FinTech in Germany
Gregor Dorfleitner Lars Hornuf Matthias Schmitt Martina Weber FinTech in Germany
Gregor Dorfleitner University of Regensburg Regensburg, Germany Lars Hornuf University of Trier Trier, Germany Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition Munich, Germany Matthias Schmitt Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition Munich, Germany Martina Weber University of Regensburg Regensburg, Germany ISBN 978-3-319-54665-0 ISBN 978-3-319-54666-7 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54666-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017935849 Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
About This Book In this book, which is based on a study that was conducted on behalf of the Federal Ministry of Finance, we provide the first comprehensive analysis of the German FinTech industry. We quantify the market volume of the industry between 2007 and 2015. On the basis of this data, we also predict the future development of nine subsegments of the FinTech market, offering detailed forecasts for the years 2020, 2025, and 2035. The most important results of the study are: A total of 436 FinTech businesses with operations in Germany were identified; 349 of those are active. The other 87 businesses either did not begin their operations before 2016 or else are no longer active. A general definition of FinTech is not possible. For this reason, we defined various subsections of the market. Our study focuses particularly on financing and wealth management segments. These segments include web portals for activities such as crowdlending, crowdinvesting, social trading, and robo-advice. In 2015, the total market volume of FinTech businesses in Germany in the financing and wealth management segments was 2.2 billion EUR. A significant part of the financing segment is crowdfunding (270 million EUR). Wealth management is dominated by social trading and robo-advice platforms (360 million EUR). FinTechs in the payments segment had a transaction volume of 17 billion EUR. Approximately 1.2 million Germans used independent personal financial management systems to manage their personal finances in 2015. Almost all FinTech segments observed very high growth rates in recent years. The robo-advice market recorded the largest compound annual growth rate, and its market share grew almost tenfold between 2007 and 2015. However, the social trading and crowdinvesting segments also had compound annual growth rates in triple digits. We estimate the total volume of the potential addressable markets of the financing and wealth management segments in Germany to equal almost 1.7 trillion EUR in 2015. This figure comprises a market volume of approximately v
vi About This Book 380 billion EUR for the financing sector and about 1.3 trillion EUR for the wealth management sector. In a real case scenario, we forecast growth in the total market volume of FinTechs of approximately 58 billion EUR in the year 2020 and 97 billion EUR in 2025. In 2035, the market could realistically reach a volume of up to 148 billion EUR. We expect the payments segment to experience strong growth. Based on the current market volume of 17 billion EUR, we forecast that the market could realistically increase to 257 billion EUR in 2020 and 420 billion EUR in 2025. In 2035, the market volume of the payments segment reaches 598 billion EUR in the real case scenario. Almost 87% of the surveyed financial institutions currently cooperate with a FinTech business and strive for cooperation with or a participation in a FinTech business in the future. The FinTech industry does not currently represent a systemic risk to the German economy. However, if the dynamic growth of the FinTech industry is to continue and its huge potential for growth is realized, systemic risks might arise. After the UK, Germany is the second largest FinTech market in Europe based on the number of newly founded FinTechs. Internationally, Germany is rapidly catching up. FinTech is a very fast-moving and dynamic industry, in which there is a multitude of different business models. As with other industries having a large share of start-up companies, it is assumed that not all of the recent innovations in the existing market are viable. However, the future undoubtedly holds new ideas and business models that will serve to replace the companies that should vanish. In this book, then, we provide a comprehensive overview of current trends and the drivers of growth that have affected the FinTech industry in the past, as well as the factors that could spur and hinder growth within it in the future. In addition to the study on behalf of the Federal Ministry of Finance, the book includes a forecast of the payments segment as well as a comprehensive chapter on the international position of the German FinTech market and a discussion of the relevant academic research.
Contents 1 Introduction... 1 2 Definition of FinTech and Description of the FinTech Industry... 5 2.1 Definition of FinTech.... 5 2.2 Segments of the FinTech Industry....................... 6 3 Methodology... 11 4 The FinTech Market in Germany... 13 4.1 Current Market Environment... 13 4.2 General Market Trends.... 15 4.3 Crowdfunding... 18 4.4 Donation and Reward-Based Crowdfunding.... 19 4.5 Crowdinvesting... 22 4.6 Crowdlending... 28 4.7 Credit and Factoring................................. 31 4.8 Social Trading..................................... 32 4.9 Robo-Advice...................................... 35 4.10 Personal Financial Management...... 37 4.11 Investment and Banking.............................. 38 4.12 Payments......................................... 40 4.13 Insurance......................................... 42 4.14 Global Player...................................... 44 4.15 FinTech Activities of German Banks..... 45 5 International Position of the German FinTech Market... 47 5.1 Donation and Reward-Based Crowdfunding.... 48 5.2 Crowdinvesting... 50 5.3 Crowdlending... 51 5.4 Robo-Advice...................................... 52 5.5 Alternative Payment Methods.......................... 53 vii
viii Contents 6 Forecasts for the FinTech Market in Germany... 55 6.1 Methodology...................................... 55 6.2 Potential Addressable Markets......................... 56 6.2.1 Donation and Reward-Based Crowdfunding.......... 56 6.2.2 Crowdinvesting..... 58 6.2.3 Crowdlending and Other Types of Credit... 59 6.2.4 Factoring... 60 6.2.5 Social Trading, Robo-Advice, and Investment and Banking.... 60 6.2.6 Personal Financial Management..... 61 6.2.7 Payments................................... 61 6.2.8 Statistical Adjustments... 62 6.3 Potential Market Penetration of FinTech Businesses.......... 63 6.4 Forecast.......................................... 64 6.4.1 Donation and Reward-Based Crowdfunding.......... 66 6.4.2 Crowdinvesting..... 67 6.4.3 Crowdlending and Other Loans.... 70 6.4.4 Factoring... 74 6.4.5 Social Trading, Robo-Advice, and Investment and Banking.... 76 6.4.6 Personal Financial Management..... 79 6.4.7 Payments................................... 80 7 Academic Research... 85 7.1 Donation and Reward-Based Crowdfunding.... 85 7.2 Crowdinvesting... 87 7.3 Crowdlending... 91 7.4 Social Trading..................................... 95 8 Summary... 97 Appendix: List of FinTechs... 101 References... 113
About the Authors Gregor Dorfleitner pursued graduate work in electrical engineering, mathematics, and business administration at the University of Augsburg, from which he received his Ph.D. in 1998. He completed his habilitation in the field of business administration in 2003, and from 2004 to 2007, he was a professor at the Vienna University of Economics and Business. Since 2007, he has held the positions of Chair of Finance and Director of the Center of Finance at the University of Regensburg. His research focuses on sustainable investments, investment decisions, microfinancing, and FinTech, and it has been published in numerous international scholarly journals. Lars Hornuf who pursued graduate work in political economy at the University of Essex joined the University of Munich in 2006 from which he received a Ph.D. in economics in 2011. He has been a visiting scholar at UC Berkeley, Stanford Law School, Duke University, Georgetown University, the Center for Economic Studies, and the House of Finance at the Goethe University Frankfurt. In 2014, he was appointed Assistant Professor of Law and Economics at the University of Trier. He is currently an Affiliated Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition at Munich. His research focuses on FinTech, law and finance, as well as fraud and behavioral science. Matthias Schmitt is a research fellow and doctoral student at the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition at Munich. He has master s and bachelor s degrees in business administration from the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. He has professional experience in the banking industry and in corporate finance and strategy. His research interests include entrepreneurial finance and FinTech. Martina Weber is a research associate and doctoral student at the University of Regensburg. She holds an M.Sc. in business administration (with honors) from the University of Regensburg and an M.Sc. in Economics with a focus in finance ix
x About the Authors from Murray State University in the USA. Her professional experience includes training as a bank clerk and various internships in finance. Her research focuses on FinTech and alternative forms of financing for small and medium-sized companies.
List of Figures Fig. 1.1 Geographic distribution of German FinTech companies... 2 Fig. 2.1 Segments of the FinTech industry... 7 Fig. 4.1 Overview of FinTech companies... 14 Fig. 4.2 Percentage of FinTech businesses active in 2015... 15 Fig. 4.3 Successfully brokered capital in the crowdfunding subsegments... 18 Fig. 4.4 Successfully brokered capital in the donation and reward-based crowdfunding subsegments... 19 Fig. 4.5 Number of successfully financed projects in the donation and reward-based crowdfunding subsegments... 21 Fig. 4.6 Technological and regulatory impediments in the donation and reward-based crowdfunding subsegments... 22 Fig. 4.7 Successfully brokered capital in the crowdinvesting subsegment... 23 Fig. 4.8 Number of successfully financed campaigns in the crowdinvesting subsegment... 25 Fig. 4.9 Number of investors who participated in individual crowdinvesting campaigns... 26 Fig. 4.10 Technological and regulatory impediments in the crowdinvesting subsegment... 27 Fig. 4.11 Successfully brokered capital in the crowdlending subsegment... 28 Fig. 4.12 Number of successfully financed loans in the crowdlending subsegment... 30 Fig. 4.13 Technological and regulatory impediments in the crowdlending subsegment... 31 Fig. 4.14 Technological and regulatory impediments in the credit and factoring subsegment... 32 Fig. 4.15 Assets under management in the social trading subsegment... 33 xi
xii List of Figures Fig. 4.16 Technological and regulatory impediments in the social trading subsegment... 35 Fig. 4.17 Assets under management in the robo-advice subsegment... 36 Fig. 4.18 Technological and regulatory impediments in the robo-advice subsegment... 37 Fig. 4.19 Assets under management in the investment and banking subsegment... 39 Fig. 4.20 Technological and regulatory impediments in the investment and banking subsegment... 40 Fig. 4.21 Technological and regulatory impediments in the Fig. 4.22 payments segment... 42 Technological and regulatory impediments in the insurance subsegment... 43 Fig. 4.23 Availability of services from global players in Germany.... 44 Fig. 4.24 Cooperation of banks with FinTech companies... 46 Fig. 5.1 Comparison of the market volumes in the donation and reward-based crowdfunding subsegment... 49 Fig. 5.2 Comparison of the market volumes in the crowdinvesting subsegment... 50 Fig. 5.3 Comparison of the market volumes in the crowdlending subsegment... 52 Fig. 5.4 Comparison of the market volumes in the robo-advice subsegment... 53 Fig. 5.5 Comparison of the use of ewallets in e-commerce... 54 Fig. 6.1 Potential market volume of donation and reward-based crowdfunding... 57 Fig. 6.2 Potential market volume of crowdinvesting... 58 Fig. 6.3 Potential market volume of crowdlending and other loans........ 59 Fig. 6.4 Potential market volume of payment transactions... 62 Fig. 6.5 Changes in Internet and online banking usage... 64 Fig. 6.6 Forecast of the market volume of the German financing and asset management segments... 65 Fig. 6.7 Forecast of the market volume of donation and reward-based crowdfunding... 67 Fig. 6.8 Forecast of the market volume of crowdinvesting... 70 Fig. 6.9 Forecast of the market volume of crowdlending and other loans... 73 Fig. 6.10 Forecast of the market volume of factoring... 75 Fig. 6.11 Forecast of the market volume of social trading, robo-advice, and investment and banking... 78 Fig. 6.12 Forecast of the number of PFM users... 80 Fig. 6.13 Forecast of the transaction volume in the payments segment... 83
List of Tables Table 5.1 Economic and financial indicators... 48 Table 5.2 Per capita market volumes in the donation and reward-based crowdfunding subsegment... 49 Table 5.3 Per capita market volumes in the crowdinvesting subsegment... 51 Table 5.4 Per capita market volumes in the crowdlending subsegment... 52 Table 5.5 Per capita market volumes in the alternative payment methods subsegment... 54 Table 6.1 Forecast of the market volume of the German financing and asset management FinTech segments... 65 Table 6.2 Forecast of the market volume for the donation and reward-based crowdfunding subsegments... 67 Table 6.3 Forecast of the market volume for the crowdinvesting subsegment... 70 Table 6.4 Forecast of the market volume of crowdlending and other loans... 73 Table 6.5 Forecast of the market volume of factoring... 75 Table 6.6 Forecast of the market volume of social trading, robo-advice, and investment and banking... 78 Table 6.7 Forecast of the number of users in the PFM subsegment... 80 Table 6.8 Forecast of the transaction volume in the payments segment..... 83 Table 7.1 Overview of the variables influencing the probability of successfully funded loans and defaults on Smava and Auxmoney... 94 xiii