Κείμενο Θέσεων Υπ. Αρ. 5 Rates of return to different levels of education: Recent evidence from Greece
|
|
- Sandra Golden
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Υπουργείο Εθνικής Παιδείας και Θρησκευμάτων Ειδική Υπηρεσία Διαχείρισης ΕΠΕΑΕΚ Κείμενο Θέσεων Υπ. Αρ. 5 Rates of return to dfferent levels of educaton: Recent evdence from Greece Επιστημονικός Υπεύθυνος: Π.Ε. Πετράκης, Καθηγητής Τμήματος Οικονομικών Επιστημών Αθήνα, Οκτώβριος 2008 Το παρόν έχει παραχθεί στα πλαίσια της σύμβασης του ΕΚΠΑ (τεχνικός σύμβουλος) με το ΥπΕΠΘ/ΕΥΔ
2 Περιεχόμενα 1. Introducton Lterature Revew Data Rates of return to educaton, Conclusons...7 References:
3 1. Introducton The purpose of ths paper s to use short-cut methodologes n order to update the exstng estmatons of the prvate and socal rates of return to nvestment n each level of the Greek educatonal system. To do so we utlze a dataset consstng of average ncome levels for each educatonal level for years 2003 to 2005 and addtonal OECD estmatons for the educatonal expenses of every level of the Greek educatonal system. Petraks and Kotsos (2008) have, also, appled a smlar methodology to estmate the prvate rates of return and expected rates of return for the perod 1974 to Moreover, Prodromds and Prodromds (2008) explot a dataset consstng of three household surveys that took place n Greece and estmate a Mnceran earnngs functon. Our emprcal fndngs do not contradct these prevous observatons. However, contrary to the studes mentoned above, we -addtonally- attempt to calculate the socal rate of return to each educatonal level. Moreover, we estmate the expected return rates, takng nto consderaton unemployment rates n each level of educaton n order to depct an accurate pcture of the returns to educatonal nvestment. We document hgh and ncreasng prvate and publc rates of return accrung to tertary educaton. Moreover, we test the hypothess that these hgh rates of return, especally to tertary educaton are a result of the Greek unverstes poor fnancng. The Greek educatonal expenses are relatvely low compared to nternatonal standards; ths dfference ncreases wth the educatonal level, wth unversty educaton recevng less than half the fnancng of the OECD members average. One could argue that the hgh and ncreasng (wth the educatonal level) rates of return to educaton observed, result exactly from ths defct n publc educaton fnancng. We reject ths conjecture by estmatng hypothetcal socal rates of return once the overall educatonal expenses are set equal to OECD countres average. Therefore, keepng other parameters constant, we obtan an estmate of the magntude of the expected declne n socal return rates, due to the antcpated convergence of educatonal expenses wth the developed world standards. The hypothetcal (.e. assumng expenses level equal to OECD average) rates of return to the tertary educaton reman hgher than the true (.e. usng the actually observed cost) return rates of the secondary level. 2
4 2. Lterature Revew Rates of return to educaton are usually estmated as the dfference between the expected annual ncomes enjoyed by those that have fulflled dfferent educatonal levels; they can be estmated usng varous methodologes. The approach to be utlzed s usually drven by the avalable dataset. When age/earnngs profles can be constructed (usually from household survey data on ndvdual earnngs) the nternal rates of return to educaton can be estmated by equatng the present value of educatonal costs to the present value of expected earnngs by: N w t t = t t= 1 ( 1+ r) t= 1 ( 1+ r) where S and N, respectvely, correspond to the years of schoolng and the work years for each ndvdual, whle w t and c t stand for the average ncome and the cost to educaton for year t, respectvely. The purpose of ths method s to properly estmate the rate of return to the educatonal process, r. Moreover, when ndvdual data are avalable, one could estmate the basc Mnceran earnngs functon: ln 2 ( w) = b + bs+ b e+ b e S Addtonally to ndvdual ncome, w, the number of schoolng years, s, and work experence, e, the related lterature has added other ndependent varables to the relaton above, n order to control for socal and economc background, ndvdual sklls, etc. Furthermore, the contnuous varable s, n the Mnceran equaton can be replaced by dummy varables representng the dfferent educatonal levels. In that case, the dfferences between the rates of return to dfferent levels of educaton become more straghtforward; they are calculated as the dfference between the coeffcents of the correspondng bnary varables. On the other hand, when the only avalable data concern average ncome levels per educatonal level, we can only estmate the returns to educaton usng short-cut methods to measure the addtonal average ncome attrbuted to educatonal level, compared to the average ncome n level -1, as: RORE 1 c W W = W S where RORE and S stand for the rate of return and the average years of schoolng for each educatonal level,. Moreover, we use the notaton W and W -1 for the average ncome for those who have graduated from educatonal levels and -1, 3 1 t e
5 respectvely. Usng the last two equatons we do not take nto account the educaton cost at each level; we only calculate a crude estmaton for the demand for graduates of each educatonal level,. We can measure net returns to nvestment n educaton by ncludng the correspondng cost, C, as: RORE = W W W C S ( ) 1 + Addtonally, Groot and Oosterbeek (1992) propose a smlar measure to proxy for the average dfference n ncome due to an addtonal educatonal level, as: RORE ln = 1 ( W ) ln( W ) However, the rates of return, calculated from the equatons above, do not depct the actual returns to nvestment n educaton, unless the employment rates per educatonal level are taken nto consderaton. We are able to estmate the expected returns to educatonal level I, as: S ( 1 ) 1 ERORE p RORE = where ERORE stands for the expected rate of return to educaton and RORE s the rate of return calculated by the methodologes descrbed above. The employment rate, 1-p, s measured usng the unemployment rate for each educatonal level, p. Dependng on whch correspondng rates of return we wsh to calculate, the cost varables represent the prvate or the socal cost to educaton. In ths paper we wll utlze short-cut methods to estmate both. We cannot, at ths pont, utlze econometrc technques to estmate a Mnceran earnngs equaton, snce the avalable dataset conssts of, solely, average ncomes for each educatonal level. A methodologcal approach smlar to the one utlzed below has been mplemented by Petraks and Kotsos (2008). The authors analyze the rates of educatonal returns n Greece for 1974 to 1998 perod; they have, addtonally, calculated rsk adjusted returns, usng dsperson metrcs per educatonal level. Cholezas and Tsakloglou (2001) explot a dataset of ndvdual surveys (1974, 1988 and 1994) and present statstcally sgnfcant evdence on return rates that ncrease wth the educatonal level. Addtonally, they document a declne n the rate of return to educaton between 1974 and 1988 and an ncrease n In the most recent emprcal work on Greek data, Prodromds and Prodromds (2008) nvestgate three Greek household surveys (1988, 1994, and 1999) and examne the trend of educatonal returns over tme. They fnd substantal return rates to hgher educaton, whch, moreover, grow over tme. Ths s consstent 4
6 wth our evdence of ncreasng rates of return for the hgh levels of secondary and tertary educaton. However, our fndngs contradct the emprcal results presented n Psacharopoulos (1993) and Psacharopoulos and Patrnos (2002). Addtonally, both studes of Cholezas and Tsakloglou (2001) and Prodromds and Prodromds (2008) evdence ncreased rates of return to educaton for females, as opposed to males whch comply wth nternatonal emprcal fndngs. Our work cannot offer such predctons, snce we have no data on male and female average ncomes separately. For a complete revew of the emprcal lterature on rates of return to educaton n Greece, see Cholezas and Tsakloglou (1999). 3. Data The data set for ths study conssts of the average ncome for the dfferent educatonal levels provded by the General Secretarat of Natonal Statstcal Servces (GNSS) for the years 2003 to The avalable levels of educaton nclude the prmary, secondary (lower and upper secondary educaton), tertary educaton and PhD holders. Addtonally, the average ncome levels for uneducated people for the three-year perod are, also, avalable. However, there s no dstncton between general and vocatonal upper secondary educaton or post-graduate (.e. master s degrees) and PhD levels. Moreover, ncome dsperson metrcs wthn each educatonal segment are not currently avalable and, hence, a rsk/return analyss cannot be mplemented. Furthermore, we wll utlze the unemployment rates (also provded by the GSNSS) for each educatonal level n order to calculate the expected rates of return, takng nto account the probablty of employment. However, as already mentoned above, the orgnal survey data are not currently avalable. Addtonally, we have used OECD data concernng the annual cost per student for every educatonal level (OECD, Educaton at a glance, 2007, Indcator B1.1). Unfortunately, there are no avalable data for the lower and upper secondary educaton, separately; we have used for both these educatonal levels the annual expenses per student at the secondary level, as a whole. Moreover, there s no dstncton between the cost of graduate and post-graduate tertary educaton. In order to resolve that, we set the cost of graduate educaton equal to the estmated cost of tertary educaton per student excludng R&D expenses, whle we proxy the cost per PhD canddate as the total (.e. ncludng R&D expendtures) annual expenses for tertary educaton per student. That the duraton of studes vares sgnfcantly wth the educatonal level, but also depends sgnfcantly on the tranng feld, s more than obvous. Therefore, what 5
7 s of nterest s the relatve addtonal ncome enjoyed per year of studes. Snce the years of schoolng for tertary educaton vary wth the educatonal feld, we wll assume an average of 5 years for undergraduate tertary educaton and an addtonal average of 4 years for the completon of a doctoral dssertaton. Settng the number of years, whch are necessary to fulfll graduate and post-graduate studes at lower levels, would only result n -even- hgher returns to tertary educaton. 4. Rates of return to educaton, Even though the numercal results of the two utlzed methods ( short-cut method and the methodology of Groot & Oosterbeek) do not concde, the qualtatve results do not dffer. The most obvous pattern recognzed n the results obtaned, whch are presented n Table 1, concern the ncreasng returns to educaton for the secondary and tertary levels of the educatonal system. In other words the average ncome ncreases, wth hgher rates, as we move to the hgher levels of educaton. Addtonally, we confrm the hgh returns to prmary educaton, whch s evdent n the related lterature [Psacharopoulos (1993) and Psacharopoulos and Patrnos (2002)]; n fact, movng from prmary to lower secondary educaton s the only sgn of dmnshng returns to educaton! The hgh returns to prmary educaton can be attrbuted to the margnal stuaton t represents: the average ncome for uneducated people n Greece s so low that an nfntesmal ncrease to educaton (.e. graduatng from prmary school) results to a substantal percentage ncrease n average ncome. Ths ncrease s hgher than the one attrbuted to the two followng levels of secondary educaton. However, t s extremely nterestng to measure these rates of return to prmary educaton wth tme, snce the number of people that have fulflled prmary educaton only s expected to decrease wth tme. At ths pont, t should be mentoned that a fully segregated sample consstng of detaled data for the dstnct categores of each level of the educatonal system would result to a much more nterestng emprcal nvestgaton of the educatonal system and a better comprehenson of the demand for labor force n Greece. More specfcally, t s of extreme mportance to dentfy potental dfferences between the rates of return for the two categores of hgher secondary (general and vocatonal educaton) and tertary (techncal and unversty educaton) educaton that consttute avalable optons for Greek students. Addtonally, t would be very nterestng to examne the expected rates of return to post-secondary, non-tertary educaton. Unfortunately, the relevant data are not currently avalable and, hence, our paper cannot comment on ths ssue. Internatonal lterature documents hgher rates of return to the general rather than to techncal educaton. 6
8 Next, n order to take nto account the statstcally observed employment rates and calculate the expected rates of return to each level of educaton, we document the well known fact that unemployment n the Greek labor market does not decrease monotoncally wth the educatonal levels (columns (3), (6) and (10) n tables 3 and 4). Even when we take unemployment rates nto consderaton, the pcture does not change; once more, we confrm the emprcal fndngs of the nternatonal lterature [Psacharopoulos (1994), Psacharopoulos and Patrnos (2002)] of hgh returns to prmary educaton. However, we also document returns to secondary and tertary educaton, whch ncrease wth the educatonal level. Next, we present our fndngs on the correspondng socal rates of return to dfferent levels of educaton, estmatng the annual socal cost per student from OECD data for year The socal rates of return s lower than our bref estmatons of the prvate returns (not ncluded n the paper), whch s attrbuted to the state subsdzaton of hgher educaton. However, the pcture depcted prevously usng gross prvate rates of return, remans. One could argue that the hgh socal rates of return to hgher educaton can be attrbuted to the relatvely poor fnancng of the tertary level (column (5) of Table 4 ndcate the fundng shortage, relatvely to the average fnancng of OECD countres) of the Greek educatonal system; the percentage rates of return would be lower f the socal cost of graduate and post-graduate educaton were to be ncreased to OECD standards. In order to check the valdty of ths conjecture, we calculate hypothetcal socal rates of return to each educatonal level, settng the correspondng annual cost per student equal to the average OECD members annual expenses per student. In that case, the rates of return to each educatonal level decrease (compared to those estmated usng the actual cost per student documented by the OECD), but postgraduate and graduate studes stll offer hgher rates of return relatvely to secondary educaton. Therefore we conclude that the substantal returns to hgher educaton cannot be attrbuted to the poor fnancng of Greek unverstes. Even an ncrease n the per student expendtures to the correspondng average of the OECD countres, holdng everythng else constant, would not reverse the documented results, wth tertary educaton resultng to hgh rates of return. Both the actual and the hypothetcal socal rates of return to educaton are presented n Table Conclusons Ths work documents a number of nterestng observatons concernng the Greek educatonal system. Based on the above fndng, we are able to propose some 7
9 1. The rates of return to the dfferent levels of educaton follow a U-shaped curve wth the educatonal level, as already documented above. Prmary and tertary educaton yeld the most substantal returns, whle secondary level graduates (and especally those holdng only a secondary educaton degree) enjoy lower return rates. The dfference between the numercal results (Table 1) of the two methodologcal approaches (the usual short-cut method and the Groot and Oosterbeek methodology) utlzed s not sgnfcant, although t ncreases wth the educatonal level. More mportantly, the rankng of educatonal levels accordng to the correspondng return rates, reman unchanged ndependently of the methodology used. Our results are n accordance wth the emprcal nvestgaton of Greek household surveys n Cholezas and Tsakloglou (2001) and Prodromds and Prodromds (2008), where substantally hgh returns to tertary educaton (hgher than those of the secondary level) are also documented. Addtonally, our fndngs of hgh returns to hgher educaton comply wth Psacharopoulos (2008), ndcatng a sgnfcant demand for educated people n modern Greek economy. 2. The most well documented fndng of ths paper s the hgher rates of return to the tertary educaton. Moreover, we can compare these return rates wth the correspondng rsk-free nterest rate. We conclude that the rates of return to hgher educaton (both at graduate and post-graduate levels) are hgher than the rskless nterest rate, whle the return to secondary educaton lags the yelds of rsk-free nvestment. Hence, we expect the dropout rates to reman relatvely hgh at the secondary level of the educatonal system, whle the demand for graduate and post-graduate studes to grow further. 3. When adjustng for unemployment rsk, the calculated return rates are an average 0.5% lower than the ones estmated wthout takng nto account the probablty of employment. The greatest decrease n rates of return takes place n the secondary level, where the unemployment rates are hgher and the rates of return lower. However, unemployment remans at sgnfcant levels, even for hgher educaton graduates and, hence, decreases the rate of return to ths educatonal level, as well. Based on these fndngs, the quest for safer study felds (n the sense of reduced unemployment rsk) s well justfed, snce the contrbuton of unemployment levels to expected rates of return s sgnfcant, as descrbed. However, the value of the expected return rates s mostly nfluenced by the 8
10 relatve ncome levels. Therefore, what should be encouraged s seekng for studes wth hgh returns resultng from hgher expected ncome. 4. Moreover, the analyss predcts that a potental ncrease n unemployment levels or nterest rates would result n a totally dfferent stuaton for the decson to nvest n educaton, snce t would reduce the (adjusted for unemployment) expected rate of return and would make other nvestments, alternatve to nvestment n educaton (.e. relatvely rsk-less securtes wth yelds ted to the EURIBOR) seem more attractve. Currently the stuaton seems at a margnal pont; n the very lkely case of a further deteroraton of global economc crcumstances nvestment n educaton s expected to fade and certanly not to grow any further. 5. The calculated socal rates of return hghlghts two major polcy mplcatons: Frst, the utmost mportance of nvestment n prmary educaton, whch bears a return rate of about 8% and, second, the fact that socal rates of return to educaton are well below the correspondng prvates return rates. Both these observatons are well documented n the related lterature [see for example Psacharopoulos (1984), (1992)]. The fact that socal rates of return reman well below the prvate ones, ndcates that the potental nvestor (ether the prvate or the publc sector) that partcpates n the fnancng of nvestment n educaton, should expect relatvely low returns. These returns, ceters parbus, would become even lower n the event of an ncrease of educatonal fundng to OECD countres average. In other words, an ncrease n the level of nvestment would decrease the expected socal rates of return, unless the correspondng ncome levels ncrease to the same extent (as a result of ths hgher nvestment n educaton). Thus, an ncrease n educatonal nvestment, and the antcpated productvty gans resultng from t, should necessarly lead to rses n ncome levels; otherwse educaton as an nvestment opportunty wll seem less attractve than t s today. Addtonal nvestment should be headed for the felds (and, respectvely, professons), whch yeld the hghest returns. It s necessary to adopt a dfferent nvestment structure, and plan further nvestment n educaton accordng to the return of each tranng feld and each sector of the Greek economy related to t. 6. Can the above calculated rates of return cast any nformaton about the level of fundng of the dfferent levels of the Greek educatonal system? The only pece 9
11 of nformaton we can accurately export concerns the hghlghted dfference between the prvate and socal rates of return to educaton. 7. Last, we could underlne the relaton between the actual rates of return to educaton and the proper measurement of ncomes, due to the large scale of underground economy and tax avodance, for whch Greece s notorous about. If we could measure the actual ncome levels generated by the grey economy t s possble that the above calculated rates of return would dffer substantally. One could argue that the atttude towards taxes dffers wth the educatonal level. Addtonally, t s hghly possble that the professons of secondary educaton graduates facltate tax avodance and the grey economy. In other words, t s not unlkely that the true rates of return to lower levels of the educatonal system are not as low as documented n our study. Unfortunately, however, collectng the necessary dataset and measurng the true (.e. after adjustng for tax avodance or ncomes from underground economc actvty) average ncomes for each educatonal level, n order to properly adjust the above rates of return s not possble. Of course, ths measurement bas arses for every emprcal work on rates of return to educaton, whch takes place n countres wth hgh levels of grey economy. 10
12 Table 1: Gross rates of average return to each educatonal level per year of schoolng, for years calculated usng the average yearly ncomes and utlzng the narrow method and the methodology of Groot and Oosterbeek (1992), descrbed above. (The averages ncomes n columns (3), (6) and (9) are provded by statstcal data of the GSNSS) Educatonal Level () Average years of RORE RORE RORE schoolng 1 (S ) Average Income ( ) Short-cut Method Groot & Oosterbeek Average Income ( ) Short-cut Method Groot & Oosterbeek Average Income ( ) Short-cut Method Groot & Oosterbeek (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) No schoolng (1) Prmary (2) ,34% 6,76% ,10% 10,22% ,77% 3,40% Lower Secondary Upper Secondary (3) ,28% 2,21% ,72% 2,61% ,12% 1,11% (4) ,06% 3,83% ,94% 4,60% ,09% 4,73% Tertary (5) ,69% 7,90% ,79% 6,58% ,94% 7,39% PhD (6) ,49% 13,84% ,28% 9,99% ,12% 9,89% 1 The average years of schoolng for tertary educaton are assumed to be 5 years. The average years for fulfllng PhD studes are set to 4 years. 11
13 Table 2: Expected rates of return to each educatonal level, for years calculated usng the average yearly ncomes and utlzng the methodology of Groot and Oosterbeek (1992), descrbed above (The ROREs n columns (4), (7) and (10) are calculated n columns (5), (8) and (11) of Table 1). Level of educaton () Average years of schoolng (S ) Probablty of employment Probablty of employment RORE ERORE RORE ERORE Probablty of employment RORE ERORE (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) = (3) x (4) (6) (7) (8) = (6) x (7) (9) (10) (11) = (9) x (10) No Schoolng (1) 95,70% 86.60% 90.70% Prmary (2) 6 93,60% 6,76% 6,33% 91.30% 10,22% 9,33% 92.70% 3,40% 3,15% Lower Secondary (3) 3 89,30% 2,21% 1,97% 88.80% 2,61% 2,32% 89.60% 1,11% 0,99% Upper Secondary (4) 3 88,20% 3,83% 3,38% 88.40% 4,60% 4,07% 88.90% 4,73% 4,20% Tertary (5) 5 93,30% 7,90% 7,37% 92.50% 6,58% 6,09% 92.90% 7,39% 6,87% PhD (6) 4 92,80% 13,84% 12,84% 94.10% 9,99% 9,40% 91.50% 9,89% 9,05% Table 3: Expected rates of return to each educatonal level, for years calculated usng the average yearly ncomes and utlzng the short-cut method, descrbed above (The ROREs n columns (4), (7) and (10) are calculated n columns (5), (7) and (11) of Table 1). Level of educaton () Average years of schoolng (S ) Probablty of employment RORE ERORE Probablty of employment (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) = (3) x (4) (6) (7) (8) = (6) x (7) (9) (10) (11) = (9) x (10) No Schoolng (1) 95,70% 86.60% 90.70% Prmary (2) 6 93,60% 8,34% 7,81% 91.30% 14,10% 12,87% 92.70% 3,77% 3,49% Lower Secondary (3) 3 89,30% 2,28% 2,04% 88.80% 2,72% 2,42% 89.60% 1,12% 1,00% Upper Secondary (4) 3 88,20% 4,06% 3,58% 88.40% 4,94% 4,37% 88.90% 5,09% 4,53% Tertary (5) 5 93,30% 9,69% 9,04% 92.50% 7,79% 7,21% 92.90% 8,94% 8,31% RORE ERORE Probablty of employment RORE ERORE PhD (6) 4 92,80% 18,49% 17,16% 94.10% 12,28% 11,56% 91.50% 12,12% 11,09% 12
14 Table 4: Socal rates of return for each educatonal level, calculated usng the short-cut method. Columns (2) and (3) are converted from USD to Euros usng the OECD estmaton of PPP rate for year Column (6) s calculated usng the actual expenses per student, (2), whle column (7) uses the average annual cost per student of OECD members, column (3). (Source: OECD Educaton at a glance, 2007). Annual expendture per student SRORE SRORE Level of Educaton () Greece OECD AVG Dfference Dfference (%) (1) (2) (3) (4) =(3) - (2) (5) = (4) / (2) (6) (7) Prmary (2) 3, , % 8.43% 7.61% Lower Secondary (3) 3, , , % 1.92% 1.72% Upper Secondary (4) 3, , , % 3.57% 3.22% Tertary (5) 3, , , % 6.04% 5.16% PhD (6) 3, , , % 9.77% 8.13% Table 5: Socal rates of return for each educatonal level, calculated usng the short-cut method and adjustng for unemployment rsk by multplyng the socal rates of return calculated n Table 4 (columns (6) and (7) respectvely) by the employment probablty (Column (4) of the table). Level of Educaton Socal RORE Probablty of Socal ERORE () employment Greece OECD Greece OECD (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) = (2) x (4) (6) = (3) x (4) Prmary Lower Secondary Upper Secondary Tertary PhD 8.43% 7.61% 93.60% 7.89% 7.12% 1.92% 1.72% 89.30% 1.72% 1.54% 3.57% 3.22% 88.20% 3.15% 2.84% 6.04% 5.16% 93.30% 5.64% 4.82% 9.77% 8.13% 92.80% 9.06% 7.54% Table 6: One month and one year EURIBOR for years 1998 to 2007 (Source: ECB) Monthly 3.97% 2.86% 4.24% 4.33% 3.30% 2.35% 2.08% 2.14% 2.94% 4.08% Yearly 3.91% 3.19% 4.78% 4.09% 3.49% 2.34% 2.27% 2.33% 3.44% 4.45% 13
15 References: Cholezas, I. and Tsakloglou, P. (1999), Prvate Returns to Educaton n Greece: A Revew of the Emprcal Lterature n Asplund, R. and Perera, T.P. (eds), Returns to Human Captal n Europe: A Lterature Revew, ETLA, The Research Insttute of the Fnnsh Economy, Helsnk. Cholezas, I. and Tsakloglou, P. (2001), Prvate Returns to Educaton n Greece, Workng Paper, Athens Unversty of Economcs and Busness, Department of Internatonal and European Economc Studes Groot, W. and Oosterbeek, H. (1992), Optmal nvestment n human captal under uncertanty, Economcs of Educaton Revew, Vol. 11, pp Mncer, J. (1974), Schoolng experence and earnngs, Columba Unversty Press Petraks, P and S. Kotsos, (2008), The Dynamc Evoluton of Educaton Investment, Rsk Return Relatonshp and Educaton Structural System Change Evaluaton, accepted for presentaton n 2 nd Internatonal Conference on Educatonal Economcs Prodromds, K. and P. Prodromds (2008), Returns to educatons: the Greek experence , Appled Economcs, Vol 4, pp Psacharopoulos, G. (1994), "Returns to nvestment n educaton: a global update,", Polcy Research Workng Paper Seres 1067, The World Bank Psacharopoulos, G. (2008), The returns to nvestment n hgher educaton: Methods, data and polcy mplcatons In Rates of return and fundng models n Europe, Fnal Report to the Drectorate-General for Educaton and Culture of the European Commsson Psacharopoulos, G. & Patrnos, H. (2002), "Returns to nvestment n educaton : a further update,", Polcy Research Workng Paper Seres 2881, The World Bank 14
Domestic Savings and International Capital Flows
Domestc Savngs and Internatonal Captal Flows Martn Feldsten and Charles Horoka The Economc Journal, June 1980 Presented by Mchael Mbate and Chrstoph Schnke Introducton The 2 Vews of Internatonal Captal
More informationMgtOp 215 Chapter 13 Dr. Ahn
MgtOp 5 Chapter 3 Dr Ahn Consder two random varables X and Y wth,,, In order to study the relatonshp between the two random varables, we need a numercal measure that descrbes the relatonshp The covarance
More informationHighlights of the Macroprudential Report for June 2018
Hghlghts of the Macroprudental Report for June 2018 October 2018 FINANCIAL STABILITY DEPARTMENT Preface Bank of Jamaca frequently conducts assessments of the reslence and strength of the fnancal system.
More informationMoney, Banking, and Financial Markets (Econ 353) Midterm Examination I June 27, Name Univ. Id #
Money, Bankng, and Fnancal Markets (Econ 353) Mdterm Examnaton I June 27, 2005 Name Unv. Id # Note: Each multple-choce queston s worth 4 ponts. Problems 20, 21, and 22 carry 10, 8, and 10 ponts, respectvely.
More informationAn Application of Alternative Weighting Matrix Collapsing Approaches for Improving Sample Estimates
Secton on Survey Research Methods An Applcaton of Alternatve Weghtng Matrx Collapsng Approaches for Improvng Sample Estmates Lnda Tompkns 1, Jay J. Km 2 1 Centers for Dsease Control and Preventon, atonal
More information3/3/2014. CDS M Phil Econometrics. Vijayamohanan Pillai N. Truncated standard normal distribution for a = 0.5, 0, and 0.5. CDS Mphil Econometrics
Lmted Dependent Varable Models: Tobt an Plla N 1 CDS Mphl Econometrcs Introducton Lmted Dependent Varable Models: Truncaton and Censorng Maddala, G. 1983. Lmted Dependent and Qualtatve Varables n Econometrcs.
More informationSpurious Seasonal Patterns and Excess Smoothness in the BLS Local Area Unemployment Statistics
Spurous Seasonal Patterns and Excess Smoothness n the BLS Local Area Unemployment Statstcs Keth R. Phllps and Janguo Wang Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Research Department Workng Paper 1305 September
More informationEducational Loans and Attitudes towards Risk
Educatonal Loans and Atttudes towards Rsk Sarah Brown, Aurora Ortz-Nuñez and Karl Taylor Department of Economcs Unversty of Sheffeld 9 Mappn Street Sheffeld S1 4DT Unted Kngdom Abstract: We explore the
More informationCHAPTER 9 FUNCTIONAL FORMS OF REGRESSION MODELS
CHAPTER 9 FUNCTIONAL FORMS OF REGRESSION MODELS QUESTIONS 9.1. (a) In a log-log model the dependent and all explanatory varables are n the logarthmc form. (b) In the log-ln model the dependent varable
More informationMonetary Tightening Cycles and the Predictability of Economic Activity. by Tobias Adrian and Arturo Estrella * October 2006.
Monetary Tghtenng Cycles and the Predctablty of Economc Actvty by Tobas Adran and Arturo Estrella * October 2006 Abstract Ten out of thrteen monetary tghtenng cycles snce 1955 were followed by ncreases
More informationA Comparison of Statistical Methods in Interrupted Time Series Analysis to Estimate an Intervention Effect
Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Joanna Wang A Comparson of Statstcal Methods n Interrupted Tme Seres Analyss to Estmate an Interventon Effect Research Fellow at Transport & Road Safety (TARS)
More informationLabor Market Transitions in Peru
Labor Market Transtons n Peru Javer Herrera* Davd Rosas Shady** *IRD and INEI, E-mal: jherrera@ne.gob.pe ** IADB, E-mal: davdro@adb.org The Issue U s one of the major ssues n Peru However: - The U rate
More informationUniversity of Toronto November 9, 2006 ECO 209Y MACROECONOMIC THEORY. Term Test #1 L0101 L0201 L0401 L5101 MW MW 1-2 MW 2-3 W 6-8
Department of Economcs Prof. Gustavo Indart Unversty of Toronto November 9, 2006 SOLUTION ECO 209Y MACROECONOMIC THEORY Term Test #1 A LAST NAME FIRST NAME STUDENT NUMBER Crcle your secton of the course:
More informationUniversity of Toronto November 9, 2006 ECO 209Y MACROECONOMIC THEORY. Term Test #1 L0101 L0201 L0401 L5101 MW MW 1-2 MW 2-3 W 6-8
Department of Economcs Prof. Gustavo Indart Unversty of Toronto November 9, 2006 SOLUTION ECO 209Y MACROECONOMIC THEORY Term Test #1 C LAST NAME FIRST NAME STUDENT NUMBER Crcle your secton of the course:
More informationThe Effects of Industrial Structure Change on Economic Growth in China Based on LMDI Decomposition Approach
216 Internatonal Conference on Mathematcal, Computatonal and Statstcal Scences and Engneerng (MCSSE 216) ISBN: 978-1-6595-96- he Effects of Industral Structure Change on Economc Growth n Chna Based on
More informationEducation and Earnings in Lao PDR: Regional and Gender Differences. Phanhpakit ONPHANHDALA Terukazu SURUGA
GSICS Workng Paper Seres Educaton and Earnngs n Lao PDR: Regonal and Gender Dfferences Phanhpakt ONPHANHDALA Terukazu SURUGA No. 4 July 2006 Graduate School of Internatonal Cooperaton Studes Kobe Unversty
More informationTHE VOLATILITY OF EQUITY MUTUAL FUND RETURNS
North Amercan Journal of Fnance and Bankng Research Vol. 4. No. 4. 010. THE VOLATILITY OF EQUITY MUTUAL FUND RETURNS Central Connectcut State Unversty, USA. E-mal: BelloZ@mal.ccsu.edu ABSTRACT I nvestgated
More information2) In the medium-run/long-run, a decrease in the budget deficit will produce:
4.02 Quz 2 Solutons Fall 2004 Multple-Choce Questons ) Consder the wage-settng and prce-settng equatons we studed n class. Suppose the markup, µ, equals 0.25, and F(u,z) = -u. What s the natural rate of
More informationQuiz 2 Answers PART I
Quz 2 nswers PRT I 1) False, captal ccumulaton alone wll not sustan growth n output per worker n the long run due to dmnshng margnal returns to captal as more and more captal s added to a gven number of
More informationAsset Management. Country Allocation and Mutual Fund Returns
Country Allocaton and Mutual Fund Returns By Dr. Lela Heckman, Senor Managng Drector and Dr. John Mulln, Managng Drector Bear Stearns Asset Management Bear Stearns Actve Country Equty Executve Summary
More informationCan a Force Saving Policy Enhance the Future Happiness of the Society? A Survey study of the Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) policy in Hong Kong
Can a Force Savng Polcy Enhance the Future Happness of the Socety? A Survey study of the Mandatory Provdent Fund (MPF) polcy n Hong Kong Dr. Wa-kee Yuen Department of Economcs Hong Kong Shue Yan Unversty
More informationPrice and Quantity Competition Revisited. Abstract
rce and uantty Competton Revsted X. Henry Wang Unversty of Mssour - Columba Abstract By enlargng the parameter space orgnally consdered by Sngh and Vves (984 to allow for a wder range of cost asymmetry,
More informationFORD MOTOR CREDIT COMPANY SUGGESTED ANSWERS. Richard M. Levich. New York University Stern School of Business. Revised, February 1999
FORD MOTOR CREDIT COMPANY SUGGESTED ANSWERS by Rchard M. Levch New York Unversty Stern School of Busness Revsed, February 1999 1 SETTING UP THE PROBLEM The bond s beng sold to Swss nvestors for a prce
More informationChapter 5 Bonds, Bond Prices and the Determination of Interest Rates
Chapter 5 Bonds, Bond Prces and the Determnaton of Interest Rates Problems and Solutons 1. Consder a U.S. Treasury Bll wth 270 days to maturty. If the annual yeld s 3.8 percent, what s the prce? $100 P
More informationMacroeconomic Theory and Policy
ECO 209 Macroeconomc Theory and Polcy Lecture 7: The Open Economy wth Fxed Exchange Rates Gustavo Indart Slde 1 Open Economy under Fxed Exchange Rates Let s consder an open economy wth no captal moblty
More informationMaturity Effect on Risk Measure in a Ratings-Based Default-Mode Model
TU Braunschweg - Insttut für Wrtschaftswssenschaften Lehrstuhl Fnanzwrtschaft Maturty Effect on Rsk Measure n a Ratngs-Based Default-Mode Model Marc Gürtler and Drk Hethecker Fnancal Modellng Workshop
More informationDoes Higher Educated People Earn More Money in the Labor Market in China?
Does Hgher Educated People Earn More Money n the Labor Market n Chna? Abstract Ths study uses the most recent Chnese Urban Household Survey data whch cover all provnces except Tbet n 1991 and 2000 to estmate
More informationForecasts in Times of Crises
Forecasts n Tmes of Crses Aprl 2017 Chars Chrstofdes IMF Davd J. Kuenzel Wesleyan Unversty Theo S. Echer Unversty of Washngton Chrs Papageorgou IMF 1 Macroeconomc forecasts suffer from three sources of
More informationWork, Offers, and Take-Up: Decomposing the Source of Recent Declines in Employer- Sponsored Insurance
Work, Offers, and Take-Up: Decomposng the Source of Recent Declnes n Employer- Sponsored Insurance Lnda J. Blumberg and John Holahan The Natonal Bureau of Economc Research (NBER) determned that a recesson
More informationUNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM
UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS DISCUSSION PAPER 99/28 Welfare Analyss n a Cournot Game wth a Publc Good by Indraneel Dasgupta School of Economcs, Unversty of Nottngham, Nottngham NG7 2RD,
More informationA MODEL OF COMPETITION AMONG TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICE PROVIDERS BASED ON REPEATED GAME
A MODEL OF COMPETITION AMONG TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICE PROVIDERS BASED ON REPEATED GAME Vesna Radonć Đogatovć, Valentna Radočć Unversty of Belgrade Faculty of Transport and Traffc Engneerng Belgrade, Serba
More informationTests for Two Correlations
PASS Sample Sze Software Chapter 805 Tests for Two Correlatons Introducton The correlaton coeffcent (or correlaton), ρ, s a popular parameter for descrbng the strength of the assocaton between two varables.
More informationA Multinomial Logit Based Evaluation of the Behavior of the Life Insureds in Romania
Amercan Journal of Appled Scences 6 (1): 124-129, 2009 ISSN 1546-9239 2009 Scence Publcatons A Multnomal Logt Based Evaluaton of the Behavor of the Lfe Insureds n Romana 1 Crstan Dragos and 2 Smona Dragos
More informationInternational Comparisons of Performance in the Provision of Public Services:
Internatonal Comparsons of Performance n the Provson of Publc Servces: Outcome based measures for Educaton. Mary O Mahony and Phlp Andrew Stevens Natonal Insttute of Economc and Socal Research, London
More informationECO 209Y MACROECONOMIC THEORY AND POLICY LECTURE 8: THE OPEN ECONOMY WITH FIXED EXCHANGE RATES
ECO 209 MACROECONOMIC THEOR AND POLIC LECTURE 8: THE OPEN ECONOM WITH FIXED EXCHANGE RATES Gustavo Indart Slde 1 OPEN ECONOM UNDER FIXED EXCHANGE RATES Let s consder an open economy wth no captal moblty
More informationEstimation of Wage Equations in Australia: Allowing for Censored Observations of Labour Supply *
Estmaton of Wage Equatons n Australa: Allowng for Censored Observatons of Labour Supply * Guyonne Kalb and Rosanna Scutella* Melbourne Insttute of Appled Economc and Socal Research The Unversty of Melbourne
More informationReal Exchange Rate Fluctuations, Wage Stickiness and Markup Adjustments
Real Exchange Rate Fluctuatons, Wage Stckness and Markup Adjustments Yothn Jnjarak and Kanda Nakno Nanyang Technologcal Unversty and Purdue Unversty January 2009 Abstract Motvated by emprcal evdence on
More informationFall 2017 Social Sciences 7418 University of Wisconsin-Madison Problem Set 3 Answers
ublc Affars 854 enze D. Chnn Fall 07 Socal Scences 748 Unversty of Wsconsn-adson roblem Set 3 Answers Due n Lecture on Wednesday, November st. " Box n" your answers to the algebrac questons.. Fscal polcy
More informationDo guns displace books? The impact of compulsory military service on educational attainment
Unversty of Wollongong Research Onlne Faculty of Busness - Papers Faculty of Busness 2014 Do guns dsplace books? The mpact of compulsory mltary servce on educatonal attanment Thomas K. Bauer Rhensch-Westfalsches
More informationChapter 10 Making Choices: The Method, MARR, and Multiple Attributes
Chapter 0 Makng Choces: The Method, MARR, and Multple Attrbutes INEN 303 Sergy Butenko Industral & Systems Engneerng Texas A&M Unversty Comparng Mutually Exclusve Alternatves by Dfferent Evaluaton Methods
More informationRaising Food Prices and Welfare Change: A Simple Calibration. Xiaohua Yu
Rasng Food Prces and Welfare Change: A Smple Calbraton Xaohua Yu Professor of Agrcultural Economcs Courant Research Centre Poverty, Equty and Growth Unversty of Göttngen CRC-PEG, Wlhelm-weber-Str. 2 3773
More informationECONOMETRICS - FINAL EXAM, 3rd YEAR (GECO & GADE)
ECONOMETRICS - FINAL EXAM, 3rd YEAR (GECO & GADE) May 17, 2016 15:30 Frst famly name: Name: DNI/ID: Moble: Second famly Name: GECO/GADE: Instructor: E-mal: Queston 1 A B C Blank Queston 2 A B C Blank Queston
More informationEvaluating Performance
5 Chapter Evaluatng Performance In Ths Chapter Dollar-Weghted Rate of Return Tme-Weghted Rate of Return Income Rate of Return Prncpal Rate of Return Daly Returns MPT Statstcs 5- Measurng Rates of Return
More informationA copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge
Sganos, A. (2013) Google attenton and target prce run ups. Internatonal Revew of Fnancal Analyss. ISSN 1057-5219 Copyrght 2012 Elsever A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercal research or study,
More informationFinancial mathematics
Fnancal mathematcs Jean-Luc Bouchot jean-luc.bouchot@drexel.edu February 19, 2013 Warnng Ths s a work n progress. I can not ensure t to be mstake free at the moment. It s also lackng some nformaton. But
More informationInternational ejournals
Avalable onlne at www.nternatonalejournals.com ISSN 0976 1411 Internatonal ejournals Internatonal ejournal of Mathematcs and Engneerng 7 (010) 86-95 MODELING AND PREDICTING URBAN MALE POPULATION OF BANGLADESH:
More informationLECTURE 3. Chapter # 5: Understanding Interest Rates: Determinants and Movements
LECTURE 3 Hamza Al alk Econ 3215: oney and ankng Wnter 2007 Chapter # 5: Understandng Interest Rates: Determnants and ovements The Loanable Funds Approach suggests that nterest rate levels are determned
More informationA Utilitarian Approach of the Rawls s Difference Principle
1 A Utltaran Approach of the Rawls s Dfference Prncple Hyeok Yong Kwon a,1, Hang Keun Ryu b,2 a Department of Poltcal Scence, Korea Unversty, Seoul, Korea, 136-701 b Department of Economcs, Chung Ang Unversty,
More informationAnalysis of Unemployment During Transition to a Market Economy: The Case of Laid-off Workers in the Beijing Area
Far Eastern Studes Vol.7 May 2008 Center for Far Eastern Studes, Unversty of Toyama Analyss of Unemployment Durng Transton to a Market Economy: The Case of Lad-off Workers n the Bejng Area Jun MA 1 Hroko
More informationEducation, Occupational Class, and Unemployment in the Regions of the United Kingdom. Vani K. Borooah * University of Ulster.
Educaton, Occupatonal Class, and Unemployment n the Regons of the Unted Kngdom Van K. Borooah * Unversty of Ulster January 2007 Abstract Estmatng the returns to educaton s an mportant aspect of emprcal
More informationElements of Economic Analysis II Lecture VI: Industry Supply
Elements of Economc Analyss II Lecture VI: Industry Supply Ka Hao Yang 10/12/2017 In the prevous lecture, we analyzed the frm s supply decson usng a set of smple graphcal analyses. In fact, the dscusson
More informationRuhr Economic Papers RWI ESSEN. Torge Middendorf. Detailed Results from a Harmonized Survey #65
Torge Mddendorf Detaled Results from a Harmonzed Survey #65 Ruhr Economc Papers RWI ESSEN Ruhr Economc Papers Publshed by Ruhr-Unverstät Bochum (RUB), Department of Economcs Unverstätsstraße 150, 44801
More informationAnalysis of Moody s Bottom Rung Firms
Analyss of Moody s Bottom Rung Frms Stoyu I. Ivanov * San Jose State Unversty Howard Turetsky San Jose State Unversty Abstract: Moody s publshed for the frst tme on March 10, 2009 a lst of Bottom Rung
More informationTRADING RULES IN HOUSING MARKETS WHAT CAN WE LEARN? GREG COSTELLO Curtin University of Technology
ABSTRACT TRADING RULES IN HOUSING MARKETS WHAT CAN WE LEARN? GREG COSTELLO Curtn Unversty of Technology Ths paper examnes the applcaton of tradng rules n testng nformatonal effcency n housng markets. The
More informationFinance 402: Problem Set 1 Solutions
Fnance 402: Problem Set 1 Solutons Note: Where approprate, the fnal answer for each problem s gven n bold talcs for those not nterested n the dscusson of the soluton. 1. The annual coupon rate s 6%. A
More informationConsumption Based Asset Pricing
Consumpton Based Asset Prcng Mchael Bar Aprl 25, 208 Contents Introducton 2 Model 2. Prcng rsk-free asset............................... 3 2.2 Prcng rsky assets................................ 4 2.3 Bubbles......................................
More informationSpatial Variations in Covariates on Marriage and Marital Fertility: Geographically Weighted Regression Analyses in Japan
Spatal Varatons n Covarates on Marrage and Martal Fertlty: Geographcally Weghted Regresson Analyses n Japan Kenj Kamata (Natonal Insttute of Populaton and Socal Securty Research) Abstract (134) To understand
More informationSolutions to Odd-Numbered End-of-Chapter Exercises: Chapter 12
Introducton to Econometrcs (3 rd Updated Edton) by James H. Stock and Mark W. Watson Solutons to Odd-Numbered End-of-Chapter Exercses: Chapter 1 (Ths verson July 0, 014) Stock/Watson - Introducton to Econometrcs
More informationA new indicator for the cost of borrowing in the euro area
A new ndcator for the cost of borrowng n the euro area Karne Ferabol, anna äkknen and Josep Mara Pugvert Gutérrez Abstract In order to assess the effectveness of the monetary polcy pass-through across
More informationMacroeconomic Theory and Policy
ECO 209 Macroeconomc Theory and Polcy Lecture 7: The Open Economy wth Fxed Exchange Rates Gustavo Indart Slde 1 Open Economy under Fxed Exchange Rates Let s consder an open economy wth no captal moblty
More informationIntroduction. Chapter 7 - An Introduction to Portfolio Management
Introducton In the next three chapters, we wll examne dfferent aspects of captal market theory, ncludng: Brngng rsk and return nto the pcture of nvestment management Markowtz optmzaton Modelng rsk and
More informationChapter 15: Debt and Taxes
Chapter 15: Debt and Taxes-1 Chapter 15: Debt and Taxes I. Basc Ideas 1. Corporate Taxes => nterest expense s tax deductble => as debt ncreases, corporate taxes fall => ncentve to fund the frm wth debt
More informationPivot Points for CQG - Overview
Pvot Ponts for CQG - Overvew By Bran Bell Introducton Pvot ponts are a well-known technque used by floor traders to calculate ntraday support and resstance levels. Ths technque has been around for decades,
More informationWhich of the following provides the most reasonable approximation to the least squares regression line? (a) y=50+10x (b) Y=50+x (d) Y=1+50x
Whch of the followng provdes the most reasonable approxmaton to the least squares regresson lne? (a) y=50+10x (b) Y=50+x (c) Y=10+50x (d) Y=1+50x (e) Y=10+x In smple lnear regresson the model that s begn
More informationMODELING CREDIT CARD BORROWING BY STUDENTS
Modelng Credt Card Borrowng By Students MODELING CREDIT CARD BORROWING BY STUDENTS Kathleen G. Arano, Fort Hays State Unversty Carl Parker, Fort Hays State Unversty ABSTRACT Credt card use has become accepted
More informationTime Diversification in Pension Savings
WORKING PAPER - 26 August 2005 Tme Dversfcaton n Penson Savngs Anders Karlsson 1 Department of Fnance, School of Busness, Stockholm Unversty S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 1 PhD. Canddate, Fnance. E-mal aka@fek.su.se,
More informationDoes a Threshold Inflation Rate Exist? Quantile Inferences for Inflation and Its Variability
Does a Threshold Inflaton Rate Exst? Inferences for Inflaton and Its Varablty WenShwo Fang Department of Economcs Feng Cha Unversty Tachung, TAIWAN Stephen M. Mller* Department of Economcs Unversty of
More informationThe Analysis of Net Position Development and the Comparison with GDP Development for Selected Countries of European Union
The Analyss of Net Poston Development and the Comparson wth GDP Development for Selected Countres of European Unon JAROSLAV KOVÁRNÍK Faculty of Informatcs and Management, Department of Economcs Unversty
More informationCreating a zero coupon curve by bootstrapping with cubic splines.
MMA 708 Analytcal Fnance II Creatng a zero coupon curve by bootstrappng wth cubc splnes. erg Gryshkevych Professor: Jan R. M. Röman 0.2.200 Dvson of Appled Mathematcs chool of Educaton, Culture and Communcaton
More informationA Simulation Analysis of the Debt Problem in Pakistan
The Pakstan Development Revew 37 : 4 Part II (Wnter 1998) pp. 37:4, 355 376 A Smulaton Analyss of the Debt Problem n Pakstan EATZAZ AHMAD and AAZ AHMED 1. INTRODUCTION The current debt stuaton n Pakstan
More informationSpeed and consequences of venture capitalist post-ipo exit
Speed and consequences of venture captalst post-ipo ext Imants Paegls * and Paranen Veeren ** Ths verson: January, 2010 * John Molson School of Busness, Concorda Unversty, 1450 Guy St. Montreal, QC, H1H
More information>1 indicates country i has a comparative advantage in production of j; the greater the index, the stronger the advantage. RCA 1 ij
69 APPENDIX 1 RCA Indces In the followng we present some maor RCA ndces reported n the lterature. For addtonal varants and other RCA ndces, Memedovc (1994) and Vollrath (1991) provde more thorough revews.
More informationWPS4077 THE COMPOSITION OF GROWTH MATTERS FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION * Abstract
Publc Dsclosure Authorzed Publc Dsclosure Authorzed Publc Dsclosure Authorzed Publc Dsclosure Authorzed THE COMPOSITION OF GROWTH MATTERS FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION * Norman Loayza The World Bank Abstract
More informationLinear Combinations of Random Variables and Sampling (100 points)
Economcs 30330: Statstcs for Economcs Problem Set 6 Unversty of Notre Dame Instructor: Julo Garín Sprng 2012 Lnear Combnatons of Random Varables and Samplng 100 ponts 1. Four-part problem. Go get some
More informationKent Academic Repository
Kent Academc Repostory Full text document (pdf) Ctaton for publshed verson Economou, Fotn and Katskas, Epamenondas and Vckers, Gregory (2016) Testng for herdng n the Athens Stock Exchange durng the crss
More informationEconomic Design of Short-Run CSP-1 Plan Under Linear Inspection Cost
Tamkang Journal of Scence and Engneerng, Vol. 9, No 1, pp. 19 23 (2006) 19 Economc Desgn of Short-Run CSP-1 Plan Under Lnear Inspecton Cost Chung-Ho Chen 1 * and Chao-Yu Chou 2 1 Department of Industral
More informationREFINITIV INDICES PRIVATE EQUITY BUYOUT INDEX METHODOLOGY
REFINITIV INDICES PRIVATE EQUITY BUYOUT INDEX METHODOLOGY 1 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 3 TR Prvate Equty Buyout Index 3 INDEX COMPOSITION 3 Sector Portfolos 4 Sector Weghtng 5 Index Rebalance 5 Index
More informationTests for Two Ordered Categorical Variables
Chapter 253 Tests for Two Ordered Categorcal Varables Introducton Ths module computes power and sample sze for tests of ordered categorcal data such as Lkert scale data. Assumng proportonal odds, such
More informationREGULATORY REFORM IN THE JAPANESE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY AN EVENT STUDY ANALYSIS IAEE 2017 Conference, Singapore 20 th June 2017 Koichiro Tezuka,
REGULATORY REFORM IN THE JAPANESE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY AN EVENT STUDY ANALYSIS IAEE 2017 Conference, Sngapore 20 th June 2017 Kochro Tezuka, Nhon Unversty, Masahro Ish, Sopha Unversty, Satoru Hashmoto,
More informationNative-immigrant wage differentials in Greece: discrimination and assimilation
MPRA Munch Personal RePEc Archve Natve-mmgrant wage dfferentals n Greece: dscrmnaton and assmlaton Mchael Chletsos and Stelos Roupakas 8. July 2012 Onlne at http://mpra.ub.un-muenchen.de/39940/ MPRA Paper
More informationR Square Measure of Stock Synchronicity
Internatonal Revew of Busness Research Papers Vol. 7. No. 1. January 2011. Pp. 165 175 R Square Measure of Stock Synchroncty Sarod Khandaker* Stock market synchroncty s a new area of research for fnance
More informationFM303. CHAPTERS COVERED : CHAPTERS 5, 8 and 9. LEARNER GUIDE : UNITS 1, 2 and 3.1 to 3.3. DUE DATE : 3:00 p.m. 19 MARCH 2013
Page 1 of 11 ASSIGNMENT 1 ST SEMESTER : FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 3 () CHAPTERS COVERED : CHAPTERS 5, 8 and 9 LEARNER GUIDE : UNITS 1, 2 and 3.1 to 3.3 DUE DATE : 3:00 p.m. 19 MARCH 2013 TOTAL MARKS : 100 INSTRUCTIONS
More informationMethod of Payment and Target Status: Announcement Returns to Acquiring Firms in the Malaysian Market
Method of Payment and Target Status: Announcement Returns to Acqurng Frms n the Malaysan Market Mansor Isa Faculty of Busness and Accountancy, Unversty of Malaya Lembah Panta, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysa
More informationOCR Statistics 1 Working with data. Section 2: Measures of location
OCR Statstcs 1 Workng wth data Secton 2: Measures of locaton Notes and Examples These notes have sub-sectons on: The medan Estmatng the medan from grouped data The mean Estmatng the mean from grouped data
More informationProspect Theory and Asset Prices
Fnance 400 A. Penat - G. Pennacch Prospect Theory and Asset Prces These notes consder the asset prcng mplcatons of nvestor behavor that ncorporates Prospect Theory. It summarzes an artcle by N. Barbers,
More informationClearing Notice SIX x-clear Ltd
Clearng Notce SIX x-clear Ltd 1.0 Overvew Changes to margn and default fund model arrangements SIX x-clear ( x-clear ) s closely montorng the CCP envronment n Europe as well as the needs of ts Members.
More informationNetwork Analytics in Finance
Network Analytcs n Fnance Prof. Dr. Danng Hu Department of Informatcs Unversty of Zurch Nov 14th, 2014 Outlne Introducton: Network Analytcs n Fnance Stock Correlaton Networks Stock Ownershp Networks Board
More informationFirm fundamentals, short selling, and stock returns. Abstract
Frm fundamentals, short sellng, and stock returns Yulang Wu a and Khelfa Mazouz b* Abstract Ths study uses short sellng actvty to test whether the relaton between fundamentals and future returns s due
More informationMultifactor Term Structure Models
1 Multfactor Term Structure Models A. Lmtatons of One-Factor Models 1. Returns on bonds of all maturtes are perfectly correlated. 2. Term structure (and prces of every other dervatves) are unquely determned
More informationNYSE Specialists Participation in the Posted Quotes
European Journal of Economc and Poltcal Studes NYSE Specalsts Partcpaton n the Posted Quotes Bülent Köksal 1 Abstract: Usng 2001 NYSE system order data n the decmal prcng envronment, we analyze how the
More informationIncorrect Beliefs. Overconfidence. Types of Overconfidence. Outline. Overprecision 4/15/2017. Behavioral Economics Mark Dean Spring 2017
Incorrect Belefs Overconfdence Behavoral Economcs Mark Dean Sprng 2017 In objectve EU we assumed that everyone agreed on what the probabltes of dfferent events were In subjectve expected utlty theory we
More informationUrban Effects on Participation and Wages: Are there Gender. Differences? 1
Urban Effects on Partcpaton and Wages: Are there Gender Dfferences? 1 Euan Phmster ** Department of Economcs and Arkleton Insttute for Rural Development Research, Unversty of Aberdeen. Centre for European
More informationRandom Variables. b 2.
Random Varables Generally the object of an nvestgators nterest s not necessarly the acton n the sample space but rather some functon of t. Techncally a real valued functon or mappng whose doman s the sample
More informationRisk and Return: The Security Markets Line
FIN 614 Rsk and Return 3: Markets Professor Robert B.H. Hauswald Kogod School of Busness, AU 1/25/2011 Rsk and Return: Markets Robert B.H. Hauswald 1 Rsk and Return: The Securty Markets Lne From securtes
More informationEducation Maintenance Allowance (EMA) 2017/18 Notes to help you complete the Financial Details Form
student fnance wales cylld myfyrwyr cymru Educaton Mantenance Allowance (EMA) 2017/18 Notes to help you complete the Fnancal Detals Form www.studentfnancewales.co.uk/ema sound advce on STUDENT FINANCE
More informationAnalysis of the Influence of Expenditure Policies of Government on Macroeconomic behavior of an Agent- Based Artificial Economic System
Analyss of the Influence of Expendture olces of Government on Macroeconomc behavor of an Agent- Based Artfcal Economc System Shgeak Ogbayash 1 and Kouse Takashma 1 1 School of Socal Systems Scence Chba
More informationEDC Introduction
.0 Introducton EDC3 In the last set of notes (EDC), we saw how to use penalty factors n solvng the EDC problem wth losses. In ths set of notes, we want to address two closely related ssues. What are, exactly,
More informationTeaching Note on Factor Model with a View --- A tutorial. This version: May 15, Prepared by Zhi Da *
Copyrght by Zh Da and Rav Jagannathan Teachng Note on For Model th a Ve --- A tutoral Ths verson: May 5, 2005 Prepared by Zh Da * Ths tutoral demonstrates ho to ncorporate economc ves n optmal asset allocaton
More informationModel Uncertainty and Mutual Fund Investing
Georga State Unversty ScholarWorks @ Georga State Unversty Fnance Dssertatons Department of Fnance 8-14-007 Model Uncertanty and Mutual Fund Investng Yee Cheng Loon Follow ths and addtonal works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/fnance_dss
More informationUnderstanding price volatility in electricity markets
Proceedngs of the 33rd Hawa Internatonal Conference on System Scences - 2 Understandng prce volatlty n electrcty markets Fernando L. Alvarado, The Unversty of Wsconsn Rajesh Rajaraman, Chrstensen Assocates
More information