Monitoring Poverty in rural Nicaragua through the Community Based Monitoring System: A SDGs and MPI report. Milagros Romero NITLAPAN CENTRAL AMERICAN UNIVERSITY UCA June 12, 2018 2018 PEP Annual Conference, Bangalore, India This work is being carried out with financial and scientific support from the Partnership for Economic Policy (PEP), with funding from the Department for International Development (DFID) of the United Kingdom (or UK Aid), and the Government of Canada through the International Development Research Centre (IDRC).
OUTLINE Objectives Overview on poverty monitoring in Nicaragua Methodology SDGs Indicators Key finding Recommendations
Objectives Complement the national statistical information with reliable and desegregated indicators for poverty monitoring and poverty maps in rural Nicaragua Contribute to monitoring the Sustainable Development Goals at a local level as a basis for policy design. Empower local stakeholders trough capacity building and information about local reality
Overview on poverty monitoring in Nicaragua Unmeet Basic Needs method and poverty maps, 2005
Overview on poverty monitoring in Nicaragua 57.7% of population were extreme poor Information is very outdated Aggregated at comarca level Community and Comarcas divisions have changed in pass 13 years.
Overview on poverty monitoring in Nicaragua Living Standards Measure Surveys, 1998 2016 Information only representative at urban and rural areas Aggregated information Restricted data
Overview on poverty monitoring in Nicaragua MPI, 2012 Source: OPHI, (2017)
Methodology September 2017 January 2018 February April 2018 April - June 2018 June - July 2018 CBMS design Discussion at 2 levels:, : - Municipal - Community - Pilot test by the RT - Training of 20 enumerators (9 women) - Pilot test by enumerators - Community maps and households list - Data collection using tablets. - Data Processing - Report writing - Results discussion - Data validation
Coverage 3 comarcas 35 communities, 1877 dwelling, 2235 households, 8360 population, 4268 men, 4092 woman.
SDGs Indicators 4 2 6 2 2 2 2 5 4 1 1 1
Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
1.1.1. Proportion of population below the international poverty line, by sex, age, employment status and geographical location 77.5%
1.2.1 Proportion of population living below the national poverty line, by sex and age 73.8%
In terms of gender: 78% of women and 77% men leaves in an income poor households using the international poverty line. 74% of women and 73% of men leaves in an income poor households using the national poverty line. In terms of age: Children aged 0 14 years old, 82% leaves in an income poor households ; while 75% of population older than 14 years leaves in an income poor households. The proportion of income poor population is higher for children aged 0-14 years old, than for the rest of population.
Education Healt h Living Standars 1.2.2 Proportion of population living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions High economic dependency rate 14.54% Assets Cooking Fuel 60% 96% School Attendance 5.32% Floor 78% Sanitation 69% Insuficient basic services 78.90% Water 32% Electricity 47% Inadequate house 0.3% Child Mortality 0.2% School Attendance 5% Overcrowed Households 8% Years of Schooling 25% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
1.2.2 Proportion of population living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions Comarca No Poor Unmeet Basic Needs Index Not extreme Poor (One Deprivation) Extreme Poor (Two or more deprivations) MPI Incidence of poverty Multidimensional Poverty Index Intensity of poverty Population Vulnerable to poverty Population In severe poverty Tawa 9% 63% 27% 12% 30% 41% 43% 4% Wanawás 25% 51% 24% 9% 23% 40% 36% 4% Cuatro Esquinas 10% 62% 29% 12% 30% 41% 40% 5% TOTAL 16% 58% 26% 11% 27% 41% 39% 5%
1.2.2 Proportion of population living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions
1.2.2 Proportion of population living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions In terms of gender: 27% of woman are UBNI poor, while 25.7% of men are poor, There is no significant difference of the incidence of multidimensional poverty between genders. In terms of age: 35.3% of children aged 0 14 years are UBNI poor, while 21.3% of population older than 14 years is UBNI poor. The proportion of UBNI poor is higher for children than the rest of population.
1.4.1 Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services 16.6%
1.4.2 Proportion of total adult population with secure tenure rights to land, with legally recognized documentation and who perceive their rights to land as secure, by sex and by type of tenure 89.7%
The main problem relies on the access to land itself, rather than the tenure rights. 75.6% of households are involved in agricultural activities, but only 38.42% owns land. 37.1% of household that depend on agriculture do not own land. 90% of the smaller farms concentrate only 52% of the land 10% of larger farms concentrate the 48% of land in the territory.
Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
2.3.2 Annual Income of small-scale producers (US$) 2.3.2 Annual Income of small-scale producers (US$) In average 4.5 US$/ day for an average family of 4 people. Tawa 1626 Wanawás 1663 Cuatro Esquinas 1766 Total 1700
2.4.1 Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture Proportion of agricultural households that implement sustainable agricultural practice Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture Comarca No burn Protection of water sources Living fences Reforestation Natural Follow Organic fertilizer Use of Level Curves Improv ed Follow Tawa 77% 56% 49% 49% 14% 6% 9% 3% Wanawás 68% 56% 38% 38% 12% 8% 4% 5% Cuatro Esquinas 69% 67% 51% 50% 7% 5% 6% 2% Total 70% 60% 45% 45% 10% 7% 6% 3%
Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
3.1.1 Maternal mortality ratio Percentage of woman that die due to pregnancy related issues 0% 3.2.2 Neonatal mortality rate Percentage of neonatal deaths 0% 3.4.2 Suicide mortality rate Percentage of people that due to suicide 0% 3.6.1 Death rate due to road traffic injuries Percentage of people that due to traffic injuries 0%
3.2.1 Under-five mortality rate Percentage of children under-five that have died 0.6%
Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
4.1.1 Proportion of children and young people: (a) in grades 2/3; (b) at the end of primary; and (c) at the end of lower secondary achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics, by sex 14.4% of children (11-13) are not enrolled 44.6% are enrolled but at a lower grade 41%
4.1.1 Proportion of children and young people: (a) in grades 2/3; (b) at the end of primary; and (c) at the end of lower secondary achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics, by sex 68.45% of youth (16-18) are not enrolled 23.5% are enrolled but in a lower grade. 8%
38% of population older than 10 years cannot read and write 20% of children in school age (6-16 years old) are not enrolled in school. 10.4% of children (6-11) are not enrolled in primary school, 41.7% of children not enrolled in primary school do not do so because the school is too far 64.2% of youth (13-16 years) are not enrolled in secondary school. 37.2% are not enrolled because they are not interested 24.2% are not enrolled due to house or farm work Gender affects school enrollment 24% of man and 28.2% of women are illiterate, being this 4.2% of difference statistical significant 82.1% of men in school age and 76.8% of woman in school age, are enrolled in school, being this 5.3% of difference statistical significant. 60.9% of men and 67.6% of woman aged 11 16 years are not attending secondary school, being this difference statistical significant.
4.4.1 Proportion of youth and adults with information and communications technology (ICT) skills Proportion of youth and adults using cellphone 52.8% of men uses cellphone while only 36.5% of women uses cellphone. 45%
Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
6.1.1. Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services Proportion of population with access to water services 27% of households have access to water through a waterhole 68.6%
6.2.1. Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services, including a handwashing facility with soap and water 20% of households do not have any kind of sanitation facility 49.13% of households uses latrine without treatment 24%
Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
7.1.1. Proportion of population with access to electricity 7.1.2. Proportion of population with Primary reliance on clean energy 27% of households uses solar panel 54%
Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
8.3.1 Proportion of informal employment in nonagriculture employment, by sex 85%
There is a complete absence of medium and large companies in the territory. Just the 20.8% of population employed, work in non-agricultural sector: 10.3% provision of services 4.9% commercial activities 3% Small-scale industries 38.76% of population are self-employed 12.87% are family workers without payment. From 15% of formal workers, the majority are state workers: 50.2% are teachers 26.4% work in road maintenance (a temporary job), 6% are security guards at schools. Informality affect more to woman: 78.3% of men and 91.1% of women employed in non-agricultural sector are informal workers
8.5.1 Average hourly earnings of female and male employees, by occupation, age and persons with disabilities Comarca 8.5.1. Average hour income (US$) Tawa 0.67 Wanawás 1.11 Cuatro Esquinas 0.80 Total 0.92 In terms of gender, there is not statistical significant difference between the average hour income of woman and man Agricultural workers earn is average 24% less than the rest of employed population. Meanwhile, workers employed in the service sector earn in average 25.2% more than the rest of population.
8.5.2 Unemployment rate, by sex, age 7%
Unemployment affects more to women than men: 2.1% of men are unemployed while 12.8% face this situation Furthermore, if we contrast this with the employment rate, the women situation is even worse. 66.8% of men are employed, only 16.4% of women are. one out of two women (50.1%) reported to not be available to work due to housework. Unemployment affects more to young people than the rest of population. 9.7% of population between 15 and 24 years old are unemployed, while 5.9% of the rest of population are.
8.6.1 Proportion of youth (aged 15-24 years) not in education, employment or training 38%
The tenure of land plays a role in the occupation of young people, 5.4 % of those who lives in a household with own land are unemployed 8.9% of those who do not have own land face this situation The difference in terms of gender is huge, 7.7% of young men and 69.3% of woman are not in education or employment. 40% of young men do not work because there are not job opportunities in their community, 82% of young woman do not work because of housework.
8.7.1 Proportion and number of children aged 5-17 years engaged in child labor, by sex and age 15%
Child labor affects more to male children 3.9% female children worked at least one hour the week previous the interview, while 26.6% of male children did. Male children work mainly in agricultural activities (85.9%). From this: 56.4% are worker without payment in the family unit of production 26.7% are day laborer in other farms 78.8% are temporary jobs. The dynamic with girls is different, there is more proportion of girls (38.5%) working in the service sector, such Kitchener or maid. And 46.15% of female children jobs are permanent jobs.
Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries
10.2.1 Proportion of people living below 50 percent of median income, by sex, age and persons with disabilities 28%
income concentration is very high. Gini coefficient is 0.74. The Lorenz Curve shows that 5% of richest population captures 55% of the income generated in the territory.
Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
15.1.1 Forest area as a proportion of total land area 6.2%
Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development
17.8.1 Proportion of individuals using the Internet 9.8%
Key Findings The study area in Rio Blanco is very poor in almost all the dimensions addressed in the SDGS. Income, education, job and sanitation poverty, are the main challenges for the study area. On the other hand, health and housing poverty are the dimensions where the study area has a better performance, measured by the indicators describe above. Poverty maps shows that the access to roads have been fundamental for improving leaving conditions in the nearby communities. It has allowed the entrance of social programs from governmental and non-governmental institutions, as well as market connections. However this communities still have challenges in terms of inequalities.
Income poverty is the dimension of poverty with more incidence in the study area. 7 people out of 10 are income poor. Population is highly involved in agricultural activities (75% of households) but only one third has access to their own land. Furthermore, agricultural products are mainly staples grains (maize and beans) that are mainly for local consumption and have a very low price. Inequality is one of the major concerns in the territory. Land concentration affect the occupation rate of population. 19% of employed population worked as day laborer 37.5% of young population are not employed nor in education.
The deficient access too basic services and roads, besides affecting living conditions and wellbeing, also restricts population capacities to insert in transformative activities, with more possibilities to generate more value, more employment and higher remuneration rates. Improving youth condition are reducing gender gaps are key to achieve the SDG agenda.
Recommendations Attacking poverty implies institutional change. This implies that the focused should not be mainly set in improving infrastructure, but in Improving the exchange relations that are detrimental for farmers, and specially for women. Guarantying them means of productions Capacity building Better markets for their products Fomenting the creation of value added and innovation. Decrease the land concentration, deforestation and social exclusion trend
THANK YOU! NITLAPAN - UCA Address: Pista de la Resistencia, Nicaragua mromero@nitlapan.org.ni www.nitlapan.org.ni