Latin American Economic Outlook 28 China and India: Angel or Devils for Latin America? Based on Chapter 4 of the Report Javier Santiso Director, OECD Development Centre Rio de Janeiro, March 28
The OECD and Latin America: An emerging commitment Latin American market democracies matter for the OECD and its member countries The Latin American dimension at the OECD: Mexico: Member since 1994; Chile: candidate since May 27; Brazil: enhanced cooperation, May 27 Economic Surveys: 1992, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999 2, 22, 23, 25, 27 23, 25, 27 2, 25, 26 Latin American Economic Outlook 28
The Development Centre: A bridge between the OECD and emerging regions Membership of the Development Centre With a Governing Board open to emerging countries, the Development Centre provides a framework for dialogue and experience sharing with regions all over the world. Three Latin American countries are members of the Centre: Mexico Chile Brazil
The Center is less and less the Center and the Periphery less and the Periphery Share of World GDP % 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 1952 1978 USA Europe Japan USSR China India 23 Source: OECD Development Centre, 28; based on OECD Statistics.
For the first time, Major Outward FDI is coming from Emerging Countries Major share of FDI by emerging multinationals from emerging Asia, Latin America and the Middle East. New global players with headquarters in emerging countries. OECD-based companies increasingly targeted. 2% 18% 16% 14% 12% 1% 8% 6% 4% 2% % Share of Outward FDI Developing economies Latin America and the Caribbean China incl Hong Kong India In 27 Outward FDI from Russia peaked to USD 48 bn. 197 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2 23 26 Source: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 27
For the first time, Major Outward FDI is coming from Emerging Countries 1% Share of Outward FDI 6% World Investment Shares 95% 5% 9% 4% 85% 3% 8% 2% 75% 1% 7% 197 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2 23 26 % -1% 197 1972 1974 1976 1978 198 1982 1984 1986 1988 199 1992 1994 1996 1998 2 22 24 26 Developed economies Source: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 27 France United Kingdom Japan Germany United States
China: A Leading example of emerging markets multinationals
Emerging multinationals are becoming global players. By the end of 26, FDI outflows from emerging markets amounted to an estimated $21 billion, increasing to an estimated $258 billion by the end of 211 (World Investment Prospects to 211). In 26, developing countries attracted $38 billion in foreign direct investment more than ever before. In 26, total FDI outflows from these groups of economies reached $193 billion, or 16% of world FDI outflows. Total outward stock of FDI from emerging markets for 27 is estimated $1.6 trillion. The performance of Brazilian, Russian, Indian and Chinese firms is indicative of this trend. Chinese mainland outbound foreign direct investment reached $21.2 billion in 26 according to official statistics (representing a meager o,6% of the world total in 26 in terms of DFI stock.
Latin Multinationals are becoming global players: the rising example of Brazil. Brazil top 2 multinationals have USD 56 bn of assets abroad in 27, equivalent to half of the outward FDI stock. As a percentage of total assets, the foreign assets of the Top 2 Brazilian firms range from 1% to 46%. Only two have more than US$ 1 billion in foreign assets. For the group as a whole, foreign assets were 2% of total assets in 26, compared to 12% in 25 (Vale's acquisition of Inco). This compares to 33% for the 1 largest multinationals from emerging countries in 25. Brazilian firms have embarked on investing more aggressively abroad. Over the course of 26, Brazilian outflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) exceeded inflows for the first time ever totaling US$28.2 billion. The FDI outflow was unusually large due to Vale's US$ 17 billion acquisition of Inco.
1 Trade Competition: An echo of the Asian boom 2 Specialisation: Evidence of a potential draw 3 Infrastructure: A key for competitiveness
Emerging economies are increasingly present on the global scene but not everything is new Comparative Levels of GDP, China, United States and Latin America (million 199 International dollars) 2.5E+7 2.E+7 1.5E+7 1.E+7 5.E+6.E+ China USA 19 193 196 199 22 Latin America Source: OECD Development Centre, 28; based on Maddison (23) The World Economy Historical Statistics.
China as a leading Asian Driver of world growth: Extraordinary or back to normal? GDP in U$ (% of World GDP, 25) 35 China GDP (% of world total) USA 3 Germany 25 2 France 15 1 Italy 5 Canada 1 2 3 15 16 17 182 187 19 195 21 245 According to IMF estimates Chinese gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) amounts to 13.6% of 25 world GDP (2.7% in the case of USA). Source: OECD Development Centre, 28; Based on: International Financial Statistics and Angus Maddison, 27.
China has doubled its GDP in 8 years without the help of Money Doctors! GDP in constant prices U$ Millions 12 1 8 6 4 2 Brazil China Korea Japan Mexico China 1987 1988 1989 199 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Source: OECD Development Centre, 28; based on Datastream (Economist Intelligence Unit) Chinese growth rates has been higher than those observed in Brazil and Mexico during their take-offs glorious years.
Latin America s share of the world output is small when compared to Asia GDP share of world output (WEO, 25) Emerging Asia 9.1% Korea/Japan 12.% US 28.% EU 3.3% China 5.% Latam 4.7%
The rise of the Asian Giants impacts all Latin America Economies: For the best or the worst Descriptive Statistics on Trade for Selected Countries Country Share in Latin America GDP (%) 26 in PPP Exports Goods- Services as % of GDP Share of Exports to Asian Drivers (Avg. 2-26) Trade Restrictiveness Index (WB-OTRI 25) Argentina 12.8 23.6 9.7 22.8 Brazil 34.1 14.5 6.8 3.1 Chile 4. 39.6 11.5 14.2 Colombia 7.7 21.1.9 25.3 Main Exports Animal feed, fixed veg. oils/fats, soft, heavy petrol, oil crude, oil seeds Iron ore, oil seeds, meat, passenger cars, petrol/bitum., sugar Copper, metal ore, fish, fruit/nuts, pulp, wood Petrol, coal, coffee, heavy petrol, crude materials, iron Mexico 23.2 29.7.7 32. Peru 3.7 21.4 9.9 21. Petrol, passenger cars, telecomms. equipment, computer equipment Metal ore, copper, heavy petrol, animal feed, silver Venezuela 4. 32.9.2 21.8 Petrol, iron, aluminum Source: Economist Intelligence Unit.
Increased Asian exports have nurtured fears in Latin America Latin American tariffs to China and the rest of the World Manufactured goods (SITC 6) % 19. 17. 15. 13. 11. 9. 7. 5. World China 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 Note: Does not include NTB data. Source: Latinobarómetro survey. Santiago de Chile, 27. Source:TRAINSDatabase(WorldIntegratedTrade Solution), Nomenclature STIC Revision 3, 27.
However FDI flows to China have not diverted inward flows for other emerging markets Inward FDI Flows USD Millions Outward FDI Flows USD Millions 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Avg. 199 2 China Latin America Africa Developing countries (right axis) 23 24 25 26 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 6 5 4 3 2 1 Avg. 199 2 China Latin America Africa Developing countries (right axis) 23 24 25 26 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Source: OECD Development Centre, 28; based on UNCTAD.
Latin America is endowed with natural resources and dependent on the commodities cycle Natural Resources as a percentage of Latin American Exports Commodities Oil % of country's exports 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Venezuela Chile Peru Argentina Colombia Brazil Latin America Agriculture & other Mexico Source: OECD Development Centre, 28; Based on: National Balance of Payment.
Direct export competition in third markets with China is relatively low, although Mexico is on the spot Export Competition with China for selected countries (2-5).8.7.6.5.4.3.2.1. Thailand Hungary Korea, Rep. Mexico Malaysia United States Czech Singapore Romania Indonesia Turkey Poland Philippines Bulgaria Croatia Japan India Slovak Spain Costa Rica Pakistan Brazil El Salvador Colombia Guatemala Argentina Peru Uruguay Honduras Russian Panama Chile Bolivia Venezuela Paraguay Low compet. High compet. Note: CS and CC coefficients calculated with exports of country i and exports of country j (China, India). Source: OECD Development Centre, 28; based on WITS Database, 27.
Regarding competition with India in third markets, Latin America has little to fear (for the moment). Export Competition with India for selected countries (2-5).8.7.6.5.4.3.2.1. Turkey Bulgaria Romania Pakistan Thailand El Salvador Croatia Indonesia Slovak Republic Poland Spain Brazil Czech Republic Korea, Rep. Argentina United States Hungary Colombia Panama Uruguay Mexico Costa Rica Peru Guatemala Singapore Japan Malaysia Russian Philippines Bolivia Honduras Venezuela Chile Paraguay Low compet. High compet. Note: CS and CC coefficients calculated with exports of country i and exports of country j (China, India). Source: OECD Development Centre, 28; based on WITS Database, 27.
Trade complementarities and potentialities with China remain unexplored today Trade Opportunities with China for selected countries (2-5).8.7.6.5.4.3.2.1. United States Korea, Rep. Malaysia Singapore Thailand Japan Mexico Philippines Indonesia China Hungary Czech Republic Russian Federation Argentina Brazil Colombia Spain Poland Venezuela Slovak Republic Romania Bulgaria Croatia El Salvador India Turkey Costa Rica Guatemala Chile Peru Uruguay Bolivia Pakistan Panama Honduras Paraguay Low compet. High compet. Note: Modified CS and CC coefficients calculated with exports of country i and imports of country j (China, India). Source: OECD Development Centre, 28; based on WITS Database, 27.
Major economies in the region have a lot to win from increasing trade with Indian partners Trade Opportunities with India for selected countries (2-5).8.7.6.5.4.3.2.1. Low compet. High compet. Colombia Venezuela Russian Federation Indonesia Argentina Mexico Malaysia United States Peru China Korea, Rep. Thailand Guatemala Singapore Japan Spain Brazil Czech Republic Bolivia Poland Bulgaria Hungary Croatia Slovak Republic Romania Philippines Turkey Costa Rica Chile Uruguay El Salvador Honduras Pakistan Panama Paraguay Note: Modified CS and CC coefficients calculated with exports of country i and imports of country j (China, India). Source: OECD Development Centre, based on WITS Database, 27.
1 Trade Competition: An echo of the Asian boom 2 Specialisation: Evidence of a potential draw 3 Infrastructure: A key for competitiveness
In which sector is Latin America specialised? Let s not forget intra-industry trade Vollrath's Relative Comparative Advantage Index Latin America 25 - Selected countries Good Product Name Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Mexico Peru Venezuela Average LAC Food & live animals 3.12 1.8 1.24.92 -.16.61-3.32.98 1 Beverages and tobacco 1.93 1.73 2.4.3 1.69-1.48-2.3 1.16 2 Crude mater.ex food/fuel.96 1.92 2.53.85 -.63 2.65-1.1 1.4 3 Mineral fuel/lubricants 1.57-1.2-2.3 3.43 1.36 -.63 7.15 1.21 4 Animal/veg oil/fat/wax 4.28 1.4-1.8 -.34-2.32 -.51-5.4.9 5 Chemicals/products n.e.s -.98-1.33 -.81-1.4-1.19-2.4-2.14-1.17 6 Manufactured goods -.41.61 1.38 -.4 -.81.27 -.9 -.22 7 Machinery/transp equipmt -2.6 -.64-3.57-2.44.13-3.93-4.34 -.71 8 Miscellaneous manuf arts -1.27 -.4-2.52.7.27.21-4. -.21 9 Commodities nes.63 8.91 1.74 1.26-1.21 9.78 2.4.81 n.e.s. = not elsewhere specified. Note: Positive values of the index reveals a comparative advantage, whereas a negative indicates a comparative disadvantage. Source: OECD Development Centre, based on WITS Database, SITC Revision 3 (three-digit classification) 27.
India and China s increasing demand can have adverse effects China s and India s rising demand for Latin American commodities (1998-25) Increasing commodities prices (19-25) $ millions 1 2 1 8 6 4 2 Agricultural Raw Materials Food Ores & Metals 1998 21 23 25 Price index (197=1) 2 16 12 8 4 Aluminium Copper Coffee Petroleum 19 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 2 Rise in Indian imports from Latin America (1997-25) Rise in mineral exports from Latin America (1998-25) $ millions 1 8 6 4 Sugar/mollasses/honey Copper ores/concentrates Fixed veg oil/fat, soft $ millions. 12 1 8 6 4 Petroleum and products (left) Copper ores/concentrates (right) Nickel ores/concs/etc (right) 1 8 6 4 $ millions. 2 2 2 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 Source: OECD Development Centre, based on WITS Database, 27.
Product specialisation has increased in the region in the last five years Source: OECD Development Centre, 28; Based on ECLAC and World Trade Integrated Statistics.
Latin America s is increasingly looking towards Asia for exports LATIN AMERICA: EXPORTS TO CHINA AS PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL EXPORTS 1999 25 Chile Peru Argentina Brazil Colombia Venezuela Ecuador Mexico 2 4 6 8 1 12 14 Percentage Source: OECD Development Centre 28; and UNCTAD, 27.
which has made the region more resilient and diversified geographically.9.8.7.6 2 25.5.4.3.2.1. Mexico Venezuela Honduras Guatemala Ecuador Panama LAC average Costa Rica Colombia Bolivia Nicaragua Paraguay Peru Guyana Uruguay Chile Argentina Brazil Low concen. High concen. Source: OECD Development Centre, 28; Based on CEPAL (26) and World Trade Integrated Statistics.
1 Trade Competition: An echo of the Asian boom 2 Specialisation: Evidence of a potential draw 3 Infrastructure: A key for competitiveness
Latin America s performance on trade infrastructure is poor Time for exports 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 2 16 12 8 4 Venezuela Colombia Venezuela India Peru Average LAC Chile China Brazil Mexico Argentina Colombia Argentina Average LAC Mexico Brazil India Peru Days Chile China Cost to exports $ per container Regional performance in the infrastructure pillar 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Infrastructure Indicator Latin America and C. India China Eastern Europe East Asian NIC's Source: Based on Doing Business Report. World Bank, 27.
and most of its competitors score better on infrastructure Infrastructure assesment 7 6 Ports Railways 5 4 3 2 1 USA China Panama Argentina Mexico Ecuador Colombia Brazil Costa Rica Low level High level Source: OECD Development Centre, 28; based on CG/LA database. 27.
A wake up call for reforms: The proximity to export markets Mexico benefits from its geographic proximity to its major export markets: Lower transport and communication costs Access to FTA Just-in-time delivery 24 Days 4 Days 11,7 Km 16 Km Shipping time Mexico is more competitive in manufacturing more sophisticated products which require frequent communication with the client or supplier and short reaction times.
Conclusion: For the first time ever the key question for the region is China (Commodity Prices) The impact of China on the World Economy is increasing. Market participants do not anticipate a considerable slowdown of this economy. This is good news for Latin America given its growth trade connexion with China. China's and India's trade with Latin America (US$ millions) 25 2 15 Chinese Exports to LAC Chinese Imports from LAC Indian Exports to LAC Indian Imports from LAC 1 5 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 Source: OECD Development Centre, Latin American Economic Outlook, 28
Conclusion: For the first time ever the key question for the region is China (Commodity Prices) Chinese demand for Latin American commodities as well as commodity prices are increasing. Good news in the short term. It could be a bad news in the long run. China s and India s rising demand for Latin American commodities (US$ millions, 1998-25) 1 2 Commodity Prices (1 Basis Index = 1975) 2 18 1 8 6 Agricultural Raw Materials Food Ores & Metals 16 14 12 1 8 Aluminium Copper Petroleum 4 6 4 2 2 1998 21 23 25 Source: OECD Development Centre, Latin American Economic Outlook, 28 195 1954 1958 1962 1966 197 1974 1978 1982 1986 199 Source: OECD Development Centre, Latin American Economic Outlook, 28 1994 1998 22 26
Latin American Economic Outlook 28 www.oecd.org/dev/leo Thank you Merci Obrigado Gracias