The Formulation of China s Major Plans and Programs 2008-2010 and onwards S u p p o r t i n g a h a r m o n i o u s s o c i e t y
BACKGROUND China s five year plans In recent years, not only has the methodology of China s plan formulation been modified, but the Key elements were also enriched to accommodate the on-going social and economic changes. For example, the Five- Year Plan for Economic Development was renamed as the Five- Year Plan for Economic and Social Development since the 6th plan period (1980-1985), and the word plan,[ 计划 ] was replaced by program [ 规划 ] since the 11th plan period (2006-2010). Meanwhile, the planning process is becoming increasingly open and standardized.
China s 11th Five year plan In China s 11th five year plan environmental concerns, both pollution and the use of natural resources were given a central role. In many ways the 11th five year plan was probably the first major governmental planning document in the world that put the global resource constrains at the very centre of economic planning. Many of the targets where formulated in a way that made them very specific and ambitious when compared with other governments who often have very general language related to the environment in the overarching economic plans. The challenge with the 11th five year plan from an environmental perspective can be divided into two parts. First, the less planned economy resulted in a challenge to implement the over all targets. The second challenge is related to the fact that few foreign companies and foreign governments did very much to support China s target. As China s role in the world economy is becoming increasingly important, the need to support sustainable policies will increase. The energy efficiency targets and renewable energy target that are included in the 11th five year plan are only two examples of targets that have a global dimensions as delivery on these targets will help the global environment. Especially so as much of the energy used in the Chinese economy is used in the exporting sector and the CO2 is embedded in products that are exported to the rest of the world. Case 1: Recent Changes in the formulation of China s Five-Year plans 1. The Five-Year Plan was renamed as the Five-Year Program since the 11th plan period; 2. The center of plan formulation shifted from setting growth targets to putting forward development strategies. In line with the strategies, policies are made to meet the needs of governance reform and public goods provision. For environmental protection purposes, binding targets are introduced to save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emission; 3. A simple general plan is expanded to a comprehensive plan set, with special long-term plans and spatial plans playing an increasingly important role. Efforts are made to keep plans of various kinds inter-consistent and mutually complementary. 4. De-centralized decision-making is promoted to give local governments more autonomy in the formulation of local plans. 5. The planning process is changed from a closed one to an open one, with a high degree of transparency and public participation. For example, As many as 160 pre-study projects of the 11th Plan were contracted out to institutes at home and abroad. An office was set up at NDRC to collect suggestions and opinions from the public. 6. The planning process and procedures come increasingly standardized. OBJECTIVE WWF s 12th five-year plan project has three objectives: 1. To provide information about the process and structure for the formulation of China s Major Plans and Programs 2008-2010 and onwards. 2. To clarify where in the process formal input for the different plans and programs are to be expected. 3. To clarify when Chinese decision makers might look for different kinds of information so that groups who want to support the Chinese Government with information can make information available at the right time. The focus will be in the national plan and special attention will be given to how this will be implemented. 12 th used. METHODOLOGY 12th National five-year plan From summer 2008 and until the time the 12th five year plan is published, WWF will run the project and develop reports and workshop in order to provide a supplementary forum for stakeholders, either from the public or private sector, to integrate and implement sustainable development into strategic planning practice and continually decrease the gap between intention and implementation in the field of natural resources and energy. As a first step WWF will publish a report that highlights the different steps in the process leading up to the final 12th year plan and where environmental concerns might be included. Two cases as illustrations In order to illustrate the different plans and projects two fictive cases will be A. Sustainable building: Special focus on Export opportunities from solutions and equipment associated to sustainable buildings. B. Videoconferencing/Virtual meeting service: Export opportunities of sustainable ICT solutions Information about these two case studies will be collected by interviews with key stakeholders and workshops. Figure 1. Flow chart of the formulation of general/national plans Pre-analysis (2 years ahead of the plan period) Basis principles (year ahead of the plan period) Plan draft starts (1 year ahead of the plan period) Content details Target setting Draft framework Plan draft completed (prior to the plan period) Revision Approval Review Publication (approved by local congresses in the first year of the plan period) Research The research is being conducted by the Institute of Social Development Research(ISD), National Development and Reform Commission(NDRC). Evaluation (during the plan period) For further information: About the study done by NDRC: Mr. Xinghua CHANG Director, Institute of Social Development Research,NDRC Cxh65989@sina.com About WWF s work in China to support China s 12th five year plan: Ms. Nan LI Trade & Investment Officer, WWF China Programme Office Nli@wwfchina.org About WWF s international work to support China s 12th five year plan: Mr. Dennis Pamlin Global Policy Advisor, WWF-Sweden Dennis.pamlin@wwf.se
The Formulation of China s Major Plans and Programs 1
1. China s planning system: Organization and function China s planning system is currently divided into three tiers and three categories. By administrative tiers, there are national plans, provincial plans, and local (city and county) plans. By target and function, there are general plans, special plans, and regional plans. In practice, however, the number of planning tiers can exceed three. For example, governments of townships and development zones sometimes make their own special or regional plans. Cross-regional plans are not uncommon as well. By function, there are also other plan categories such urban development plans, land use plans and corporate development plans. The Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development is the most important plan at the national level in China, which sets general targets of economic and social development for a period of 5 years. Special plans 1 are more detailed to address specific or individual areas of the general plan. Regional plans deal with issues of regional development or the spatial distribution of major state-funded capital investment projects. Figure 2. Flow chart of plan formulation in China General plans National plans Provincial plans By sector Special plans By ministry By trade Regional plans Cross provincial Municipal/county plans Cross municipal Cross county Township plans 2 Development zone plans 3 Order of Formulation 1 Such as 11th Five-year plan on Education Development, 11th Five-year plan on Environment Protection, National Program for Medium-to-Long-Term Scientific and Technological Development (2006-2020)
2. The formulation of general plans In recent years, not only has the methodology of China s plan formulation has been modified, but the Key elements were also enriched, to accommodate the on-going social and economic changes. For example, the Five-Year Plan for Economic Development was renamed as the Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development since the 6th plan period (1980-1985), and the word plan was replaced by program since the 11th plan period (2006-2010). Meanwhile, the planning process becomes increasingly open and standardized. 2.1. Definition and duration The Five-Year Plan, or a general plan at the national level, is a strategic, programmatic and comprehensive plan, which provides a foundation for the formulation of other special plans, regional plans, annual plans as well as relevant policies. All subordinate plans have to observe the principles of the general plan. General plans at the national and provincial levels are valid for 5 years, with possible forecast of 10 years. The duration of local plans is flexible to meet actual needs. 2.3. Flow chart of the general plan formulation Governments at the national, provincial, and local levels are responsible for organizing the formulation of general plans at the corresponding level, while the development and reform commissions are responsible for plan drafting at the same level. Two years prior to the publication of a Five-Year plan, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) starts to identify major issues relevant to future development, set growth targets of key areas, estimate related ratios and rates, and undertake feasibility appraisal of major statefunded capital investment projects. As a result, a series of basic principles are put forward for the economic and social development during the plan period. Under the guidance of the State Council, NDRC works on a plan draft in line with the principles, with the assistance of other ministries and departments. The draft is then reported to the National Congress for approval. Finally, the approved plan is published by the State Council for implementation. The plan implementation is subject to monitoring and supervision of relevant authorities. 2.3.1. Pre-analysis Generally, the pre-analysis starts two years prior to the commencement of the new plan. Its main tasks include: a) analyzing the major issues relevant to economic and social development; b) setting the growth targets of national economy and key areas, and estimating related ratios and rates; and c) undertaking feasibility appraisal of state-funded major capital investment and infrastructure projects. The process can take different forms such as internal investigation, external contracting, public hearing and discussion, and calling for suggestions. 2.3.2. Plan drafting Upon a notice of NDRC on plan drafting, relevant ministries and departments put forward plan suggestions based on their own circumstances. NDRC works out first area-specific plan drafts based on these suggestions, and then a general draft framework after negotiation, coordination and overall balancing. Major plan targets of economic and social development will be listed in the framework. 4 2.2. Methodology and form China s planning process has changed gradually from closed to open in order to meet the requirements of transparency and public participation. NDRC will organize an interim evaluation in the mid-plan period as well as a final evaluation at the end of the plan implementation. 5 Plans are published in text, supported with tables and charts.
3. The formulation of regional plans 2.3.3. Review, approval and revision The completed plan draft is subject to review and appraisal of officials at different levels, from ministries to the State Council and to the Party Central Committee. The final version will be Regional plans are those formulated for economic zones that may cross administrative boundaries. Therefore, regional plans aim to break up regional division, make full use of regional potential, carry out large infrastructure construction projects in a coordinated way, and promote environmental protection. Through efforts like division of labor and mutual complementation, it is expected to improve competitiveness and achieve a balanced development of the region. Regional plans serve as a base for the formulation of subordinate plans, such as urban development plans and land use plans. reported to the National Congress for approval after two rounds of substantial review and revision. The plan becomes a legally binding document once approved by the National Congress, the country s highest authority. 2.3.4. Publication and implementation Once the Five-Year plan is approved In comparison to other plans, regional plans attach more importance to the spatial distribution of production factors, regional differentials, resources endowment, and the relation between man and nature. The 11th Five-Year Plan gives top priority to the formulation of regional plans by initiating at the national level 3 major regional development plans for the Yangtze Delta region, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city ring and the North-East region. by the National Congress, the State Council will take the responsibility to organize the plan implementation by 6 allocating plan tasks to governments and departments at various levels. A sound organization is essential to the success of plan implementation, which includes steps such as task allocation, social mobilization, coordination and information management. 2.3.5. Monitoring, supervision, evaluation and examination Monitoring, supervision, evaluation and examination are procedures designed to assess the performance of plan implementation. The examination targets not only the general performance of the national economy but also the specific performance of individual sectors, departments or regions. Quantitative indicators are employed, as well as qualitative ones. Supervision is exercised either by the People s Congress and the Political Consultative Conference over government departments or by the planning authority over economic activities of various kinds. It is expected to introduce in future a mechanism of review, evaluation and examination. Evaluation results should be publicized to enhance plan implementation. 2.4. Key elements of general/ national plans The content of the general plan is consistent with the plan s nature, roles, and tasks. However, each plan can have its own priority to meet the needs of the time. A general plan normally includes following sections: review of the past plan, key issues to be addressed in future, external environment faced by future development, targets and policies for the future 5 years in general and in particular areas (such as economy, science and technology, education and human development, population, resources and environment, reform and open-up, people s living standard, moral and cultural progress, democracy and the legal system, and national defense), and the procedures of plan implementation. 7
3.1. Scope and duration Regional plans target economic zones that may cross the boundaries of provinces, cities or districts. By the size of economic zones, there are three kinds of regional plans: a) cross-province plans, such as the North-East Revitalization Plan which was drafted by NDRC with assistance of relevant ministries and the governments of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang; b) cross-prefecture plans, such as the Hangzhou Bay Regional Plan and the Central China City Group Plan, which are drafted by provincial NDRC with assistance of relevant provincial departments and local governments; and c) cross-county plans which are drafted by municipal NDRC with assistance of relevant municipal departments and county governments. Most regional plans are long-term ones. Some serve as supplements to Five-Year plans or Ten-Year programs, and others are designed more strategically for 20-50 years. Figure 3. Flow chart of the formulation of regional plans Survey and data collection Internal External Development targets Studies and recommendations Plan drafting Review and apraisal Report and approval Implementation 3.3. Output of the planning 3.4. Flow chart of the regional process plan formulation A complete regional plan consists of The preparation starts from the set-up 3 parts: the text, a glossary of terms of a leading group and a drafting team. 8 3.2. Nature Regional plans are mostly indicative in nature, with sometimes a few mandatory provisions. Major policies set in regional plans for issues, such as factor distribution, resource exploration and environmental protection, can provide guidance to the region s economic and social development. and supporting charts and tables. The plan text is a legally binding document which includes clauses concerning plan targets, ways and methods of implementation, rules and penalties, right to final interpretation, and legal validity. The glossary explains the terms and indicators used in the document. Charts and tables offer a graphic illustration of the plan. Major procedures include: a) Survey and data collection; b) Target setting based on extensive analyses and projections; c) Sector-specific studies; d) Plan drafting, with charts and tables if necessary; e) Review and appraisal by officials and experts, with possible revision; f ) Report and approval by higher authorities; g) Implementation, evaluation and feedback. 9
3.5. Key elements of regional plans 3.5.3. Urban system construction planning Propose the overall framework of 10 3.5.1. Regional development orientation The overall orientation of regional development includes: 1) the orientation of the nature and function of the development, 2) the positioning of economic growth and phase development; 3) the overall performance assessment of economic competitiveness and targeting, in which the essential component is the orientation of the nature and function of the development. 3.5.2. The industrial labor division and layout planning Propose the general concept and goals of industrial development; Design the corresponding industrial chain in view of the regional competitive industries (the pillar industries and key industries); Coordinate the space layout of various industrial sectors; Propose the model to optimize the regional industrial space structure in order to promote the harmonious development of regional industries. regional urban system construction, based on the prediction on the regional urbanization during the planning period; Construct the structure of regional urban system in terms of rating scale, space and functional division; Coordinate urban construction land, with proposals for harmonious development in urban and rural areas.. 3.5.4. Infrastructure construction and layout planning Infrastructure includes the construction and layout planning of transportation, telecommunications, electricity and water conservancy facilities. 3.5.5. The development and utilization of resources and protection planning The research areas in focus are 1) the status quo of water, soil, mineral resources, the protection of economic and social development, and the bearing capacity of status quo; 2) the sustainable model of utilization and R&D of future resources; 3) the demand and satisfaction level of economic and social development for the above-mentioned natural resources and its bearing capacity in future; 4) the solutions to solve the problems regarding water, soil, mineral resources. 3.5.6. Environmental protection and ecological construction planning The focal points in research are: 1) the overall assessment of the status quo of ecological environment and its problems, 2) the goals of regional environmental protection and ecological construction, 3) the prediction and analysis of ecological environment bearing capacity, 4) the construction of ecological landscapes, 5) the functional division of ecological areas and the construction of ecological demonstration zones. Countermeasure and solutions for the environment protection and ecological construction should be stepped up. 3.5.7. Regional Space management Focus on main areas in regional space management, the classification management plan of harmonious regional development 3.5.8. Regional policy recommendations Regional policies have guaranteed the implementation of regional plans, including industrial policies, investment and financing policies, financial and taxation policies, pricing policies, environmental policies, and land policies. 11
4. The formulation of special plans Special plans are designed for specific or individual areas of economic and social development. They can also be seen as a detailed version of the general plan for a specific sector. Governments use these documents as justification or reference when making major policies, reviewing key projects, making investment decisions, or allocating budget funds to the sector concerned. 4.4.5. Implementation The plan goes into effect after approval and the identification of supervisors. The government departments carry out plan clauses step by step under enhanced supervision. 4.4.6. Evaluation A mid-term evaluation will be conducted if necessary to assess the 12 4.1. Area and sector: Special plans are made largely for the areas or sectors which a) are extremely relevant to economic and social development; b) need huge state investment fund or the approval of the State Council on investment projects; and c) need government regulation or financial assistance. These areas include agriculture, water resources, energy, transport, communication, resource exploration and conservation, environmental protection and ecological conservation, disaster reduction, science and technology, education, public health, social security, and national defense. 4.2. Duration and nature Special plans are valid normally for 5 years, parallel to the Five-Year plan. If necessary, there can be strategic forecast for longer periods. The guidelines, principles, targets and strategies listed in the special plans are not mandatory in nature, aiming just to show the government s attitude and position and provide guidance at macro level to the sector s development. However, subordinate plans or policies should observe these guidelines and 4.3. Planner and outcome Relevant ministries and commissions are responsible for formulating special plans for their respective areas and sectors in order to make the plans more operational, friendly and transparent. Special plans are published in text, with possible charts and tables. 4.4. Flow chart of the formulation of special plans 4.4.1. Preparation The drafting team starts from a working plan, which includes steps like pre-studies, an activity plan and a timetable. Pre-studies look at major issues confronted by the sector in future development and put forward basic principles based on review, survey and investigation. 4.4.2. Plan drafting The drafting team works out a list of key ideas based on the pre-study results and suggestions from relevant departments. The outline expands to a draft work after consulting experts and the public. 4.4.3. Document matching During the plan drafting, the team must take efforts to match the special plan with other key plans, such as the National Five-year plan and special plans in other related areas. That means, the key elements of the special plan should be consistent with that stated in other documents, such as judgment on the status quo, demand forecast, major indicators, the direction and key areas of development, key construction projects and so on. The draft should be evaluated by qualified agencies or experts, including the environment impact assessment required by law. The plan will be finalized after possible revision. 4.4.4. Publication National special plans, for example the National Plan for Education Development during the 11th Five-Plan Period, will be approved and publicized by the State Council, while sector-special plans will be publicized by the ministries concerned. progress. Suggestions will be put forward for amendment. Preparation Figure 4. Flow chart of the formulation of special plans Plan drafting Study on necessity Work plan Pre-studies Document matching Basic ideas Framework Approval, publication Suggestions and recommendation Implementation Matching of documents Expert review, finalization Evaluation 13 principles.
4.5. Key elements The contents of the Special Plans vary from related department and industry and generally include following key elements. 4.5.1. Status quo and problems Mapping current development, main problems, domestic and international situation and national requirements as evidences for planning. 4.5.2. Plan targets Main targets include anticipated and mandatory targets. Anticipated targets indicate the orientation and prediction, while binding targets must be met. 4.5.3. Strategies Map out general strategy or clarify key areas and transform the main targets into strategies and related development paths. The general strategy is also treated as philosophy and criteria of key projects and programs. 4.5.4. Key projects Combining general strategy with priority, feasibility and efficiency of the project, select key projects and compile budget and financial plan. Figure 5. Key elements of special plans 4.5.5. Impact assessment: Deeply assess both positive and negative impacts, especially the shortand-long term impacts of key projects in order to give advice to the financial decision. 4.5.6. Supporting measures Include financial, policy, institutional, and management measures. 5. The formulation of corporate plans 5.1. Duration and form The duration of corporate plans is relatively flexible, ranging from 3 to 5 years. The plan normally takes the form of text document with a possible appendix. 5.2. Flow chart of the formation of corporate plans There are two kinds of enterprises in China: those controlled by the central government and those run by others. For central-run enterprises, the planning process goes as following: the government instruction on plan formulation, setting up a drafting team, working out basic ideas and principles, completing the draft and reporting to the State Assets Management Commission (SAMC) for approval, implementation, and evaluation. The plan formulation of other enterprises follow similar procedures. However, there is no need for SAMC approval. 5.3. Key elements 5.3.1. History and status quo: history, status quo (assets, ownership and property right, business scope), organization, law person structure and rights and responsibilities (decision making level, executive level, supervision level, consultation level), second-tier companies analysis, major economic and production indicators from financial reports (assets, capital, income, profit, staff and personnel). Problems Status quo Targets Predictive Mandatory Strategy Strategy and policies Projects Key project A Key project B Key project C Supporting measures Financial 14 Institutional Policy 15
Development environment: Policy and legal environment, economic environment, technological conditions, international and domestic competition and opportunities, market analysis (market share, demand forecast). Competitiveness analysis, including The company s advantage, potential and weakness in areas such as corporate structure and organization, geographical allocation, access to resources, management, employee and staff, technology and marketing network and so on. Economic and technical indicator analysis and comparison: Total assets, total sales. Core competitiveness analysis: Special technology, production costs, assess to resources, marketing network, independent intellectual property, patent, sustainability and so on. Existing problems: 5.3.4. Corporate reorganization and action plan: corporate reform plan (transformation, upgrading), management improvement plan, financing plan, technical innovation plan (R&D), internationalization plan, corporate culture advancement plan, and so on. 5.3.5. Suggestions and recommendations 5.3.2. Development strategy and guiding principles 16 5.3.3. Development targets: mid-term and long term targets (restructuring and optimization targets, property right reorganization targets, product mix adjustment targets, human development and personnel reorganization targets), annual break-downs, items of performance examination forms, with possible charts and tables.
图 1 总体规划编制流程图 规划前期研究 ( 规划期之前二年开始 ) 中国的 十一五 规划 中国的 十一五 规划中, 环境和资源问题是一个重要的甚至是核心的问题 作为总体的政府规划, 十一五 规划在很多方面对全球范围内资源约束问题进行了表述, 这在同类规划中具有领先地位 其他一些国家的总体经济规划, 只是用笼统的语言对环境问题进行了阐述, 而中国的总体规划中则制定了非常具体的鼓舞人心的目标 通过 十一五 规划中环境问题的表述, 我们注意到两点 : 首先, 实现整体目标需要一定的计划性或者统筹考虑 ; 其次, 目标的实现也需要一些国外企业甚至政府的支持 中国在世界经济中的作用越来越重要了, 无疑, 支撑其可持续发展的政策也会随之增强 提高能源效率和发展可再生能源, 只是 十一五 规划中的两个目标, 这些目标具有全球层面的意义, 实现这些目标将有助于全球环境的改善 尤其中国经济中相当部分的能源使用量是用在出口产业的, 出口产品中也包含了化石能源的消耗 案例 : 1. 从 十一五 开始, 实行了半个世纪的 五年计划 改为 五年规划 ; 12 th 中国 十一五 规划的变化 2. 规划制定的工作重点从注重产业发展要求转到分析发展趋势和研究发展思路 根据发展思路研究确定重大举措和政府要办的大事, 反映政府职能转变和政府提供公共物品供给的要求 在规划内容上则根据经济社会发展形势有所变化, 如考虑到资源与环境的压力, 十一五 规划增加了节能减排的约束性指标, 并提出了目标要求 3. 从单一的综合计划到多元的复合规划, 扩展了规划体系 综合性 战略性 空间性的区域规划和关系长远发展战略要求的专项规划占有越来越重要的地位 十一五 规划还要求加强各类规划的相互衔接, 形成功能清晰 相互配合的规划体系 4. 从全国统一计划转为分层次决策, 体现了地方规划的相对独立性 5. 规划编制从封闭性转向开放性, 提高了规划编制的社会参与度和透明度 如 十一五 规划前期, 发改委通过多种方式, 组织国内外有关机构对 160 多个重大课题进行了研究 在全国开展了 十一五 规划建言献策活动 ; 发展改革委设专门办公室统一处理社会公众意见和建议 6. 规划编制方法和程序逐步走向规范化 目的 WWF( 世界自然基金会 ) 实行 十二五 规划研究项目有 3 个目的 : 1. 提供中国规划体系和结构的相关知识和信息 ; 2. 厘清不同规划所处不同阶段的期望投入 ; 3. 分析中国决策者的信息需求, 便于一些机构和组织在适当的时机提供信息支持 重点是国家级规划并对其实施予以特别关注 方法 2008 年夏天开始直到 十二五 规划正式发布期间,WWF 将通过研究报告 研讨会等活动, 为来自政府和企业界的相关者搭建平台, 将可持续发展理念融入到战略规划实践, 以求不断缩小资源和能源使用方面预期目标和实践的差距 WWF 首先将发布一份研究报告, 其中将关注实现 十二五 规划中环境目标的各个工作阶段及其进展 案例研究 通过两个案例说明不同的规划和项目 : 1. 节能建筑 : 从解决方案和设备方面, 特别着重于出口机会 2. 视频 / 虚拟会议服务 : 信息和通信技术 ICT 解决方案及其出口机会 将通过与相关行业座谈或召开研讨会等方式获取这两个 案例 的信息 形成基本思路 ( 规划期之前一年左右 ) 目标设计 进入编制阶段 ( 规划期之前一年左右 ) 审核 确定框架 完成规划初稿 ( 规划期开始之前 ) 项目研究单位 批准 国家发展和改革委员会社会发展研究所 明确内容 调整 公布实施 ( 规划期第一年人代会通过后 ) 规划评估 ( 规划期中 ) 项目实施相关信息 项目研究 : 常兴华国家发改委社会发展研究所研究室主任 邮箱 :cxh6589@sina.com 项目执行 : 李楠世界自然基金会 ( 瑞士 ) 北京办事处贸易和投资官员 邮箱 :Nli@wwfchina.org 丹尼斯 帕姆林 会 ( 瑞典 ) 全球政策顾问 世界自然基金 邮箱 :Dennis.pamlin@wwf.se
背景 构建和谐社会 : 十二五 及未来一个时期的规划编制 随着经济和社会的发展, 中国国民经济社会发展规划 ( 从 十一五 开始, 中国把实行了半个世纪的 五年计划 改为了 五年规划 ) 的编制方法在发生变化, 内容则在不断调整 ( 如从第六个五年计划开始, 中长期计划不再以 国民经济计划 命名, 而改为 国民经济和社会发展 计划 ) 规划编制逐步从封闭转向开放, 规划编制方法和程序在逐步走向规范化
The Formulation of China s Major Plans and Programs 2008-2010 and onwards S u p p o r t i n g a h a r m o n i o u s s o c i e t y 1986 Panda symbol WWF-World Wide Fund For Nature WWF and living planet are WWF Registered Trademarks 10.08 (20 M) WWF's mission is to stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature by: conserving the world's biological diversity ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption. WWF - China Room 1609, WenHuaGong, Working People s Cultural Palace, Beijing, China Tel: +86 10 6522 7100 Fax: +86 10 65227300 www. wwfchina.org