Wiener Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsvergleiche The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies www.wiiw.ac.at Austrian outward FDI by selected countries and industries Gabor Hunya hunya@wiiw.ac.at
2 Sources of outward FDI data OeNB, LOCOMONITOR, BMWA, UNCTAD Financial and operating data on Austrian subsidiaries enterprise survey of OeNB Indicators of subsidiaries: number, equity capital, employment, turnover, profit-loss, exports and imports Equity capital of subsidiaries = 95% of FDI stock Equity capital doubled in 2000 2005 Data by 15 territories and 21 economic activities Press reports on foreign investment commitments: LOCOMONITOR, April 2005 May 2007
3 FDI and export intensities, 2007, % FDI outward stock/gdp FDI inward Stock/GDP Exports per GDP 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Greece Hungary Austria Portugal Norway EU-27 Sweden Netherlands Belgium Switzerland
4 Number of Austrian investors and subsidiaries by host country 2005 600 500 RestEU DE 400 HU 300 DE HU CZ CZ RestEU 200 100 PL PL SK SK SI CH CH ROBU ROBU WestB OthDev OthDev WestB CIS CIS Asia RoW Asia RoW 0 Baltics 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 No. of subsidiaries No. of investors
5 Number of Austrian investors 2000 and 2005 by country or region 350 300 DE HU HU RestEU 250 DE CZ CZ RestEU 200 150 100 50 0 PL SK CH CH PL SK OthDev WestB SI ROBU SI Asia RoW WestBCIS ROBU Asia RoW CIS Baltics Baltics 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 2000 2005
6 Equity capital of Austrian subsidiaries by host 2000 and 2005 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2000 2005 RoW Asia CIS WestBalkan RestDeveloped RestEU15 RO+BU Baltics CH SI SK PL CZ HU DE
7 New Austrian projects, number by destination LOCOMONITOR, April 2005 May 2007 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% Hungary Romania Slovakia Russia India Bulgaria Czech R. Poland Germany Serbia Croatia China
8 Characteristics of Austrian outward FDI: Geography Slow increase in number of investing companies: 917 in 2000; 1,048 in 2005; Faster increase in number of subsidiaries: 2,300 in 2000 to 3,100 in 2005; Highest number in DE, increasing, also in HU, CZ (400); Low numbers in Asia, CIS, RoW (below 100); Equity capital share increase in RO, BG, PL, CH, W-Balkans; Shift to the East in Europe: conforms to regional trend; Decline of share in other developed countries, Asia, and RoW: against global trend; FDI intensity in concentric circles, with East and West segments. OCO-Monitor 2005-2007: of new projects 71% in CEECs, 82% of pledged capital; highest in Hungary and Romania.
9 Characteristics of Austrian outward FDI: Size matters More investors, more SMEs in neighbouring countries; Investors with less than 100 employees: 55%, but more in DE, HU, CZ, less in W-Balkans, Asia; In Central Europe more, investors, smaller companies, diverse activities; In East and Southest Europe larger investors, less numerous, concentration of activity in finance, construction and real estate. Of 1048 investors only 123 with more than 500 employees. Lack of large multinationals, main difference to CH, NL Investors should grow in capital and competence; Policy may: help more SMEs to invest abroad, support growth in internationalizing companies.
10 The Myth of SMEs Half of SMEs (below 100 empl.) have no employees; 11% of SMEs are holdings; Holdings have half of the SME-invested capital, 27% of the total FDI stock of EUR 55 billion in 2005 Holdings are large investors; SMEs without holdings: 35% of FDI Large investors incl. holdings: 50% of FDI Small investors in low-tech and trade, Large investors in financial services, medium and high-tech.
11 0,6 Efficiency of Austrian subsidiaries by hosts 2005 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 Turnover/employee Turnover/equity/10 Profit/equity -0,1 DE HU CZ PL SK SI CH Baltics ROBU RestEU OthDev WestB CIS Asia RoW Altogether
12 Profitability of Austrian subsidiaries Increased from 2000 to 2005; Low in EU-15, especially DE; High in CZ, PL, West-Balkans: attracts more capital; In 2000 larger difference between activities than in 2005 Highest in - energy, - hotels, - transport and telecommunication Lowest in trade, financial and manufacturing
LQ Rest 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 13 Equity capital by activity, EUR million, 2000 and 2005 2000 2005 D Manufacturing E Energy F Construction G Trade H Hotels I Transport J Finance K Real estate C Mining AB Agriculture
5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 14 Equity capital in manufacturing by industry, EUR million, 2000 and 2005 2000 2005 DB Textile DD Wood DE Paper DG Chemicals DI Non-metallic DJ Metal DK Machinery DL Electrical equip. DM Vehicles DN Furniture n.e.c. DA Food
15 New projects, number by activity LOCOMONITOR, April 2005 May 2007 20% 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% Finance Real Estate Consumer Goods Logistics Energy Machinery Building Material Food Hotels Electronics
16 Conclusions 1. Austrian outward FDI expands geographically in concentric circles It has a Western and Eastern segment 2000-2005 fast expansion in Ro+Bu, Western Balkans, CIS It hardly reaches outside Europe; China and rest of Asia marginal Concentrated in few activities: - financial sector, real estate and trade dominate - in manufacturing only the chemical industry expands - little activity in electronics Profitability correlates with new FDI, productivity does not Standard technology, market-seeking New projects in old destinations, plus Russia and India
17 Conclusions 2. FDI per GDP not high, number of investing firms low Successful investors small, due to size vulnerable for foreign takeover Problems of Austrian outward FDI: - companies too small, few large multinationals - lack of venture capital to support expansion - public policy stimulates exports, seemingly less the FDI - CEEC know-how not applicable elsewhere - but still room for expansion in the neighbourhood