Counting Women s Work in South Africa

in South Africa Development Policy Research Unit University of Cape Town MASA, 9-10 November 2015 in SA

Table of Contents Introduction National Transfer Accounts Justification Data in SA

Acknowledgements This research is made possible by, a multi-country research project sponsored by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada, and the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation in SA

National Transfer Accounts Justification Table of Contents Introduction National Transfer Accounts Justification Data in SA

National Transfer Accounts Justification National Transfer Accounts Focus on the generational economy How societies produce, consume, share and save over the lifecycle C(x) Y l (x) }{{} Lifecycle deficit = τ + (x) τ (x) }{{} Net transfers + Y A (x) S(x) }{{} Asset-based reallocations For country/society as a whole; increased attention on sub-groups C(x) and Y l (x) underlie projections of the support ratio and the (first) demographic dividend in SA

National Transfer Accounts Justification South Africa s Lifecycle Deficit, 2005 12 Relative to Mean Labour Income for 30-49 year olds 10 08 06 04 02 00-02 -04-06 -08 Labour Income Labour Income IQR Consumption Consumption IQR Lifecycle Deficit 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90+ Age in SA

Introduction National Transfer Accounts Justification National Transfer Accounts in SA

National Transfer Accounts Justification National Transfer Accounts NTA link to national accounts NTA suffers from same problems: non-market services Particularly problematic for disaggregated analysis in terms of gender Result is impression that men generate the surpluses, women consume them in SA

National Transfer Accounts Justification Why Count Women s Work? Support systems differ for men and for women Access to education, health Labour market experiences Ability to accumulate savings for retirement Availability of familial support; inheritance regimes; taxation Argument that conventional NTA still does not provide complete picture of dependency Societal norms around gender specialisation in particular (often time-inflexible) activities How might these differ across the life course? How might these be changing over time? How might we expect changes to interact with processes of popuation ageing? in SA

Data Table of Contents Introduction National Transfer Accounts Justification Data in SA

Data Data Time-Use Survey 2010 24-hour day (half-hour slots from 4am); the day before today ; multitasking means splitting the time Two respondents per household, ages 10+ Specific prompts around care Third-party criterion (Reid 1934) Labour Market Dynamics Survey 2010 Income and Expenditure Survey 2010/2011 National accounts and administrative data in SA

Data Production Calculate time spent by each respondent across activities: employment, cooking, HH maint, child/elder care, volunteering Calculate mean time for each sex at each age in each activity Smooth profiles Consumption Allocate production of the non-market services to consumers within and outside the household (per capita, regression, rule-based) Transfer in-/outflows Based on production and consumption in SA

Table of Contents Introduction National Transfer Accounts Justification Data in SA

For NTTA, we categorise 15 productive household activities (cleaning; laundry; cooking; household maintenance; household management; pet care; travel; purchases; collecting fuel and water); care of household members (childcare; adultcare; unspecified care); care of non-household members (childcare; adultcare; volunteering) So, what do people do all day? in SA

Introduction in SA

Time spent in market production 80 70 60 Hours per day 50 40 30 20 10 00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90+ Age Men's total productive activities Men's SNA production Men's household production Women's total productive activities Women's SNA production Women's household production in SA

Time spent in household production 50 40 Hours per day 30 20 10 00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90+ Age Men's total household production Men's housework Men's care work Men's interhousehold Women's total household production Women's housework Women's care work Women's interhousehold in SA

Introduction Time transfers in SA

Time transfers 50 40 Transfer deficit 30 Hours per day 20 10 00-10 -20-30 Transfer surplus 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90+ Age Men's net time transfers Men's total household consumption Men's total household production Women's net time transfers Women's total household consumption Women's total household production in SA

Engagement in productive activities by age and gender Men specialise in market production Peak during late 30s at over 6 hours per day Ranges between 15 times and two times time spent by women (ages 20-60) Women specialise in household production More hours in household production at every age than men Ranges between 15 times and three times time spent by men (ages 10-90+) Girls spend significant amounts of time in household production: 2 hours per day at age 14; 3 hours by age 17 in SA

Gender specialisation, over the lifecycle 8000 4000 2000 1000 0500 0250 0125 Cleaning Laundry Cooking HH maintenance HH management Pet care Male-to-Female Ratio Travel Purchases Fuel & water Childcare (in HH) Childcare (ex HH) Adultcare (in HH) Adultcare (ex HH) Care (in HH) Volunteering Employment Employment related Sleeping Learning Nothing All other in SA

Combining market production and household production 80 70 60 Hours per day 50 40 30 20 10 00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90+ Age Men's total productive activities Men's SNA production Men's household production Women's total productive activities Women's SNA production Women's household production in SA

Value inputs as unable to value outputs Opportunity cost vs replacement cost Specialist vs generalist vs average wage replacement in SA

Value inputs as unable to value outputs Opportunity cost vs replacement cost Specialist vs generalist vs average wage replacement Specialist: If you had to pay someone else to perform the task, how much would it cost? (1) NTTA (2) Budlender and Brathaug (2004) in SA

Mean wages Activity Generalist Specialist DomWork Economywide NTTA Bud & Brath Cleaning 905 2849 971 1078 Laundry 905 2849 1485 1408 Cooking 905 2849 1558 1558 HH maintenance 905 2849 2077 1561 HH management 905 2849 3849 1078 Pet care 905 2849 1209 1360 Travel 905 2849 1755 1755 Purchases 905 2849 1209 1078 Collecting fuel/water 905 2849 1209 1078 Childcare (in HH) 905 2849 4005 2030 Childcare (ex HH) 905 2849 4005 2030 Adultcare (in HH) 905 2849 2884 3824 Adultcare (ex HH) 905 2849 2884 3824 Care (unsp, in HH) 905 2849 2564 1360 Volunteering 905 2849 1209 1209 in SA

Household activities Household care Non-HH care Total Hours per year Billions 371 38 11 420 Domworker Value 3354 344 98 3796 GDP % 122 13 04 138 Fem % 703 890 546 716 Economy-wide Value 10563 1083 310 11956 GDP % 384 39 11 435 Fem % 703 890 546 716 NTTA Value 5065 1478 223 6766 GDP % 184 54 08 246 Fem % 702 897 585 741 Bud & Brath Value 5020 793 213 6026 GDP % 183 29 08 219 Fem % 707 889 519 724 in SA

Household production and consumption relative to GDP pc Relative to GDP per capita (%) 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 Production - Male Production - Female Consumption - Male Consumption - Female 01 00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90+ Age in SA

Combining market and household production 04 Relative to mean labour income for 30-49 year olds 02 00-02 -04-06 -08-10 -12 Total difference (F-M) Market difference (F-M) Household difference (F-M) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90+ Age in SA

Table of Contents Introduction National Transfer Accounts Justification Data in SA

and next steps Marked gender specialisation in productive activities in SA Within household production, women specialise in care activities and cooking, laundry and cleaning; men in household maintenance and non-household adultcare Implications of/for changing LF participation Implications of/for population ageing Women generate household production surpluses from age 14 (men generate surpluses at ages 20/21 of up to 115s per day) Evidence of double shift : Women spend more time in productive activities than men, at every age in SA

and next steps Complete 2010 consumption profiles Incorporate opportunity cost wages Support ratio, projected time deficits and surpluses, and gender dividend in SA