296 Index. social security contributions horizontal equity 23, 53, 56, 86, 175
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1 Index allocation of resources 5, 6, 20, 43, 46 allocative efficiency 11-14, 28, 254 amortization assets, depreciation of , 215, 224-5, Australia 41 VAT 247,254 Austria 17, 31 Belgium 7-10, 17, 21, 31, 113 personal income tax 58-69, 100, social security contributions Border Tax Adjustments (BTA) Broaden-base-reduce rate (BBRR) 103, 114 Canada 17, 31, 42n, 43n, 45, 113 personal income tax 100, VAT247, 254 capital 6, 13, 21, 29-30, 33, 54-5 capital export neutrality (CEN) I 1-14, 16-17,29 capital gains tax I 0, 50, 51, 55-6, 62, 64-8,69.71, 75, JOin, 191,202-4, 211,232 capital import neutrality (CIN) 11-13, 16-17, 29 capital markets 32, 43, 133n capital movement 5, 12, 13, 23, 25-6, 28, 34 capital stock 192-3, capital taxation 6, 34, I 0 In, I 07, 116n carbon emissions EC action on European Commission proposals on 153-7, taxation of 153-6, 158-9, cascade tax 247, 249 Cnossens, Sijbren 248, 253, 256 company tax competition 5, 12, 16, 20, 21, 92, ,,276 and taxation 35-7, 166 consumption 51, 55-6, 63, 71, 95 tax 93, 100, 115, 121,247,255 see also VAT corporate business tax corporate income tax 7, 22, 27, 30, 31, 40, 43n,50,93,99, 120,174 amortization recent trends in corporation tax 7-1 I, 18-19, 22, 30n, 31-2,38,41-5,50,51-2, 17~ , 194, 204, I, 232 recent trends in cross-border income!lows 6-7 corporation taxes 8-1 I, 41-4 double taxation of 6-9, 14, 18, 38-41, 45 investment , 24, 42-3 offsetting of losses 7-8, I 0 profit shifting 25-8 tax arbitrage 25-6, 28 tax enforcement 23-4 with-holding taxes 7, 38 debt212,215-23,225-30,264, , Denmark 7-10, 17, corporate income tax , 99, 117 tax handles 96 -I 02 Treaty on European Union wealth tax
2 296 Index depreciation 10, 18, 20, ,215, 224-5, see also amortization direct taxation reform crucial aspects of taxation 52-6 personal income taxation taxation of corporations double taxation 6-9, 14, 18, 38-41, 45, 71,74 Earth Summit (1991) 168 Ecofin Council 279 efficiency wage theory 13 I, Einaudi, Luigi 248, employment 37n, tax 132, Selective Employment Tax E~U6,34,44-5,263,264,267n,292 energy 86, 154-6, , 165 taxation of 153-6, European Commission 16, 20, 45,255-6 proposal on carbon emissions 153-7, European Community action on carbon emissions 163-4, 168 see also European Commission European Council 6, 38 exchange rate 26, 34, 37, 263 Exchange Rate ~echanism 263 excise duties 6, 128, 165, 175, 177-9, 264-5,278 export tax 96-9, 120 factor inputs, taxation of 92, 96-9, 120 factor mobility 5-6 fiscal adjustment convergence criteria fiscal adjustment strategies fiscal policy management tax harmonization fiscal convergence criteria , opportunities for Italy 262, fiscal hamtonization see fiscal adjustment; tax harmonization foreign direct investment 15-19, 22, 35 France 7-10, 17, 31, 39, 113, 180 VAT 247, 252, 257, GATT 118 Germany 7-11, 17, 22, 26, 31, 39, 52, 113, 114,217,285-6 personal income tax 58-69, 100, VAT280-4 global warming 153-4, , globalization 30, , Greece8,10,16-17,22,31,52,113 corporate income tax 70-87,99 horizontal equity 23, 53, 56, 86, 175 ILOR (imposta locale sui redditi) , 194,203-4,207-8,210-11,223,227, 229,232 import substitution 37 imports, tax on 96-9, 120 imputation taxes 9, 18-19,42, 72-4, 180 income tax, personal6, II, 30n, 32,50-1, 56-69,93,94,95,100,104-10,115, 174-5,177,178,180,203-11,276-7 decomposable tax indices of I 02-17, 120 new trends in indirect tax 6, 118, 128-9, 177, 247, 264-5,277-86,289 see also specific taxes intlation 10, 35, 59, 69, 70, 78, 84-5,87, 95, 174-5, 187, 189,215-16, , 263,265-7, ,284
3 Index 297 inter-country fairness 2 I -2 interest income tax 5 I, 64-5, I 77, I 78, 182-3,203,204-9,211,230,232 interest payments 7-8, I 8, 32-3, 38-9 International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 157 inventories 76-7, I 87-93, 203, investment 6, I 3n, I 4, 32, 42-3, 54, 55, 175 tax incentives for 10, 15-20, 29, 32, 35-7,44-5,86,95, , 223,226-7 INVIM (imposta sull'incremento del valore degli immobili) Ireland 8-10, , 3 I, 45n, I 13 social security contributions I 28-9 tax handles 96-- I 02 IRPEF I 77, I 78, I 80, 203-4, 207-9, IRPEG (imposta sui reddito delle persone giuridiche) I 77'-86, I 94, 204, I, 232 Italy 7-10, 17, 31, 39, 49, 51, I 13, I 14 amortization capital stock I 92-3, 2 I I -20 company tax composition of tax revenues corporate business tax I 0, I corporationtaxsi-2,174, , 194,204,210-11,232 debt 2 I 2, 2 I 5-23, , estimates of effective marginal tax rates changes in legislation corporate investments nationwide investment in Mezzogiorno King-Fullerton approach to non-corporate sector excise duties on oil fiscal convergence criteria for Italy 262, !LOR , 194, 203-4, 207-8, ,223,227,229,232 inflation 85, 87, 174-5, 187, 189, , insurance companies , 218, 220,222-3,226,228 interest income tax 51,64-5, 177, 178, 182-3,203,204-9,211,230,232 investment grants and incentives ,223,226-7 INVIM IRPEF 177, 178, 180,203-4,207-9, IRPEG I 77-86, 194, 204, 210- I I, 232 IVA 86, 174-5, 177-9,201-2,223, 225-6,230,257-8 mutual funds 208-9, 2 I I, 218, 220, 223,226 personal income tax , I 00, , 174-5, 177, 178, 180, I, property tax 177, 178 public sector 175, social security contributions , 149,175, 177-9,276,277n tax allowances for depreciation and inventories 52, 187-9, 203, VAT 86, 174-5, 177-9,210-2,223, 225-6,230,257-8, ,202-3, 211 IVA 86, 174-5, 177-9,201-2,223, 225-6,230,257-8 Japan 17,30, 35,52,217 carbon taxation 168 corporate income tax 31, 70-87, 99, 100 personal income tax tax handles 96- I 02 Kaldor, N. Keynesianism 131 labour 50, 56, 129, 131, 149 tax on 23, 96-9, I 00, 120, 131, , 148-9
4 298 Index locational tax neutrality 11-17,40, 118 losses 7-8, 10, 52, 75-6, 87, Luxembourg 7-8, 10, 16-17,31 Maastricht convergence criteria and fiscal policy limits to fiscal policy management Mexico 27 Mezzogiorno I 0, 86, 176, 180, 184, ,226-7,232-3 monetary policies 26, 34 mortgage interest 61-4, 208 multinationals 12, 13n, 19-20, 22, 24, 25, 26-7,32,35-6,41,44 Musgrave, R. 92 mutual funds 208-9,211,218,220,223, 226 national neutrality 15 national tax sovereignty 33-4, 45, 92 Netherlands 7-8, 10-11, 17, 21, 31, 113, 114 personal income tax 57-69, 100, non-discrimination 21-2 Nordhaus, William Norway nuclear power 166 OECD Model ( 1977) 21 parent companies 8, 14, 16-19,22,38-40, 42n,45 pensions I 0, 23n, 208, 218 Portugai9-IO, 17,31 corporate income tax prices 2-7, 130,254-5,263,268-71,277 transfer pricing I I, 24, 26-7, 38, 40-1, 44 product mobility 5-6 productivity 20, 35, 37, 51, 131, 143-5, profits 6, 10, 25-8, 30n, 32, 35, 36, 44, 69, 70-5,130,134,139-43,185,226-7 property tax 23, 101-2, 177, 178 R & D 19, 80n, 165 reciprocity 21-2 Retail Sales Tax (RST) , 257 royalty payments 7-8, 38-9 Ruding Committee 18, 19, 21n, 40n sales tax I 18, 250, 258 Retail Sales Tax (RST) , 257 savings 6, 12, 13n, 23n, 51, 54, 55-6, 57, 60,62,63-4,175,205,222,238 Selective Employment Tax (SET -UK) single currency 263 Single European Act ( 1986) 5 social security 57, 61, 96 contributions 104n, I 09n, I 15, 120-1, ,175,177-9, 194,276,277n shirking model effect of taxes on labour firms , workers social welfare 92-3, 112, 115, 119 source-country entitlement 21-2 Spain8, 10, 17,21,3~ 113,114 corporate income tax '0-87, 99 personal income tax 58 69, 100, social security contributl ns subsidiaries 8, 14, 16-17,22,27,29, 38-40,42n,45 subsidarity 16, 38, 43, 155 subsidies 20, 38-40, 42n, 45, 193, , 211 Sweden 17,31 Switzerland 17, 31, 43n, 45
5 Index 299 tax allowances 50, 55, 57, 60-3, 86, 105, ,187-93,203-4, tax arbitrage 25-6, 28, 36, 50, 133n tax atrophy 32-3 tax avoidance and evasion 10, 25-8, 44,49-50,60,63,175-6,276-8 VAT 248, 252-4, 257-8, 278 tax burdens , , 132, tax choices 91, 92, 94-5 tax competition 7, 13, 24, 29-33, 46 tax efforts 91, 93, 94 tax enforcement I 0, 23-4, 118 tax handles 92,94-106, , tax harmonization 5-7, 107, , 128, 266,275 key aspects of opportunities for Italy 262, problems caused by tax differences 7-37 VAT 128, 255-6, 264-5, , tax incentives 10, 15-21,29,32,35-7,38, 44-5,86,95, ,223,226-7 tax ratios, summary 91-4 first generation decomposition of potential of taxation, administrative simplicity of 23-4, 33, 44, 114n, trade, international and VAT 247, 250, taxation of 96-9, 120 transfer pricing II n, 24, 26-7, 38, 40-1, 44 transparency, principle of20-l, 33, 44,59 Treaty of Rome 5, 22, 45 Treaty on European Union (Feb ) 39,254,261 convergence criteria 262, fiscal adjustment strategies fiscal policy management turnover tax 247, unemployment 37n, 62, 132, 135, United kingdom 9-10, 17, 31, 35, 49, 113 personal income tax 57-69, 100, Selective Employment Tax (SET) VAT280-4 United States of America 17, 22, 27, 30, 34,35,39,41,45,49,52, 113,186 carbon taxation 168 corporate income tax 31, 43n, 70-87, 99 personal income tax 57-69, 100, , I 17 tax handles 96-I 02 VAT247, 254 VAT6, 118 and international trade 248, 250, evasion 248, 252-4, 257-8, 278 harmonization I 28, 255-6, 264-5, , IVA (Italy) 86, 174-5, 177-9,201-2, 223, 225-6, 230, similarities with RST vertical equity 23, 53, 57 wages tax on 131, 132, wealth tax 6, I 0 I -2, 120-2, 202-3, 211
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