Computer Lab II Biogeme & Binary Logit Model Estimation
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1 Computer Lab II Biogeme & Binary Logit Model Estimation Evanthia Kazagli, Anna Fernandez Antolin & Antonin Danalet Transport and Mobility Laboratory School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne September 23, 2014 EK, AFA, AD (TRANSP-OR) Computer Lab II September 23, / 26
2 Today Further introduction to BIOGEME Estimation of Binary Logit models EK, AFA, AD (TRANSP-OR) Computer Lab II September 23, / 26
3 How does BIOGEME work? model.mod data.dat BIOGEME Results.html Final model.res parameters default.par Data statistics etc..sta.log.rep... EK, AFA, AD (TRANSP-OR) Computer Lab II September 23, / 26
4 BIOGEME - Data file File extension.dat First row contains column (variable) names. One observation per row. Each row must contain a choice indicator. Example with the Netherlands transportation mode choice data: choice between car and train. EK, AFA, AD (TRANSP-OR) Computer Lab II September 23, / 26
5 BIOGEME - Data file netherlands.dat id choice rail_cost rail_time car_cost car_time EK, AFA, AD (TRANSP-OR) Computer Lab II September 23, / 26
6 BIOGEME - Data file netherlands.dat id choice rail_cost rail_time car_cost car_time Unique identifier of observations EK, AFA, AD (TRANSP-OR) Computer Lab II September 23, / 26
7 BIOGEME - Data file netherlands.dat id choice rail_cost rail_time car_cost car_time Choice indicator, 0: car and 1: train EK, AFA, AD (TRANSP-OR) Computer Lab II September 23, / 26
8 BIOGEME - Model file File extension.mod Must be consistent with data file. Contains deterministic utility specifications, model type etc. The model file contains different [Sections] describing different elements of the model specification. EK, AFA, AD (TRANSP-OR) Computer Lab II September 23, / 26
9 BIOGEME - Model file How can we write the following deterministic utility functions in BIOGEME? V car = ASC car +β time time car +β cost cost car V rail = β time time rail +β cost cost rail EK, AFA, AD (TRANSP-OR) Computer Lab II September 23, / 26
10 BIOGEME - Model file [Choice] choice [Beta] // Name DefaultValue LowerBound UpperBound status ASC_CAR ASC_RAIL BETA_COST BETA_TIME [Utilities] //Id Name Avail linear-in-parameter expression 0 Car one ASC_CAR * one + BETA_COST * car_cost + BETA_TIME * car_time 1 Rail one ASC_RAIL * one + BETA_COST * rail_cost + BETA_TIME * rail_time EK, AFA, AD (TRANSP-OR) Computer Lab II September 23, / 26
11 BIOGEME - Model file [Choice] choice [Beta] // Name DefaultValue LowerBound UpperBound status ASC_CAR ASC_RAIL BETA_COST BETA_TIME [Utilities] //Id Name Avail linear-in-parameter expression 0 Car one ASC_CAR * one + BETA_COST * car_cost + BETA_TIME * car_time 1 Rail one ASC_RAIL * one + BETA_COST * rail_cost + BETA_TIME * rail_time EK, AFA, AD (TRANSP-OR) Computer Lab II September 23, / 26
12 BIOGEME - Model file [Choice] choice [Beta] // Name DefaultValue LowerBound UpperBound status ASC_CAR ASC_RAIL BETA_COST BETA_TIME [Utilities] //Id Name Avail linear-in-parameter expression 0 Car one ASC_CAR * one + BETA_COST * car_cost + BETA_TIME * car_time 1 Rail one ASC_RAIL * one + BETA_COST * rail_cost + BETA_TIME * rail_time EK, AFA, AD (TRANSP-OR) Computer Lab II September 23, / 26
13 BIOGEME - Model file [Choice] choice What is one? [Beta] // Name Which is the type of model? DefaultValue LowerBound UpperBound status ASC_CAR ASC_RAIL BETA_COST BETA_TIME [Utilities] //Id Name Avail linear-in-parameter expression 0 Car one ASC_CAR * one + BETA_COST * car_cost + BETA_TIME * car_time 1 Rail one ASC_RAIL * one + BETA_COST * rail_cost + BETA_TIME * rail_time EK, AFA, AD (TRANSP-OR) Computer Lab II September 23, / 26
14 BIOGEME - Model file [Expressions] // Define here arithmetic expressions for name that are not directly // available from the data one = 1 [Model] // Currently, only $MNL (multinomial logit), $NL (nested logit), $CNL // (cross-nested logit) and $NGEV (Network GEV model) are valid keywords // $MNL EK, AFA, AD (TRANSP-OR) Computer Lab II September 23, / 26
15 Model and Data Files How to read and modify model files? How to read data files? GNU Emacs, vi, TextEdit (Mac) or Wordpad (Windows) Notepad (Windows) should not be used! EK, AFA, AD (TRANSP-OR) Computer Lab II September 23, / 26
16 BIOGEME - Results - Netherlands dataset EK, AFA, AD (TRANSP-OR) Computer Lab II September 23, / 26
17 BIOGEME - Results General model information EK, AFA, AD (TRANSP-OR) Computer Lab II September 23, / 26
18 BIOGEME - Results Coefficient estimates EK, AFA, AD (TRANSP-OR) Computer Lab II September 23, / 26
19 Today Further introduction to BIOGEME Estimation of Binary Logit models EK, AFA, AD (TRANSP-OR) Computer Lab II September 23, / 26
20 Binary Logit Case Study Available datasets: Airline itinerary choice (Boeing) Choice-Lab marketing Mode choice in Netherlands Residential Telephone Services Mode choice in Switzerland (Optima) Descriptions available on the course webpage. Optima dataset does not contain.mod files. A specification has to be proposed as an assignment (next lab session). EK, AFA, AD (TRANSP-OR) Computer Lab II September 23, / 26
21 How to go through the Case Studies Choose a dataset to work with (data descriptions are available on the course webpage). Copy the files related to the chosen dataset and case study from the course webpage. Go through the.mod files with the help of the descriptions. Run the.mod files with BIOGEME. Interpret the results and compare your interpretation with the one we have proposed. Develop other model specifications. EK, AFA, AD (TRANSP-OR) Computer Lab II September 23, / 26
22 Course webpage Teaching Mathematical modeling of behavior Laboratories BIOGEME software (including documentation and utilities) For each Case Study: Data files; Model specification files; Possible interpretation of results. EK, AFA, AD (TRANSP-OR) Computer Lab II September 23, / 26
23 Today s plan 1 Independent work on 2-3 Case Studies choose a case study; estimate a model; interpret the results. 2 Group work gather in groups; generate.mod file (base); test an idea/ hypothesis. EK, AFA, AD (TRANSP-OR) Computer Lab II September 23, / 26
24 Specifying models: Recommended steps Formulate a-priori hypothesis: Expectations and intuition regarding the explanatory variables that appear to be significant for mode choice. Specify a minimal model: Start simple; Include the main factors affecting the mode choice of (rational) travelers; This will be your starting point. Continue adding and testing variables that improve the initial model in terms of causality, and efficiency with respect to what actually happened in the sample. EK, AFA, AD (TRANSP-OR) Computer Lab II September 23, / 26
25 Evaluating models The main indicators used to evaluate and compare the various models are summarised here: Informal tests: signs and relative magnitudes of the parameters β values (under our a-priori expectations); trade-offs among some attributes and ratios of pairs of parameters (e.g. reasonable value of time). Overall goodness of fit measure: adjusted rho-square (likelihood ratio index): takes into account the different number of explanatory variables used in the models and normalizes for their effect suitable to compare models with different number of independent variables. We check this value to have a first idea about which model might be better (among models of the same type), but it is not a statistical test. EK, AFA, AD (TRANSP-OR) Computer Lab II September 23, / 26
26 Evaluating models (cont.) Statistical tests: t-test values: statistically significant explanatory variables are denoted by t-statistic values remarkably higher/ lower than ±2 (for a 95% level of confidence); final log-likelihood for the full set of parameters: should be remarkably different from the ones in the naive approach (null log-likelihood and log-likelihood at constants); we ask for high values of likelihood ratio test [ 2(LL(0) LL(β))] in order to have a model significantly different than the naive one. Test of entire models: likelihood ratio test [ 2(LL(ˆβ R ) LL(ˆβ U ))]: used to test the null hypothesis that two models are equivalent, under the requirement that the one is the restricted version of the other. The likelihood ratio test is X 2 distributed, with degrees of freedom equal to K U K R (where K the number of parameters of the unrestricted and restricted model, respectively). EK, AFA, AD (TRANSP-OR) Computer Lab II September 23, / 26
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