Aon Retirement & Investment. Utility Industry Benchmarking Report. Retirement Benefit Programs in the Utility Industry

Transcription

1 Aon Retirement & Investment Utility Industry Benchmarking Report Retirement Benefit Programs in the Utility Industry March 2018

2 Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 Retirement Plan Design for Salaried Employees: Trends and Benchmarking 4 Retirement Plan Costs: Trends and Benchmarking 11 Recent Actions and Outlook for Retiree Health Care Programs 23 Legal Disclosures and Disclaimers 28 Utility Industry Benchmarking Report i

3 Executive Summary Our research finds that the utility industry continues to provide very valuable retirement benefits to its employees and, despite broader industry trends to the contrary, remains committed to the defined benefit (DB) pension system for providing those benefits. That said, the level of spending on retirement benefits and the degree of commitment toward DB pensions vary considerably among utility industry companies. Retirement Plan Design for Salaried Employees: Trends and Benchmarking In studying the retirement benefits offered to salaried employees by utility companies, the following retirement plan design trends emerge: The utility industry especially the larger companies is more committed to defined benefit plans than general industry. The primary vehicle for delivering retirement benefits is a cash balance plan. Over a participant s lifetime, utility companies contribute more than 10% of pay annually toward retirement benefits. A majority of companies employ the use of automatic saving features in DC designs to encourage employees to save for retirement. Retirement Plan Costs: Trends and Benchmarking We also studied what utilities spend on retirement benefits and how that has trended over time: The utility industry spent 1.5% of revenues on retirement benefits in 2016 significantly more than general industry, which spent only 0.9%. However, utilities tend to spend less on other benefits and direct compensation. 1 Significant variation exists, as demonstrated by the fact that the utility spending the most on retirement benefits is spending more than 10 times that of the utility spending the least. Despite actions taken by the utility industry, utilities are spending more on retirement benefits in recent years than in the previous 10 years. The demographic characteristics of the utility industry, in which a higher percentage of employees is near retirement, are a key driver of the cost profile of its retirement benefits. Retirement Benefit Management Strategies: Recent Activity and a Look Ahead Utility companies are interested in reducing pension risk with settlement initiatives as long as rate recovery is not at risk. Utility companies are offering lump-sum windows to terminated vested participants at a pace that is only slightly behind that of general industry. Take rates are slightly lower than those observed in general industry. 1 Aon Hewitt Benefit SpecSelect database and 2016 Form 5500s as provided to the U.S. Department of Labor and other publicly available information. Utility Industry Benchmarking Report 1

4 Rate-regulated utility companies are structuring settlement initiatives to avoid ASC 715 settlement expense. Retiree lift-out activity is expected to increase in the near future. Retiree Welfare Plan Design: Trends and Benchmarking As we see with retirement income benefits (defined benefit [DB] and defined contribution [DC]), the utility industry also sponsors richer and more broadly available retiree welfare programs (medical, prescription drug, and life insurance). This, of course, leads to higher levels of spending than we see in other industries. With regard to retiree welfare, the following key themes emerge: The utility industry has retained material financial risks related to its retiree welfare programs. Very few utility employers are currently using the state-sponsored exchanges for their pre-medicare retirees. Most employers are concerned about the long-term viability of these exchanges; others are waiting for the markets to stabilize before sending pre-medicare retirees to the exchanges for coverage. The individual market is now the prevailing strategy for Medicare-eligible participants, and this is especially true for the utility industry. Utility Industry Benchmarking Report 2

5 About This Report We present data that compares utility companies to each other and to general industry, including observations on trends within the utility industry over time. The focus of this report is on the retirement plan design within the utility industry, and it is the second report of its kind. We expect to publish a companion report later this spring that focuses on the financial position of utility-sponsored retirement programs and associated strategies for the financial management of these programs. Details on Employers Included The utility companies represented in this report include those that are in the S&P 500. These 27 companies range in size from 4,000 to 35,000 employees with an average employee population of 13,000. AES LNT AEE AEP CNP CMS ED D DTE DUK EIX ETR ES EXC FE NEE NI NRG PCG PNW PPL PEG SCG SRE SO WEC XEL AES Corporation Alliant Energy Corporation Ameren Corporation American Electric Power Co., Inc. CenterPoint Energy, Inc. CMS Energy Corporation Consolidated Edison, Inc. Dominion Resources, Inc. DTE Energy Company Duke Energy Corporation Edison International Entergy Corporation Eversource Energy Exelon Corporation FirstEnergy Corporation NextEra Energy, Inc. NiSource, Inc. NRG Energy, Inc. PG&E Corporation Pinnacle West Capital Corporation PPL Corporation Public Service Enterprise Group Inc. SCANA Corporation Sempra Energy Southern Company WEC Energy Group, Inc. Xcel Energy, Inc. For plan design purposes, we have used the plan that covers the largest portion of each company s nonunion population. Utility Industry Benchmarking Report 3

6 Retirement Plan Design for Salaried Employees: Trends and Benchmarking New Hire Plan Prevalence While the vast majority of general industry has moved away from offering a defined benefit plan to newly hired employees, defined benefit plans remain quite prevalent in the utility industry, with 16 of the 27 organizations continuing to allow newly hired salaried employees to enter a defined benefit plan. But the utility industry has moved away from offering a traditional annuity-based defined benefit plan as of 2018, none of the 27 S&P 500 utilities offer these types of traditional plans. Cash balance plans have emerged in their place, with all 16 organizations that still offer a defined benefit plan maintaining cash balance designs. General Industry Utility Industry 27% 39% 37% 11% 19% 26% 37% 41% 15% 69% 78% 81% 82% 59% 23% 59% 63% 58% 63% 59% 55% 16% 38% 14% 12% 10% 30% 22% 15% 8% 7% 8% 11% 4% 4% Traditional Cash Balance DC Only Source: General industry Aon Hewitt Benefit SpecSelect ; utility industry Form 5500s as provided to the U.S. Department of Labor and other publicly available information. Why have utilities remained committed to defined benefit plans while general industry has moved away? Some possible explanations include the following: Utilities operate in a heavily unionized environment, which makes changes to existing benefits in particular, pensions very difficult. Utilities also often promote from the union to the supervisory level, such that large differences between union and nonunion benefits present business challenges. Utilities value the experience and knowledge of long-service employees. Pension benefits tend to promote retention and career stability. Utilities often conclude that defined benefit pensions allow for more efficient delivery of retirement benefits, since the company is able to invest the funds and manage longevity risks better than individual plan participants. Utilities can, in some cases, be more tolerant of volatile pension costs due to the nature of their business, competitive forces, and the long-term nature of their management horizon. Utility Industry Benchmarking Report 4

7 Tracking Retirement Benefit Changes in the Utility Industry The chart below tracks the changes to the 27 S&P 500 utility companies defined benefit plans over the past 20+ years. The conversions to cash balance designs are denoted in green at the top of the timeline, and the closures are shown below the timeline. Companies that originally transitioned to a hybrid plan design and later closed that plan are denoted in dark blue. Note that the chart captures the changes for the primary plan covering management (nonunion) employees. In some cases, similar changes were made for the unions at or around the same time, while in other cases the changes were negotiated with the unions much later or not at all. Change to Hybrid Design All Employees New Hires Only Pension Protection Act passed in August 2006 with tighter funding rules but also validation of hybrid plans Court challenges to hybrid plans EXC XEL DTE PEG LNT EIX SCG ED SRE FE WEC DUK AEE CNP NI AEP NEE PNW D CNP AES PCG ETR SO NRG CMS ES NI DTE DUK WEC ED LNT PPL SCG Defined benefit plan perfect storm Very high cost period for DB plans Closures Traditional Hybrid Source: Form 5500s as provided to the U.S. Department of Labor and other publicly available information. The adoption of cash balance plans in the period was a clear trend, with 17 of the 27 companies doing so during this period. This trend mirrored general industry as cash balance plans emerged as a portable replacement of traditional pensions that was generally more cost-effective than a comparable defined contribution plan. Although the pace of cash balance adoption slowed as a cloud of regulatory uncertainty hovered over those plans, utilities continued to adopt cash balance plans through It is interesting to note that, according to our research, not a single S&P 500 utility has frozen its plan entirely whereas approximately 25% of general industry has done so. We did see a handful of companies close their defined benefit plans to new entrants, but at a much more measured pace than in other industries. We do expect to see more plan closures, but those likely will occur where there is a catalyst such as merger or acquisition activity. Organizations with a different mix of businesses tend to drive different retirement benefit strategies. For example, diversified energy companies with fewer regulated businesses tend to be less unionized and compete for talent with other industries, resulting in greater emphasis on DC programs, while heavily unionized, heavily regulated companies have been and will likely continue to be more focused on DB programs. Utility Industry Benchmarking Report 5

8 Defined Benefit Plan Coverage in the Utility Industry Given the benchmarking information provided above, it should come as no surprise that a majority of utility industry employees continue to be covered by defined benefit plans. Around half of companies cover nearly all their employees, while only two companies cover fewer than 50% of their employees. Even among companies that have closed their DB plan to new entrants in the recent past, a significant majority of employees still participate in a DB plan because of the relatively low turnover in this industry. Structure of Retirement Benefit Formulas Among the 16 companies that still offer an ongoing cash balance plan for new hires, a full-career employee 2 receives an average annual employer contribution of about 11% of pay. If an employee saves 6% of his or her own pay, the total annual savings rate is approximately 17%, which our research suggests would allow a full-career employee to retire with adequate retirement income. Retirement Spend for Age 25 New Hire at Various Career Milestones (Employer Contribution as a Percentage of Annual Pay) 14% 12% 11.3% 12.6% 12.7% 11.1% 10% 8% 6% 8.7% 4.6% 9.8% 4.7% 4.8% 4.8% 4.8% 4.8% 4% 2% 4.1% 5.1% 6.5% 7.8% 7.9% 6.3% 0% Lifetime Cash Balance DC Match Contribution Average Source: 2016 Form 5500s as provided to the U.S. Department of Labor and other publicly available information. Cash balance plans within the utility industry generally have a graded design based on age, service, or both. As seen in the chart above, entry-level participants have a far lower cash balance contribution on average, 4.1% of pay compared to long-service participants who have, on average, a 7.9% pay credit contributed on their behalf at age 65. Comparatively, there is far less differentiation in the defined contribution match portion of participant benefits. The difference between the match for an entry-level versus a career participant is only 0.2% of pay, as only one company provides a graded match (based on service). 2 Full-career employee is defined here as someone hired at age 25 who works through age 65. Utility Industry Benchmarking Report 6

9 The graded structure typical of cash balance plans can be partially attributed to a desire to replicate the benefit accrual pattern that existed in the prior traditional pension plan, as well as the desire to reward long-term service and incent retention, as discussed earlier. Average Career Retirement Contribution for Utility New Hires We now consider the lifetime average contribution by company, where we continue to see a wide dispersion in the total annual contribution. Interestingly, there is as much, if not more, differentiation in the level of 401(k) contribution as there is in the cash balance benefit. Perhaps less surprising is that the replacement DC plans generally provide lower levels of benefits than cash balance plans when measured in terms of the average annual contribution. Average Career Retirement Contribution for New Hires as a Percentage of Pay by Plan Type Percentage of Pay Contribution 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% Cash Balance DC Non-elective DC Match Source: 2016 Form 5500s as provided to the U.S. Department of Labor and other publicly available information. The 11 companies that have closed their defined benefit plans generally provide less generous retirement benefits to their employees. Further, the companies without defined benefit plans also provide a less generous match in their defined contribution plans. The comparison between total employer contributions is shown in the following chart. Utility Industry Benchmarking Report 7

10 Percentage of Employer Contributions Based on DB Plan Status Open DB 4.8% 6.3% 11.1% Closed DB 4.6% 4.3% 8.9% 0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0% 12.0% Source: Aon Hewitt Benefit SpecSelect and 2016 Form 5500s as provided to the U.S. Department of Labor and other publicly available information. This analysis is based on 16 companies offering defined benefit plans covering non-collectively bargained employees and 11 companies with closed defined benefit plans. One of the 11 companies does not offer any type of non-elective contribution. If that company is excluded from the analysis, the total non-elective contribution increases by 0.4% for the closed DB company average, still falling far short of the average defined benefit cash balance contribution. Enrollment Features in DC Designs DC Match DC Non-elective Cash Balance As companies have transitioned out of defined benefit plans over the past decades, more attention has been focused on the retirement security of employees (or lack thereof). As highlighted by Richard Thaler, the 2017 Nobel Prize winner, companies need to encourage their employees to save for retirement. As DC plans became more prevalent, companies began offering a variety of automatic features to increase the amount their employees contribute to the plans. This trend has grown over the past decades, and today a majority of companies use these provisions. Most utility companies now employ the use of auto-enrollment, in which a new employee is automatically enrolled in a defined contribution plan. The analysis shows that all the surveyed companies but one offer this feature, with most companies starting employees at 6% of salary. Twelve out of the 27 companies have an initial auto-enrollment amount that is at or above the full company match. Utility Industry Benchmarking Report 8

11 Default Auto-Enrollment Deferral Rate Prevalence None 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 8% Source: Aon Hewitt Benefit SpecSelect and 2016 Form 5500s as provided to the U.S. Department of Labor and other publicly available information. Realizing that an initial deferral percentage may not be enough to appropriately achieve the desired level of retirement security, some companies also offer an auto-escalation feature. Under this provision, the defined contribution percentage is automatically increased each year (mostly in 1% increments) up to a final contribution percentage. This feature is less common than auto-enrollment, with only 17 of the 27 companies offering it. Out of the companies that offer auto-escalation, all but one have a maximum employee deferral percentage that is greater than the maximum company match Auto-Escalation Default Maximum Deferral Rate Prevalence None 5.0% 6.0% 8.0% 9.0% 10.0% 11.0% Unlimited No Max Provided Opt In Opt Out None Source: Aon Hewitt Benefit SpecSelect and 2016 Form 5500s as provided to the U.S. Department of Labor and other publicly available information. Utility Industry Benchmarking Report 9

12 As shown above, most of the companies provide for automatic increases in employees DC plan contributions until 10% of salary is achieved. One company even continues automatically increasing contributions without a specified maximum. It is important to note that employees have full control of these automatic features. While some employees are required to opt in to this provision, most companies automatically enroll and escalate new hires until they opt out. Overall, the magnitude of these automatic features varies with each company and its overall compensation and retirement offerings. Combining the above information, the chart below illustrates how frequently these features are being offered and their potential impact on employees retirement savings. 12% 11% 1 10% Auto-Escalation Maximum 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% % 1% 0% 1 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% Auto-Enrollment With Auto Escalation No Auto Escalation Source: Aon Hewitt Benefit SpecSelect and 2016 Form 5500s as provided to the U.S. Department of Labor and other publicly available information. Note: Two companies that did not provide maximum auto-escalation and one company with no auto-escalation maximum were excluded. Utility Industry Benchmarking Report 10

13 Retirement Plan Costs: Trends and Benchmarking As we shift our focus to the cost profile of the retirement programs sponsored by utility companies, similar themes emerge. In general, the utility industry spends more on retirement benefits than general industry, although significant variation does exist among companies within the utility industry. Let us separate the cost of retirement benefits into two pieces: Current service cost, defined as the cost directly associated with the benefits employees earn during a given year in exchange for their service during the year. This is the service cost component of DB pension expense and is the total cost of any DC program in effect. This cost represents the compensation cost associated with retirement benefits and is driven by the value of the benefit and the underlying employee demographics. Current service cost is the focus of this paper. Past service cost, which consists of the remaining portions of pension expense and is composed mostly of financing costs (interest growth on accrued liabilities and expected return on trust assets) and amortization payments on unexpected changes in assets and liabilities in prior periods. These costs are not the focus of this paper, since they are primarily driven by financing decisions such as how much to fund, how to invest the assets, and how plan experience has varied from assumptions over time. Indeed, the utility industry s average current service cost for 2016 was 1.5% of revenues, while general industry (excluding utilities) was 0.9%. This is particularly noteworthy because the utility industry tends to invest more in physical capital than in human capital due to the nature of its business and the importance of its infrastructure assets. While utilities do spend more on retirement benefits (measured as a percentage of revenue) than other industries, it must be noted that they often spend less on other benefit programs and on direct compensation, such that the overall compensation package market-competitive Utility Spending on Retirement Benefits The chart on the following page shows the distribution of current service cost, allocated among DB and DC plans, for each utility. The dispersion is striking, with four companies spending less than 1% of revenues and another three spending more than 2%. While the DC costs vary, the dispersion is primarily driven by the wide range of DB plan costs. It is worth noting that certain factors can cause distortions in the comparison of organizations based solely on publicly disclosed financial information, such as the materiality of business operations outside the U.S. and the prevalence of DB pensions in those geographies. Utility Industry Benchmarking Report 11

14 2016 DB and DC Cost as a Percentage of Revenue 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% DB Service Cost as % of Revenue DC Cost as % of Revenue Utilities Average Source: S&P Capital IQ, company 10-K filings, Aon Hewitt. Changes in Retirement Program Spend Over Time Median current service cost, which was 1.4% in 2016, has increased by approximately 40% since 2007 when it was only 1% of revenues. This comes as a bit of a surprise, given the overall economic landscape and the general trend away from defined benefit plans toward cash balance and defined contribution plans that are often designed to be less expensive. It is particularly remarkable given that revenues for the utility industry increased by more than 15% over this same period. Utility Industry Benchmarking Report 12

15 The chart below shows the distribution of current service cost for the utility industry over this period. The chart clearly shows that costs have risen almost across the board. It also shows how the distribution of spend has changed. Less than 1.5% of revenues separated the 5th and 95th percentiles back in 2007, while this difference had grown to closer to 2.0% by DB + DC Cost as Percentage of Revenue 3.0% 2.5% Percentile 95th 2.0% 75th 1.5% 50th 1.0% 0.5% 25th 5th 0.0% Source: S&P Capital IQ, company 10-K filings, Aon Hewitt. So why have costs continued to increase, even though numerous utility companies took steps to move away from traditional defined benefit plans toward programs that often provided less generous benefits? Actuarial assumptions are certainly a factor. Discount rates have declined and life expectancies have increased exogenous factors, both of which have served to meaningfully increase the cost of defined benefit programs. If we normalize results for fluctuations in discount rates, we see the impact that falling interest rates had. The following chart shows the average current service cost for DC, for DB, and in aggregate over the 10- year period (DB current service cost has been normalized to reflect a flat 5% discount rate in all years). While less pronounced, we continue to see an increasing cost profile, with aggregate costs rising from 1.20% to 1.44% of revenue. Utility Industry Benchmarking Report 13

16 DB and DC Cost 3 as a Percentage of Revenue 1.6% 1.4% 1.2% 1.0% 0.8% 0.6% 0.4% 0.2% 0.0% DB Cost as % of Revenue DC Cost as % of Revenue DB+DC Cost as % of Revenue Source: S&P Capital IQ, company 10-K filings, Aon Hewitt. When we look at results by delivery system, we see that DC plan costs have increased by more than 60%, from 0.29% to 0.48%, contributing 19 points of the 24 basis-point total increase. This makes sense since we have seen some companies shift emphasis to the DC plan by increasing benefits in those plans, while at the same time reducing or eliminating benefits under the DB plan. Over this same period, autoenrollment which serves to increase employee participation and associated employer matching contributions was introduced and is now exceedingly widespread. DB plan costs (once normalized) were relatively stable, moving within a range of 0.88% to 1.02% of revenue and rising only 5 basis points from 2007 to While the utility industry has generally shifted away from higher-cost DB programs, in many cases these changes have been made for new hires only, and on a staggered basis when considering collectively bargained and non-bargained employees. As a result, it can often take years if not decades for the savings of the lower-cost program to materialize, as the longer-service employees continue in the DB plan where they carry significant costs. It is also worth noting that stating these costs as a percentage of revenue is helpful when comparing one company to another, but it does present some challenges in the time series data because revenue fluctuates. The spike upward in 2009 can be attributable to the decline in revenues as the economy was in recession in the wake of the financial crisis. Similarly, strong revenue performance in 2014 accounts for the apparent decline in retirement costs. 3 DB current service cost is normalized to a 5.0% discount rate in all years. Utility Industry Benchmarking Report 14

17 Mix of DB and DC Plan Spend From the information presented thus far, we can glean that DB plans continue to capture the lion s share of utility spending on retirement benefits, with more than two-thirds of current service cost delivered through DB plans. This compares to only about one-third delivered through DC plans for the broader S&P % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Historical Split of Total Cost 4 (DB vs. DC) DB Service Cost DC Cost DB % of Total for S&P-500 Source: S&P Capital IQ, company 10-K filings, Aon Hewitt. In the chart above, we have again normalized DB current service cost to a level 5% discount rate over the period. The share of costs delivered through defined benefit plans has decreased from approximately 76% in 2007 to 67% in 2016, a decrease of less than 10%. For the rest of the S&P 500, defined benefit plans started at 50% of total retirement plan cost in 2007 decreasing to 30% in 2016 with DC plans exceeding half the total spend starting in DB current service cost is normalized to a 5.0% discount rate in all years. Utility Industry Benchmarking Report 15

18 In the following chart, we consider this mix for each organization in Again, significant variation exists within the industry, with similar themes. The less heavily regulated, diversified energy companies tend to have reduced their exposure to defined benefit plans, while the more regulated organizations have not. That said, even those companies with the lowest proportion cost attributable to defined benefit plans still exceed the overall S&P 500 average (excluding utilities). 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2016 Split of Total Cost (DB vs. DC) DB Service Cost Source: S&P Capital IQ, company 10-K filings, Aon Hewitt. DC Cost Demographic Characteristics Driving Costs Utility companies have unique workforce characteristics. Utilities tend to be heavily unionized, often with 50% 75% of employees covered by collective bargaining. Utilities also tend to experience lower turnover, as they are typically viewed as an employer of choice in the community where people spend their entire careers. In addition, the skilled labor necessary to run a utility often results in HR programs and strategies designed to encourage and reward employee retention. The chart below shows the distribution of utility industry employees by age compared to that of general industry. There are a few clear observations: The utility industry has a higher concentration of employees in the retirement zone, specifically those between the ages of 50 and 60. This is likely the result of low turnover, a culture of career employment, and HR programs focused on employee retention. It presents a number of unique challenges in terms of succession planning, transition of knowledge of key experienced workers, and cost drivers in health care and retirement programs. The utility industry has a higher concentration of employees in the 30 to 40 age range. This is likely caused by lower turnover at younger ages compared to other industries, as well as high levels of hiring in the early 2000s associated with industry changes such as deregulation. The utility industry has fewer employees under the age of 25. Utility Industry Benchmarking Report 16

19 Distribution of Employees by Age 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% Total Population Utilities/Energy Source: Current Population Survey, Aon Hewitt. In addition to their workforce management implications, these demographic trends are key drivers of retirement plan expense. Pension and retiree medical benefits are most expensive for those employees who are closest to retirement and have long service with the company. This is particularly true with respect to traditional pension plans, which are widely used among older, longer-service utility employees who often have been grandfathered into these programs. Although many utilities have moved away from expensive pension plans for new hires, the costs of these programs are concentrated on this large near-retirement group. As a result, significant cost reductions from these changes are likely a decade or more away from materializing. The combination of demographic trends and historical plan design changes is a key driver for why utility costs remain more highly concentrated with DB programs despite design changes that have moved away from DB and toward DC programs. Utility Industry Benchmarking Report 17

20 Recent Actions and Outlook for 2018 Thus far, we have focused on the current state of retirement benefits in the utility industry and the trends that have led us to where we are. We observe that to a great extent, the industry has already made changes to its retirement income programs (defined benefit and defined contribution), and that activity appears to have leveled off. But although utilities have not been focused on structural redesigns of their programs, it has by no means been a sleepy period for pension plans. Instead, there has been an increased focus on pension de-risking actions. In this section, we examine the strategies that have been at the top of our clients agendas over the past few years, as well as what we expect to see in 2018 and beyond. Pension Settlement Initiatives Settlement initiatives, such as lump-sum windows to participants with deferred benefits and small annuity lift-outs, have been popular over the last several years for reducing pension risk in both general industry and the utility industry. While settlement initiatives do not generally reduce pension expense, they do reduce pension risk by reducing the size of the pension plan relative to the sponsoring company. In many cases, the long-term costs of the plan are also reduced by avoiding per capita costs such as Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) premiums. Terminated Vested Lump-Sum Windows Lump-sum windows for terminated vested participants are a first-step settlement initiative for many companies. Terminated vested participants are participants who have terminated employment but have not commenced retiree annuity benefits. Utilities that have historically offered traditional pension plans without offering lump-sum payments may have significant liabilities associated with their terminated vested participants. Even utilities that now accrue cash balance or defined contribution benefits often maintain liabilities for legacy terminated vested participants for many years after the plan change. A lump-sum offering to terminated vested participants provides a benefit that many participants find attractive. In addition, lump sums are settled at market interest rates without margins for profit or antiselection, making them attractive to employers. In addition to reducing pension risk by reducing the size of pension obligations and assets, lump-sum windows have been popular over the last three years because they: Reduce prospective PBGC premiums, which are becoming increasingly burdensome. Reduce ongoing administrative carrying costs. Reflect mortality tables that generally assume shorter life expectancies than companies assume when reporting their accounting obligations in their financial statements. Lump-Sum Window Activity Is in Decline, but Is Not Over Lump-sum window activity rebounded in 2016 for both general industry and the utility sector, likely due to favorable 2016 interest rates. However, utility activity has lagged behind general industry activity in all years. We expect lump-sum window activity to continue to decrease, given that more companies have already completed these offers or plan to defer them until interest rates are more favorable. Utility Industry Benchmarking Report 18

21 Prevalence of Lump-Sum Windows 10% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% 10% General Industry 10% Utility Industry 8% 8% 7% 6% Source: PBGC. The IRS published the new, long-awaited mandated lump-sum mortality tables in Notice , which became effective for lump sums paid in plan years starting in 2018 and later. As expected, the new mortality tables reflect longer life expectancies and generally increase the minimum lump-sum values associated with traditional annuity benefits by 2% to 5%. This has made lump-sum window offerings less attractive for some employers, since the increase in benefit values reduce the savings associated with lump-sum window offerings. In other cases, regulated utility companies have not been able to take full advantage of lump-sum windows over the last few years due to annual settlement threshold limitations. These companies may revisit additional offerings in the future to further reduce their risk exposure from large terminated vested populations perhaps when interest rate levels are more favorable, or when the benefits of risk reduction outweigh the long-term economic costs. Utility Industry Benchmarking Report 19

22 Lump-Sum Window Acceptance Rates In our previous report, the number of eligible participants accepting the lump-sum offer was smaller in the utility sector than in general industry. Based on 2015 and 2016 PBGC data, the median acceptance rate is virtually identical, although general industry experiences a larger range of acceptance rates than the utility sector. Percentile 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Utilities Median 50% General Industry Median 51% Source: PBGC. An alternative to a lump-sum window offering is the permanent addition of a lump-sum option for terminated vested employees. A window approach is the most effective at maximizing the immediate pension risk reduction. In addition, it provides for the greatest potential economic savings using prior mortality tables. A permanent lump-sum feature, however, continues to provide an opportunity for the plan to settle obligations over time when each participant commences their benefits. Utility Industry Benchmarking Report 20

23 Small Benefit Retiree Annuity Lift-Outs More recently, settlement initiatives have also addressed retiree obligations. Although the IRS has issued a moratorium on retiree lump-sum windows, 5 companies are still permitted to settle retiree obligations with the purchase of annuity contracts from insurance companies. A retiree lift-out is not a plan termination and avoids many of the complexities associated with the plan termination process. The plan sponsor still must follow a formal insurance company selection process, but overall, the entire transaction is considerably shorter in duration than a plan termination. Similar to a lump-sum window, the retiree lift-out has the objectives of eliminating pension risk and reducing long-term costs. Typically, the plan sponsor quantifies the economic liability associated with a group of retirees (including administrative fees and PBGC premiums), and compares those with estimates of annuity pricing from an insurance broker. The smaller the annuity payment, the more likely the company will see a reduction in long-term costs, because: Flat-rate fees and premiums are a higher percentage of cost for smaller-benefit retirees; and Insurance companies typically provide better pricing for smaller annuities based on statistics indicating that smaller benefits are associated with shorter longevity. A break-even analysis pinpoints the range of annuity benefit levels that reduce long-term cost. Similar to a lump sum, a retiree lift-out is a settlement under ASC 715. Companies with substantial retiree obligations sometimes prefer to limit the size of a retiree lift-out so that it does not trigger settlement accounting. In such a situation, an organization may spread settlement activity over more than one year if avoiding ASC 715 settlement expense is a primary company objective. While annuity lift-out activity was relatively rare in 2015 and 2016 for both general industry and the utility sector, according to PBGC data, we expect an increase in this settlement alternative over the next few years as retiree lift-outs replace lump-sum window offerings especially for companies with significant retiree obligations. Pension Plan Restructuring Transactions Plan sponsors have also expressed interest in exploring exotic pension transactions that generally aim to reduce PBGC premiums, reduce risk, or both. Such transactions include strategic pension spin-offs following by plan terminations, pension mergers, de minimis spin-offs, lump-sum survey spinterminations, and plan year changes, to name a few. Ongoing administration is more complex with many of these types of transactions, and ongoing risk exposure may actually be higher. Also important to regulated utilities is that some of these transactions can incur settlement charges. As a result, although there is interest in reviewing these options, their actual implementation has been limited. Companies interested in these approaches should contact their actuary for a full analysis of the benefits and costs of these transactions. 5 See IRS Notice Lump sums may be offered to retirees as part of a plan termination. An extant approach to eliminating retiree obligations through lump-sum payments is to spin off retiree obligations into a separate pension plan, and then terminate the retiree plan. This less common spin/term method is complex and is beyond the scope of this paper. Utility Industry Benchmarking Report 21

24 Rate-Regulated Utility Considerations For most regulated utility entities, reducing long-term pension costs ultimately reduces customer rates, since administrative carrying costs and PBGC premiums are typically paid by the pension plan. Pension risk is often quantified as volatility in pension funded status and pension expense. For companies whose rate recovery is dependent on pension funded status or expense, a reduction in pension volatility is a reduction in rate volatility. In some cases, volatility could imperil the full recovery of pension expense in years in which expense spikes, particularly in jurisdictions that do not implement longterm expense trackers. As a result, reduction in pension risk is potentially beneficial to both ratepayers and the regulated business units of the company. Avoiding One-Time Accounting Settlement Expense Settlement initiatives in the utility industry are substantially influenced by aversion to Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 715 settlement expense. A settlement expense is mandatory if lump-sum payments and other plan settlements such as annuity purchases during the fiscal year exceed the sum of the plan s ASC 715 service and interest costs for that year. The one-time expense consists of an acceleration of unrecognized plan losses, excluding any offset from a pension regulatory asset. If required, the one-time expense will be material for most pension plans, because over the last 10 years when markets have been volatile, discount rates have generally been decreasing, and estimates of participant longevity have increased they have accumulated significant unrecognized losses. Analysis of the potential for settlement expense is critical to utilities because of recovery considerations. The vast majority of state utility commissions use ASC 715 expense as a consideration for rate recovery. 6 In these cases, the amortization of unrecognized losses can be included in the basis for recovery. Since settlement expense accelerates recognition of these unrecognized losses, the future amortization will be reduced. But, will a utility s regulated businesses be able to negotiate recovery of the one-time expense in the jurisdictions in which it operates in order to ensure recovery of these costs? If not, the company has permanently forgone recovery on some of its past-service pension obligations. Design features that reduce or eliminate the risk of settlement expense include limiting eligible populations and limiting aggregate settlement payments via plan amendment. For plans that offer lumpsum payments to actives who retire or terminate employment, these lump-sum payments must be considered when determining how much availability remains for other one-time settlement initiatives. 6 85% of state utility commissions use ASC 715 expense as a basis for deciding level of recovery, as reported in the Oregon Public Utility Commission pension survey, Pension Treatment in Rate Making Survey, published March 28, Utility Industry Benchmarking Report 22

25 Retiree Health Care Programs Employers have been actively changing their U.S. retiree health care programs to reduce future employer subsidies since the late 1980s, when the Financial Accounting Standards Board announced that private sector employers would be required to account for the costs of health and other postretirement benefits for current and future retirees. This started the steady erosion of the employer s share of retiree health care costs. Reduction of Employer Subsidies The first area of reduction was the elimination of employer subsidies for new employees. The 2017 Aon Hewitt Benefit SpecSelect database shows that only 15% of general industry employers offer a subsidy for retiree medical coverage for new salaried employees, compared to 65% of such employers in While a higher percentage of utility employers provide employer subsidies to new salaried employees, almost two-thirds of utility employers no longer provide any subsidy. Percentage of Employers Providing Retiree Health Care Subsidy to New Salaried Employees 92% 83% 80% 65% 56% 46% General Industry 83% 39% 67% 69% 65% 65% 64% Utility Industry 51% 52% 45% 36% 31% 29% 26% 24% 22% 20% 18% 15% 15% Source: Aon Hewitt Benefit SpecSelect historical database. Of the utility employers that still provide a retiree health care subsidy to new employees, almost all have implemented changes to limit the growth of their subsidies. As shown in the chart below, the most common type of subsidy is an annual fixed dollar benefit. Some employers have chosen to index their annual subsidy, albeit at rates lower than health care inflation. Other types of subsidy caps include hypothetical account balances that are earned over employees careers and can be used to pay for health care costs during retirement. General Industry Type of Post-Medicare Subsidy Cap for New Salaried Employees 18% 65% 8% 10% Utility Industry 88% 6% 6% Source: 2017 Aon Hewitt Benefit SpecSelect Database. None Fixed $ Indexed Other When retiree health care benefits are limited by the employer, the retirees must assume the costs being eliminated. Some current utility industry retirees have been insulated from these changes because the reduction in employer-paid benefits has focused on future retirees. Utility Industry Benchmarking Report 23

26 Accounting Obligations Remain Material The continuation of legacy programs for certain employee groups, combined with high health care inflation over the past 25 years, has resulted in employers retaining significant retiree health and welfare benefit obligations despite changes intended to reduce benefits. This is especially true for the utility industry, where employers have made fewer changes to reduce benefits for current and former employees. The materiality of the retiree welfare obligations can be measured in comparison to the pension obligations, since virtually all employers providing retiree health care benefits also carry a pension obligation. As shown in the graph below, 8% of S&P 500 companies have a retiree welfare obligation that is at least 20% of their pension obligation. This stands in stark contrast to the utility industry, where 50% of employers have a material retiree welfare obligation. Percentage of Employers by Materiality of Retiree Welfare Obligations S&P % 33% 10% 8% Utility Industry 7% 11% 32% 50% Source: S&P Capital IQ, FYE None < 10% 10%-20% 20%+ of pension obligation Risks Associated With Health Care Inflation Many employers have adopted subsidy caps for at least a portion of their current and future retirees. These caps mitigate the company risks and higher accounting obligations associated with health care inflation. However, some risk still remains where caps are not in place for all participants. The risk from health care inflation can be measured by the impact that a 1% increase in health care trend assumptions has on retiree welfare obligations. The graph below shows that most S&P 500 companies have eliminated the potential company risk of higher-than-expected health care cost inflation. The utility industry has also taken steps to reduce this risk, although it still remains a liability for some utility employers. Percentage of Employers by Health Care Inflation Risk S&P % 17% 11% 6% Utility Industry 14% 36% 25% 25% Source: S&P Capital IQ, FYE None < 5% 5%-10% 10%+ of retiree welfare obligation Looking Ahead: Pre-Medicare Health Care Strategy For pre-medicare retirees and their former employers, the most significant change made by the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was the creation of the new state/federal exchanges with insurance reforms. For the first time, pre-medicare retirees can purchase health coverage on a guaranteed-issue basis with no preexisting condition exclusions at below-market premiums through federal mandates and incentives. However, very few employers are currently using these exchanges for their pre-medicare retirees. The majority of employers are concerned about the long-term viability of the state-sponsored exchanges. Others are waiting for the markets to stabilize before sending retirees to these exchanges to secure coverage. Utility Industry Benchmarking Report 24

27 In the long term, some employers favor utilizing the state-sponsored exchanges in one of two ways. The first is to provide an employer subsidy that can be used to purchase coverage through the exchanges. The second is to eliminate pre-medicare coverage entirely, which would require retirees to purchase coverage independently and potentially receive a federal subsidy. Favored Long-Term Strategy for Utilizing State-Sponsored Exchanges Do Not Utilize Exchanges All Respondents (n=252) 25% Utility/Energy (n=21) 29% Utilize Exchanges with Employer Subsidy Eliminate Pre-Medicare Coverage Other 9% 6% 1% 14% 10% Unsure at This Time Source: Aon Hewitt s 2017 Retiree Health Care Survey. 59% 47% The ACA also created a 40% excise tax for high-cost employer-sponsored plans beginning in 2020 that will apply to many employer pre-medicare retiree plans. While the effective date of this tax has been delayed, many employers already are required to reflect the cost to the extent it will be employer-paid in their benefit obligations. Most employers are uncertain how they will handle the excise tax or are not anticipating making changes in response to the tax for various reasons. Furthermore, very few employers anticipate raising premiums so retirees will assume this cost, and no utilities are favoring this strategy. Favored Strategy for Handling Excise Tax on High-Cost Plans Eliminate Pre-Medicare Coverage Reduce Coverage (e.g., higher deductibles or coinsurance) Raise Premiums (retirees will pay tax) Move to Individual Market No Changes (already mitigated) No Changes (employer will pay tax) No Changes (believe tax will be repealed) Unsure at This Time All Respondents (n=252) 3% 5% 11% 14% 6% 4% 10% 12% 5% 3% 5% 15% 14% 46% Utility/Energy (n=21) 47% Source: Aon Hewitt s 2017 Retiree Health Care Survey. Looking Ahead: Medicare-Eligible Health Care Strategy The ACA introduced a variety of changes for Medicare-eligible populations that impact both group and individual market-based health care strategies. The significant changes were the elimination of the tax advantages associated with the federal Retiree Drug Subsidy (RDS) in 2013, enhancements to the Medicare Part D program, and changes to the Medicare Advantage program to reduce costs and improve the quality of care being provided. These events have encouraged plan sponsors to change their Utility Industry Benchmarking Report 25

28 prescription drug programs to integrate directly with Medicare Part D, switch to employer group waiver plans (EGWPs), or transition their retirees to the individual market. As shown in the chart below, many employers have already implemented changes to take advantage of these more efficient benefit designs. The individual market is now the prevailing strategy for employers, while others have moved to an EGWP design for prescription drug benefits. Utilities have embraced the individual market strategy at a greater level than general industry. Medicare Participant Strategy for 2017 Individual Market/Exchange All Respondents (n=252) 29% Utility/Energy (n=21) 43% Indemnity Plan With RDS Indemnity Plan With EGWP 18% 13% 14% 14% Medicare Advantage With RDS Medicare Advantage With EGWP 2% 5% 7% Individual Part D Support No Drug Coverage 5% 6% 10% 5% Other Source: Aon Hewitt s 2017 Retiree Health Care Survey. 20% 9% Since the majority of employers have already implemented changes to their post-medicare health care programs, most are not considering additional changes at this time. However, for those that are considering changes, the strategies being favored include an individual market exchange and Medicare Part D EGWP. Future Medicare Participant Strategy Under Consideration All Respondents (n=252) Utility/Energy (n=21) Individual Market/Exchange 16% 30% Medicare Part D EGWP Indemnity Plan With RDS 3% 2% 14% Other Source: Aon Hewitt s 2017 Retiree Health Care Survey. 4% 5% Utility Industry Benchmarking Report 26