TSB Community Trust: Research Overview 2014

Transcription

1 TSB Community Trust: Research Overview P a g e

2 Revised Version Final 1.1 This version of the Final report 1.1 is the current version of the TSB Community Trust Census 2013 Report. Revised in September 2014, minor revisions can be found on pp 10, 22 & 23- further clarifying ethnicity data and methodology. Please note: this is the current version of the Report and supersedes any previous copy. Disclaimer While all reasonable care has been taken to ensure that information contained in this document is true and accurate at the time of publication/release, changed circumstances after publication may impact on the accuracy of that information. 2 P a g e

3 CONTACT SHEET JOINT COLLABORATION The BMK Group Ltd & Natalie Jackson Demographics Ltd CONTACT PERSON CONTACT DETAILS AUTHORS Bry Kopu Natalie Jackson is Professor of Demography at the National Institute of Demographic and Economic Analysis, University of Waikato, and Director, Natalie Jackson Demographics Ltd Bry Kopu is a specialist Community Engagement Consultant, and Director of The BMK Group Ltd. We also wish to acknowledge Rachael McMillan and Louise Tester for their contribution to the final report. DATE 19 August 2014 A joint project between: 3 P a g e

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION DATA REQUIREMENTS TARANAKI REGION DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW Population Size and Growth Components of Change Migration by Age Population Ageing Ethnic Composition Ethnic and Age Structure Demographic Summary Taranaki Region and its Territorial Local Authority Areas METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES LEARNING Highest Qualification by Ethnicity Qualifications by Sex Qualifications by Age and Ethnicity Sub-Regional Differences Summary COMMUNITY WELLBEING Labour Force Status Summary Labour Force Status Hours Worked Summary Hours Worked Source of Personal Income Summary Income Source Personal Income Summary Personal Income Unemployment by Job-Seeking Activity Summary Job Seeking Activity Unemployment by Unpaid Work Activity Summary Unpaid Work Activity by Unemployed People Number of Children Summary Number of Children Family and Household Type P a g e

5 Summary Household and Family Type CULTURE AND HERITAGE Birthplace and Language Summary Birthplace and Language Māori and Language Summary Māori and Language APPENDICES REFERENCES P a g e

6 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1: Population of Taranaki Region and Projected to Figure 1-2: Components of Change: Taranaki Region Figure 1-3: Estimated Net Migration by Age: Taranaki Region , , Figure 1-4: Age-Sex Structure (Percentage at Each Age), 1996 (unshaded bars) and 2013 (shaded bars): Taranaki Region Figure 1-5: Projected Population Change (%) by Broad Age Group for the Taranaki Region and its TLAs and Comparison with Total New Zealand, Medium Series, Figure 1-6: Age Structure of the Census Usually Resident Population by Major Ethnic Group*: Taranaki Region, 2013 (shaded bars) and 2001 (unshaded bars) Figure 3-1: Percentage of Each Age Group by Highest Qualification, Taranaki Region, 2013 Census. 32 Figure 3-2: Highest Qualification by Major Ethnic Group* and Age, Taranaki Region, 2013 Census Figure 4-1: Labour Force Status for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by TLA and Comparison with Total New Zealand, Figure 4-2: Hours Worked by the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by TLA and Comparison with Total New Zealand, Figure 4-3: Percentage Working More than 40 Hours Per Week, Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by Sex and Comparison with Total New Zealand, Figure 4-4: Percentage Working More than 40 Hours Per Week by Age, Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and Comparison with Total New Zealand, Figure 4-5: Sources of Personal Income for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and its TLAs, 2013 Census Figure 4-6: Median and Mean Income by Age for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and its TLAs, by Comparison with Total New Zealand, Figure 4-7: Median Income by Age for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and its TLAs, by Sex and Comparison with Total New Zealand, Figure 4-8: Median Income by Age for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and its TLAs, Males Indexed to Females, Figure 4-9: Median Income by Age and Major Ethnic Group* Indexed to the European Income Distribution by Age, for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region, Figure 4-10: Median Income by Age and Major Ethnic Group* Indexed to the European Income Distribution by Age, Census Usually Resident Population of the New Plymouth District, Figure 4-11: Job Search Methods^ of the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by Major Ethic Group*, Figure 4-12: Average Number of Job Search Methods^ of the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by TLA and Major Ethic Group*, Figure 4-13: Job Search Methods of the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by Sex and Regional Comparison with Total New Zealand, Figure 4-14: Job Search Methods of the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by Sex and Age, Figure 4-15: Unpaid Work Activities of the Census Usually Resident Unemployed Population of the Taranaki Region by Sex, Figure 4-16: Average Number of Children Ever-Born by TLA and by Age of Mother for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and Comparison with Total New Zealand, P a g e

7 Figure 4-17: Percentage of Women (All Ages) by Number of Children Ever-Born and TLA for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and Comparison with Total New Zealand, Figure 4-18: Percentage of Women Aged Years by Number of Children Ever-Born and TLA for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and Comparison with Total New Zealand, Figure 4-19: Average Number of Children Ever-Born by Major Ethnic Group* and Age of Mother for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region, Figure 4-20: Family Households by Family Type for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and its TLAs and Comparison with Total New Zealand, Figure 4-21: Household Composition for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and its TLAs and Comparison with Total New Zealand, Figure 5-1: Birthplace (New Zealand or Overseas) of the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by TLA and Comparison with New Zealand, Figure 5-2: Percentage Speaking English by Major Ethnic Group* for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region, Figure 5-3: Percentage Speaking Māori With/Without Another Language, By Age and TLA for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region, and Comparison with Total New Zealand, LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1: Projected Population of the Taranaki Region and its TLAs by Projection Series, (Change shown from 2011) Table 1-2: Projected Contribution to Population Change by Broad Age Group for the TLAs of the Taranaki Region and Comparison with Total New Zealand, Medium Series, Table 1-3: Census Usually Resident Population by Major Ethnic Group*: Taranaki Region, its Territorial Local Authorities, and Total New Zealand, 2001, 2006 and Table 1-4: Projected Population of the Taranaki Region by Major Ethnic Group* and Broad Age Group, 2011, 2016, Table 1-5: Projected Contribution to Growth by Major Ethnic Group* and Broad Age Group for the Taranaki Region, Table 1-6: Key Demographic Indicators, Taranaki Region and TLAs, Table 3-1: Highest Qualification by Major Ethnic Group* (15+ Years), Taranaki Region, 2013 Census30 Table 3-2: Highest Qualification by Major Ethnic Group* and Sex (15+ Years), Taranaki Region, 2013 Census Table 3-3: Highest Qualification by Major Ethnic Group* and Standardised to European Age Structure, Taranaki Region, 2013 Census Table 3-4: Highest Qualification by Major Ethnic Group* and Age, Taranaki Region, 2013 Census Table 3-5: Highest Qualification by Major Ethnic Group* for the TLAs of the Taranaki Region, 2013 Census Table 4-1: Labour Force Status by Major Ethnic Group* and Age for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region, Table 4-2: Labour Force Status by Sex and Major Ethnic Group* for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region, P a g e

8 Table 4-3: Labour Force Status for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by TLA and Age, and Comparison with Total New Zealand, Table 4-4: Hours Worked by the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by TLA and Major Ethnic Group*, and Comparison with Total New Zealand, Table 4-5: Hours Worked by the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by Sex and Major Ethnic Group*, Table 4-6: Percentage Working More than 40 Hours Per Week by Age, Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and Comparison with Total New Zealand, Table 4-7: Sources of Personal Income by Major Ethnic Group* for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region, 2013 Census Table 4-8: Sources of Personal Income by Major Ethnic Group* for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region, 2013 Census, Females Table 4-9: Sources of Personal Income by Major Ethnic Group* for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region, 2013 Census, Males Table 4-10: Sources of Personal Income for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and its TLAs, 2013 Census Table 4-11: Sources of Personal Income by Major Ethnic Group* for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region, 2013 Census, Standardised to the Age Structure of the European Population and its Income Sources~ Table 4-12: Median Income by Age for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and its TLAs, by Comparison with Total New Zealand, Table 4-13: Median Income for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and its TLAs, By Sex and Age, and Males Indexed to Females, Table 4-14: Median Income by Age and Indexed to the European Income Distribution by Age, Census Usually Resident Population of the Stratford District, Table 4-15: Median Income by Age and Indexed to the European Income Distribution by Age, Census Usually Resident Population of the South Taranaki District, Table 4-16: Job Search Methods of the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by TLA, Major Ethic Group* and Comparison with Total New Zealand, Table 4-17: Job Search Methods of the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by Sex and Major Ethic Group* Table 4-18: Job Search Methods of the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by Sex and Age, Table 4-19: Unpaid Work Activities of the Census Usually Resident Unemployed Population of the Taranaki Region by Sex and Major Ethnic Group* Table 4-20: Unpaid Work Activities of the Census Usually Resident Unemployed Population of the Taranaki Region by Sex and Age, Table 4-21: Average Number of Children Ever-Born by TLA and by Age of Mother for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and Comparison with Total New Zealand, Table 4-22: Average Number of Children Ever-Born by Major Ethnic Group* and Age of Mother for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region, Table 4-23: Family Households by Family Type and Number of Dependent Children(1), for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and its TLAs and Comparison with Total New Zealand, Table 4-24: Household Type by Age of Reference Person, for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region, Table 4-25: Household Type by Age of Reference Person, for the Census Usually Resident Populations of the TLAs of the Taranaki Region, P a g e

9 Table 5-1: Birthplace (New Zealand or Overseas) of the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by TLA and Comparison with New Zealand, Table 5-2: Percentage Speaking English or Another Language by Birthplace (New Zealand or Overseas) and TLA for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and Comparison with Total New Zealand, Table 5-3: Percentage Speaking English or Another Language by Birthplace (New Zealand or Overseas) and Sex for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region, Table 5-4: Percentage Speaking English or Another Language by Birthplace (New Zealand or Overseas) and Major Ethnic Group* for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region, Table 5-5: Percentage* of the Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included Group Speaking English or Another Language by Age, Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region, Table 5-6: Percentage Speaking English or Another Language by Sex and Age for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region, Table 5-7: Percentage Speaking Māori With/Without Another Language, By Age and TLA for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region, and Comparison with Total New Zealand, P a g e

10 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report presents an overview of the recent 2013 Census Statistics and their implications for the Taranaki Region commissioned by the TSB Community Trust and produced by a joint collaboration between The BMK Group Ltd and Natalie Jackson Demographics Ltd. Taranaki s population has been growing steadily over the past twenty years, and is projected to increase steadily into the future. New Plymouth remains the dominant population centre within the region. South Taranaki has the youngest population in the region and the largest number of Māori resident. Taranaki s population is ageing, but at a slower rate than at the previous census. The region currently has the sixth oldest age structure in New Zealand. The population of the Taranaki Region is somewhat less multi-ethnic than that of Total New Zealand, with greater proportions European and Māori (European, 75.8 per cent compared with 64.9 per cent nationally; Māori, 15.0 per cent compared with 12.8 per cent nationally) and smaller proportions Pacific Island, Asian, MELAA and Not Elsewhere Included. The region s Māori and Pasifika populations are predominantly younger than the European demographic. Taranaki generally fairs well in terms of lower levels of unemployment, and reasonably high levels of median incomes. Taranaki has a family size that is slightly larger than the national average, and two parent families account for over two thirds of families. The largest households reside in the South Taranaki and Stratford districts. Whilst Taranaki, overall, compares favourably with New Zealand as a whole, it does face some particular challenges. Notable challenges that stand out are: One quarter of the region have no formal qualifications. The lower level of educational attainment amongst Māori. The lower levels of educational attainment amongst boys. The lower levels of workforce participation from Māori. The on-going presence of young women as part time workers. Female dominance in the caring and unpaid labour markets. Lower levels of median incomes among females. Lower levels of median incomes amongst Māori. The long hours of employment worked by many people in the region (particularly Stratford and South Taranaki. Up to three quarters of the regions unemployed undertake unpaid caring activities. 10 P a g e

11 A large and distinct population group who are unable to converse competently in English. The key findings from each of the sections presented in the report are set out below: Learning The population of the Taranaki Region has lower levels of educational attainment than the national average, represented by somewhat higher proportions with No Qualifications and somewhat lower proportions with University Qualifications. Qualification levels are highest for the New Plymouth District and lowest for the South Taranaki District. The region s Asian, Middle Eastern/Latin America/African and (MELAA) Other Ethnicity populations generally hold the highest levels of University and Vocational Qualifications. Māori and Pacific Island populations experience the lowest levels. The Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included has extremely high levels of Qualifications Not Elsewhere Included, implying qualifications that have been gained overseas. With few exceptions the Taranaki region s females have lower levels of No Qualifications and Secondary Qualifications and higher levels of both University Qualifications and Vocational Qualifications than their male counterparts do. With few exceptions, Māori have the highest proportions with No Qualifications at all ages, followed by those of Pacific Island origin, in both cases implying lower proportions moving on to higher qualifications. Rates of no qualifications are highest at the oldest ages for all ethnic groups, reflecting lower levels of attainment of higher qualifications when these people were younger. The School Qualifications Only category is also for many a transitory category affected by people moving on to higher qualifications. Those of Pacific Island origin have generally the highest rates by age, again implying lower proportions moving on to higher qualifications. Labour Force Status The Region has a slightly advantaged Labour Force Status by comparison with total New Zealand, with higher proportions in full-time employment and slightly lower proportions unemployed. People of Middle Eastern/ Latin American/African and Other Ethnicity origin having the highest proportions in full-time employment, and, along with those of Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included (NEI), the lowest proportions unemployed and Not in the Labour Force (NILF). Notably, no unemployment is recorded for these ethnic groups. 11 P a g e

12 European s have the highest part-time employment and NILF rates and the lowest unemployment rates, in part a reflection of this group s older age structure. Unemployment rates are highest for Māori and Pacific Island populations, followed by those for the middle-aged Asian population. Full-time employment is markedly lowest for Māori at most ages between 25 and 64 years and age-specific unemployment rates generally highest. Very high NILF rates for Māori are evidenced at most ages, especially younger ages, and for the youngest Pacific Islander and Asian age groups. Males of all ethnic groups are somewhat more likely than their female counterparts to be employed full-time and less likely to be employed part-time, unemployed, or NILF. Hours Worked Taranaki males are more likely to work 40+ hours per week than their national counterparts are, while somewhat lower proportions of Taranaki females also work long hours. There are a greater proportion of workers in the Stratford and South Taranaki Districts working more than 40 hours per week. Workers in Stratford and South Taranaki are also somewhat more likely to work more than 50 hours per week. Those aged and years, who in the Taranaki Region are somewhat more likely than their national counterparts to work more than 40 hours per week plausibly reflecting the region s dairying industry in which hours worked are somewhat greater than the all industry total. Income Source With the sole exception of the Ethnicity NEI group, the dominant source of income for the Taranaki Region, its TLAs and ethnic groups is Wages, Salaries, Commissions or Bonuses. European and those of Other Ethnicity have the lowest proportions receiving income from Wages, Salaries, Commissions or Bonuses, and of having No Income. They also share the highest proportions receiving income from Self-Employment or Business, Interest, Dividends, Rent, and Other Investments and New Zealand Superannuation or Veterans Pensions. With few exceptions Māori and Pacific Islanders have the lowest proportions receiving income from Self-employment or Business and/or Interest, Dividends, Rent and Other Investments. Unemployment Benefit, Sickness Benefit, and Domestic Purposes Benefit feature strongly for Māori and Pacific Islanders, as does Invalids Benefit for Māori. Women are generally more likely than their male counterparts to be in receipt of either No Income or a New Zealand Superannuation or Veterans Pension, Other Government Benefit, Payment or Pension, the Domestic Purposes Benefit, and/or Other Source of Income; and are 12 P a g e

13 generally less likely than men to be in receipt of Wages, Salary, Commissions, or Bonuses, income from Self-employment or Business, payments from a Work Accident Insurer, and/or an Unemployment or Sickness Benefit. New Plymouth has slightly higher proportions earning Wages, Salaries, Commissions or Bonuses, and Interest, Dividends, Rent, and Other Investments than either the Stratford or South Taranaki Districts, while the latter have slightly higher proportions gaining income from Self-employment or Business. South Taranaki stands out in having the lowest proportions receiving New Zealand Superannuation or a Veterans Pension, and higher than average proportions receiving either No Income, or a Sickness Benefit, Domestic Purposes Benefit, Invalids Benefit and/or Income Source Not Stated. Personal Income Median incomes are on the one hand generally higher by age for the Taranaki Region and its TLAs than for Total New Zealand, and on the other, notably lower for those of Māori, Pacific Island and Asian origin than for European. One notable feature is that median incomes the Taranaki Region and its TLAs are somewhat greater at and to a lesser extent at years for than for total New Zealand, for both males and females (although these should not be misinterpreted as being higher than for other age groups per se, which they are not). The somewhat higher incomes of the region s males than females can however be accepted at face value, in that they are consistent across all TLAs, and also for Total New Zealand, and are observed for all but one age group (15-19 years). Overall, those of Māori, Pacific Island and Asian origin have the generally lowest incomes and these differentials are marked at the youngest and oldest ages, and by implication, for females of these groups, especially in South Taranaki. Job Seeking Activity The average unemployed person in the Taranaki Region uses 2.7 job search methods to seek work, the same as in the Stratford and South Taranaki Districts and total New Zealand, while those in New Plymouth use 2.8 methods. Three job search methods dominate: looking at job advertisements, writing, phoning or applying in person to an employer, and contacting friends or relatives in all areas suggests that other methods play a minor role. Notably, the proportions utilising career and vocational guidance services are relatively low for all groups, while Work and Income New Zealand (WINZ) also ranks relatively low. 13 P a g e

14 Māori and Pacific Island origin are slightly less likely than European to look at job advertisements and to write, phone or apply in person to an employer, and more likely to contact friends or relatives, WINZ or career and vocational guidance services. Those of Asian origin have the highest proportions contacting family or friends. Females are slightly more likely than males to look at job advertisements and to write, phone or apply in person to an employer, and slightly less likely to employ other methods. Unpaid Work Activity by Unemployed People Close to three-quarters of the Taranaki Region s unemployed population at the time of the 2013 Census were providing unpaid Caring Work. Around 16 per cent were undertaking Voluntary Work. Both rates were highest for females. Caring Work was notably highest for young women years indicating the possible presence of children, and Voluntary Work lowest at years for both sexes. Peak Volunteer rates occur at and 65+ years for males and at years for females, with the number of activities per person following a similar pattern. Caring Work is generally highest for European, while Voluntary Work is generally highest for Māori. The Region s unemployed population of Asian origin is less likely to engage in Voluntary Work and more likely to have no unpaid activities. Māori have the highest number of unpaid activities per person. Number of Children Average family size, is somewhat greater than at national level (1.75 children) - Stratford and South Taranaki Districts (2.18 and 2.22 children), New Plymouth (1.99). Today s family size is driven by very large proportions of women having no children and very small proportions having more than two children. Stratford has relatively high proportions having three and four children, while South Taranaki has higher proportions having five or more children. By ethnicity, average family size for women aged years is in almost all cases lower than for their older counterparts, most particularly for Pacific Island women, who in 2013 had an average of just two children, less than half the number for those aged years. At the same time, average family size is somewhat higher at younger ages for Māori and Pacific Island women than for women of all other ethnic groups Birthplace and Language The Taranaki Region has somewhat lower proportions born in overseas than is the case nationally (13.3 and 27.1 per cent respectively), with proportions highest in New Plymouth (15.5 per cent) and lowest in South Taranaki (8.1 per cent). 14 P a g e

15 Relatedly, English language capacity in terms of every-day conversational usage in the Region is extremely high, with 93.2 per cent speaking English either solely or in addition to another language, compared with 91.4 per cent nationally. The relatively large population of Not Included Elsewhere (N=4,503 persons) has substantially lower proportions stating English as a language in which they can converse in every-day terms. Total numbers for those not having every-day conversational English (across all birthplaces and ethnic groups) suggest a regional (Taranaki) population of around 5,000 persons who cannot confidently converse in English. 15 P a g e

16 INTRODUCTION This report presents an overview of the recent 2013 Census Statistics and their implications for the Taranaki Region commissioned by the TSB Community Trust and produced by a joint collaboration between The BMK Group Ltd and Natalie Jackson Demographics Ltd. The BMK Group Ltd are specialists in Public Policy, Youth and Community Development, while Natalie Jackson Demographics Ltd are specialists in demographic projections and analysis. The results of the research are intended to inform Trust strategies, potential funding priorities, grant making practices and policy and planning in relation to the Trust s six key Funding Areas of Learning, Recreation and Sport, Community Wellbeing, Arts, Culture and Heritage, Health and Rescue Services, and the Environment. The research will enable to identification of strengths, weaknesses, needs and gaps in these areas to help make our communities better places for everyone to live. DATA REQUIREMENTS TSB Trust s key Funding Areas are: Learning Recreation and Sport Community Wellbeing Arts, Culture and Heritage Health and Rescue Services Environment We note that directly-relevant data are not available for all theme areas from the 2013 Census. The Census does not collect data on Recreation and Sport; Arts, Culture and Heritage (i.e., in terms of High Culture such as theatre attendance); and the physical environment. Please see Appendix A for a breakdown of data sources and potential areas for analysis, as laid out in the Research Proposal. In addition we note that some key factors were not able to analysed at subnational level due to the limited data volumes (cell sizes) and associated privacy issues. For further discussion on data quality and considerations see Section 2 (Methodology). 16 P a g e

17 Number 1. TARANAKI REGION DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW This section provides a brief overview of the Taranaki Region s demography. Understanding a region s demography and how it is changing is important for understanding the broader context in which subpopulation groups may require support. 1.1 Population Size and Growth The population of the Taranaki Region has grown slowly over the past twenty-seven years, from 107,499 in 1986 to 109,700 in 2011 and 110,500 in 2013 (+2.8 per cent), albeit experiencing a period of decline between 1996 and 2001 (Figure 1.1, see also Appendix B). The population is projected to continue to grow slowly over the next two decades, with the Statistics New Zealand medium case projections (2006-base) indicating a population of 111,460 by While numbers could range as high as 125,500 (high projection series) or as low as 97,750 (low projection series), the medium case projections are typically taken as close to what is likely to occur, and suggest a relatively low growth future. Figure 1-1: Population of Taranaki Region and Projected to 2031 Observed (ERP) High Medium Low 140, , , , , , ,000 97,750 80,000 60,000 40,000 20, Source: Statistics New Zealand, Subnational Population Projections by Age and Sex, 2006(base)-2031 (October 2012 update) Projections at TLA level indicate the likelihood of population decline for both Stratford and South Taranaki, under both the medium and low variant scenarios. For South Taranaki this situation is already occurring, the population having declined from around 29,700 in 1996 (Statistics New Zealand 2013 Estimated Resident Population). For Stratford the population has also almost certainly reached its peak with decline under the medium assumptions projected to begin around P a g e

18 Table 1-1: Projected Population of the Taranaki Region and its TLAs by Projection Series, (Change shown from 2011) (%) New Plymouth District Low 71,100 72,900 72,500 71,600 70,400 68, Medium 71,100 73,800 75,300 76,500 77,500 77, High 71,100 74,700 78,100 81,400 84,500 87, Stratford District Low 9,120 9,070 8,820 8,540 8,210 7, Medium 9,120 9,180 9,190 9,180 9,140 9, High 9,120 9,290 9,550 9,820 10,100 10, South Taranaki District Low 27,200 26,600 25,300 24,200 22,900 21, Medium 27,200 26,900 26,300 25,900 25,400 24, High 27,200 27,200 27,300 27,600 27,800 28, Taranaki Region Low 107, , , , ,400 97, Medium 107, , , , , , High 107, , , , , , Source: Statistics New Zealand, Subnational Population Projections by Age and Sex, 2006(base)-2031 (October 2012 update) 1.2 Components of Change While most people think of migration when the topic of population is discussed, the major component of the Taranaki Region s population growth has long been natural increase the difference between births and deaths (Figure 1.2). The region experienced significant net migration loss across most of the 1990s and to a lesser extent across the 2000s, with that loss completely offsetting natural increase across the period and explaining the decline of that period. Although the Region s natural increase experienced a small rise over the mid to late-2000s (as elsewhere in New Zealand), this component of growth is steadily reducing as the population ages and larger proportions reach the age at which they have completed childbearing (discussed below). The comments apply similarly to each of the Region s TLAs and together explain why Taranaki s population is unlikely to grow significantly in the future. 18 P a g e

19 Number Figure 1-2: Components of Change: Taranaki Region 1,500 Natural Increase Estimated Net Migration Net Change 1, ,000-1,500-2,000 March Years June Years Taranaki REGION Source: Compiled from Statistics New Zealand, Infoshare (1) Estimated Defacto Population (March Years); Statistics New Zealand, Yearbook collection (2) Estimated Resident Population for Regional Council and Territorial Authority Areas, at 30 June(1996+) (Annual-Jun) Table reference: DPE051AA and DPE052AA, Boundaries at 1 January Last updated: 22 October :45am (3) Live births and Deaths by area, city/district councils and regional councils (Total population) (Annual-Jun) Table reference: VSB011AA, VSB016AA, VSD008AA, VSD018AA Last updated: 16 August :45am *Estimated Net Migration not available for Changes in timing and method of estimating Resident Population between 1995 and 1996 mean that only natural increase can be shown for that year. 1.3 Migration by Age Figure 1.3 shows that the Taranaki Region experiences an ongoing problem in terms of net migration loss at and years of age; however it also shows that the loss has reduced over the past three Census periods ( , and the latter period a little different because of the delayed Census). Across the and periods, small net gains occurred at 0-9 years, and larger gains at years, indicating the net arrival of young adults/parents and children (note that these data have allowed for change in cohort size). Between 2008 and 2013 there was also a small increase in net migration gain at years, indicating the increasing arrival of people of retiree age. The underlying data show that most age groups saw both internal and international Arrivals and Departures, with around half of the net gain at and years being of international migrants. The pattern of net migration loss at young adult ages is also characteristic of the Region s three TLAs (see Appendix B5). Reflecting the pattern at Regional level, the loss at and years has also reduced in recent years, and each TLA has experienced gains at 0-4 and years. New Plymouth and South Taranaki also saw minor gains at 5-9 and years. 19 P a g e

20 Number Figure 1-3: Estimated Net Migration by Age: Taranaki Region , , ,000 Taranaki Region ,000-1,500-2, ,500-3,000 Age Group Taranaki Region Source: Jackson & Pawar (2013)/Statistics New Zealand various sources 1.4 Population Ageing As elsewhere, declining birth rates and increasing longevity, and in Taranaki s case net migration loss at years, are causing the population to age structurally. Figure 1.4 shows how the region s age structure has changed since 1996, the shaded bars indicating the percentage at each age in 2013, and the unshaded bars, the percentage in In 1996 just 12.8 per cent of the region s population was aged 65+ years; by 2013 that had increased to 16.9 per cent (compared with 11.5 and 14.2 per cent for total New Zealand in 1996 and 2013 respectively). The Region s median age has increased from 36.3 years in 2001 to 39.9 years in Currently, the Taranaki Region has the 6th oldest age structure of New Zealand s 16 Regions, but it is not ageing as fast as some; in 2006 it had the 2nd oldest age structure. The New Plymouth and Stratford Districts have slightly older age structures (respectively, 17.4 and 17.2 per cent aged 65+ years), and South Taranaki, slightly younger (15.3 per cent aged 65+ years). At regional level, all age groups below 65 years are projected to decline in size across the period , and those at 65+ years to increase (Table 1.2). By 2031, 26.2 per cent of the population of the Taranaki Region is projected to be aged 65+ years, up from 16.1 per cent in 2011 and 16.9 per cent in 2013 (see Appendix B). The Taranaki Region and Stratford District can expect to have more elderly than children by 2021, around five years earlier than for total New Zealand, while this will occur for New Plymouth a little earlier, around 2016, and not until 2026 for South Taranaki. In all 20 P a g e

21 Age Group (years) Males Females cases, growth at 65+ years will account for all growth, whilst in Stratford and South Taranaki this growth will offset decline at most other ages (Figure 1.5). Figure 1-4: Age-Sex Structure (Percentage at Each Age), 1996 (unshaded bars) and 2013 (shaded bars): Taranaki Region 2013 (1996 unshaded) Percentage at each age group Table 1-2: Projected Contribution to Population Change by Broad Age Group for the TLAs of the Taranaki Region and Comparison with Total New Zealand, Medium Series, New Plymouth District Stratford District South Taranaki District Taranaki Region New Zealand 0-14 years ,010-1,940 40, years -1, ,360-7, years , years -2, ,420-4,250-11, years , years 3, , , years 3, , , years 1, ,760 74,240 Total 4, ,300 1, , years 8, ,930 11, , years years years years years years years years Total years Source: Statistics New Zealand, Subnational Population Projections by Age and Sex, 2006(base)-2031 (October 2012 update) 21 P a g e

22 percentage Figure 1-5: Projected Population Change (%) by Broad Age Group for the Taranaki Region and its TLAs and Comparison with Total New Zealand, Medium Series, years years years years years years years 85+ years New Plymouth District Stratford District South Taranaki District Taranaki Region New Zealand 1.5 Ethnic Composition The population of the Taranaki Region is somewhat less multi-ethnic than that of Total New Zealand, with greater proportions European and Māori (European, 75.8 per cent compared with 64.9 per cent nationally; Māori, 15.0 per cent compared with 12.8 per cent nationally) and smaller proportions Pacific Island, Asian, MELAA and Not Elsewhere Included (respectively, 1.3, 3.0, 0.4, 4.5 per cent compared with 6.3, 10.1, 1.0 and 4.9 per cent nationally) (Table 1.1). Similar compositional differences (by comparison with New Zealand) are apparent across all of Taranaki s Territorial Local Authority Areas, with all having higher proportions European than is the case nationally, most notably Stratford District (almost 83 per cent), and only Stratford having a lower than national proportion Māori. It should be noted that numbers sum to greater than 100 per cent, due to Statistics New Zealand s method of enumerating the population by ethnicity. The ethnic over count information gives the proportion of the population that is counted more than once, this measure typically being higher where the proportion Māori is higher, as in the case of South Taranaki. In 2013, around 20.3 per cent of the population was enumerated as Māori, and the ethnic over count was 12.4 per cent. Not shown on Table 1.1, ethnic over count is typically highest at the younger ages (around 24 per cent at 0-4 years) and very low at older ages. 22 P a g e

23 Table 1-3: Census Usually Resident Population by Major Ethnic Group*: Taranaki Region, its Territorial Local Authorities, and Total New Zealand, 2001, 2006 and Ethnic and Age Structure Age structures also differ markedly by ethnic group (NB. Data for the MELAA population appear distorted because of its small size). Figure 1.5 shows that as elsewhere the Taranaki Region s Māori population is very youthful, and the European-origin population, relatively old primarily because of the deep migration-driven bite over the young adult years. In 2013 the median age for the Region s Māori population was 23.6 years (that is, one-half of the Māori population was aged less than 24 years), compared with 41.1 years for those of European origin. The Pacific Island population was even younger than Māori, with a median age of just 17.8 years, and the Asian population somewhat older, with a median age of 29.2 years. The relatively small MELAA population had a median age of 30.5 years, and the somewhat larger Ethnicity NEI population, 39.5 years very close to that of European. The graphs also show how each population has aged structurally since 2001 (unshaded bars), due to the demographic changes discussed above. 23 P a g e

24 Age Group (years) Males Females Age Group (years) Males Females Age Group (years) Males Females Age Group (years) Males Females Age Group (years) Males Females Age Group (years) Males Females Figure 1-6: Age Structure of the Census Usually Resident Population by Major Ethnic Group*: Taranaki Region, 2013 (shaded bars) and 2001 (unshaded bars) European Percentage at each age group Pacific Island Percentage at each age group MELAA Percentage at each age group Source: Statistics New Zealand, Area of Usual Residence (2201, 2006 and 2013) and Ethnic Group (Total Responses) by Age (Five Year Groups) and Sex For the Census Usually Resident Population Count Notes: *Multiple Count means that people may be counted in more than one ethnic group Different Y-axis scale for the Pacific Island and Asian populations Mäori Percentage at each age group Asian Percentage at each age group Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included Percentage at each age group Because population projections are not available for all ethnic groups at subnational level, the following commentary pertains to the Taranaki Region and its three largest ethnic groups only it 24 P a g e

25 should be noted that ethnic projections are also available to 2021 only, and thus projected change is not directly comparable with that to 2031 discussed above. The data indicate that the European population will comprise a slightly smaller component of the Region s population as time goes on, falling from just under 82 per cent in 2011 to around 79 per cent in Māori will increase their share from around 15.7 to 17.6 per cent, and Pacific Peoples, from 2.7 to 3.6 per cent. The changes are projected to occur across all age groups. Table 1-4: Projected Population of the Taranaki Region by Major Ethnic Group* and Broad Age Group, 2011, 2016, Taranaki REGION All ages 2011 European Māori Pacific Peoples Asian Total Number (1) 27,200 35,800 37,900 17, , European Māori Pacific Peoples Asian Total Number (1) 27,800 34,900 37,700 20, , European Māori Pacific Peoples Asian Total Number (1) 28,500 34,100 36,400 23, ,400 Source: Statistics New Zealand, Subnational Ethnic Population Projections (2006 Base Update) Tables 4e, 4m, 4p, 4a (1) Underlying numbers reflect the multiple count enumeration methodology and their sum is somewhat greater than the total projection for the region. Projections not available for all ethnic groups for all regions. As Table 1.5 shows, the changes are driven by different underlying contributions to growth, with the European-origin population also projected to decline in absolute terms and at all ages below 64 years, while at the same time accounting for the majority of the Region s growth at 65+ years. The greatest contribution to growth will come from Māori, who will account for 80 per cent of the Region s growth (and 92 per cent of growth at 0-14 years) to 2021, followed by Pacific Peoples who 25 P a g e

26 will account for around 34 per cent. As noted above these values are indicative only, as the Asian and other ethnic groups are not included in the projections. Table 1-5: Projected Contribution to Growth by Major Ethnic Group* and Broad Age Group for the Taranaki Region, Number (Change ) Total All ages European ,500-2,300 +4, Māori +1, ,800 Pacific Peoples ,200 Asian Total +1,300-1,700-1,500 +5,600 +3,500 Percentage Contribution to Growth European Māori Pacific Peoples Asian Total Source: Statistics New Zealand, Subnational Ethnic Population Projections (2006 Base Update) Tables 4e, 4m, 4p, 4a (1) Underlying numbers reflect the multiple count enumeration methodology and their sum is somewhat greater than the total projection for the region. Projections not available for all ethnic groups for all regions. 26 P a g e

27 Demographic Summary Taranaki Region and its Territorial Local Authority Areas Table 1.6 provides a summary overview of key demographic differentials for the Taranaki Region and its TLAs, and a comparison with the national picture. New Plymouth accounts for the largest share of the Region s population, and Stratford the smallest. While the Region has an older population than the national average, it also has a slightly higher proportion at 0-14 years, reflecting net loss at and years. The pattern of an older than national average age structure is repeated for all Taranaki TLAs, with those aged 65+ years additionally over-represented in New Plymouth and Stratford. While the Region has a greater proportion Māori than is the case nationally, this is not true for Stratford, while Māori are somewhat over-represented in South Taranaki, where they make a major contribution to that TLA s relative youth. Table 1-6: Key Demographic Indicators, Taranaki Region and TLAs, 2013 Population 0-14 Years 65+ Years Māori TLA / Region Share (%) % (% Share) (%) (% Share) (%) (% Share) New Plymouth Stratford South Taranaki TARANAKI REGION Total New Zealand Source: Statistics New Zealand, ERP 2013; Usually Resident Population by Multiple Ethnic Group Count* 2013 Census Population projections indicate that the population of the Taranaki Region will continue to grow, with the Statistics New Zealand medium case projections (2006-base) indicating a population of 111,460 by 2031 albeit numbers are likely to have peaked by that stage. While numbers could range as high as 125,500 or as low as 97,750, the medium case projections are typically taken as close to what is likely to occur, and suggest a relatively low growth future. The proposition is reinforced by projections of negative growth for both the Stratford and South Taranaki Districts, with South Taranaki already declining since 1996, and Stratford projected to decline from around The majority of growth is projected to occur at 65+ years, offsetting decline in most other age groups a pattern consistent across all three TLAs. Population projections are not available for all subnational areas or ethnic groups, but those that are available indicate that the Region s Europeanorigin population will decline slightly in both relative and absolute terms, while at the same time accounting for the majority of the Region s growth at 65+ years. Overall, the majority of growth (80 per cent) to 2021 will be accounted for by Māori, particularly at 0-14 years. 27 P a g e

28 2. METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES The demographic patterns and trends outlined above have a significant impact on the following analysis of 2013 Census data for the Taranaki Region and its TLAs. For the most part this is because of the differences in ethnic group and TLA age structures. By comparison with older populations, younger age structures disproportionately expose their members to circumstances which affect younger populations, such as higher unemployment and fewer being at the age at which higher educational qualifications are gained, and vice-versa. However, older populations may also have high rates of having no post-school qualifications, and/or unemployment under certain conditions, because they grew up in a different era, before the gaining of today s post-school qualifications was common. Accordingly, it is important to move beyond crude averages which for example indicate that X per cent of ethnic group A (or a particular TLA) population is unemployed or holds a particular qualification, compared with Y per cent of ethnic group B (or another TLA). These measures are important as summary indicators, but for most comparisons it is preferable to directly compare age groups, or to standardise the summary measure so that all populations are placed on the same basis in other words, so that apples can be compared with apples. The importance of moving beyond summary measures to age-standardised measures and then to direct age group comparison is outlined in detail in the first analysis, for highest post school qualification. This is not done to simply labour the point, but to clearly illustrate it, because the portion of the gap in summary measures that is due to differences in age structure between ethnic groups or TLAs cannot be resolved by policy or funding interventions. The technique of age standardisation, along with another technique for summarising difference, the Index of Dissimilarity (ID) is outlined at Appendix A. The remaining analyses then by and large begin with a direct comparison by age, which is the most appropriate approach and is that on which most funding or policy interventions should be based. Summary measures are still reported and used for certain purposes, but the related caveats should be carefully noted. However, another significant methodological issue is then encountered, this being differences in the various datasets that purport to pertain to the same populations. While all data used in this report have been sourced from Statistics New Zealand and carefully specified and collated, the data are aggregated in different ways, for example by ethnicity or workforce status, and small cell sizes have been rounded (by Statistics New Zealand) to protect individuals. These practices often generate different and seemingly disparate totals. The matter is drawn to the attention of readers who are often concerned when numbers which should be the same, are not. 28 P a g e

29 Three main methodological issues affect this report. First, and having the greatest impact, is the multiple count method of ethnic enumeration undertaken by Statistics New Zealand, and which results in many people being counted more than once 1. For example, of the 565,329 people identifying with Māori ethnicity at the 2006 Census, 47 per cent (266,934) also identified with non- Māori ethnicities (Statistics New Zealand 2010a). Total responses when summed whether at total sub-population level or by age group are thus notably greater than the total number of people. Counting people more than once makes analysis of the data and its interpretation particularly difficult. Some analysts prefer to calculate proportions based on the summed numbers in each ethnic group, which is the approach taken here, while others prefer to use the total population count as the denominator (e.g., for a region). The problem with the latter method is that proportions sum to well over 100 per cent, making it cumbersome to describe and interpret the results. A related approach used above is to identify the extent of the over count, this being the percentage difference between the summed responses, and the total number of people. The second issue dealt with here is that there are different propensities to respond and/or to respond adequately to some Census questions, for example, not everyone answers the income or labour force status questions, again resulting in seemingly different numbers between ostensibly similar datasets. In all cases there are also aggregations of certain types of responses, with categories such as Labour Force Status Unidentifiable and Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included. These categories also make the description and interpretation of data cumbersome. Some analysts remove such categories and re-total the data, basing the analysis on only those for whom there is substantive information. However, numbers are often large, so all such categories have been included in this analysis, with advance acknowledgment of the implications for data description. The third issue concerns the nature of each topic area, and affects the approach to each analysis. That is, the structure of each section depends on the topic matter, different topics often requiring differing approaches. As far as possible, the general approach taken here is to begin each section with an examination of the overall situation, with a focus on differences by ethnicity and/or age, then to disaggregate by sex, and finally by TLA. As noted, the first section on qualifications is a topic that does not follow the general approach format. 1 The ethnic concept underlying data used in in this report is: the ethnic group or groups that people identify with or feel they belong to. Ethnicity is selfperceived and people can belong to more than one ethnic group. For example, people can identify with Māori ethnicity even though they may not be descended from a Māori ancestor. Conversely, people may choose to not identify with Māori ethnicity even though they are descended from a Māori ancestor (Statistics New Zealand 2010a). 29 P a g e

30 3. LEARNING 3.1 Highest Qualification by Ethnicity Figure 3.1 provides an overview of the Taranaki Region s population by Highest Qualification. Two features stand out. First, the region has somewhat higher proportions with No Qualifications, and lower proportions with University Qualifications, than is the case nationally. Second, the region s Asian and Middle Eastern/Latin America/African (hereafter MELAA) populations hold disproportionately high levels of University Qualifications (28.9 and 43.0 per cent respectively) than is the case either nationally or regionally, whilst these levels are relatively low for the region s Māori and Pacific Island peoples (6.2 and 5.7 per cent respectively). The proportion of the European-origin population holding University Qualifications falls in the middle of the regional distribution, at 11.1 per cent, while the proportion for those of Other Ethnicity is a little higher than the regional average, and that for Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included (hereafter Ethnicity NEI), much lower. Table 3-1: Highest Qualification by Major Ethnic Group* (15+ Years), Taranaki Region, 2013 Census Māori Pacific Peoples European Asian Middle Eastern Latin American African Other Ethnicity Ethnicity NEI^ Total Taranaki (%) With the exception of the Ethnicity NEI group, there is greater similarity across the School Qualifications [Only] distribution, with similar proportions indicated for Māori, European, Asian, and Other Ethnicity. By comparison with the region s average (44.5 per cent, which is almost identical to the national average), the Pacific Island population has a relatively high proportion holding a School Qualification (56 per cent), and the MELAA population, somewhat lower (37.0 per cent). The proportions holding a Vocational Qualification are similar for the European, Asian and Other Ethnicity groups, ranging from 8.4 to 10.1 per cent (European and Other Ethnicity respectively). For the Māori, Pacific Island and MELAA populations, proportions are around half these levels. The relatively large Qualifications Not Elsewhere Included group is particularly prominent for the region s Ethnicity NEI group, accounting for the majority of its qualifications, and also for notable proportions of Māori and Pacific Island qualifications, by comparison with other ethnic groups. Total New Zealand (%) No Qualification School Qualification University Vocational Qualification Qualifications NEI^ Total Number 11, ,073 2, ,728 4,503 86,469 3,376,419 Notes: ^Not Elsewhere Included *Multiple Count means that people may be counted in more than one ethnic group 30 P a g e

31 Reflecting these patterns, the proportions holding No Qualifications (25 per cent of the Region s population, compared with 18.6 per cent nationally) are notably lower for the Asian and MELAA populations, and relatively high for the Māori population. Proportions for the region s Pacific Island and European populations are very similar to each other, and also higher than the national average although as will be outlined below, this occurs for different reasons. 3.2 Qualifications by Sex Data by sex are given in Table 3.2. With few exceptions the region s females have lower levels of No Qualifications and higher levels of both University Qualifications and Vocational Qualifications than their male counterparts. The exceptions are Asian females, who have higher levels of No Qualifications and lower levels of Vocational Qualifications than their male counterparts, and Ethnicity NEI females, who have lower levels with a University Qualification. Proportions holding Qualifications NEI are again highest for the Ethnicity NEI group, albeit higher for females, while proportions are higher for males of the Māori, Pacific Island, Asian and MELAA groups than for their female counterparts. Reflecting these patterns, only females of Māori and Pacific Island origin hold higher proportions of School Qualifications Only than their male counterparts; greater proportions of their female counterparts having gone on to higher qualifications. Table 3-2: Highest Qualification by Major Ethnic Group* and Sex (15+ Years), Taranaki Region, 2013 Census Māori Pacific Peoples European Middle Eastern Asian Other Latin Ethnicity American African FEMALES Ethnicity NEI^ Total Taranaki (%) Total New Zealand (%) No Qualification School Qualification University Vocational Qualification Qualifications NEI^ Total Number 5, ,233 1, ,235 44,688 1,754,571 MALES No Qualification School Qualification University Vocational Qualification Qualifications NEI^ Total Number 5, ,840 1, ,029 2,268 41,778 1,621,845 Notes: ^Not Elsewhere Included *Multiple Count means that people may be counted in more than one ethnic group 31 P a g e

32 These baseline differences are, however, significantly distorted by underlying differences in age structure, and it is important to deal with that issue before continuing. As noted earlier, the Māori and Pacific Island populations have somewhat greater proportions at the young adult ages where Post School qualifications are disproportionately gained, while the European population has far greater proportions aged 65+ years, the ages at which relatively few people have Post School Qualifications. This situation can be detected from Figure 3.1, which provides an overview of qualifications by age. The patterns are consistent with the general observation that younger people move out of the No Qualifications and School Qualifications Only categories as they grow older and obtain higher qualifications, while those currently at older ages were born before the gaining of Post School qualifications became common, and thus have higher rates of No Qualifications. Reflecting this life-stage shift-share effect, the region s University and Vocational Qualifications each show the lowest levels of attainment at and years. For University Qualifications, rates increase with each successive age, peaking at 34 years and then reducing, with very low levels seen for the oldest age groups. For Vocational Qualifications, rates remain low relative to other qualifications, but increase more or less steadily to around 64 years of age after which they fall. Figure 3-1: Percentage of Each Age Group by Highest Qualification, Taranaki Region, 2013 Census To gain a more robust comparison by ethnicity it is thus necessary to remove the underlying distortions presented by the differing age structures of each major ethnic group. This is achieved via the process of age standardisation, which applies the age structure of one standard population to the qualifications distributions of each other population, to show what the proportions with each 32 P a g e

33 qualification would be IF all populations had identical age structures. This is not simply an academic exercise. A certain proportion of the gap in qualification levels will be accounted for by the differences in age structure, and is thus not amenable to intervention. In Table 3.3 the qualifications distributions for each of the major ethnic groups have now been standardised to the age structure of the European population (there is minimal difference by sex, so data are presented for the total population only). The data should be read as follows. If the Māori population of the Taranaki Region had the same age structure as the (older) European population, it would have even higher proportions with both No Qualifications and Vocational Qualifications, and lower proportions with both School and University Qualifications. This is because the relative youth of the Māori population is currently rendering to it an advantage in the gaining of School and University qualifications despite the actual proportions remaining relatively low. The information is important because it indicates that any apparent move towards closure of the gap in qualifications between Māori and European is in part an effect of the age structural difference, as opposed to a fully real improvement. The finding also confirms earlier work (Jackson passim) that the age structure of the Māori population is currently advantageous for the gaining of further qualifications. Table 3-3: Highest Qualification by Major Ethnic Group* and Standardised to European Age Structure, Taranaki Region, 2013 Census No Qualification School Qualification University Qualification Vocational Qualification Qualification Not Elsewhere Included European Māori CrudeTotal (%) Age Standardised Total (%) % Difference Total Pacific Peoples CrudeTotal (%) Age Standardised Total (%) % Difference Asian CrudeTotal (%) Age Standardised Total (%) % Difference Middle Eastern/ Latin American/African CrudeTotal (%) Age Standardised Total (%) % Difference Other Ethnicity CrudeTotal (%) Age Standardised Total (%) % Difference Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included CrudeTotal (%) Age Standardised Total (%) % Difference Notes: *Multiple Count means that people may be counted in more than one ethnic group 33 P a g e

34 Similar comments apply to the qualifications distribution of the even more youthful Pacific Island population; in each case the relative increase or decrease when the European age structure is applied is greater than for Māori. By comparison, the relatively highly qualified Asian, MELAA and Other Ethnicity populations experience varying effects from age standardisation, as in each case their age structures fall between those of the European and Māori/Pacific Islands populations. The Asian population, for example, would have 42.1 per cent more with No Qualifications and 18.2 per cent fewer with University Qualifications, if it had the older age structure of the European population. The main outcome of the exercise is to draw attention to the fact that the higher proportions of Māori and Pacific Island people with No Qualifications, and the lower proportions with School, University and Vocational Qualifications, under-estimate the true situation. The proportions would be respectively higher (for No Qualifications and Vocational Qualifications) and lower (for School and University Qualifications) if the Māori and Pacific Island populations were not so youthful. 3.3 Qualifications by Age and Ethnicity The data are now presented by age and ethnicity, from which with a few caveats direct comparisons can be drawn (Table 3.4. See also Figure 3.2, and Appendix C). These age-specific rates should be used as the baseline data for TSB s monitoring purposes, not the total (crude) levels. With just two exceptions (at the oldest ages), Table 3.4 shows that Māori have higher proportions with No Qualifications at all ages than all other ethnic groups (this can be seen more clearly in Figure 3.2). Those of Pacific Island origin have the next highest levels at most ages, and those of Other Ethnicity, MELAA, Asian and Ethnicity NEI origin, the (generally) lowest. The European population falls in the middle of the distribution for most age groups. In keeping with the general pattern, all ethnic groups have their highest proportions with No Qualifications at the youngest and oldest ages, consistent with the gaining of qualifications across the life cycle for the more recently born cohorts. The picture for University Qualifications by ethnicity is almost a mirror image, with Māori and Pacific Islanders having the somewhat lowest proportions at all ages, the MELAA and Asian populations the highest, and the European and Other Ethnicity populations in the middle of the distribution with very similar proportions to each other by age. With the exception of the MELAA group, the majority of these qualifications are held at years of age, with the peak age slightly younger for the Asian and Other Ethnicity populations, and older for Māori and Pacific Island. By contrast, the very high rates at older ages for the MELAA population are indicative of a self-selected group which is presumably related to specialist skills required for the region s industrial makeup. 34 P a g e

35 Table 3-4: Highest Qualification by Major Ethnic Group* and Age, Taranaki Region, 2013 Census Mäori Pacific Peoples European Asian Middle Eastern Latin American African Other Ethnicity Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included Total (Taranaki Region) No Qualification Total School Qualification Total University Qualification Total Vocational Qualification Total Qualification Not Elsewhere Included Total Notes: *Multiple Count means that people may be counted in more than one ethnic group 35 P a g e

36 percentage of age group percentage of age group percentage of age group percentage of age group percentage of age group Figure 3-2: Highest Qualification by Major Ethnic Group* and Age, Taranaki Region, 2013 Census No Qualifications Mäori Pacific Peoples European Asian Middle Eastern Latin American African** Other Ethnicity 0 Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included School Qualifications Only Mäori Pacific Peoples European Asian Middle Eastern Latin American African Other Ethnicity 0 Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included University Qualifications Mäori Pacific Peoples** European Asian Middle Eastern Latin American African Other Ethnicity 0 Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included** Vocational Qualifications Mäori Pacific Peoples** European Asian Middle Eastern Latin American African** Other Ethnicity Qualifications Not Elsewhere Included Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included** 0 Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included Note different scales on Y-axis. **Data are not shown where underlying numbers are too small Mäori Pacific Peoples European Asian Middle Eastern Latin American African** Other Ethnicity 36 P a g e

37 Levels of attainment of Vocational Qualifications and Qualifications NEI are generally somewhat lower except for the very high levels of Qualifications NEI for the Ethnicity NEI group at all ages, which stand out and imply that these are predominantly qualifications gained overseas. NB. The panels in Figure 3.2 exclude data for ethnic groups where underlying numbers are too small and the data are too noisy this particularly applies to data for the Ethnicity NEI group for which most qualification are Qualifications NEI. However an indication of these levels was given in Table 3.4. The data for School Qualifications Only reflect these patterns, the overall downward gradient indicative of a) a shift-share effect caused by the gaining of higher qualifications at young adult and middle-age, and b) the general lack of qualifications per se held by the oldest age groups. The Pacific Islands population generally has the highest rates of these qualifications across the younger age groups, and the Asian and MELAA populations, the lowest. Rates for European and Māori are almost identical at and years, but, as indicated above, reflect different reasons Māori not going on to higher qualifications at the same rate as European. The proposition is supported by the trajectories for Vocational Qualifications, which are highest for the Asian population at younger ages, and for European, Other Ethnicity and Pacific Islanders at the mid- to older ages. Māori fall in the middle of the distribution with Vocational Qualification rates declining from around age Sub-Regional Differences With the exception of data for New Plymouth District, numbers disaggregated simultaneously by age, ethnic group and qualification are generally too low to analyse at TLA level. It can, however, be considered that the above patterns for the Taranaki Region are reasonably indicative of those at TLA level. The Index of Dissimilarity 2 (ID) for each TLA given in Table 3.5 shows that they differ relatively little from the overall region. Just 3.0 per cent of the New Plymouth District s population would need to change qualification levels for the District s qualifications distribution to be the same as that for the Total Taranaki Region; for Stratford this would be 4.6 per cent, and for South Taranaki, 7.3 per cent. There is greater variance between the qualifications distribution for the Taranaki Region and Total New Zealand, with 7.6 per cent of people needing to change qualification levels for the Region s qualifications distribution to be the same as that for Total New Zealand. Variance is, of course, somewhat greater by ethnicity although as outlined above that variance is also affected by age structure. Accordingly no attempt is made here to quantify the ID by ethnicity. 2 The Index of Dissimilarity (ID) provides a summary indicator of the extent to which the qualifications distribution for each population would need to change, for that distribution to be the same as a standard population. In Table 3.5, each total TLA distribution is compared with the Taranaki Region distribution. The ID is not attempted by ethnicity here as this would first require age-standardising the data, and the results would be too complex for the purposes of this Report. 37 P a g e

38 Table 3-5: Highest Qualification by Major Ethnic Group* for the TLAs of the Taranaki Region, 2013 Census Māori Pacific Peoples European Asian Middle Eastern Latin American African Other Ethnicity Ethnicity NEI^ Total Taranaki (%)# New Plymouth District No Qualification School Qualification University Vocational Qualification Qualifications NEI^ Total Number 7, ,005 2, ,227 2,910 59,070 Index of Dissimilarity (%)# 3.0 Stratford District No Qualification School Qualification University Vocational Qualification Qualifications NEI^ Total Number , ,014 Index of Dissimilarity (%)# 4.6 South Taranaki District No Qualification School Qualification University Vocational Qualification Qualifications NEI^ Total Number 3, , ,269 20,502 Index of Dissimilarity (%)# 7.3 Taranaki REGION No Qualification School Qualification University Vocational Qualification Qualifications NEI^ Total Number 11, ,073 2, ,728 4,503 86,469 Index of Dissimilarity (%) with Total New Zealand 7.5 Total New Zealand No Qualification School Qualification University Vocational Qualification Qualifications NEI* Total Number 396, ,425 2,386, ,508 34,971 55, ,912 3,376,419 Notes: ^Not Elsewhere Included *Multiple Count means that people may be counted in more than one ethnic group; thus numbers do not sum to totals #Difference between TLA and Region (between geographical areas) 38 P a g e

39 Summary The population of the Taranaki Region has lower levels of educational attainment than the national average, represented by somewhat higher proportions with No Qualifications and somewhat lower proportions with University Qualifications. However the Index of Dissimilarity (ID) is relatively low, with less than eight per cent of the Region s population needing to change qualification levels for the Region s distribution to be the same as that for Total New Zealand. Within the Taranaki Region, qualification levels are highest for the New Plymouth District and lowest for the South Taranaki District. The variance is again relatively low, indicating that the patterns for the Taranaki Region are reasonably indicative of those at TLA level, although the ID for the South Taranaki District (7.3 per cent) is double that for New Plymouth (3.0 per cent) and thus at somewhat greater variance with Total New Zealand. In part this will be related to the District s greater proportion Māori, who are on average younger and thus yet to reach the age at which higher qualifications are gained. Qualification levels do differ markedly by ethnic group, with the region s Asian, Middle Eastern/Latin America/African and Other Ethnicity populations generally holding the highest levels of University and Vocational Qualifications and the lowest levels of School Qualifications Only and No Qualifications. The European population tends to fall in the middle of the qualifications distribution, with the Māori and Pacific Island populations experiencing the lowest levels. The Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included group has very low levels of both No Qualifications and conventional qualifications, but extremely high levels of Qualifications Not Elsewhere Included, implying qualifications that have been gained overseas. Qualification levels also differ by sex. With few exceptions the Taranaki region s females have lower levels of No Qualifications and Secondary Qualifications and higher levels of both University Qualifications and Vocational Qualifications than their male counterparts. Qualification levels by ethnicity are, however, affected by the age structure of each ethnic group, with the European population relatively old, and the Māori and Pacific Islands populations extremely youthful; the remaining ethnic groups falling in between. When standardised by age to remove the effects of age structure, the gaps in qualification levels between European on the one hand, and Māori and Pacific Islanders on the other, increase. This occurs because the relatively youthful age structures of Māori and Pacific Islanders are currently advantageous to the gaining of School and University Qualifications, while the older age structure of the European population means that it contains a greater proportion of people born before the gaining of higher qualifications was a convention. If the Māori and Pacific Island populations had the same age structure as the older European population, they would have even higher levels of 39 P a g e

40 No Qualifications and Vocational Qualifications, and lower levels of School and University Qualifications. This is not simply an academic exercise. The proportion of the gap in qualification levels that is accounted for by the differences in age structure is thus not amenable to intervention. With regard to qualifications, age-specific rates provide the most robust comparison and should be used for monitoring purposes. The patterns by age are nevertheless very similar to those at total ethnic group level. With few exceptions, Māori have the highest proportions with No Qualifications at all ages, followed by those of Pacific Island origin, in both cases implying lower proportions moving on to higher qualifications. Those of Other Ethnicity, MELAA, Asian and Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included origin have generally the lowest levels, with European in the middle of the distribution. Rates are highest at the oldest ages for all ethnic groups, reflecting lower levels of attainment of higher qualifications when these people were younger. The School Qualifications Only category is also for many a transitory category affected by people moving on to higher qualifications. Those of Pacific Island origin have generally the highest rates by age, again implying lower proportions moving on to higher qualifications, followed by those of Other Ethnicity, European and Māori origin, with Asian, MELAA and Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included the (generally) lowest implying higher proportions having moved on to higher qualifications. There are, however, some differences across the life cycle, with older Māori having the lowest proportions holding a School Qualification, followed by older MELAA then Pacific Islanders. 40 P a g e

41 4. COMMUNITY WELLBEING 4.1 Labour Force Status The qualifications distributions outlined in the previous section are closely related to labour force status, although raise some questions with regard to labour force differentials by sex. As shown in Table 4.1, those of MELAA or Other Ethnicity have the highest summary proportions employed full-time (72.1 and 62.6 per cent respectively), and, along with those of Ethnicity NEI, the lowest proportions unemployed or Not in the Labour Force (NILF). Notably, no unemployment is recorded for these groups. People of Pacific Island and Asian origin also have relatively high summary rates of full-time employment (53.5 and 53.6 per cent respectively), while rates for Māori and European are (with the exclusion of Ethnicity NEI) jointly the lowest (45.1 and 48.6 per cent respectively). By contrast, summary rates for part-time employment and NILF are highest for European, and of unemployment, lowest, in part but by no means solely a reflection of this group s older age structure, while summary unemployment rates are highest for the structurally younger Māori and Pacific Island populations, followed by those for the Asian population. Indeed the impact of differing ethnic group age structures on these levels is clear from their agestandardised equivalents, which would see lower proportions of all ethnic groups employed full-time if they had the older age structure of the European population. With the narrow exception of the Other Ethnicity group, the same comments apply to the summary rates for part-time employment, while unemployment rates for Māori and Pacific Islanders would be significantly lower, for Māori reducing by one-quarter and for Pacific Islanders by more than half (55.8 per cent). Unemployment rates for the middle-aged Asian population would also be lower by more than one-third (37.1 per cent). By contrast, with the exception of MELAA, NILF rates would be higher for all ethnic groups if age structures were older. It is the age-specific rates which should thus be used as comparators for intervention, full-time employment being markedly lowest for Māori at most ages between 25 and 64 years (with the general exception of Ethnicity NEI which has a unique employment structure ostensibly related to its unique qualifications structure), and age-specific unemployment being generally highest. The very high NILF rates for Māori at most ages, especially at younger ages, and for the youngest Pacific Islanders and Asians, are of concern. Taking everything into consideration, however, it is plausible that the relatively high rates for younger Asians (and MELAA) reflect engagement in higher education. 41 P a g e

42 Table 4-1: Labour Force Status by Major Ethnic Group* and Age for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region, 2013 Mäori Pacific Peoples European Asian Middle Eastern Latin American Other Ethnicity African Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included Total (People) Total (Ethnicity Summed) Employed Full Time , , , , , , , , , , ,848 Total ,035 Age Standardised~ Total People 5, ,545 1, , ,110 Employed Part Time , , , , , , , ,794 Total ,401 Age Standardised~ Total People 1, , ,477 Unemployed Total ,501 Age Standardised~ Total People 1, , ,114 Not in the Labour Force , , , , , , , , , ,698 Total ,632 Age Standardised~ Total People 3, , ,880 Work and Employment Status Not Identifiable Total ,828 Age Standardised~ Total People ,828 3,828 Notes: *Multiple count ethnicity means that people may be counted in more than one ethnic group, thus numbers do not sum to total ~Standardised to the European age structure 42 P a g e

43 Age-specific data for males and females separately are given in Appendix D and summarised in Table 4.1. The same caveats outlined in the previous section apply to these summary measures, namely that in all cases the comparisons by ethnicity are affected by underlying differences in age structure. Accordingly the analysis here is between males and females of each ethnic group. Table 4.2 shows that males of all ethnic groups are somewhat more likely than their female counterparts to be employed full-time, and less likely to be employed part-time, unemployed, or NILF. The greatest margins occur for the MELAA and Ethnicity NEI groups, with male full-time employment rates respectively 58.6 and 77.5 per cent higher than for their female counterparts, accompanied by a somewhat lower likelihood of being NILF. Males of all other ethnic groups share a similar full-time employment margin over their female counterparts, ranging from 40.2 per cent higher for Pacific Island males to 43.5 and 43.9 per cent higher respectively for European and Other Ethnicity males. Negative margins for part-time employment have a somewhat broader range, with Pacific Island males substantially less likely than their female counterparts to be part-time, followed by males of Other Ethnicity, then European and Māori. Asian males have the closest part-time employment rates to their female counterparts. Negative margins for unemployment (male rates universally lower than female) are greatest for the Asian and Māori populations and least for Pacific Island and European. Asian males are also substantially less likely than their female counterparts to be NILF, along with MELAA and Other Ethnicity males, while Māori, Pacific Island and European males range between 42.3 and 46.3 per cent less likely. Table 4-2: Labour Force Status by Sex and Major Ethnic Group* for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region, 2013 Mäori Pacific Peoples European Asian Middle Eastern Latin American African Other Ethnicity Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included Total (People) Total (Ethnicity Summed) Males Employed Full Time ,748 Employed Part Time ,330 Unemployed ,518 Not in the Labour Force ,995 Work and Labour Force Status Unidentifiable ,911 Total ,502 Total People 5, ,831 1, ,187 41,763 Females Employed Full Time ,287 Employed Part Time ,071 Unemployed ,983 Not in the Labour Force ,637 Work and Labour Force Status Unidentifiable ,917 Total ,895 Total People 5, ,227 1, ,160 44,646 Difference (Males minus Females, %) Employed Full Time Employed Part Time Unemployed Not in the Labour Force Work and Labour Force Status Unidentifiable Notes: *Multiple count ethnicity means that people may be counted in more than one ethnic group, thus numbers do not sum to total 43 P a g e

44 percentage Figure 4.1 turns to differences by TLA, with the underlying data by age in Table 4.3, and by ethnic group at Appendices D3-D5. The data indicate relatively little dissimilarity between the Taranaki Region and Total New Zealand, the Index of Dissimilarity indicating that just 1.6 per cent of people in the Taranaki Region would need to change labour force status for the distribution to be the same as that for Total New Zealand (Table 4.3). However as Figure 4.1 indicates, such changes would mean lower full-time employment and higher unemployment, the Taranaki Region being advantaged on these measures. As Figure 4.1 also indicates, there is slightly greater variance within the total Taranaki Region, with the distribution for the New Plymouth District most closely resembling that of the Region (ID = 0.8 per cent), and that for the Stratford District being the most different (ID = 2.4 per cent). Full-time employment is visibly somewhat greater than elsewhere for the Stratford District, followed by South Taranaki, while South Taranaki has both the highest unemployment and lowest NILF rates within the Taranaki Region. These rates are, however, reflected in South Taranaki s relatively high rate (5.2 per cent) of people for whom labour force status is unidentifiable, reflecting an underlying greater proportion in Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Identified (5.5 per cent compared with 4.6 per cent for New Plymouth and 3.8 per cent for Stratford). Figure 4-1: Labour Force Status for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by TLA and Comparison with Total New Zealand, New Plymouth District 30.0 Stratford District South Taranaki District TARANAKI REGION Total New Zealand Employed Full Time Employed Part Time Unemployed Not in the Labour Force Work and Labour Force Status Unidentifiable 44 P a g e

45 Table 4-3: Labour Force Status for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by TLA and Age, and Comparison with Total New Zealand, 2013 Employed Full Time Employed Part Time Not in the Labour Force Work and Labour Force Status Unidentifiable Unemployed Total (People) New Plymouth District Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , ,438 TOTAL ,061 Total People 27,099 8,694 2,118 18,687 2,463 59,061 Index of Dissimilary (with Taranaki Region) 0.8 Stratford District Years Years Years Years Years Years Years Years Years Years ,413 TOTAL ,960 Total People 3, , ,960 Index of Dissimilary (with Taranaki Region) 2.4 South Taranaki District Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , ,882 TOTAL ,460 Total People 9,654 2, ,123 1,074 20,460 Index of Dissimilary (with Taranaki Region) 1.7 Taranaki Region Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , ,781 TOTAL ,409 Total People 40,110 12,477 3,114 26,880 3,828 86,409 Index of Dissimilarity (Taranaki Region with Total New Zealand) 1.6 Total New Zealand Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , Years , ,032 TOTAL ,376,428 Total People 1,541, , ,216 1,058, ,103 3,376, P a g e

46 Summary Labour Force Status The Taranaki Region has a slightly advantaged Labour Force Status by comparison with total New Zealand, with higher proportions in full-time employment and slightly lower proportions unemployed. Reflecting its dominant size, the labour force distribution for New Plymouth most closely resembles that of the Taranaki Region, while that for the Stratford District is the most different, with full-time employment rates somewhat greater than elsewhere. By contrast, South Taranaki has both the highest unemployment and lowest not in the labour force (NILF) rates. There is somewhat greater variance by major ethnic group, with those of Middle Eastern/ Latin American/African (MELAA) and Other Ethnicity origin having the highest proportions in full-time employment, and, along with those of Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included (NEI), the lowest proportions unemployed and NILF. Notably, no unemployment is recorded for these ethnic groups. The Region s Pacific Island and Asian populations also have relatively high rates of full-time employment, while rates for Māori and European are (with the exclusion of the Ethnicity NEI group) jointly the lowest. For European these patterns are reflected in the Region s highest part-time employment and NILF rates and the lowest unemployment rates, in part but by no means solely a reflection of this group s older age structure, while unemployment rates are highest for the structurally younger Māori and Pacific Island populations, followed by those for the middle-aged Asian population. As for qualifications, the impact of differing ethnic group age structures on labour force status is clear when the data are standardised to the European age structure. Older age structures would see lower proportions of all ethnic groups employed full-time, and with one exception (the Other Ethnicity group), also part-time. Because unemployment is concentrated at younger ages, unemployment rates for Māori and Pacific Islanders (with older age structures) would also be significantly lower, for Māori reducing by one-quarter and for Pacific Islanders by more than half. Unemployment rates for the middle-aged Asian population would also be lower by more than one-third. By contrast, NILF rates would be higher for all ethnic groups if age structures were older, with the sole exception of the MELAA group. It is the age-specific rates which should thus be used as comparators for intervention, fulltime employment being markedly lowest for Māori at most ages between 25 and 64 years (with the general exception of Ethnicity NEI which has a unique employment structure ostensibly related to its unique qualifications structure), and age-specific unemployment 46 P a g e

47 rates generally highest. Very high NILF rates for Māori are evidenced at most ages, especially younger ages, and for the youngest Pacific Islander and Asian age groups. Taking everything into consideration, it is plausible that the relatively high NILF rates for younger Asians (and MELAA) reflect engagement in higher education. Males of all ethnic groups are somewhat more likely than their female counterparts to be employed full-time and less likely to be employed part-time, unemployed, or NILF. The greatest margins occur for the MELAA and Ethnicity NEI groups. Given the higher qualification levels of the Taranaki Region s females than males outlined in the previous section, these differentials would appear to be related to social factors rather than economic. 47 P a g e

48 4.2 Hours Worked Table 4.4 gives a comparative overview of hours worked by the Region s major ethnic groups, and compares them by TLA and with total New Zealand. The overall regional picture is one of similarity, with less than four per cent of the Region s employed workforce needing to change the number of hours worked to have the same distribution as the total New Zealand workforce. There is slightly greater variance at TLA level, with higher proportions in the Stratford and South Taranaki Districts working more than 40 and 50 hours per week (see also Figure 4.2); and also by ethnicity, with those of Middle Eastern/Latin American/African (MELAA) and Other Ethnicity origins doing similar. Table 4-4: Hours Worked by the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by TLA and Major Ethnic Group*, and Comparison with Total New Zealand, 2013 Not Elsewhere Included % Total People working (Number) 40+ hours 1-9 Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours 60 Hours or more Total New Plymouth District Mäori , Pacific Peoples European , Asian , MELAA~ Other Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included Total , Index of Dissimilarity with Taranaki Region (%) 3.0 Stratford District Mäori Pacific Peoples 15 European , Asian MELAA~ 6 Other Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included 21 Total , Index of Dissimilarity with Taranaki Region (%) 5.6 South Taranaki District Mäori , Pacific Peoples European , Asian MELAA~ 39 Other Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included Total , Index of Dissimilarity with Taranaki Region (%) 6.8 Taranaki Region Mäori , Pacific Peoples European , Asian , MELAA~ Other Ethnicity , Not Elsewhere Included Total , Index of Dissimilarity with Total New Zealand (%) 3.9 New Zealand Mäori , Pacific Peoples , European ,538, Asian , MELAA~ , Other Ethnicity , Not Elsewhere Included , Total ,001, Notes: *Multiple Count means that people may be counted in more than one ethnic group ~Middle Eastern/Latin American/Other Cell sizes too small to analyse 48 P a g e

49 percentage Figure 4-2: Hours Worked by the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by TLA and Comparison with Total New Zealand, New Plymouth District Stratford District South Taranaki District Taranaki Region New Zealand Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours 60 Hours or more Not Elsewhere Included Also of note, from Table 4.4 above, is the relatively high proportion of Māori in the Stratford District working greater than 40 hours per week (68.4 per cent) and the relatively low proportions of Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Identified (Ethnicity NEI) working such hours. Those of Asian origin in the Stratford District are also less likely to work longer hours. However with the exception of these groups, the range in the proportion working more than 40 hours by ethnicity is relatively narrow. Figure 4.3 also attests to the narrow range in proportions working more than 40 hours per week in the Taranaki Region and total New Zealand. What is more notable is the difference by sex, with males of all ethnic groups in the Taranaki Region more likely to work 40+ hours per week than females a situation mirrored at national level. Table 4.5 confirms this differential, with the Index of Dissimilarity indicating that 38.9 per cent of males and females in the Taranaki Region would need to work different hours for their distributions to be the same, while at national level that would be 30.5 per cent 3. Not shown on Table 4.5, the higher Index of Dissimilarity for the Taranaki Region reflects somewhat higher proportions of Taranaki males working 40+ hours than their national counterparts (78.0 and 74.8 per cent respectively), and somewhat lower proportions of females doing the same (39.9 per cent and 44.9 per cent respectively). 3 As note at the outset, the Index of Dissimilarity is not an indicator of the desirability or otherwise of complete similarity; it is merely a summary index of difference. 49 P a g e

50 percentage Figure 4-3: Percentage Working More than 40 Hours Per Week, Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by Sex and Comparison with Total New Zealand, Taranaki Males Taranaki Females Total Taranaki Total New Zealand 0 Table 4-5: Hours Worked by the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by Sex and Major Ethnic Group*, Hours Hours Hours Hours Hours 60 Hours or more Not Elsewhere Included Total People (Number) % working 40+ hours 1-9 Hours Total Males Mäori , Pacific Peoples European , Asian MELAA~ Other Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included Total , Index of Dissimilarity Males:Females (%) 38.9 Females Mäori , Pacific Peoples European , Asian MELAA~ Other Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included Total , Index of Dissimilarity Taranaki by sex with New Zealand by sex (%) 30.5 Notes: *Multiple Count means that people may be counted in more than one ethnic group ~Middle Eastern/Latin American/Other Comparison by age provides additional insight into differences between the Taranaki Region and Total New Zealand, with the Region s younger workers aged and years somewhat more 50 P a g e

51 Total percentage likely than their national counterparts to work more than 40 hours per week (see also Table 4.6). There is, however, little variance at other ages. Figure 4-4: Percentage Working More than 40 Hours Per Week by Age, Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and Comparison with Total New Zealand, Taranaki Region Total New Zealand Table 4-6: Percentage Working More than 40 Hours Per Week by Age, Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and Comparison with Total New Zealand, P a g e

52 Summary Hours Worked There is no overall difference in the number hours worked each week between workers in the Taranaki Region and their national counterparts, with just over 60 per cent of both populations working greater than 40 hours per week, and less than four per cent needing to change working hours for their distributions to be the same. However Taranaki males are more likely to work 40+ hours per week than their national counterparts (78.0 and 74.8 per cent respectively), while somewhat lower proportions of Taranaki females do the same (39.9 per cent and 44.9 per cent respectively). There is slightly greater disparity at TLA level, with greater proportions of workers in the Stratford and South Taranaki Districts working more than 40 hours per week 62.6 and 62.8 per cent respectively, compared with 59.0 per cent in New Plymouth. Workers in Stratford and South Taranaki are also somewhat more likely to work more than 50 hours per week. With just a few exceptions, there is a relatively narrow range in the proportions of each major ethnic group working more than 40 hours. The exceptions include people of Middle Eastern/Latin American/African (MELAA) and Other Ethnicity origin in all TLAs, and Māori in the Stratford District, all of whom are more likely to work more than 40 hours per week. Relatively lower proportions of those of Asian origin living in Stratford, and Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Identified (Ethnicity NEI) work more than 40 hours at either regional, TLA or national level however in both cases numbers are small and comparison is thus less robust. With just two exceptions, minimal differences in hours worked are observed by age. The exceptions are for those aged and years, who in the Taranaki Region are somewhat more likely than their national counterparts to work more than 40 hours per week plausibly reflecting the region s dairying industry in which hours worked are somewhat greater than the all industry total (Jackson forthcoming). Disparities in working hours are most pronounced by sex, with more than one-third of males and females in the Region needing to change working hours for their distributions to be the same although this is similar at national level and says nothing about the desirability of such an exercise. The index of dissimilarity by sex is, however, higher for the Taranaki Region that for total New Zealand because of the underlying differences in hours worked by males and females in each region. 52 P a g e

53 4.3 Source of Personal Income Table 4.7 provides an overview of the sources of income for the population of the Taranaki Region, by major ethnic group. Because people tend to have more than one source of income, the proportions are based on the number of sources, as opposed to number of people. The ratios of income sources per person given in the bottom row of Table 4.7 show that people of Other Ethnicity have on average 1.5 sources of income per person, whereas those of the Ethnicity NEI group have just one source per person. In the middle of the distribution, those of European origin have 1.4 income sources per person, Māori 1.3, and the remaining ethnic groups, 1.2. The data should thus be read accordingly. Wages, Salaries, Commissions or Bonuses is the dominant income source for all ethnic groups, with the sole exception of the relatively large Ethnicity NEI group (N = 4,503), for which the dominant source is Income Source Not Stated. With the exception of Ethnicity NEI, European and those of Other Ethnicity however share the distinction of having the lowest proportions receiving income from Wages, Salaries, Commissions or Bonuses and also of having No Income. They also share the highest proportions receiving income from Self-Employment or Business, Interest, Dividends, Rent, and Other Investments and New Zealand Superannuation or Veterans Pensions. With the exception of Ethnicity NEI, the remaining ethnic groups have relatively high proportions earning their income from Wages, Salaries, Commissions or Bonuses, ranging from 46.4 per cent of sources for Māori to just on 52.0 per cent for both Pacific Islanders and MELAA. Unemployment Benefit, Sickness Benefit, and Domestic Purposes Benefit feature strongly for Māori and Pacific Islanders, with proportions receiving each source higher than for each other ethnic group. Proportions receiving an Invalids Benefit are highest for Māori, followed by those of Other Ethnicity and European. With the general exception of Ethnicity NEI, Māori and Pacific Islanders have the lowest proportions receiving income from Self-employment or Business and/or Interest, Dividends, Rent, and Other Investments, while those of Asian and MELAA origin have quite high proportions, approaching those of European and Other Ethnicity. Of note, No Income was identified by relatively high proportions of Pacific Islanders, Asian, MELAA, and Māori. However, as was shown above for educational qualifications, income source is strongly affected by age structure, meaning that for robust comparison it is necessary to remove those effects. We turn to this process further below, following a brief examination of differences by sex and sub-regional area (TLA). 53 P a g e

54 Table 4-7: Sources of Personal Income by Major Ethnic Group* for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region, 2013 Census Mäori Pacific Peoples European Asian Middle Eastern Latin American African Other Ethnicity Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included No Source of Income During That Time Wages, Salary, Commissions, Bonuses etc Self-employment or Business Interest, Dividends, Rent, Other Invest NZ Superannuation or Veterans Pension Other Govt Benefits, Payments or Pension Other Super., Pensions, Annuities Payments from a Work Accident Insurer Unemployment Benefit Sickness Benefit Domestic Purposes Benefit Invalids Benefit Student Allowance Other Sources of Income Not Stated Total~ Number of People 11, ,073 2, ,725 4,503 86,469 Number of Income Sources 14,784 1, ,195 3, ,586 4, ,399 Number of Sources per Person Notes: ~ Proportions are based on number of income sources, not people. * Multiple count ethnicity means that people may be counted in more than one ethnic group, thus numbers do not sum to the total Total 54 P a g e

55 Tables 4.8 and 4.9 now provide a comparison of income sources for the Taranaki Region by sex. The most notable point is that of Wages, Salary, Commissions, or Bonuses remain the dominant source of income for men and women of all ethnic groups, with the previous exception of the Ethnicity NEI group, for which Income Not Stated is the dominant source for both sexes. At the same time, women are generally more likely than their male counterparts to be in receipt of either No Income or a New Zealand Superannuation or Veterans Pension, Other Government Benefit, Payment or Pension, the Domestic Purposes Benefit, and/or Other Source of Income; and are generally less likely than men to be in receipt of Wages, Salary, Commissions, or Bonuses, income from Self-employment or Business, payments from a Work Accident Insurer, and/or an Unemployment or Sickness Benefit. Although there are variations by ethnicity in the sex differential for income sources, for example, Asian and MELAA women are somewhat more likely to have No Income source vis-à-vis their male counterparts, than is the case for their female counterparts, the patterns are fairly consistent across ethnic groups and indicate gender differences as much as ethnic differences and also underlying differences in age structure. Women of most ethnic groups, for example, are more likely than their male counterparts to be in receipt of New Zealand Superannuation, in part reflecting the mortality differential (females having greater life expectancy than males). The only other notable difference is that Māori women have slightly more sources of income per capita than their male counterparts (1.3 sources compared with 1.2); the ratios for all other ethnic groups are the same for men and women. Figure 4.5 gives an overview of sub-regional differences in income source within the Taranaki Region (see also Table 4.10). By and large the picture is one of greater similarity than difference, with Wages, Salaries, Commissions or Bonuses the dominant income source for all TLAs, followed by Interest, Dividends, Rent, and Other Investments, New Zealand Superannuation or Veterans Pension, and Self-employment or Business. Reflecting its larger numbers, the regional picture is most closely represented by New Plymouth, with slightly higher proportions earning Wages, Salaries, Commissions or Bonuses, and Interest, Dividends, Rent, and Other Investments; the Stratford and South Taranaki Districts on the other hand have slightly higher proportions gaining income from Selfemployment or Business. Notable also, however, is that South Taranaki has the lowest proportion receiving New Zealand Superannuation or a Veterans Pension, reflecting its relative youth and relatedly higher proportions Māori. South Taranaki also stands out in having higher than average proportions receiving either No Income, or a Sickness Benefit, Domestic Purposes Benefit, Invalids Benefit and/or Income Source Not Stated. The TLA also has slightly fewer income sources per capita, 1.3 per person compared with 1.4 for the other TLAs, and the highest Index of Dissimilarity (4.4 per cent) when compared with the total Taranaki Region (Table 4.10). 55 P a g e

56 Table 4-8: Sources of Personal Income by Major Ethnic Group* for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region, 2013 Census, Females Female Mäori Pacific Peoples European Asian Middle Eastern Latin American African Other Ethnicity Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included No Source of Income During That Time Wages, Salary, Commissions, Bonuses etc Self-employment or Business Interest, Dividends, Rent, Other Invest NZ Superannuation or Veterans Pension Other Govt Benefits, Payments or Pension Other Super., Pensions, Annuities Payments from a Work Accident Insurer Unemployment Benefit Sickness Benefit Domestic Purposes Benefit Invalids Benefit Student Allowance Other Sources of Income Not Stated Total~ Number of People 5, ,233 1, ,238 44,688 Number of Income Sources 7, ,760 1, ,038 2,313 62,625 Number of Sources per Person Notes: ~ Proportions are based on number of income sources, not people. * Multiple count ethnicity means that people may be counted in more than one ethnic group, thus numbers do not sum to the total Total 56 P a g e

57 Table 4-9: Sources of Personal Income by Major Ethnic Group* for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region, 2013 Census, Males Male Mäori Pacific Peoples European Asian Middle Eastern Latin American African Other Ethnicity Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included No Source of Income During That Time Wages, Salary, Commissions, Bonuses etc Self-employment or Business Interest, Dividends, Rent, Other Invest NZ Superannuation or Veterans Pension Other Govt Benefits, Payments or Pension Other Super., Pensions, Annuities Payments from a Work Accident Insurer Unemployment Benefit Sickness Benefit Domestic Purposes Benefit Invalids Benefit Student Allowance Other Sources of Income Not Stated Total~ Number of People 5, ,840 1, ,032 2,268 41,781 Number of Income Sources 6, ,438 1, ,545 2,352 57,771 Number of Sources per Person Notes: ~ Proportions are based on number of income sources, not people. * Multiple count ethnicity means that people may be counted in more than one ethnic group, thus numbers do not sum to the total Total 57 P a g e

58 percentage Figure 4-5: Sources of Personal Income for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and its TLAs, 2013 Census New Plymouth District South Taranaki District Stratford District Taranaki REGION Table 4-10: Sources of Personal Income for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and its TLAs, 2013 Census New Plymouth District Stratford District South Taranaki District Taranaki REGION No Source of Income During That Time Wages, Salary, Commissions, Bonuses etc Self-employment or Business Interest, Dividends, Rent, Other Invest NZ Superannuation or Veterans Pension Other Govt Benefits, Payments or Pension Other Super., Pensions, Annuities Payments from a Work Accident Insurer Unemployment Benefit Sickness Benefit Domestic Purposes Benefit Invalids Benefit Student Allowance Other Sources of Income Not Stated Total~ Number of People 59,070 7,014 20,502 86,469 Number of Income Sources 83,277 9,726 27, ,399 Number of Sources per Person Index of Dissimilarity Notes: ~ Proportions are based on number of income sources, not people. * Multiple count ethnicity means that people may be counted in more than one ethnic group, thus numbers do not sum to the total 58 P a g e

59 Returning now to age and the confounding effects of differences in age structure. When examined by age, there are clear patterns explaining each income source: year olds are those most likely to be receiving no income, year olds a Student Allowance, year olds a Domestic Purposes Benefit, while NZ Superannuation is almost completely confined to those aged 65+ years (Appendix E). However, the notable differences by ethnicity shown in Table 4.4 remain present by age. Accordingly Table 4.11 presents the data standardised to the age structure of European income sources by age. As previously with the analysis by highest educational qualification, this process does not remove the lived reality of the disparities between the groups, but it provides a more appropriate basis on which to make possible interventions. It should be noted, however, that the larger number of income source categories means that numbers further disaggregated by age and ethnic group are in many cases too small to provide robust analysis this is particularly the case for the small MELAA population, and also for the Ethnicity NEI group, for which only one main income source is given. Commentary is thus limited to the more relevant findings. When standardised to the older European age structure, the proportions of each other ethnic group in receipt of no income are reduced with the sole exception of Other Ethnicity, which has a similar age structure to the European population. The reduction is most significant for the very youthful Māori and Pacific Island populations, 38 and 45 per cent respectively. This reflects the fact that no income source is primarily a reflection of youth. While disparities clearly remain, interventions can do little to reduce the portion of the disparity that is due to differences in age structure. Similar comments apply to the receipt of Payments from a Work Accident Insurer, Unemployment Benefit, Domestic Purposes Benefit and Student Allowances by Māori and Pacific Islanders in each case, somewhat smaller proportions would be receiving these income sources if these populations were older, youth being a relative disadvantage. Notably the proportions of all ethnic groups receiving Wages, Salaries, Commissions or Bonuses would also be lower if they had the older age structure of the European population relative youth advantageous to being a wage/salary worker. By contrast, an older age structure would see slightly higher proportions of Māori, Pacific Island, Asian and MELAA receiving income from Self-Employment or Business, while all ethnic groups would have higher proportions receiving income from Interest, Dividends, Rent and Other Investments, and also New Zealand Superannuation or Veterans Pensions. At the same time, older age structures would see slightly greater proportions of Māori, Pacific Islanders, MELAA and Other Ethnicity in receipt of an Invalids Benefit this Benefit relatively high in real terms (Table 4.11) for the older European population. Age structure thus imparts both advantages and disadvantages, and these need to be taken into account when attempting to reduce group-level disparities. 59 P a g e

60 Table 4-11: Sources of Personal Income by Major Ethnic Group* for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region, 2013 Census, Standardised to the Age Structure of the European Population and its Income Sources~ Mäori Pacific Peoples European Asian Middle Eastern Latin American African Other Ethnicity Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included No Source of Income During That Time Wages, Salary, Commissions, Bonuses etc Self-employment or Business Interest, Dividends, Rent, Other Invest NZ Superannuation or Veterans Pension Other Govt Benefits, Payments or Pension Other Super., Pensions, Annuities Payments from a Work Accident Insurer Unemployment Benefit Sickness Benefit Domestic Purposes Benefit Invalids Benefit Student Allowance Other Sources of Income Not Stated Total Income Sources~ 14,784 1, ,195 3, ,725 4, ,399 Notes: ~ Proportions are based on number of income sources, not people. * Multiple count ethnicity means that people may be counted in more than one ethnic group, thus numbers do not sum to the total Total 60 P a g e

61 In sum, the age standardised data in Table 4.11 are the most appropriate for monitoring purposes with regard to income source. The data indicate that the true gaps in income source are generally lower than apparent where receipt is concentrated at younger ages, and greater than apparent where receipt is mainly at older ages. However it requires judgement on a case-by-case basis in terms of deciding the most appropriate interpretation and thus action. Summary Income Source There are notable differences in the number of income sources available to people of each ethnic group within the Taranaki Region, and within the different TLAs of the region. People of Other Ethnicity have an average of 1.5 sources of income per person, while those of the Ethnicity NEI group have just one source per person primarily being Income Source Not Stated and ostensibly reflecting an overseas-born origin. In the middle of the distribution, people of European origin have 1.4 income sources per person, Māori 1.3, and the remaining ethnic groups, 1.2. Sub-regionally, people residing in the New Plymouth and Stratford Districts have an average of 1.4 income sources per person, compared to 1.3 for those in South Taranaki. With the sole exception of the Ethnicity NEI group as noted above, the dominant source of income for the Taranaki Region, its TLAs and ethnic groups is Wages, Salaries, Commissions or Bonuses; however there are significant differences in level by ethnic group and TLA. The most notable differences are (with the general exception of Ethnicity NEI) that European and those of Other Ethnicity have the lowest proportions receiving income from Wages, Salaries, Commissions or Bonuses, and also of having No Income. They also share the highest proportions receiving income from Self-Employment or Business, Interest, Dividends, Rent, and Other Investments and New Zealand Superannuation or Veterans Pensions. The remaining ethnic groups have relatively high proportions earning Wages, Salaries, Commissions or Bonuses, ranging from 46.4 per cent of sources for Māori to just on 52.0 per cent for Pacific Islanders and MELAA. With the general exception of Ethnicity NEI, Māori and Pacific Islanders have the lowest proportions receiving income from Self-employment or Business and/or Interest, Dividends, Rent and Other Investments, while those of Asian and MELAA origin have quite high proportions, approaching those of European and Other Ethnicity. Unemployment Benefit, Sickness Benefit, and Domestic Purposes Benefit feature strongly for Māori and Pacific Islanders, as does Invalids Benefit for Māori. Wages, Salary, Commissions, or Bonuses are equally the dominant source of income for men and women of all ethnic groups, however women are generally more likely than their male counterparts to be in receipt of either No Income or a New Zealand Superannuation or 61 P a g e

62 Veterans Pension, Other Government Benefit, Payment or Pension, the Domestic Purposes Benefit, and/or Other Source of Income; and are generally less likely than men to be in receipt of Wages, Salary, Commissions, or Bonuses, income from Self-employment or Business, payments from a Work Accident Insurer, and/or an Unemployment or Sickness Benefit. These patterns are similar by ethnicity, indicating underlying gender differences rather than ethnic differences, albeit notably higher proportions of Asian and MELAA women have no personal source of income. New Plymouth has slightly higher proportions earning Wages, Salaries, Commissions or Bonuses, and Interest, Dividends, Rent, and Other Investments than either the Stratford or South Taranaki Districts, while the latter have slightly higher proportions gaining income from Self-employment or Business. South Taranaki stands out in having the lowest proportions receiving New Zealand Superannuation or a Veterans Pension, and higher than average proportions receiving either No Income, or a Sickness Benefit, Domestic Purposes Benefit, Invalids Benefit and/or Income Source Not Stated. In part this disparity will reflect the TLAs relative youth and relatedly higher proportions Māori, and in part its higher proportions of Ethnicity NEI, who have fewer income sources and these are predominantly Income Source Not Stated. When standardised to the older European age structure, the proportions of Māori and Pacific Islanders in receipt of No Income, Payments from a Work Accident Insurer, Unemployment Benefit, Domestic Purposes Benefit and Student Allowances all reduce, the youthful age structures of these populations imposing a relative disadvantage in respect of these payments. Notably the proportions of all ethnic groups receiving Wages, Salaries, Commissions or Bonuses would also be lower if they had the older age structure of the European population relative youth being advantageous to being a wage/salary worker. By contrast, an older age structure would see slightly higher proportions of Māori, Pacific Island, Asian and MELAA receiving income from Self-Employment or Business, while all ethnic groups would have higher proportions receiving income from Interest, Dividends, Rent and Other Investments, and also New Zealand Superannuation or Veterans Pensions. Age structure thus imparts both advantages and disadvantages which are specific to the various income sources and need to be taken into account when attempting to reduce group-level disparities. 62 P a g e

63 4.4 Personal Income In turning to personal income, this section departs from the above approaches because it is necessary to first consider the choice of different measures of income, namely median income (the income above and below which half of incomes fall), mean income (average), and underlying income distribution (percentage in each income band). Whilst the latter is highly illustrative for comparative purposes, the different age structures underlying each ethnic group and region would again affect those income distributions. For the purpose of comparing income by ethnicity and region it is more useful to move directly to the age-specific measures available from either median or mean income. While convention dictates that median income provides the more robust comparison, and that is the practice followed here, both are shown in Figure 4.6 and indicate that there is in fact very little difference between the two, median incomes tending to be higher than means, but providing a very similar picture in relative terms the data here indexed to the distribution for Total New Zealand (=100). Particularly notable from Figure 4.6, however, is the somewhat higher incomes for young people in the Taranaki Region and its TLAs, by comparison with total New Zealand. 63 P a g e

64 Median Income (Indexed to Total NZ) Median Income (Indexed to Total NZ) Figure 4-6: Median and Mean Income by Age for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and its TLAs, by Comparison with Total New Zealand, 2013 Median Income New Plymouth District Stratford District South Taranaki District Taranaki Region Total New Zealand Mean Income New Plymouth District Stratford District South Taranaki District Taranaki Region Total New Zealand To enable a closer examination of the data underlying Figure 4.6, those for median income are given in Table They identify that the relative margins enjoyed by and years olds living in the Taranaki Region vis-à-vis all New Zealanders are shared by all three TLAs, although at years are highest for those living in New Plymouth District, and at years, for those living in South Taranaki. The margin drops considerably by age 25-29, although it remains above the national average for those living in South Taranaki and New Plymouth, and also for those aged years in South Taranaki. Thereafter the picture changes quite abruptly, with those aged years having lower median incomes than is the case nationally, and this being the case for all three TLAs (with the noted exception of South Taranaki at years). It is not until years of age that the local situation improves, and then only for New Plymouth, with incomes through to years of age above the national average and accounting for the Taranaki Region s overall positive margin at those ages. Notably the Taranaki Region s older population (65+ years) has a median income below the national average, a situation shared by all TLAs and lowest for the Stratford District. 64 P a g e

65 Table 4-12: Median Income by Age for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and its TLAs, by Comparison with Total New Zealand, 2013 The regional differentials take on a different picture again when the data are disaggregated by sex (Figure 4.7). Here we see that it is primarily the Taranaki Region s young males who enjoy such a margin over their national counterparts, with those aged years in the Stratford District enjoying the greatest margin, followed by South Taranaki; New Plymouth having the lowest margin. The picture is slightly different at and years, with margins lower and now led by males in South Taranaki, but in both cases still somewhat above the national average. By comparison, positive margins for the region s females vis-à-vis their national counterparts at years are markedly lower than for males and shared only by those in the New Plymouth District. At years, female margins are both positive and similar to those for males (albeit differing by TLA), but by years and at most ages thereafter, the region s female median incomes are below the national level. New Plymouth District South Taranaki District Stratford District Taranaki Region Total New Zealand ,300 1,200 1,200 1, ,400 26,400 26,900 24,600 17, ,500 34,000 36,400 35,700 34, ,600 37,500 39,000 38,000 38, ,100 38,700 37,500 38,700 40, ,900 39,500 39,600 40,400 41, ,900 37,500 40,000 41,200 42, ,100 41,300 39,700 42,100 41, ,500 35,500 38,300 38,900 38, ,300 31,300 32,400 33,600 32, ,700 19,700 20,000 20,500 20,900 Total 29,100 28,200 29,200 29,100 28,500 Median Income Indexed to Total New Zealand (NZ = 100) Total People 59,070 7,014 20,499 86,469 3,376, P a g e

66 Median Income (Indexed to Total NZ) Median Income (Indexed to Total NZ) Figure 4-7: Median Income by Age for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and its TLAs, by Sex and Comparison with Total New Zealand, Median Income, Males New Plymouth District Stratford District South Taranaki District Taranaki Region Total New Zealand Median Income, Females New Plymouth District Stratford District South Taranaki District Taranaki Region Total New Zealand The differences by sex are most apparent when the data for males are indexed to females rather than their respective total New Zealand counterparts. Figure 4.8 and Table 4.13 show that in only one case are male median incomes lower than those for females at any age, and that is nationally at years (where the male median income is 89 per cent of that of females). The second-closest median incomes are observed for year old males and females living in the New Plymouth District, where they are equal. By contrast, males aged years in the Stratford District enjoy median incomes almost 10 times greater than their female counterparts, followed by males in South Taranaki (5 times). At most other ages, median incomes for males are well above and in many cases close to double those of females, particularly at years in New Plymouth and South Taranaki. 66 P a g e

67 Median Income (Indexed to females) Figure 4-8: Median Income by Age for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and its TLAs, Males Indexed to Females, 2013 Median Income, Males compared with Females 1, Total New Plymouth District Stratford District South Taranaki District Taranaki Region Total New Zealand 67 P a g e

68 Table 4-13: Median Income for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and its TLAs, By Sex and Age, and Males Indexed to Females, 2013 New Plymouth District Stratford District South Taranaki District Taranaki Region Total New Zealand Males ,300 2,800 2,000 1, ,300 31,100 33,300 30,000 20, ,000 42,900 44,700 43,400 38, ,100 50,300 48,600 50,500 47, ,500 48,200 49,300 52,800 53, ,500 48,100 49,600 54,000 54, ,000 50,500 50,200 54,500 53, ,100 48,700 50,100 54,500 51, ,100 40,900 47,600 50,800 48, ,700 42,300 45,400 46,600 42, ,000 19,800 20,800 21,600 22,500 Total 39,800 37,100 38,400 39,200 36,500 Females , , ,100 22,000 19,800 19,700 15, ,500 23,200 25,600 26,100 28, ,000 25,600 27,400 25,800 29, ,500 28,800 26,900 27,500 29, ,700 28,200 31,300 30,100 31, ,300 28,300 29,400 30,700 33, ,100 33,400 31,200 32,700 33, ,700 29,500 29,000 29,500 31, ,000 22,100 21,100 22,600 24, ,000 19,500 19,700 19,900 19,900 Total 22,700 22,400 22,600 22,700 23,100 Male Incomes Indexed to Female Incomes (Males =100) Total P a g e

69 Index (European = 100) The analysis now turns to differences in median income by ethnicity (but not ethnicity and sex). In all cases the data are indexed to the European population (European =100); as above this is because it makes more sense to compare ethnic groups with another ethnic group, than with a region. Figure 4.9 shows that all ages, the median incomes of those of Other Ethnicity for the total Taranaki Region are greater than those for the European population (which show as a flat line). With the exception of those at and years, this is also the case for the MELAA group, whilst median incomes for the Ethnicity NEI group are also notably higher than for European at and years of age, and fractionally higher at years. Most consistently from Figure 4.9 is that the incomes of the region s Māori, Pacific Islanders and Asians are lower than those of European at all ages, particularly at the youngest and oldest ages (see Appendix F1 for underlying data). Figure 4-9: Median Income by Age and Major Ethnic Group* Indexed to the European Income Distribution by Age, for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region, 2013 Taranaki Region Mäori Pacific Peoples European Asian Middle Eastern Latin American African Other Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included * Multiple count ethnicity means that people may be counted in more than one ethnic group, thus numbers do not sum to the total With just a few variations, primarily those of scale, the picture is very similar for the New Plymouth District (Figure 4.10, Appendix F2). Again, Māori, Pacific Islanders and Asian have lower incomes than European at all ages. The most notable differences are that the incomes of the MELAA group are now significantly higher than those of European at years and lower at years, and the positive margin for the Ethnicity NEI group now shows at 50+ years rather than and years. However, for the two latter ethnic groups, the underlying numbers are large enough to be reliable only for Ethnicity NEI. 69 P a g e

70 Index (European = 100) Figure 4-10: Median Income by Age and Major Ethnic Group* Indexed to the European Income Distribution by Age, Census Usually Resident Population of the New Plymouth District, 2013 New Plymouth District Mäori Pacific Peoples European Asian Middle Eastern Latin American African Other Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included * Multiple count ethnicity means that people may be counted in more than one ethnic group, thus numbers do not sum to the total There is significantly more noise in the data for the Stratford and South Taranaki Districts due to their smaller populations, and some ethnic groups have no data by age, so these data are not presented graphically. For Stratford (Table 4.14), the available data indicate that those of Other Ethnicity have comparatively greater median incomes than European at 30-34, 35-39, and 65+ years, while those of Asian origin do so at years of age, and fractionally at and years; however in only a few cases are the underlying numbers sufficient to be reliable. For Māori, those aged years (N=39) have a slight advantage over their European counterparts. All other ethnic/age groups have lower median incomes than the European population. Of particular note is that there are no data by age for those of Pacific Island origin for the Stratford District. For South Taranaki (Table 4.15), the data again show those of Māori, Pacific Island and Asian origin to have lower median incomes than their European counterparts at most ages, while those of Other Ethnicity have higher medians for around half of their age groups, as do the somewhat more numerous Ethnicity NEI group. A notable exception is Pacific Island people aged and 65+ years, for whom median incomes are higher than for European; however the underlying numbers of Pacific Islanders at these ages are again too small to be reliable (N=18 and 9 respectively). 70 P a g e

71 Table 4-14: Median Income by Age and Indexed to the European Income Distribution by Age, Census Usually Resident Population of the Stratford District, 2013 Mäori Pacific Peoples European Asian Middle Eastern Latin American African Other Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included Median Personal Income ,700 3, , ,300-27,000 25, , ,800-35,800 28,300-7,500-34, ,800-38,100 22,500-55,000-37, ,300-38,500 27,500-51,700-38, ,300-39,800 41,700-30,800-39, ,800-38,000 32,500-12,500-37, ,300-40, ,000 45,000 41, ,800-35,700 39,200-61,700 25,800 35, ,500-32, ,800 17,500 31, ,200-19,700 3,300-31,300 18,300 19,700 Total 23,000 27,500 28,600 23,300 36,700 34,400 15,800 28,200 Median Personal Income Indexed to European (European = 100) Total People Total 71 P a g e

72 Table 4-15: Median Income by Age and Indexed to the European Income Distribution by Age, Census Usually Resident Population of the South Taranaki District, 2013 Mäori Pacific Peoples European Asian Middle Eastern Latin American African Other Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included Median Personal Income , ,500 1, ,700 21,300 28,600 17,500-33,300 22,500 26, ,900 20,800 37,900 30,800 36,700 41,700 28,300 36, ,000 32,500 40,100 29,200-45,000 65,000 39, ,900 51,700 38,200 32,500 45,000 35,800 55,000 37, ,500 37,500 41,400 36,300 45,000 35,800 12,500 39, ,500 41,700 42,400 36,300-55,000 10,800 40, ,300 23,300 40,700 40,800 65,000 45,000 55,000 39, ,000 22,500 39,400 22,500-32,500 39,200 38, ,600-34,300 27,500-32,500 36,300 32, ,800 22,500 20,300 17,900-25,300 16,700 20,000 Total 23,100 20,300 30,300 26,100 35,800 37,200 20,200 29,200 Median Personal Income Indexed to European (European = 100) Total People 3, , ,269 20,499 Total 72 P a g e

73 Summary Personal Income The notable differences in income support by TLA and ethnic group in Section 4.2 appear in Section 4.3 in the form of median incomes that are on the one hand generally higher by age for the Taranaki Region and its TLAs than for Total New Zealand, and on the other, notably lower for those of Māori, Pacific Island and Asian origin than for European. For the Other Ethnicity and Ethnicity NEI groups, median incomes by age are generally higher than for European, and also for the MELAA group at selected ages however in many cases the underlying numbers (of people) are too low for the information to be robust. At TLA level this is less so for New Plymouth and more so for Stratford, and is particularly the case for those of Pacific Island, Asian, MELAA and Other Ethnicity origin outside of New Plymouth. One notable feature is that median incomes the Taranaki Region and its TLAs are somewhat greater at and to a lesser extent at years for than for total New Zealand, for both males and females although these should not be misinterpreted as being higher than for other age groups per se, which they are not. At TLA level these relative median incomes at and years were shown to be particularly high in Stratford and South Taranaki, and significantly greater for males than females. By comparison with European males they were particularly marked for males of Other Ethnicity. At Taranaki Region and New Plymouth level the underlying numbers are sufficient for these findings to be valid; however that is not the case for Stratford and South Taranaki. The somewhat higher incomes of the region s males than females can however be accepted at face value, in that they are consistent across all TLAs, and also for Total New Zealand, and are observed for all but one age group, that being years for total New Zealand. For New Plymouth District, median incomes for males and females were equal. At most other ages, median incomes for males are well above and in many cases close to double those of females. Overall, those of Māori, Pacific Island and Asian origin have the generally lowest incomes and these differentials are marked at the youngest and oldest ages, and by implication, for females of these groups, especially in South Taranaki. Those of Other Ethnicity have generally higher incomes by age than European, although this is mostly true for New Plymouth as do those of Ethnicity NEI and MELAA origin at selected ages which differ quite significantly by TLA. 73 P a g e

74 4.5 Unemployment by Job-Seeking Activity As indicated in Table 4.1 above, the 2013 Census indicated that around 3,500 persons in the Taranaki Region were at the time unemployed. When adjusted for those both unemployed and seeking work, the number declines to around 3,135, the majority residing in New Plymouth (68 per cent), and around eight per cent in Stratford and one-quarter in South Taranaki. Table 4.16 provides an overview of the job-seeking activities of these people in the week prior to the Census. On average, unemployed people in the Taranaki Region used 2.7 job search methods to seek work, the same as observed for Total New Zealand and for both the Stratford and South Taranaki Districts. Unemployed people in New Plymouth used 2.8 methods, plausibly because they have easier access to Careers Advisors and Guidance Counsellors, for which they show higher proportions (5.3 per cent) compared with their sub-national and national counterparts (Stratford 3.2 per cent; South Taranaki 3.4 per cent; New Zealand 4.9 per cent). The proposition is supported in the very low Index of Dissimilarity (ID) for New Plymouth (1.1) compared with its subnational counterparts (2.9 for both Stratford and South Taranaki), meaning that only 1.1 per cent of unemployed people residing in New Plymouth would need to change their job search methods to match the regional distribution compared with 2.9 per cent in Stratford and South Taranaki respectively. By comparison, unemployed people in the Taranaki Region have an ID of 1.5 compared with total New Zealand, indicating that 1.5 per cent would need to change job search methods to match the national distribution again very low. The overall interpretation, however, is that while those in New Plymouth have access to job search methods which are closer to those at national level than in the Stratford and South Taranaki Districts, this says nothing about outcomes, which, as Figure 4.1 and Table 4.3 above showed, result in the lowest unemployment rates for Stratford plausibly because of the highest proportions either looking at job adverts, approaching a potential employer, or contacting WINZ. Those in the Stratford District were somewhat more likely than elsewhere to have either looked at job advertisements (29.9 per cent compared with 29.0 and 28.9 per cent for New Plymouth and South Taranaki respectively), written, phoned, or applied in person to a potential employer (23.1 per cent compared with 22.9 and 22.1 per cent for New Plymouth and South Taranaki respectively), or contacted Work and Income New Zealand (WINZ) (11.3 per cent compared with 9.2 and 10.1 per cent for New Plymouth and South Taranaki respectively), and less likely to have contacted friends or relatives (19.5 per cent compared with 20.3 and 22.2 per cent in New Plymouth and South Taranaki respectively). 74 P a g e

75 Table 4-16: Job Search Methods of the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by TLA, Major Ethic Group* and Comparison with Total New Zealand, 2013 Looked at Job Adverts Wrote, Phoned or Applied in Person to an Employer Contacted Career Advisors or Vocational Guidance Officers Contacted Work and Income to look for a job Contacted Friends or Relatives for help in finding a job Other job search methods Not Stated Total (Job Search Methods)^ Total People Job Search Methods Per Person (N) (%) (N) Percentage New Plymouth District Mäori , Pacific Peoples European , , Asian MELAA~ 12 Other Ethnicity 30 Not Elsewhere Included 18 Total , , Index of Dissimilarity with Taranaki Region (%) 1.1 Stratford District Mäori Pacific Peoples - European Asian 6 MELAA~ - Other Ethnicity 6 Not Elsewhere Included - Total Index of Dissimilarity with Taranaki Region (%) 2.9 South Taranaki District Mäori , Pacific Peoples 24 European , Asian 15 MELAA~ 3 Other Ethnicity 6 Not Elsewhere Included 15 Total , Index of Dissimilarity with Taranaki Region (%) 2.9 Taranaki Region Mäori , , Pacific Peoples European , , Asian MELAA~.. 15 Other Ethnicity 42 Not Elsewhere Included 33 Total , , Index of Dissimilarity with Total New Zealand (%) 1.5 Total New Zealand Mäori , , Pacific Peoples , , European , , Asian , , MELAA~ , , Other Ethnicity , , Not Elsewhere Included , , Total , , Notes: *Multiple Count means that people may be counted in more than one ethnic group ^ People typically use more than one job search method. Population numbers below 50 are excluded from the analysis ~Middle Eastern/Latin American/Other Figure 4.11 provides an illustration of the differences by major ethnic group for the total Taranaki Region (numbers are too small to disaggregate by TLA, and where numbers are lower than 50 they have been excluded from the analysis) (see also Table 4.16 above). As is the case at sub-regional level, looked at job advertisements is clearly the main job search method for all ethnic groups, 75 P a g e

76 percentage although there are differences in the dominance of this method. Those of Māori and Pacific Island origin have very similar proportions (between 26 and 28 per cent), while European and Asian people have slightly higher proportions, also very similar to each other (30 and 31 per cent respectively). Writing, phoning or applying in person to an employer is also a dominant method for all ethnic groups, but highest for European (23.7 per cent). Contacting friends or relatives is the third most dominant job search method and is notably similar for Māori, Pacific Islanders and Europeans (ranging between 20 and 22 per cent of job search methods), as might be expected in New Zealand albeit higher for Māori and Pacific Island than European. However the proportion using this method is actually highest for those of Asian origin, suggesting that the group also has reasonably strong familial and friendship networks in the region. Notably the proportions utilising career and vocational guidance services are low for all groups, while Work and Income New Zealand (WINZ) also ranks relatively low. These findings suggest that the services or awareness of the services of these organisations might need some attention. Figure 4-11: Job Search Methods^ of the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by Major Ethic Group*, Looked at Job Adverts Wrote, Phoned or Applied in Person to an Employer Contacted Career Advisors or Vocational Guidance Officers Contacted Work and Income to look for a job Contacted Other job search Friends or methods Relatives for help in finding a job Job Search Methods Not Stated Mäori Pacific Peoples European Asian MELAA~ Other Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included Notes: *Multiple Count means that people may be counted in more than one ethnic group ^ People typically use more than one job search method. Population numbers below 50 are excluded from the analysis ~Middle Eastern/Latin American/Other 76 P a g e

77 Number Figure 4.12 turns to the average number of job search methods used by unemployed people of each major ethnic group in the Taranaki Region and its TLAs, and compares them with the national picture. NB. As above, numbers for several groups are too low for reliable analysis and are thus excluded. These data present a general picture of Māori and Pacific Island people using the greatest number of job search methods, and those of European and Asian origin using fewer. Figure 4-12: Average Number of Job Search Methods^ of the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by TLA and Major Ethic Group*, New Plymouth District Stratford District South Taranaki Taranaki Region Total New Zealand Mäori Pacific Peoples European Asian MELAA~ Other Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Included Notes: *Multiple Count means that people may be counted in more than one ethnic group ^ People typically use more than one job search method. Population numbers below 50 are excluded from the analysis ~Middle Eastern/Latin American/Other Table 4.17 and Figure 4.13 present the data for the total Taranaki Region by sex. Table 4.17 indicates that males use fractionally more job search methods than females (2.8 compared with 2.7), but this is not so for Asian males, who use 2.1 methods compared with 2.3 methods by their female counterparts. The above patterns in terms of dominance of methods are almost identical by sex (Figure 4.13), although females are slightly more likely than males to look at job advertisements and to write, phone or apply in person to an employer, and less likely to contact vocational services or WINZ. Also notable from Figure 4.13 is that those in the Taranaki Region are somewhat more likely than their national counterparts to write, phone or apply in person to an employer. 77 P a g e

78 percentage Table 4-17: Job Search Methods of the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by Sex and Major Ethic Group* 2013 Wrote, Phoned or Applied in Person to an Employer Contacted Career Advisors or Vocational Guidance Officers Contacted Contacted Work and Friends or Income to Relatives look for a for help in job finding a job Other job Job Search Looked at Job Adverts search methods Not Stated Total (Job Search Responses) Total Methods People Per Person Male Percentage (N) (%) (N) Mäori , Pacific Peoples 45 European , Asian MELAA~ 6 Other Ethnicity 21 Not Elsewhere Included 27 Total , Female Mäori , Pacific Peoples 45 European , Asian MELAA~ 9 Other Ethnicity 21 Not Elsewhere Included 9 Total , Index of Dissimilarity Males:Females (%) 4.5 Notes: *Multiple Count means that people may be counted in more than one ethnic group ^ People typically use more than one job search method. Population numbers below 50 are excluded from the analysis ~Middle Eastern/Latin American/Other Figure 4-13: Job Search Methods of the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by Sex and Regional Comparison with Total New Zealand, Taranaki Males Taranaki Females Taranaki Region Total New Zealand 5 0 Looked at Job Adverts Wrote, Phoned or Applied in Person to an Employer Contacted Career Advisors or Vocational Guidance Officers Contacted Work and Income to look for a job Contacted Friends or Relatives for help in finding a job Other job search methods Not Stated 78 P a g e

79 Number Figure 4.14 shows that the above patterns generally hold true irrespective of age and sex, but there are notable differences in the number of job search methods used by age, with males aged 25-29, years and years employing the greatest number, along with females aged years and (Figure 4.14). Figure 4-14: Job Search Methods of the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by Sex and Age, Total Males Females 79 P a g e

80 Table 4-18: Job Search Methods of the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region by Sex and Age, 2013 Looked at Job Adverts Contacted Wrote, Career Phoned or Advisors Applied in or Person to Vocational an Guidance Employer Officers Contacted Work and Income to look for a job Contacted Friends or Relatives for help in finding a job Other job search methods Not Stated Total (Job Search Methods)^ Total People Job Search Methods Per Person Males Total , Females Total , ^ People typically use more than one job search method. 80 P a g e

81 Summary Job Seeking Activity Unemployed people in the Taranaki Region (numbering around 3,500 at the 2013 Census) use almost identical types of job search methods and numbers of job search methods to their national counterparts, although minor differences exist with respect to TLA, ethnicity, sex and age. The average unemployed person in the Taranaki Region uses 2.7 job search methods to seek work, the same as in the Stratford and South Taranaki Districts and total New Zealand, while those in New Plymouth use 2.8 methods plausibly because of greater access to methods. However the dominance of three methods: looking at job advertisements, writing, phoning or applying in person to an employer, and contacting friends or relatives in all areas suggests that other methods play a minor role. Notably, the proportions utilising career and vocational guidance services are relatively low for all groups, while Work and Income New Zealand (WINZ) also ranks relatively low. These findings suggest that the services or awareness of the services of these organisations might need some attention. Numbers by ethnicity and TLA for some groups are too low for robust analysis. The available data present a general picture of Māori and Pacific Island people using the greatest number of job search methods, and those of European and Asian origin using fewer. The same job search types dominate for all groups, although those of Māori and Pacific Island origin are slightly less likely than European to look at job advertisements and to write, phone or apply in person to an employer, and more likely to contact friends or relatives, WINZ or career and vocational guidance services. Those of Asian origin have the highest proportions contacting family or friends. On average, males use 2.8 methods and females 2.7; however males aged 25-29, and years, along with females aged and years, use greater numbers. Females are slightly more likely than males to look at job advertisements and to write, phone or apply in person to an employer, and slightly less likely to employ other methods. While those in New Plymouth have access to job search methods which are closer to those at national level than the Stratford and South Taranaki Districts, this says nothing about outcomes, which the section on labour force status indicated result in the lowest unemployment rates for Stratford plausibly because the latter has the highest proportions either looking at job adverts, approaching a potential employer, or contacting WINZ. 81 P a g e

82 4.6 Unemployment by Unpaid Work Activity This section provides a brief analysis of the unpaid activities of the Taranaki Region s unemployed population at the time of the 2013 Census. Table 4.19 and Figure 4.15 show that the majority of those unemployed undertake Caring Work, ranging from 70.5 per cent for males to 73.4 per cent for females, with the second highest proportion undertaking Voluntary Work, again highest for females. By ethnicity, Caring Work is generally highest for European, while Voluntary Work is generally highest for Māori. The Region s unemployed population of Asian origin is less likely to engage in Voluntary Work and more likely to have no unpaid activities. These differences are reflected in Māori having the highest number of unpaid activities per person (males 1.2, females 1.3). Overall the unpaid activities of the Region s unemployed population are very similar to the national picture, with just 0.9 per cent needing to change activities for the two distributions to be the same. Table 4-19: Unpaid Work Activities of the Census Usually Resident Unemployed Population of the Taranaki Region by Sex and Major Ethnic Group* 2013 No Unpaid Activities Caring Voluntary Work Not Elsewhere Included Total Unpaid Activities Total People Unpaid Activities Per Person Percentage (N) (%) (N) Male Mäori Pacific Peoples 45 European , Asian Middle Eastern/Lati 6 Other Ethnicity 21 Not Elsewhere Inclu 27 Total , Female Mäori Pacific Peoples 45 European , Asian Middle Eastern/Lati 9 Other Ethnicity 21 Not Elsewhere Inclu 9 Total , Total Mäori , Pacific Peoples European , Asian Middle Eastern/Lati 15 Other Ethnicity Not Elsewhere Inclu 33 Total , Index of Dissimilarity Males:Females (%) 7.7 Index of Dissimilarity with Total New Zealand (%) 0.9 Notes: *Multiple Count means that people may be counted in more than one ethnic group ^ People typically use more than one job search method. Population numbers below 50 are excluded from the analysis ~Middle Eastern/Latin American/Other 82 P a g e

83 percentage Figure 4-15: Unpaid Work Activities of the Census Usually Resident Unemployed Population of the Taranaki Region by Sex, Taranaki Males Taranaki Females Total New Zealand No Activities Caring Voluntary Work Not Elsewhere Included Notes: ^ People may be involved in more than one activity. The dominance of Caring Work followed by Voluntary Work is similar by age and sex (Table 4.20). However Table 4.20 shows that Caring Work is notably highest for young females (20-24 and years) indicating the possible presence of children, while Voluntary Work is generally lowest at years for both sexes and increases with age, peaking at 65+ years for males and years for females. The later peak for males could, however, be slightly affected by small cell size (N=24), thus the second peak at years is noteworthy. 83 P a g e

84 Table 4-20: Unpaid Work Activities of the Census Usually Resident Unemployed Population of the Taranaki Region by Sex and Age, 2013 No Activities Voluntary Work Not Elsewhere Included Total (Unpaid Activities)^ Total People Total Unpaid Activities Per Person Caring Males Total , Females Total , ^ People may be involved in more than one activity. 84 P a g e

85 Summary Unpaid Work Activity by Unemployed People Close to three-quarters of the Taranaki Region s unemployed population at the time of the 2013 Census were providing unpaid Caring Work, ranging from 70.5 per cent for males to 73.4 per cent for females. Around 16 per cent were undertaking Voluntary Work, again highest for females. Very similar patterns are evidenced by age and sex, with Caring Work notably highest for young women years indicating the possible presence of children, and Voluntary Work lowest at years for both sexes, increasing with age. Peak Volunteer rates occur at and 65+ years for males and at years for females, with the number of activities per person following a similar pattern. Caring Work is generally highest for European, while Voluntary Work is generally highest for Māori. The Region s unemployed population of Asian origin is less likely to engage in Voluntary Work and more likely to have no unpaid activities. These differences are reflected in Māori having the highest number of unpaid activities per person. Overall the unpaid activities of the Region s unemployed population are very similar to the national picture, with just 0.9 per cent needing to change unpaid activities for the two distributions to be the same. 85 P a g e

86 Number 4.7 Number of Children Average family size as indicated by the number of children ever-born to women in the Taranaki Region is somewhat greater than that at national level. For women of all ages 15+ years, average family size for the Region is around two children, by comparison with 1.75 children at national level. Numbers are almost equally highest for the Stratford and South Taranaki Districts (2.18 and 2.22 children), and lowest for New Plymouth (1.99) (Figure 4.16 and Table 4.21). However family size is a function of age, and with very low proportions of women having children at younger ages it is more useful to look at data for specific age groups of women than the average across all age groups. Figure 4.16 shows that Taranaki women aged years have on average 2.31 children, again somewhat higher than the national level (2.08 children) and again surpassed by all three Taranaki TLAs: New Plymouth (2.20), Stratford (2.54), and South Taranaki (2.57). Also notable from Figure 4.16 and Table 4.21 is that the Region s younger women also have substantially higher numbers of children than is the case nationally, those aged years in South Taranaki for example already having 1.24 children by comparison with 0.75 nationally. Figure 4-16: Average Number of Children Ever-Born by TLA and by Age of Mother for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and Comparison with Total New Zealand, New Plymouth District 1.75 Stratford District South Taranaki Ditsrict Taranaki Region Total New Zealand Total 86 P a g e

87 percentage Table 4-21: Average Number of Children Ever-Born by TLA and by Age of Mother for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and Comparison with Total New Zealand, 2013 New Plymouth District South Taranaki Ditsrict Stratford District Taranaki Region Total New Zealand Total Figure 4.17 provides an additional perspective on these data, showing that family size is driven by very large proportions of women having no children (either as yet, or in total) and very small proportions having more than two children. South Taranaki District stands out as having the lowest proportions with no children and the highest with either one or two children, while there is considerable similarity between New Plymouth and Stratford. Figure 4-17: Percentage of Women (All Ages) by Number of Children Ever-Born and TLA for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and Comparison with Total New Zealand, New Plymouth District Stratford District South Taranaki Ditsrict Taranaki Region Total New Zealand 10 0 No Children One Child Two Children Three Children Four Children Five or More Children 87 P a g e

88 percentage Again the data in Figure 4.17 are for women of all ages, so Figure 4.18 illustrates the picture for women aged years only, for whom family size may be considered more or less complete. While the dominance of the two-child family is clear, the relatively high proportions having three and four children is also noteworthy, particularly for Stratford. It is this higher parity (birth number) distribution, reflected in much lower proportions having zero children, which accounts for Stratford s relatively high family size. By comparison, for South Taranaki, it is the higher proportion having five or more children that explains the TLAs overall family size being the fractionally largest. Figure 4-18: Percentage of Women Aged Years by Number of Children Ever-Born and TLA for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region and Comparison with Total New Zealand, New Plymouth District Stratford District South Taranaki Ditsrict Taranaki Region Total New Zealand No Children One Child Two Children Three Children Four Children Five or More Children Figure 4.19 gives average family size for the Taranaki Region by major ethnic group and age of mother, with selected rates highlighted (it should also be noted that there are no data for women of some ethnic age groups) see also Table Most notable from Figure 4.19 is that the rates for women aged years are somewhat lower than for their older counterparts, most particularly for women of Pacific Island origin, who in 2013 had an average of just two children, less than half the number for those aged years and indicating greater use of contraceptives among younger women. The lower family size of Māori women by comparison with their older counterparts is less pronounced, being in fact slightly greater than that for women aged years, but somewhat 88 P a g e

89 lower than for those aged 65+ years. The situation for European women is similar, with each successively older age group having a larger number of children, reflecting past fertility trends. At the same time, average family size is somewhat higher at younger ages for Māori and Pacific Island women than for women of all other ethnic groups. Together these age-specific rates result in overall average family sizes that differ only slightly for the Region s ethnic groups, ranging from 1.2 children on average for women of Middle Eastern/Latin America/African origin (MELAA) to 2.4 children for those whose ethnicity is Not Elsewhere Included. By comparison with 2.1 children for women of European origin, average family size seems uncharacteristically low for women of Pacific Island and Māori origin at 1.8 and 2.0 children. However, because the age of women is directly correlated with number of children born, and far greater proportions of Māori and Pacific Island women (as well as those of Asian and MELAA origin) are at the youngest childbearing ages, it is important to keep ethnic group age structures in mind when interpreting overall family size. In 2013, Māori and Pacific Island women aged 15 to 24 years accounted for 25 and 29 per cent respectively of all women in each group aged 15+ years, compared with just 14 per cent for European; the age-specific rates are thus the most robust comparators. 89 P a g e

90 Number Figure 4-19: Average Number of Children Ever-Born by Major Ethnic Group* and Age of Mother for the Census Usually Resident Population of the Taranaki Region, Total Maori Pacific Island People European Asian MELAA Other Ethnicity Ethnicity NEI 90 P a g e