Valuation of Excisable Goods

Transcription

1 3 Valuation of Excisable Goods 3.1 Basis of computing duty payable Significance of valuation: Valuation is important to understand as duty under central excise is payable based on different criterion. As a first step, an assessee has to establish whether the goods manufactured by him are excisable. After the excisability is decided, the goods have to be correctly classified. The next step is to value the goods so as to compute the duty payable on the excisable goods. Basis of computing duty payable: The duty is payable on the basis of any of the following: (a) Specific duty (b) Duty based on value (i) Duty based on the Tariff Value (Section 3(2) of the Central Excise Act, 1944) (ii) Duty based on the value arrived at on the basis of valuation under Section 4 (iii) Duty based on Maximum Retail Price [MRP] (Section 4A of the Central Excise Act, 1944) (c) Compounded Levy scheme (Rule 15 of the Central Excise Rules, 2002). (d) Duty based on capacity of production (Section 3A of the Central Excise Act, 1944) Specific duty: In the case of some goods, duty is payable on the basis of certain unit, length, weight, volume, etc. For instance, duty payable on cigarettes is on the basis of length. However, this method of levying duty demands frequent revisions in order to increase revenue since while the prices may be increasing, the duty would remain the same quantum when based on length. Since specific duties do not keep pace with inflation, more and more tariff entries are designed based on advalorem duty structure Duty based on value (Ad valorem duty): In the case of duties charged on the basis of value, such value may be charged on either of the following basis: (a) Duty as a percentage of Tariff value fixed by the Central Government u/s 3(2) of the Central Excise Act, 1944: The Central Government is empowered to notify the values of goods which will be chargeable to ad valorem duty as per Central Excise Tariff Act, In such a case, the task is easy since the value is already fixed. For example, Central Government has fixed tariff value for jewellery (other than sliver jewellery) under heading 7113 and branded readymade garments under Chapter 61 and 62. The Central Government has also got the power to alter the tariff value once fixed. The Central Government may fix different tariff values for different classes or descriptions of the same excisable goods. The Central Government can also fix different

2 3.2 Central Excise tariff values for same class or description of the goods but produced or manufactured by different classes of producers or manufacturers or sold to different classes of buyers. Such tariff values may be fixed on the basis of wholesale price or average price of various manufacturers as the Government may consider appropriate. (b) Duty as a percentage of Assessable Value determined in accordance with section 4 of the Central Excise Act, 1944 (Ad valorem duty): Section 4 deals with the valuation of goods which are chargeable to duty on the basis of ad valorem. Prior to 1 st July 2000 the valuation under this section was based on the principle of normal price which was based on the prices at which manufacturer sold the goods. Since 1 st July 2000, the new concept of transaction value has been brought in to the central excise law as a precursor to introduction of full fledged VAT in the country. (c) Duty may also be fixed on the basis of maximum retail price after giving permissible deductions: This has been done under section 4A on many mass consumption products where the retail price and wholesale price of goods are at wide variance and the Government wants to raise revenues knowing that the manufacturer has shifted much of the overheads away from the manufacturing location. The valuation under section 4 and also section 4A (MRP valuation) are discussed in detail in the coming paragraphs Compounded levy scheme [Rule 15 of the Central Excise Rules, 2002]: Central Government is empowered to specify, by notification, the goods in respect of which an assessee shall have the option to pay the duty of excise on the basis of specified factors relevant to production of such goods (size of equipment employed, number and the types of machines used for manufacture etc.) at the specified rates. The prescribed duty has to be paid by the manufacturer for the specified period. The advantage of this scheme is that it frees the manufacturer from observing day to day central excise formalities and maintenance of detailed accounts after making the lump sum periodic payment. Thus, small manufacturers generally benefit from this scheme [Sub-rule (1)]. The Central Government has been empowered to specify the procedure for making an application for availing of the special procedure for payment of duty, the abatement, if any, that may be allowed on account of closure of a factory during any period, and any other matter incidental thereto [Sub-rule (2)]. The Central Government has notified stainless steel pattas/patties and aluminium circles for the purpose of compounded levy scheme. These articles are not eligible for SSI exemption Duty based on capacity of production in respect of notified goods [Section 3A] (1) The Central Government in order to safeguard the interest of the revenue may notify goods on which excise duty shall be levied and collected in accordance with the provisions of this section. The Government may notify the goods having regard to the nature of the process of manufacture or production of excisable goods of any specified description, the extent of evasion of duty in regard to such goods or such other factors as may be relevant. Following mentioned goods manufactured with the aid of packing machine and packed in pouches have been notified for the purpose of section 3A:-

3 Valuation of Excisable Goods 3.3 pan masala containing tobacco, commonly known as gutkha (tariff item of the First Schedule to Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985) manufactured with the aid of packing machine and packed in pouches. Unmanufactured tobacco bearing a brand name (tariff item heading 2401 of the said Tariff Act) Chewing tobacco (tariff item of the said Act) Jarda scented tobacco (tariff item of the said Act) Besides, pan masala -tariff item of the First Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (except the pan masala containing not more than 15% betel nut)] has also been notified for the purpose of section 3A. (2) Where the goods are so notified, the Central Government may, by rules, (a) provide the manner for determination of the annual capacity of production of the factory by an officer not below the rank of Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise. Such annual capacity shall be deemed to be the annual production of such goods by such factory; or (b) (i) specify the factor relevant to the production of such goods and the quantity that is deemed to be produced by the use of a unit of such factor; and (ii) provide for the determination of the annual capacity of production of the factory in which such goods are produced on the basis of such factor by an officer not below the rank of Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise and such annual capacity of production shall be deemed to be the annual production of such goods by such factory: However, where a factory producing notified goods is in operation during a part of the year only, the annual production thereof shall be calculated on proportionate basis of the annual capacity of production: Further, in a case where the factor relevant to the production is altered or modified at any time during the year, the annual production shall be re-determined on a proportionate basis having regard to such alteration or modification. (3) The duty of excise on notified goods shall be levied, at such rate, on the unit of production or, as the case may be, on such factor relevant to the production, as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify, and collected in such manner as may be prescribed: However, where a factory producing notified goods did not produce the notified goods during any continuous period of 15 days or more, the duty calculated on a proportionate basis shall be abated in respect of such period if the manufacturer of such goods fulfils such conditions as may be prescribed. (4) The provisions of this section shall not apply to goods produced or manufactured, by a 100% export oriented undertaking and brought to any other place in India. It has been clarified that for the purposes of section 3 of the Customs Tariff Act, 1975, the duty of excise leviable on the notified goods shall be deemed to be the duty of excise leviable on such goods under the First Schedule and the Second Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985, read with any notification for the time being in force.

4 3.4 Central Excise Also, the expression, hundred percent export-oriented undertaking shall have the meaning assigned to it in section The scheme of ad valorem valuation in general is summarised below: Valuation under Central Excise Are tariff values being fixed under Section 3(2)? Yes Valuation under Section 3(2) No Are the goods notified for valuation with reference to retail sale price and notified for MRP based levy under Excise Law? No Yes Valuation under Section 4A Valuation under Section Valuation under Section 4 (Ad Valorem) With the intention of making the valuation mechanism simple, from 1 st July 2000 valuation mechanism based on normal price was replaced by a user friendly and commercially acceptable new mechanism based on transaction value. Valuation provisions are contained in section 4. Section 4 reads as under: (1) Where under this Act, the duty of excise is chargeable on any excisable goods with reference to their value, then, on each removal of the goods, such value shall (a) in a case where the goods are sold by the assessee, for delivery at the time and place of the removal, the assessee and the buyer of the goods are not related and the price is the sole consideration for the sale, be the transaction value; (b) in any other case, including the case where the goods are not sold, be the value determined in such manner as may be prescribed. Explanation For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that the price-cum-duty of the excisable goods sold by the assessee shall be the price actually paid to him for the goods sold and the money value of the additional consideration, if any, flowing directly or indirectly from the buyer to the assessee in connection with the sale of such goods, and such price-cum-duty, excluding sales tax and other taxes, if any, actually paid, shall be deemed to include the duty payable on such goods. (2) The provisions of this section shall not apply in respect of any excisable goods for which a tariff value has been fixed under sub-section (2) of section 3.

5 Valuation of Excisable Goods 3.5 (3) For the purpose of this section (a) assessee means the person who is liable to pay the duty of excise under this Act and includes his agent; (b) persons shall be deemed to be related if (i) they are inter-connected undertakings (ii) they are relatives (iii) amongst them the buyer is a relative and a distributor of the assessee or a sub distributor of such distributor (iv) they are so associated that they have interest, directly or indirectly, in the business of each other. Explanation : In this clause (i) inter-connected undertakings means two or more undertakings which are inter-connected with each other in any of the following manners, namely :- (A) if one owns or controls the other; (B) where the undertakings are owned by firms, if such firms have one or more common partners; (C) where the undertakings are owned by bodies corporate,- (I) if one body corporate manages the other body corporate; or (II) if one body corporate is a subsidiary of the other body corporate; or (III) if the bodies corporate are under the same management; or (IV) if one body corporate exercises control over the other body corporate in any other manner; (D) where one undertaking is owned by a body corporate and the other is owned by a firm, if one or more partners of the firm, (I) hold, directly or indirectly, not less than fifty per cent. of the shares, whether preference or equity, of the body corporate; or (II) exercise control, directly or indirectly, whether as director or otherwise, over the body corporate; (E) if one is owned by a body corporate and the other is owned by a firm having bodies corporate as its partners, if such bodies corporate are under the same management; (F) if the undertakings are owned or controlled by the same person or by the same group; (G) if one is connected with the other either directly or through any number of undertakings which are inter-connected undertakings within the meaning of one or more of the foregoing sub-clauses. Explanation 1. For the purposes of this clause, two bodies corporate shall be deemed to be under the same management, - (i) if one such body corporate exercises control over the other or both are under the

6 3.6 Central Excise (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) control of the same group or any of the constituents of the same group; or if the managing director or manager of one such body corporate is the managing director or manager of the other; or if one such body corporate holds not less than one-fourth of the equity shares in the other or controls the composition of not less than one-fourth of the total membership of the Board of directors of the other; or if one or more directors of one such body corporate constitute, or at any time within a period of six months immediately preceding the day when the question arises as to whether such bodies corporate are under the same management, constituted (whether independently or together with relatives of such directors or employees of the first mentioned body corporate) one-fourth of the directors of the other; or if the same individual or individuals belonging to a group, while holding (whether by themselves or together with their relatives) not less than one-fourth of the equity shares in one such body corporate also hold (whether by themselves or together with their relatives) not less than one-fourth of the equity shares in the other; or (vi) if the same body corporate or bodies corporate belonging to a group, holding, whether independently or along with its or their subsidiary or subsidiaries, not less than one-fourth of the equity shares in one body corporate, also hold not less than one-fourth of the equity shares in the other; or (vii) if not less than one-fourth of the total voting power in relation to each of the two bodies corporate is exercised or controlled by the same individual (whether independently or together with his relatives) or the same body corporate (whether independently or together with its subsidiaries); or (viii) if not less than one-fourth of the total voting power in relation to each of the two bodies corporate is exercised or controlled by the same individuals belonging to a group or by the same bodies corporate belonging to a group, or jointly by such individual or individuals and one or more of such bodies corporate; or (ix) if the directors of one such body corporate are accustomed to act in accordance with the directions or instructions of one or more of the directors of the other, or if the directors of both the bodies corporate are accustomed to act in accordance with the directions or instructions of an individual, whether belonging to a group or not. Explanation II. If a group exercises control over a body corporate, that body corporate and every other body corporate, which is a constituent of, or controlled by, the group shall be deemed to be under the same management. Explanation III. If two or more bodies corporate under the same management hold, in the aggregate, not less than one-fourth equity share capital in any other body corporate, such other body corporate shall be deemed to be under the same management as the first mentioned bodies corporate. Explanation IV. In determining whether or not two or more bodies corporate are under the same management, the shares held by financial institutions in such bodies corporate shall not be taken into account. Illustration Undertaking B is inter-connected with undertaking A and undertaking C is inter-connected

7 Valuation of Excisable Goods 3.7 with undertaking B. Undertaking C is inter-connected with undertaking A; if undertaking D is inter-connected with undertaking C, undertaking D will be inter-connected with undertaking B and consequently with undertaking A; and so on. Explanation V. For the purposes of this clause, group means a group of (i) (ii) two or more individuals, associations of individuals, firms, trusts, trustees or bodies corporate (excluding financial institutions), or any combination thereof, which exercises, or is established to be in a position to exercise, control, directly or indirectly, over any body corporate, firm or trust; or associated persons. Explanation VI. For the purposes of this clause, (I) a group of persons who are able, directly or indirectly, to control the policy of a body corporate, firm or trust, without having a controlling interest in that body corporate, firm or trust, shall also be deemed to be in a position to exercise control over it; (II) associated persons (a) in relation to a director of a body corporate, means (b) (c) (i) (ii) a relative of such director, and includes a firm in which such director or his relative is a partner; any trust of which any such director or his relative is a trustee; (iii) any company of which such director, whether independently or together with his relatives, constitutes one-fourth of its Board of directors; (iv) any other body corporate, at any general meeting of which not less than onefourth of the total number of directors of such other body corporate are appointed or controlled by the director of the first mentioned body corporate or his relative, whether acting singly or jointly; in relation to the partner of a firm, means a relative of such partner and includes any other partner of such firm; and in relation to the trustee of a trust, means any other trustee of such trust; (III) where any person is an associated person in relation to another, the latter shall also be deemed to be an associated person in relation to the former. (ii) relative shall have the meaning assigned to it in clause (41) of section 2 of the Companies Act, 1956; (c) place of removal means (i) a factory or any other place or premises wherein the excisable goods have been permitted to be deposited without payment of duty. (ii) a warehouse or any other place or premises wherein the excisable goods have been permitted to be deposited without payment of duty from where such goods are removed. (iii) a depot, premises of a consignment agent or any other place or premises from where the excisable goods are to be sold after their clearance from the factory.

8 3.8 Central Excise (cc) time of removal, in respect of the excisable goods removed from the place of removal referred to in sub-clause (iii) of clause (c), shall be deemed to be the time at which such goods are cleared from the factory. (d) transaction value means the price actually paid or payable for the goods, when sold, and includes in addition to the amount charged as price, any amount that the buyer is liable to pay to, or on behalf of, the assessee, by reason of, or in connection with the sale, whether payable at the time of the sale or at any other time, including, but not limited to, any amount charged for, or to make provision for, advertising or publicity, marketing and selling organization expenses, storage, outward handling, servicing, warranty, commission or any other matter; but does not include the amount of duty of excise, sales tax and other taxes, if any, actually paid or actually payable on such goods. Section 3(1) of the Act is the charging section, and the goods are chargeable with rate of duty as specified in the Central Excise Tariff Act, The rates specified in this Tariff for most of the goods are ad valorem and hence the valuation of the goods becomes most important. The scheme of valuation under section 4 can be put in the form of chart provided below. Scheme of Valuation under Section 4 Scheme under Sec. 4 Duty chargeable with reference to value Where the value at which goods are sold by assessee to be the Transaction value Goods not sold or any of the four conditions is not fulfilled - Central Excise Valuation (DPEG) Rules, 2000 Delivery at the time of removal Delivery at the place of removal Buyer being not related person Price is the sole consideration 3.3 Related Persons Section 4(3) (b) states that persons shall be deemed to be related if : (a) they are inter-connected undertakings; (b) they are relatives;

9 Valuation of Excisable Goods 3.9 (c) amongst them the buyer is a relative and distributor of the assessee or a sub-distributor of such distributor; or (d) they are so associated that they have interest directly or indirectly in the business of each other Relative: Coming now to the definition of relative, one has to read sections 2(41), 6 and schedule I-A of the Companies Act, 1956 together. Section 2(41) of Companies Act, 1956 defines relative to mean persons related as per section 6 and no other. Section 6 of the said Act, states that the following are relatives:- (a) members of a HUF; (b) husband and wife; (c) persons related to one another in the manner indicated in Schedule I-A. The Schedule is a detailed one and enumerates 22 different relationships. Thus, all of the above categories will be covered within the definition of relatives and transactions between an assessee and such relatives will be covered within the ambit of section 4(4) (c) of the Act. A limited company is a judicial person separate from its share-holders and directors. Such a judicial person cannot be treated as related person. [Cooper Pharma v. CCE 2004 (174) ELT 143 (T)] Distributor: Section 4(3)(b) governing related person incorporates the word distributor. The phrase relative and a distributor of the assessee as occurring in the section apparently implies that even a distributor should be a related person. In its landmark decision in the Bombay Tyres International s case, the Supreme Court has given a narrow and interesting interpretation of this expression. The Court held that the words a relative and distributor of an assessee, do not refer to any distributor but they are limited only to a distributor who is also a relative of the assessee, within the meaning of the Companies Act, So analyzing the definition of relative read with the decision given by Supreme Court in Bombay Tyres case, if a company or a firm is appointed as a distributor, it can never be related person since an impersonal body cannot be treated as a relative under section 4(3)(b). The words relative & a distributor of the assessee do not refer to any distributor but the distributor who is relative of the assessee within the meaning of the Companies Act, UOI v. Bombay Tyre International Ltd (14) E.L.T (S.C.) Price charged by the manufacturer to the distributor is to be assessable value, when the dealings are on principal to principal basis - UOI v. Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd (43) E.L.T. 611 (Bom.) Mutuality of business interest: In U.O.I Vs. Atic Industries Ltd (17) E.L.T. 323, The Supreme Court has held that in order to attract the first part of the definition, the assessee and the person alleged to be a related person must have interest, direct or indirect, in the business of each other. Each of them must have direct or indirect interest in the business of the other. The quality and degree of interest which each has in the business of the other may

10 3.10 Central Excise be different, the interest of the one in the business of the other may be direct, while interest of the latter in the business of the former may be indirect. That would not make any difference so long as each has got some interest, direct or indirect, in the business of the other. In U.O.I Vs. Hind Lamp 1989 (43)ELT 161, the Supreme Court reiterated the principle that it is not enough that the assessee has an interest, direct or indirect, in the business of the assessee. Both must have an interest in the business of each other. The degree and quality of their respective interests in each other may be different. In CCE Vs. Vikram Engineering Co (39) ELT 143, the Tribunal followed the decision in Atic s case by holding that the degree of mutual interest was not material in order to attract the definition but the existence of some interest was all that was required. Corporate concern and a partnership concern were not related persons, and where the price charged from a person was the same as charged from others, then such a person could not be construed as a favored buyer. Weikfield Products Co. Pvt. Ltd. Vs. CCE 1990 (29) ECR 321 Sales of the entire quantity of excisable products through a single agency, which also undertook advertising of such products would not, per se make the manufacturer and the agency as related persons since the mutuality of business interest was not proved Pepsi Foods (P) Ltd. Vs. CCE 1993(44) ECR 599. The mere fact of there being a common registered office and common usage of telephone and gowdown was not sufficient to prove common ownership between two units so as to make them related persons. [Cheryl Laboratories v. CCE 1994 (50) ECR 194] Merely holding of shares of subsidiary company could not ipso facto mean that there was mutuality, unless other ingredient of reciprocity of interest on the part of the subsidiary company in its holding company or between buyer and seller company are also present and are established. [Godrej Industries Ltd. v. CCE 2004 (175) ELT 261 (T)] Summary of various decisions on this issue is given in the following table: Decision The definition of 'related person' requires mutuality of interest in the business to be proved. The mutuality of business interest between the manufacturer and his buyer can be shown only if one has special interest in the promotion or development of the business of another. If one of the directors of the buyer company is also chairman of the manufacturing company, it cannot be said that they have mutual interest in the business. Citation UOI v. Atic Industries Ltd (17) E.L.T. 323(S.C.) Cibatul Ltd. v. UOI 1979 (4) E.L.T. (J407) (Guj.) Jay Engg. Works Ltd. v. UOI 1981 (8) E.L.T. 284 (Del.)

11 Valuation of Excisable Goods 3.11 A limited company cannot have indirect interests in the business carried by one of its shareholders. The words relative & a distributor of the assessee do not refer to any distributor but the distributor who is relative of the assessee within the meaning of the Companies Act, Goods sold to dealers under agreement. Dealers to have own show room, repair shop etc. Dealer not a related person. Goods sold to dealers having no funds of their own or business premises. Dealers merely a sham and to be ignored. Once existence of mutual interest is established, the extent of such interest is not material. Merely because, goods are manufactured with customer's brand name and entire production sold to customer, does not mean that sales are to related person. Regional sale offices/godowns are not related persons. After sales service by dealers during warranty period do not make such dealers related persons. Price charged by the manufacturer to the distributor, to be assessable value, when the dealings are on principal to principal basis. "Main dealer" cannot be treated as distributor or related person, when goods are sold through main dealer as well as independent purchasers. Sale of entire production to one buyer does not make Buyer & Seller related persons. Customers can not be treated as related, if the sales are on principal to principal basis to a shareholding company and associate companies of foreign shareholding companies. Collector v. T.I. Miller Ltd (35) E.L.T. 8 (S.C.) UOI v. Bombay Tyre International Ltd (14) E.L.T (S.C.) Moped India Ltd v. AC 1986 (23) E.L.T. 8 (S.C.) JK Cotton Spg. & Weaving Mills Co. Ltd v. CCE 1997 (91) E.L.T. 534 (SC). UOI v. Atic Inds. Ltd (17) E.L.T. 323 (S.C.) Ceam Electronics P. Ltd. v. UOI 1991 (51) E.L.T. 309 (Bom.) Indo-National Ltd. v. UOI 1979 (4) E.L.T. (J334) (A. P.) S.M. Chemicals & Electronics v. R. Parthasarathi 1980 (6) E.L.T. 197 (Bom.) UOI v. Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd (43) E.L.T. 611 (Bom.) GOI v. Ashok Leyland Ltd (14) E.L.T (Mad.) Ceam Electronics P. Ltd. v. UOI 1991 (51) E.L.T. 309 (Bom.) UOI v. Hind Lamps Ltd (43) E.L.T. 161 (S.C.)

12 3.12 Central Excise Merely because goods are manufactured with customer's brand name and entire production sold to him, it cannot be treated as a sale to a related person. Brand name value cannot be added to the value of goods manufactured by manufacturer for brand name owner unless it is proved that they are related persons. Whole sale price at which goods are sold to the buyer to be the assessable value, when goods are manufactured under agreement with buyer's trade mark. Buyer to be held as related person when manufacturer was to accept back unsold stock etc. and the buyer's price held to be assessable value. Partner of one of the dealers related to director of the manufacturing company to whom only 34% - 40% of production is sold, cannot be treated as related person and the price at which goods are sold to him is assessable value. Dealers cannot be treated as relative of the manufacturer or even otherwise, when the dealer is required to deposit specific sum for each moped, getting fixed commission and all payments are through bank. When 90% of the goods are sold to the wholesaler, and only 10% to the related person, the assessable value will be price charged to wholesale dealers. Department can lift the corporate veil even if the assessee concerned are limited companies. Two concerns belonging to the same family and members thereof sharing the benefits of both concerns also having common directors who are relatives, have a direct interest in the business of each other and mutuality of interest is apparent. UOI v. Play World Electronics P. Ltd (41) E.L.T. 368 (S.C.) UOI v. Purolator India Ltd (24) ECR 216 (S.C.) UOI v. Cibatul Ltd (22) E.L.T. 302 (S.C.) Snow White Indl. Corpn. v. Collector 1990 (46) E.L.T. 3 (S.C.) UOI v. Kantilal Chunilal 1986 (26) E.L.T. 289 (S.C.) Mopeds India Ltd. v. Asst. Collector 1986 (23) E.L.T. 8 (S.C.) Kirloskar Cummins Ltd. v. UOI 1991(51) E.L.T. 325(Bom.) Calcutta Chromotype Ltd v. CCE 1998 (99) E.L.T. 202 (SC) CCE v. I.T.E.C (P) Ltd (145) ELT 280 (SC)

13 Valuation of Excisable Goods 3.13 Sale of goods by the society to the federation of which the society is a member will not be sufficient to hold the federation as a related person of the society. 3.4 Place of removal UOI v. Kaira Distt. Co-Op Milk Producers Union Ltd 2002 (146) ELT 502 (SC) Section 4(3)(c) defines the place of removal to mean (a) a factory or any other place or premises of production or manufacture of the excisable goods; (b) a warehouse or any other place or premises wherein the excisable goods have been permitted to be deposited without payment of duty from where such goods are removed. (c) a depot, premises of a consignment agent or any other place or premises from where the excisable goods are to be sold after their clearance from the factory. 3.5 Price is the sole consideration The price should be the sole consideration for sale. Any other consideration in cash or in kind which forms part of the transaction has to be converted in monetary terms and added back to the price. Each such transaction has to be at arm s length and on principal to principal basis. If the transaction is not on principal to principal basis, the charges paid are to be added to the transaction value of the goods. When the sale is at arm s length, sale price of subsequent seller is not relevant and does not matter that dealings were confined only to two buyers - Atic Inds. Ltd. v. H.H. Dave, Asst. Collector 1978 (2) E.L.T. (J444) (S.C) Relationship between manufacturer & sole distributor though a special one is not a proof by itself to show that price is favourable price - UOI v. Hind Lamps Ltd (8) E.L.T. 11 (Del.) Price declared by the assessee to be acceptable even though it is less than cost of raw material, manufacturing cost & manufacturing profit; when the transactions are at arm s length - Guru Nanak Refrigeration Corpn v. CCE 1996 (81) E.L.T. 290 (T). This case was affirmed by the Supreme Court in 2003 (153) E.L.T Ingredients of transaction value It would be important to see that the definition of transaction value is an all inclusive definition which seems to extend its scope beyond the normal boundaries of central excise levy. While it is true that such a definition is necessary when we have a full fledged VAT system, it is rather premature to include so many items within the parameters of excise, more so when the assesses are paying sales tax and service tax. It is important to note that the Supreme Court has held in the context of customs law in Associated Cement Companies Ltd. v. CC 2000 (121) ELT 21 that the concept of transaction value is quite different from the concept of price and such value can include many items which may classically have been understood to be part of the sale price.

14 3.14 Central Excise Let us analyse the definition of transaction value through the use of flow charts. Transaction Value means the price actually paid or payable when sold And includes In addition to the price any amount that the buyer is liable to pay to or on behalf of the assessee by reason of or in connection with the sale whether payable at the time of sale or any time thereafter The definition also gives an illustration of what amounts are included as additions to price which the buyer may be liable to pay to or on behalf of the assessee. However, the definition specifically states as including but not limited to which clearly means that the items included in the definition are only illustrative and more may be includible. Items which are included in the definition Advertising and publicity Marketing and selling Storage Outward Handling Servicing Warranty Commission Any other matter It is clear that the above are includible only if the buyer is liable to pay for or on behalf of the assessee. However, the amounts like excise duty, sales tax and other taxes are not includible if actually paid or payable. It would be worthwhile to examine the issue of includibility or otherwise of certain items. Items of Cost Includibility or otherwise 1. Advertising and publicity Yes 2. Warranty Yes 3. Marketing and selling Yes 4. Storage and outward handling Yes 5. Servicing Yes

15 Valuation of Excisable Goods Commission Yes 7. Discounts No. Since the same is already factored into the (Trade and Cash) definition of transaction value. See also CBEC Circular No. 354/81/2000-TRU, dated itself clarifies that reference to discounts in the definition of transaction value is not relevant since duty is to be charged on net price after allowing discounts. However, the Circular states that the discount should be actually passed on to the buyers. 8. Erection, Installation and Commissioning No. The erection, installation and commissioning charges should not be included in the assessable value, if the final product is not excisable. 9. Packing Yes. The durable and returnable packing is deductible. 10. Taxes and duties No. Specifically excluded by section. 11. Interest on deposits, advances. No. 12. Accessories No. See decision of Supreme Court in Shriram Bearing Ltd v. CCE (91) E.L.T Dharmada Yes. [CBE&C Circular No. 763/79/2003 C.X. dated ] 14. Freight No. 15. Interest on delayed payment of receivables No. Interest is nothing but finance charges and cannot be considered as payment by reason of sale. 16. Warranty The definition of transaction value itself includes warranty and service charges. It shall form a part of transaction value if it is recovered from buyer. 17. Design, development and Yes since it is by reason of sale or in connection with engineering charges sale. 18. Transit insurance No as it is part of transportation cost [Bombay Tyres International]. However, it should be shown separately in the invoice or can be included in the transportation cost shown separately. 19. Delayed payment charges No as "transaction value" relates to the price paid or payable for the goods and delayed payment charge is nothing but the interest on the price of the goods which is not paid during the normal credit period. However, to be admissible as deduction it should be separately shown or indicated in the invoice and should be charged over and above the sale price of the goods. However, the above is not conclusive in all cases and would be subject to interpretation of the Courts in future time to come.

16 3.16 Central Excise 3.7 Situations where transaction value does not apply As given in the chart for the valuation scheme under section 4 there are four conditions which have to be fulfilled. (a) There should be sale of goods (b) The goods sold should be for delivery at the time and place of removal (c) The assessee and the buyer of the goods are not to be related persons (d) The price should be the sole consideration for the sale. In those cases where any of the above said requirements are missing, the assessable value shall be determined on the basis of the Central Excise Valuation (Determination of Price of Excisable Goods) Rules, 2000 notified under section 4(1)(b) by Notification No. 45/2000-CE (NT), dated Central Excise Valuation (Determination of Price of Excisable Goods) Rules, 2000 These rules were notified vide Notification No. 45/2000-C.E. (N.T.) dated They came into effect from The text of the rules is given for the reference. Rule - 1. (1) These rules may be called the Central Excise Valuation (Determination of Price of Excisable Goods) Rules, (2) They shall come into force on and from the 1 st day of July, Rule - 2. In these rules, unless the context otherwise requires,- (a) "Act" means the Central Excise Act, 1944; (b) "normal transaction" means the transaction value at which the greatest aggregate quantity of goods are sold; (c) "value" means the value referred to in Section 4 of the Act; (d) words and expressions used in these rules and not defined but defined in the Act shall have the meanings respectively assigned to them in the Act. Rule - 3. The value of any excisable goods shall, for the purposes of clause (b) of sub-section (1) of section 4 of the Act, be determined in accordance with these rules. Rule - 4. The value of the excisable goods shall be based on the value of such goods sold by the assessee for delivery at any other time nearest to the time of the removal of goods under assessment, subject, if necessary, to such adjustment on account of the difference in the dates of delivery of such goods and of the excisable goods under assessment, as may appear reasonable to the proper officer. Rule - 5. Where any excisable goods are sold in the circumstances specified in clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 4 of the Act except the circumstance in which the excisable goods are sold for delivery at a place other than the place of removal, then the value of such excisable goods shall be deemed to be the transaction value, excluding the cost of transportation from the place of removal up to the place of delivery of such excisable goods.

17 Valuation of Excisable Goods 3.17 Explanation 1 cost of transportation includes- (i) the actual cost of transportation; and (ii) in case where freight is averaged the cost of transportation calculated in accordance with generally accepted principles of costing. Explanation 2- For removal of doubts, it is clarified that the cost of transportation from the factory to the place of removal, where the factory is not the place of removal, shall not be excluded for the purpose of determining the value of excisable goods. Rule - 6. Where the excisable goods are sold in the circumstances specified in clause (a) of sub section (1) of section 4 of the Act except the circumstance where the price is not the sole consideration for sale, the value of such goods shall be deemed to be the aggregate of such transaction value and the amount of money value of any additional consideration flowing directly or indirectly from the buyer to the assessee. Explanation1 - For removal of doubts, it is hereby clarified that the value, apportioned as appropriate, of the following goods and services, whether supplied directly or indirectly by the buyer free of change or at reduced cost for use in connection with the production and sale of such goods, to the extent that such value has not been included in the price actually paid or payable, shall be treated to be the amount of money value of additional consideration flowing directly or indirectly from the buyer to the assessee in relation to sale of the goods being valued and aggregated accordingly, namely:- (i) value of materials, components, parts and similar items relatable to such goods; (ii) value of tools, dies, moulds, drawings, blue prints, technical maps and charts and similar items used in the production of such goods; (iii) value of material consumed, including packaging materials, in the production of such goods; (iv) value or engineering, development, art work, design work and plans and sketches undertaken elsewhere than in the factory of production and necessary for the production of such goods. Explanation 2- Where an assessee receives any advance payment from the buyer against delivery of any excisable goods, no notional interest on such advance shall be added to the value unless the Central Excise Officer has evidence to the effect that the advance received has influenced the fixation of the price of the goods by way of charging a lesser price from or by offering a special discount to the buyer who has made the advance deposit. Illustration 1: X, an assessee, sells his goods to Y against full advance payment at `100/- per piece. However, X also sells such goods to Z without any advance payment at the same price of `100/- per piece. No notional interest on the advance received by X is includible in the transaction value. Illustration 2: A, an assessee, manufactures and supplies certain goods as design and specification furnished by B at a price of `10 lakhs. A takes 50% of the price as advance against these goods and there is no sale of such goods to any other buyer. There is no evidence available with the Central Excise Officer that the notional interest on the advance

18 3.18 Central Excise has resulted in lowering of the prices. Thus, no notional interest on the advance received shall be added to the transaction value. Rule - 7. Where the excisable goods are not sold by the assessee at the time and place of removal but are transferred to a depot, premises of a consignment agent or any other place or premises (hereinafter referred to as "such other place") from where the excisable goods are to be sold after their clearance from the place of removal and where the assessee and the buyer of the said goods are not related and the price is the sole consideration for the sale, the value shall be the normal transaction value of such goods sold from such other place at or about the same time and, where such goods are not sold at or about the same time, at the time nearest to the time of removal of goods under assessment. Rule - 8. Where the excisable goods are not sold by the assessee but are used for consumption by him or on his behalf in the production or manufacture of other articles, the value shall be one hundred and ten per cent of the cost of production or manufacture of such goods. Rule - 9. When the assessee so arranges that the excisable goods are not sold by an assessee except to or through a person who is related in the manner specified in either of sub-clauses (ii), (iii) or (iv) of clause (b) of sub-section (3) of section 4 of the Act, the value of the goods shall be the normal transaction value at which these are sold by the related person at the time of removal, to buyers (not being related person); or where such goods are not sold to such buyers, to buyers (being related person), who sells such goods in retail; Provided that in a case where the related person does not sell the goods but uses or consumes such goods in the production or manufacture of articles, the value shall be determined in the manner specified in rule 8. Rule When the assessee so arranges that the excisable goods are not sold by him except to or through an inter-connected undertaking, the value of goods shall be determined in the following manner, namely:- (a) If the undertakings are so connected that they are also related in terms of sub-clause (ii) or (iii) or (iv) of clause (b) of sub-section (3) of section 4 of the Act or the buyer is a holding company or subsidiary company of the assessee, then the value shall be determined in the manner prescribed in rule 9. Explanation- In this clause "holding company" and "subsidiary company" shall have the same meanings as in the Companies act, 1956 (1 of 1956); (b) in any other case, the value shall be determined as if they are not related persons for the purpose of sub-section (1) of section 4. Rule - 10A. Where the excisable goods are produced or manufactured by a job-worker, on behalf of a person (hereinafter referred to as principal manufacturer), then,- (i) in a case where the goods are sold by the principal manufacturer for delivery at the time of removal of goods from the factory of job-worker, where the principal manufacturer and the buyer of the goods are not related and the price is the sole consideration for the sale, the value of the excisable goods shall be the transaction value of the said goods sold by the principal manufacturer; (ii) in a case where the goods are not sold by the principal manufacturer at the time of

19 Valuation of Excisable Goods 3.19 removal of goods from the factory of the job-worker, but are transferred to some other place from where the said goods are to be sold after their clearance from the factory of job-worker and where the principal manufacturer and buyer of the goods are not related and the price is the sole consideration for the sale, the value of the excisable goods shall be the normal transaction value of such goods sold from such other place at or about the same time and, where such goods are not sold at or about the same time, at the time nearest to the time of removal of said goods from the factory of job-worker; (iii) in a case not covered under clause (i) or (ii), the provisions of foregoing rules, wherever applicable, shall mutatis mutandis apply for determination of the value of the excisable goods: Provided that the cost of transportation, if any, from the premises, wherefrom the goods are sold, to the place of delivery shall not be included in the value of excisable goods. Explanation. - For the purposes of this rule, job-worker means a person engaged in the manufacture or production of goods on behalf of a principal manufacturer, from any inputs or goods supplied by the said principal manufacturer or by any other person authorised by him. Rule If the value of any excisable goods cannot be determined under the foregoing rules, the value shall be determined using reasonable means consistent with the principles and general provisions of these rules and sub-section (1) of section 4 of the Act. 3.9 Analysis of the Valuation Rules The salient features of the Valuation Rules are as under:- According to rule 3 the valuation rules is invokable only when the condition in section 4(1)(b) is satisfied that is to say when the valuation is not possible as per section 4(1)(a). When the goods are clearly valued according to section 4(1)(a) itself then there is no question of applying the valuation rules.- Rule 4 requires adjustment for the differences in the time of removal and the time of delivery when the delivery time is different from the time of removal. This rule will apply in situations where the asseseee does not sell goods at the time of removal of goods. Thus, situations like removal of free samples or free replacement under warranty claims will be covered under this rule. Valuation of such free samples or replacement will be based on price of identical goods sold by the assessee near about the time of removal of such free samples or replacements. Valuation of samples: Value of samples distributed free as part of marketing strategy or as gifts or donations shall be determined under Rule 4 of Central Excise Valuation (Determination of Price of Excisable Goods) Rules, 2000 [Circular No. 813/10/2005-CX dated ]. Rule 5 provides for the valuation when all the conditions as per section 4(1)(a) which are mentioned earlier are fulfilled except for the condition that the place of delivery is different from the place of removal. In such circumstances the rule allows the adjustment for the transportation from the place of removal to the place of delivery. The actual transportation cost may be excluded on an averaged or equalized basis. For this purpose, the average transportation cost shall be computed in accordance with the generally accepted principles of costing. Where necessary, the assessee may be asked to furnish certification from a Cost Accountant, inter alia, showing the computations separately in respect of the exempted, non-

20 3.20 Central Excise excisable and specific rated products and the basis for apportionment for arriving at the average cost of transportation. However, no deduction shall be allowable whether on actual or equalized freight basis, for the cost of transportation from the factory to the point of removal (if other than the factory gate). Since as per the amended section 4, place of removal shall include a depot, the premises of the consignment agent as well as any other place or premises from which the goods are to be sold after their clearance from the factory, it may be noted that deduction in respect of the transportation cost from the factory premises to the depot or to any other place of removal shall not be allowed. In other words, the deduction of average freight or actual freight is only in respect of cost of transportation beyond the place of removal when the goods are sold for delivery at a place other than the place of removal. In case of a depot, the cost of transportation upto the point of depot or any other place from where the goods are sold will continue to be included. Cost of transportation when vehicle is owned by the manufacturer: In cases where the vehicle is owned by the manufacturer, the cost of transportation can be calculated through costing method following the accepted principles of costing. A cost certificate from a certified Cost Accountant/Chartered Accountant/Company Secretary, may be accepted. The cost of transportation should, however, be separately shown in the invoice [Circular No.643/34/2002 CX dated 1 st July 2002] Cost of return fare not to be added for determining value: It has been clarified vide Circular No. 923/13/2010 CX dated that cost of return fare of vehicles is not required to be added for determining value. This clarification has been issued in view of the Tribunal s decisions in case of DCW Ltd. v. CCE [2007 (217) ELT 541 (Mad.)] and Haldia Petrochemicals Limited v. CCEx. Haldia [2009 (233) E.L.T. 344 (Tri. - Kolkata)]. Rule 6 takes up another condition and continues to say that other conditions as said above are being fulfilled except for the condition of consideration to be received for such goods. If the price received is not the sole consideration, then the rule requires to add the value of the additional consideration whether directly or indirectly received (not necessarily from the buyer, it may be received even from the third party but which should have relation with the goods being transferred) to the transaction value. In Explanation 1 to Rule 6 it is said that when any goods or services are given by the buyer free of cost or at concessional price, the value of such goods or service or the concession so received may be added or apportioned (in case such goods or service is used for the manufacture of more than one product) and should be included in the value of the finished goods. The examples given in the said explanation as to the goods and services are : (a) value of materials, components, parts and similar items relatable to such goods; (b) value of tools, dies, moulds, drawings, blue prints, technical maps and charts and similar items used in the production of such goods; (c) value of material consumed, including packaging materials, in the production of such goods; (e) value or engineering, development, art work, design work and plans and sketches