State Handbook of Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Indicars 2003 United States by David Baer PUBLIC POLICY INSTITUTE AARP
Introduction The State Handbook of Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Indicars 2003 is an easy-use reference book for anyone in search of up--date information about state economic, demographic, and fiscal conditions. Policymakers, public officials, and policy analysts will find useful data on such pics as population, poverty rates, per capita state personal income, state and local revenues, expenditures, tax rates, and property tax relief programs. Gender and age comparisons are provided for some of the data. Throughout the book we used the most current data available. State and national comparisons distinguish this handbook from other reference books - as do the 10-year comparisons and average annual growth rates for a number of important indicars. This handbook facilitates state-by-state and state-national comparisons, which can serve a variety of purposes. For example, a state's tax burden can be compared with the national average or with that of other states in the region. Per capita state personal income, unemployment, and median household income can be used assess how residents in one state fare vis-à-vis those in another. The book is divided in three sections. The first, a state summary section, features a summary description of each state, the District of Columbia, and the entire United States. In addition, summaries of economic, demographic, and fiscal information for the Virgin Islands and Puer Rico are shown. Users interested in a particular state can go directly this section and find information that otherwise would have be assembled from a variety of sources and reference tables. Users will find statistics on several major economic indicars, such as state personal income, median household income, and employment, as well as on population and poverty, distribution of household income, revenues, expenditures, tax rates, and debt ratio measures. We have moved the miscellaneous tax rates information from the section on state and local general revenues the tax section. This allows all tax rate information appear in the same location for each of the state summaries. Moreover, we decided remove effective real property tax rates (reported by the D.C. Government) because those rates could not be verified. We also added personal income, general sales, and miscellaneous tax information for Puer Rico and the Virgin Islands. Furthermore, this book will now be available at http://research.aarp.org/econ/index.html for easy retrieval. 1
The property tax relief portion summarizes homestead exemptions and credits, circuit breakers, and tax deferral programs, all of which are defined in the source notes and explanations section at the end of the book. We did not include all of the state property tax rates, because they can vary within states, and because data on the varying rates are not easily available. Data on state and local general revenues and state and local general expenditures feature per capita and percentage of personal income figures, as well as average annual changes from 1990 2000. Comparisons can be made between each state and the national average of the amounts spent on expenditure programs. State and local debt information is provided on a per capita basis and per $1,000 of personal income. The composition of short-term and long-term debt is also presented. The second section of the handbook provides selected state economic, demographic, and fiscal data in separate tables and maps. This presentation of the data makes it easy compare any or all states and the District of Columbia on such economic indicars as per capita income or gross state product. The tables provide state rankings for easy comparisons. Source notes and explanations can be found in the third section of the handbook, which describes data sources and defines appropriate concepts or terms. Most of the information in the handbook comes from the U.S. Bureau of the Census and from a telephone survey of state and local government offices, such as state legislative offices and state and local assessors offices. Additional sources include the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, and the District of Columbia Government. As state and local economic conditions and demographic patterns change, policymakers may have adjust their policies on taxes and spending programs. These adjustments become more difficult when economic and demographic changes depart from hisrical trends. It is our belief that this publication will contribute more informed public policy decisions by identifying significant economic, demographic, and fiscal changes. 2
Economic Indicars US Average Annual 1991 2001 1991-2001 Per Capita Income... $20,023 $30,472 4.3% Median Household Income... $30,126 $42,228 3.4% Gross State Product (millions)*... $5,895,430 $10,137,190 5.6% Poverty Rate... 14.2% 11.7% n/a Full- and Part-Time Positions (in thousands)... 138,664 167,558 1.9% Employed Persons (in thousands)*.. 118,492 136,485 1.4% Unemployment Rate*... 7.5% 5.8% n/a *Employed persons and the unemployment rate data apply 1992 and 2002. Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 2000 Population Under Age 18 6% 4% Males 27% 7% 7% Females 25% Ages 18 64 Ages 65 74 Ages 75 and Over 63% 61% Population Population and Poverty Percentage Poverty Rate 1990 2000 1990-2000 1999 Total Population... 248,709,873 281,421,906 13.2% 12.4% Males... 121,239,418 138,053,563 13.9% 11.2% Under Age 18... 32,584,278 37,059,196 13.7% 16.4% Ages 18 64... 76,089,967 86,584,742 13.8% 9.6% Ages 65 74... 7,941,613 8,303,274 4.6% 6.6% Ages 75 and Over... 4,623,560 6,106,351 32.1% 7.5% Females... 127,470,455 143,368,343 12.5% 13.5% Under Age 18... 31,020,154 35,234,616 13.6% 16.7% Ages 18 64... 77,773,643 87,551,599 12.6% 12.6% Ages 65 74... 10,164,945 10,087,712-0.8% 10.1% Ages 75 and Over... 8,511,713 10,494,416 23.3% 13.9% 3
Percent Distribution of Households by Age of Householder and Income, 1999 Less than $10,000 $10,000 $14,999 $15,000 $24,999 $25,000 $34,999 $35,000 $49,999 $50,000 $74,999 $75,000 $99,999 $100,000 or more All Households Age of Householder Under 25 years... 21.7% 11.2% 21.2% 16.8% 15.4% 9.6% 2.5% 1.6% 100% 25 34 years... 7.6% 4.9% 12.8% 15.2% 20.0% 22.4% 9.3% 7.8% 100% 35 44 years... 6.2% 3.9% 9.7% 11.7% 17.6% 23.6% 12.9% 14.5% 100% 45 54 years... 6.3% 3.6% 8.3% 9.9% 15.3% 22.5% 14.5% 19.6% 100% 55 64 years... 9.2% 5.1% 10.8% 11.4% 15.7% 19.8% 11.4% 16.5% 100% 65 74 years... 12.1% 9.7% 18.0% 15.3% 16.4% 14.2% 6.2% 7.9% 100% 75 years and over... 18.2% 15.0% 21.9% 14.2% 12.3% 9.4% 3.9% 5.1% 100% United States (all ages)... 9.5% 6.3% 12.8% 12.8% 16.5% 19.5% 10.2% 12.3% 100% Percent of Households by Household Income Bracket, 1999 Percent of Households 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% Less than $10,000 $10,000 $14,999 $15,000 $24,999 $25,000 $34,999 $35,000 $49,999 $50,000 $74,999 $75,000 $99,999 $100,000 or more 4
State and Local General Revenues, FY 2000 Average Annual Revenue General Revenues Percent of Personal (millions) Per Capita Income 1990-2000 Total General Revenues... $1,541,322 $5,477 19.8% 6.1% Own Sources... $1,249,373 $4,440 16.1% 5.8% Taxes... $872,351 $3,100 11.2% 5.7% Property Taxes... $249,178 $885 3.2% 4.8% General Sales Taxes... $215,112 $764 2.8% 5.9% Personal Income Taxes $211,661 $752 2.7% 7.2% Other Taxes... $196,400 $698 2.5% 5.1% Charges/Miscellaneous... $377,022 $1,340 4.8% 6.0% Federal Aid... $291,950 $1,037 3.8% 7.9% 1990 General Revenue 2000 General Revenue Property Taxes 16% 18% 19% 16% General Sales Taxes Individual Income Taxes Other Taxes 26% Charges/Misc 24% Federal Aid 12% 13% 5
State and Local General Expenditures, FY 2000 General Expenditures Average Annual Expenditure Percent of Personal (millions) Per Capita Income 1990-2000 State/Local Direct General Expends. $1,506,797 $5,354 19.4% 6.1% To State/Local Government... $1,502,768 $5,340 19.3% 6.1% Education*... $521,612 $1,853 6.7% 6.1% Public Welfare... $233,350 $829 3.0% 8.1% Health and Hospitals... $127,342 $452 1.6% 5.5% Highways... $101,336 $360 1.3% 5.2% Public Safety*... $137,809 $490 1.8% 6.4% Environment... $90,533 $322 1.2% 5.1% Interest on General Debt... $69,814 $248 0.9% 3.4% Other... $220,971 $785 2.8% 6.2% To Federal Government... $4,029 $14 0.1% 2.2% *Education includes higher and lower education; public safety includes police, fire, corrections, and protection and inspection. State and Local General Expenditures, FY 2000 (excluding payments federal government) 15% Education 6% 5% 9% 34% Public Welfare Health and Hospitals Highways Public Safety Environment 7% 8% 16% Interest on General Debt Other Total Debt Outstanding Long-term Debt Short-term Debt 2000 Debt Ratio Measures Per $1,000 Debt (billions) Per Capita of Personal Income Debt (billions) Percent of Total Debt (billions) Percent of Total United States... $1,451.8 $5,159 $187 $1,427.5 98.3% $24.29 1.7% 6