Digital Evolution and overcoming business ethical dilemmas

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1 Digital Evolution and overcoming business ethical dilemmas Nii N. Quaynor, Ghana Dot Com, Accra, Ghana At ACCA Africa Member Convention, Addis Ababa, 6 December

2 Digital Evolution Computer science has been maturing and nurturing high impact technologies, notable among them Internet and cloud computing Blockchain Artificial Intelligence (coming fast) 2

3 Ethical dilemmas Digital objects are exact when copied Identity becoming digital keys (can lose them) in e- business Global nature of facilities complicates issues How to achieve optimum value, goal and act in public interest in these circumstances 3

4 As Africa adopted Internet Foundation Beginning Formation Growth Preconditions First Connections Structures & communities Formal Institutions 20+ years 4

5 9/91 Internet Society, country connectivity 5

6 6/15/97 Internet Society, country connectivity 6

7 Af*, Internet institutions Internet on global agenda: WSIS,IGF, national ICT plans Community and capacity: NOGs, cctlds, a NIC, NRENs, CERTs, registrars,... Submarine cables and mobile uptake New issues: cyber security and crime, cross border connectivity and adopting bottom up multi stakeholder processes 7

8

9 The technology shifts Axes Foundation Beginning Formation Maturity Policy Centralized Reforms Regulator Competition Infrastructure National operator Separation Private Private/ Public Workforce Telco Computer sciences Industry Proliferation Governance Quasi Corporate Corporate Dialog Forums Multi Stakeholder 9

10 blockchain? Last Document 10

11 Blockchain as records Ordered permanent records (immutable and immortal) Records may be: Transactions, data or programs Employs computer science techniques: networks, cryptography, consensus, electronic ledger and contracts The blockchain may public, private or embedded 11

12 Blockchain as Trust layer of the Internet Signing : public key hash : consensus Trust Web : Domain names social Internet : IP addresses logical Transmission : interfaces physical 12

13 9/91 Internet Society, country connectivity 2016 Bitnodes 13

14 Blockchain as Data Structure immutable, Txid organized, columns files, filenames Blockchain Databases Directory Files 14

15 If Blockchain contains Transactions: Bitcoin is a peer to peer system When Ama wants to pay Baaba: she broadcast the transaction to all Bitcoin nodes Pay value <v> from addr <A> to addr <B> Signed by Ama Network of Bitcoin nodes NB: Baaba s computer is not in the picture 15

16 In general: Bitcoin blockchain sectors Mining Blockchain satoshi Node Network + initiate Wallets Exchanges Merchants Developers satoshi satoshi, GHS applications 16

17 Mining at GDC Runs hot makes noise 1.2Kw 17

18 Bitcoin Transactions Each input spends previous output T0 inputs outputs T1 inputs outputs Each output waits as unspent Tx output (UTXO) until an input spends it 18

19 OPCODE Execution sequence of pay to public key hash (P2PKH) Checks if input address is from your public key and if input signature good OP_DUP OP_HASH160 address OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG address pub address address pub pub pub pub pub => => => => => sig sig sig sig sig OP_DUP OP_HASH address OP_EQUALVERIFY DONE 19

20 What if transaction value is generalized from coin to other <input address, value, output address> The value can literally be any asset: land, property, other digital assets and maintain rules about addresses and signatures May be a new blockchain or application off existing blockchain platforms 20

21 If transaction is data on blockchain Use a digest (hash) to increase Integrity The data may be interpreted by an external program When interpretation is unwieldy use smart contracts 21

22 If code on blockchain, smart contracts Ethereum is favored platform Autonomous agents, smart contracts Applications that know about money and with wallets State changes effected by Transactions and invocation of function in contracts on the blockchain 22

23 Ethereum Accounts and Blockchain A nonce:234 B nonce:158 Accounts balance:10 Code balance:15 Code Storage Storage Tx = Send 2 from A to B S S Blockchain A balance:10 B Apply(S,Tx)=S A balance:8 B balance:15 balance:17 23

24 Blockchain Technology shifts Axes Internet Asset Registry Policy Private sector led recognize digital currency open Infrastructure cables+data centers nodes+miners nodes+miners Workforce net, web, mobile development new new Governance MS of/on net 24 MS of/on blockchain open

25 Artificial Intelligence (in the news) Forbes, 51 AI predictions site Business Intelligence and Analytics for exponentially paced innovation In May 2017, researchers at Google Brain announced the creation of AutoML, an artificial intelligence (AI) that s capable of generating its own AIs. 25

26 AI impact:mckinsey & Company report It forecasts scenarios in which 3 percent to 14 percent of workers around the world in 75 million to 375 million jobs will have to acquire new skills and switch occupations by In 60 percent of jobs worldwide, "at least one-third of the constituent activities could be automated," McKinsey says, which would mean a big change in what people do day-to-day. Up to 800 million global workers will lose their jobs by 2030 and be replaced by robotic automation 26

27 Opportunities H&R Brock and IBM announced a program for filing income tax returns An auditor may mine and analyze large volumes of structured and unstructured data related to a company's financial information and assets management Robotic systems could interface with a client's systems to transfer and compile data automatically, something previously done manually by a junior auditor 27

28 Digital evolution in Summary internet and governance on/off internet Blockchain & crypto currencies Asset management AI and accounting (bots) Augmented reality, visualization, data analytics, Tax becomes vat Public key as identifiers 28

29 Business Ethics at Play Multi stakeholder public interest Accountability and transparency Privacy considerations Every thing global what are "global" ethical norms. Who knows which sovereign norms applicable Traceability getting more difficult vs privacy Crossing sovereignty boundaries complicate matters 29

30 Technology and Ethics Man and machine (biases induced in machines) New identity as key pairs Cyber security concerns 30

31 Conclusion The struggle to evolve technologies while keeping Human values inside Involvement and active engagement would ensure corporate value and in public interest 31

32 Thank you 32

33 Foundation Computer science education Monopoly telecom Enterprise computer systems scene PCs 33

34 The beginning Adopting TCP/IP over proprietary network standards Access/connectivity issues Telecommunication tensions Emergence of cctlds Web experience 34

35 Formation and self organizing Secondary cities connectivity Telecommunication policy reforms ICT 4 development emphasis Global internet coordination African participation in global, Cotonou convention Technology acquisition and sharing, NOGs Mobile arrived 35

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