095 Employment rate 63 90 90 74 ILO unemployed 11 235 246 704 ILO unemployment rate 11 4 4 7 Outside labour market 43 355 398 2,469 -- less than 10,000 in cell 13
Children s Day Care 2000 ENGLAND no. of places % of places thousands Day nurseries 264 24 Childminders 320 30 Playgroups 353 33 Out of school club 141 13 Total places 1,079 100 Places in a day nursery, with a registered childminder or an out of school club 726 67 Number of under 8s (thousands, mid-1999) 4,977 Number of children for each place (excluding playgroups) 7 (Source: Statistics of Education: Children s Day Care Facilities at 31 March 2000 England, Department for Education and Employment; Mid-1999 Population Estimates, Office for National Statistics) Employment by Age of Youngest Dependent Child 2000 People of working age thousands per cent Any Age of youngest dependent child dependent 0-4 5-10 11 or over children Employees* 1,459 1,415 1,452 4,326 - Full-time 516 494 735 1,745 - Part-time 943 921 716 2,580 % part-time 65 65 49 60 Self-employed 134 126 105 365 All in employment 1,608 1,555 1,566 4,729 Employment rate 54 70 76 65 ILO unemployed 114 99 61 274 ILO unemployment rate 7 6 4 5 Outside labour market 1,234 578 426 2,238 Employees* 2,012 1,364 1,239 4,615 - Full-time 1,952 1,326 1,197 4,474 - Part-time 61 38 41 140 % part-time 3 3 3 3 Self-employed 345 280 278 903 All in employment 2,363 1,648 1,523 5,535 Employment rate 90 90 88 90 ILO unemployed 118 70 58 246 ILO unemployment rate 5 4 4 4 Outside labour market 138 115 144 398 * includes those not stating full-time or part-time 14
EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES COMMISSION Arndale House Arndale Centre Manchester M4 3EQ E-mail. info@eoc.org.uk Website. www.eoc.org.uk Fax. 0161 838 8312 Tel & Minicom. 0161 833 9244