r ss r r t t 3 r r s rt ür q t t t 3 t r s ss s tr t r r t 3 r r s s r s r P r 3 ss s t r s t r rs tät 3 r r

Transcription

1 r ss r r t t 3 r r s rt ür q t t t 2s t 3 t r s ss s tr t r r t 3 r r s s r s r r P r 3 ss s t r s t r rs tät 3 tt r r 3

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3 s t s tr r t ö t st t r s 3 r ür rt st

4 r r t r tr s 3 1 P st t t ür 3 t r r t P r s r rt t Pr r rst st t t ür r s 2t s r s t r rs tät 3 tr t

5 ts r3 s t r t s r t r r t tst t r s t s r s ss s tr t rs ss r 2 s s P rt 3 t r t tt r Pr s 3 t ss s tr t r ss s t s rt P st r r s r t rs r t t s 3 3 st r r s r ss r 3 r tsä rä rs s s rs t rs r t t s 3 3 st r r r 2 s s r t st r t t s 3 3 r tt 3 rt ss t r 3 s 3 rt s s tr t 3 r t tt s t r s tr s r s t t s rt r r t s

6 s rt r r t s st s rt r r t s s s rt r r t s 3 r ÿ t ss ÿ t ss ÿ t ss ä r tr t r t r t P rt r ÿ t s s s ss s s r3 s r3 s t r t r r3 s

7 t s rstä s s ss s t s är s r r s rt s s s s t s st r t r s st s s ss 3 r r r rs r 2s s s s t t tr r P rt t s s r s ss tr t r 3 t r rät t rt 2s t s ss ü r röÿ s s t3 3 tr t r t3 t r s st t ss ü r s s3 st r P rt ö s ür r ä rs r t st 2s s s ss st tt r r r t tt r Pr P s ü r t s s ss r 3 P rt st t s ss s tr 3 r t r t st s ö 3 s t r 1t r s r t t st 3 3 t rs P t t rt r s rt s r s t s s rs str t s t t rt r ss s tr tr s t s s rt r r 3 s r t 3 st rs r t tt r t 3 r r st r s t 3 t 3 st t r r s r r 2 r ü s r s t r s t s t s r r t r r t r s rt st s 3 t rs s t t P 2st2r t 1 P rt P t rs r röÿ s t3 3 t rä rt t s ö t r r s 2s r s r r s ss 3 r P rt 3 tr t t rs r 3 rät r t t s 3 3 st t r r s r P rt ss t tt r

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9 r t s r t r r s s t s ä t t s t r t s s s r s ss s tr t rs t t r t tt r Pr P r t st r3 s r s r rs ss s s rt r t r s tt s ä t t s t r s t t s är s r r s t tst t r s t s är s r s s rt s s s s st r üss s r röÿ r r t t r s t µm r s s ss s s t s s r r ä s t röÿ s s s s t3 r P rt röÿ st t s s s r t t s rs r t s s r t r ss r r s µm P 2.5 r ss r r r t r tst st t s r t r ss s 3 r t 2 2 s r t s ss rst P s r r r rä r r r r r s r t 1 t r t r ss r s r P rt s s s t s t 3 r r t r ss st t t3t r s ü rt s 3 r ö t r s r t 1 tr t s r tr s t tsä ü t r r t t s är s r P rt r 3 s 3 s t r s t r är r s rt s r t s s tt rt r t r s s s s ÿ rt s r r s P rt

10 r t s r t r r ss r s tür t s r r st r rä är r s rt tst s t3 3 rst r t r t tt rt r s rs s t s är s r s t r s r s 3 r r rt r r s rt r r s r s s r t r P rt t r stä s rä r s s r r s r s r r t s är 1 rt s ss r 1 t s3 st s s t r r P r t st s t ür t rs r s rt st st s s s3 st s rs r st 3 r 3 s t r 1t r s t rs r t r s s 3 r r r t P rt 3 t 1t r s s t 3 t rs s r ä s ür rs 1 st 3 r t st t s rü r stä s r s ss s tr t r t t ö t 3 r t rs t s är s r s s st r röÿ s r r s s t3 t3 t s ÿt t s s s s s tt ä r r t s r s ss s tr t rs s r r t r s t s t t r s ss s tr t r r r r 2 r t r3 s s rät st t r t s r 2 t s r r 3 t s t s s s r t tt r Pr P

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12 r t s r t r r t ätt r st rt s D va = ρ p ρ 0 D ve χ v stρ p P rt t ρ 0 ts t D ve r äq t r ss r χ v r 2 s r t r ür s r r r P rt 3 r t s r r t r t s t 3 t3 r s tt s ss r P rt P s r r tt rt s rstr str s t s tr r P t t r t t rt s r rstär r rstär t t r t r t t r P rt 3 r tr t P rt r s s t s r p mbar tr r r 600 C t s r r t r r r r µs r s rt s r 3 ü r tr st ÿ tr t e = 70 ev s rt t r t rt t ö r s P rt 2s rt r C 1 C r r s s t tr r tär ss r r t r2 ss t s s s rs 3 r s r t r r s st 3 r tr t s t r ür t s är rs r ÿ r t s t ss r s st t r s r st s 3 r ÿ r s 2st s 3 s r t ss tr r r ü r ü rt s ss 2s t r t r r s tt t rt r s r r ä st s tt sst s t t rs 3 s t r P t tt r Pr t st r P ör s r λ = 405 nm t s r P t r r rstär r sät3 r tr 3 s r r s tstr s öt t 3 t r t P s t s

13 t s r s ss s tr t rs t s r r t P s s r r2st s r mw tt rt t r ü r 3 st rs s t ss st r t s s rt r s t r r str t r 3 r s r tt s s t3t r t s s r t 3 s ü r ö r r r s r r str t r s t r tr s r rt r P rt str t rt 3 s r r tt s t s s r t rt t P rt s r s s str t 3 P t t r r t tr s s t 3 t t s s t s s r ts s r s r t r t s s t s s r ts s rs s t r

14 r t s r t r r r P s rst rs s r s r st rs r P tt ÿ r s rät s t rt ä r r s ür s r r t s s r t r s ss s tr t r s s P rt s r t t ss s tr t r P r t s st str t t r st r ür 3 ss s t r t ö s st s r r s r ÿ P t3 r s s s r str s r st s t r r r t s r s r r t r s r r ä s 2 r ü st s t r s t s t r ts st s r ts 3 ä st s r 3 s s 1t r tr rs r s ss r s s ü t ü ör r s st t s t r r t st ü ör r s rst s r 3 r st r r r t r s r s 3 s rs r t P s t 3 r t t P rt 3 rr s s tt rs t s t r s s s r t r t s st r r r s 3 t s st s är3t s t rö r r s r tr r t t r s t tr tt s s ö r s s s 3 t s r s tr rö r s s tr rö r s s t r s s st s t 3 s r r r r P s t

15 t s r s ss s tr t rs s r s t3t 3 s s ü ör rs s r3 s tr rö r s r s t r s r ässt s r r sst s t t s rt 3 2st t t s s r t r r s ss rt r s ö r t t s s r rt r 3 r tr t r r ss r s s rs r r t r r t st 3 s s 3 rä r s t r t rs 3 s t st tr r t rs rü st t s t3t r t tr r s t P r t str t r tr r P r ss rt s ss r ür r t s r s rstr tst t r r s tt ä r s 3 t ss s tr t r r t 3 r 2s r tst äÿ r ss 3 s r ä t ss 3 rst 2 t s r r s t r r 2s t r r t r t r ü r rt ss r r 3 r ä t ss 3 t t rs t r ö s t s r s t s r r t r r q 3 khz rt 1tr rt µs ss s tr t r U t s t tt rs s t r s s r r r rä t r r t r rt t s r äÿ E kin = U e z st e t r z s3 t r t r t s r E kin = 1 2 m v2 r v = l t ür s t r t s r s t3 r r Pr rt tät 3 s 3 t 3 r ä t s 3 t m z

16 r t s r t r r s s tt r r r tr t t s t3t t s t r ör 3 st t r tr t P t P s tr s s t s s r r r ü r r s t t r 3 rt r r r ä rt tr r r 3 r ä t ss r ss rt r r r rt r r s t t röÿ r r t s r r r P ss r s s s tt rs t r s s tr s s r ä rt s r t ür ss s 3 t t r r r r r 3 t t r t s r ür r ss rt ös ü r r r t st r r st r s ts t r t s r s stär r ss r P r s t tr ö r st tst 3 t s r t r st s ss s tr tr t r t ss s r s tt r 1 s st s ss 3 s r ä t s 3 tr 2 s 3 t 3 tr t äq t 3 tr t r 3 r t r t µg m 3 s s tt s t s ss s tr tr t rt 1 s 3 t s ss 3 s r ä t s 3 2 s tr täq t 3 tr t µg m 3

17 t s r s ss s tr t rs ör 3 r t rt r t rt tr t 3 r t s 3 3 t t tr r s tt ä r r ä t rt 3 t r s tr r s t r t tr t s st r 3 r ö tr t r 3 r t s s t r r r 3 r s t t r r t q s t s rt r P s 2 r s rt s t t s rs s ss s tr t r P P r r t t t s rt s s ÿ t r ss s s r t P r rs ss s r st s st r ss tr s r r r s P rt str s r s r P s t ö P rt t t rt r s P s t tr s r t r rr r r t s r r r t r r ss s s st s s r r t tr t r t r r strö t r s ÿ s s tr 3 r s tr r t s r rt är ss r s s tt t ä t r ss ssr t r t t rt 3 tr t äq t ss t 3 tr t r P rt r ss t r t r r t r s r r P s t t t r stä r r t s P rt t t rt r st t s ss s tr s s s s tr r tt r s s t3 r s t rs t r ür r t ä r r r r 3 tr t r t tr t r r r s r s ö 3 t r ä r r s 3 tr t t rs t r s s s s ä Ü r röÿ r P rt st t s ss ö ür s t rs r

18 r t s r t r r r P s r t P s s t P rt t P s t s r r r P s t 3 s s t s ss r t3 t r s t ä r r P rt r ö r t rt r t r ä r r q 3 r t rät Hz tt s r ts r r st t r r ö t st s t t t 0 = 0 3 r r P rt 3 t ts r t t t r P rt r t r q s t s ss s tr s r r r r r s r 2s t st s t µs s t r r s P rt 3 t r r t s µs ss t 3 s t 0 r t t s ss s tr s t D s s P rt 3 t r t s t3 3 s t r s P rt ss s tr s r röÿ r P rt r rt t rs t r 3 t s t s röÿ rt ür tr t rt r 1 s st röÿ r P rt nm r t s tr 2 s 3 t 3 tr t r 3 3 s ür P rt röÿ µg m 3 t 3 s st ss 1 tr t 3 s nm nm r tr t st s r r 1 3 r rt s 3 s r r s t P rt 3 rt ss s t P s t ö s 3 r st üsst q r rt ss s tr s r32 s 3 s rt r r t t s r q 3 Hz ÿ s ss ms ss s tr 1tr t s r q 3 r r khz r t q s t s rt P r 3 ss rt t r s rt r üsst

19 t s r s ss s tr t rs s t röÿ rt tr t rt 1 s 3 t P rt röÿ nm r t s r tr 2 s t 3 tr t ür 3 s ür tr t ür µg m r rt r t s r röÿ t r 3 log 10d va d s rt r t q s t st 3 r ö s r t r P rt P s s r tt r ss s r ü r r s st r r t r tss r 3 r t rs r tr s r s P rt ü r r ss r stä t s t3 s rt r s 1tr r t3 r r rt s st r s r t 3 3 st r32 s ö s 3 r st ü rt s s r s P s tr tt rt ü r r r r32 s t P rt s t st r r st P rt r s s r 3 ür s s r ö t 3 t st t 3 r q s t 3 rt s tr st r s s s r r r t tt r Pr r s P rt r s t s r st t st t P s s r λ = 405 nm s P t t r P s 3 s r r r t P rt

20 r t s r t r r r s rstr t s 3 r tr s t s P t t rt r rstär r rstär t t r 3 t r t r r t q s t s rt P s s rt ss P rt t r r t r s st ss s tr s r 3 t s P rt s s 3 t s s ss t r r32 s stä s rt s r rst r s tstr s tr rt r 3 t r P rt s s ü r r rs st t r ö t st ss 3 s r r r P s r rt s r t t r 1 r r tr P rt 3 rü üss r tr t rs r röÿ st st t st t s t rt3 t t s t 0 s s r t tst t r s r t3 s rs s t röÿ r st s r P rt s ü rt 3 ss ü r s t Ö s3 tr r ö r t s r t r ür t 0 ±80 µs 3 t ö t t t r 3 t 3 s r r P s r t röÿ rt P rt t rs t r t r r s r r r rs ät t s s s s tr r st r t r t3 t s rs r t r ÿ 3 t s r t 3 s s s rstr s P s t s r P rt s r s r r st t ±2 µs ür r r P r s s r r tt ö t st r 3 t 3 s rü s t s rs r ss s r t stä rt r 3 t s P t ür s r ts r s rs s tstr s s P rt s r P 1 s t 3 t r P rt s 2 s 3 t t s tät r ts V

21 t s rt s t s r tstr s 1 s t 3 t s 2 s 3 t t s tät ür ts r s rs s tr s s r P V s 3 s s 0, s t r t s tät V st s s rs t 3 r st r t s ö t rs r 3 r 3 t s P rt s s 1 2, s t r t s tät V st s tstr s s t t rt P rt s d va = 371 nm r r t r rs r rt r 3 r r r r 3 t r s r t r t r s 3 rs r 3 rt 3 r t rs 3 s r t t s t P rt s t r r str t s rt r s r r P t s s tt ä r r ä t rt r t s rt s rt r P t r t r ss s t t 2 s s t r r Pr tr s rs r ü rt sät3 1 st rt ür 2s r t s 2s s t t r t t rs t s s t r t 2s s t P P t tr s rs 3 rt r t s rt t tt r s r 3 r s r s t r 1 t r

22 r t s r t r r t s s r s r s s rt r r s r ÿt r t s rt t t s rt r t3 r r r tt r s rt ü r r ä r ü r r s 3 t t r t 3 üss t st r tt s 3 r r r s rr t r s s r r ss s tr tr P tr r 3 r r r r t r ss r s s 3 ss s r s r 3 s r t t stä tr t r t s rs r r s tr 3 r s ör 3 r r s t s stä r s r r t t r rr t r t s t t r s s t3 r t st t st r r r tr tt t r q r rt tr r tt rt s rt t st st r s t st 3 tr t r t t ä rt r s t r tr 3 P rt rrü r s ss s tr r s t tr ür 33 3 r ä t ss r st t s ss r r s s tr ä r r s P t r t r rt r t rt r s ö t tr 3 r ä t ss tr st s ö tr täq t r 3 tr t r s tr t r rt t r 3 tr t r t äÿ I f (s) f C(s) = RIE(s) MW(NO 3 ) N A Q in IE(NO 3 ) 1012 st C(s) 3 tr t r 3 s s IE(NO 3 ) s r s 3 3 tr t M W (NO 3 ) ss r ss 62 g mol N A st r st t 6, mol Q in ssr t ss I f (s) t t t t f s tät s 1 3 s s s rt ü r r t f RIE(s) st

23 t s rt r t s r s 3 3 r 3 s s s st 3s 3 s t rs 3 IE(NO 3 ) rr rt r tr täq t 3 tr t s r t r t r r s ss s tr s t r r3 rr r t s tät r t 3 r 3 r r st r t ür r tr P tr s 3 t st s ö ss s tr trä rs r 3 s 3 t 3 r s t t t r t r r r t r s r ü rt r s s t s tr s r tr 3 r r st t r t 3 r t r ss t3 st ss r t r s st r r t t s r r t tsä 3 s tr t t r r t 3 rt t s r 3 s r s P rt s tr 3 t r r t r ss tr t t t r r P rt r ü rt r r r ür s ss s sst ss 3 tr t r 3 s s r s ÿ P rt ss t r r P rt 3 tr t r t r s rr t r r rs t r s ss s tr s ö st t 3 ss 3 r s s tr t ür t r t ä t r 3 t t r t s r r s sst ss 3 s s 33 3 r ä t ss s stä r sst st t t r rt r s r P P st r t r t3 r r ä 3 r s rt 3 rt t s s s t st r tt s 2s r r t s s s s P tr s s t r s r r P rt r r t rt rs st 3 sät3 s r t r 3 1 rt r tr ö r 2s r t r ä r tt r s rt t r r s t t s r s s s r t r r s r t r t r t r t s r t ür 33 3 r ä t ss

24 r t s r t r r s ä t s r t r s t r s s r ü r st t rt r r st r rä rt r 3 t 2s s s s t t tsä s r P r t r ür t t 3 3 s ss 3 P rt 3 t r s rstr t r s r r P rt ü rt 3 r t r t r P t t rt P rt Pr t 2 r 2 t P rt r t r Pr t s s t r s rt r 2 t t ss s r s r s rt r r s3 t P rt r t r r 2 t 3 s Pr t 2 P rt 3 ss r s ss s tr t t r 3 3 r r s r 3 1 rt r 3 rt s tr s t st ö tät r t s rst s r r tr r t r Pr t t r s ü s ä t s r t 2s s s 3 1 rt s t3t s s r r 3 r ä t ss 2 + t r t tr s r ü 3 ts r r t r r r tr 1 s t s rt r t 3 r ä t s P rt ts r t r t t r P rt r ts r t r r rt tst t r r t r r t s r s s r r t 3 rt s 2s r r r s tt ä r s r ä st t r Pr 3 r 3 r st r r t r s r r s r r t t s 3 3 P rt s r s r r t ss t t r P 3

25 st r r s r t rs r t t s 3 3 s t r 3 r r t r s r r s r r ü rt r s s r s t t st r s s t rs r t t s 3 3 ür rs r P 2st2r t 1 P P rt rs r röÿ 3 tr t r t s r ässr s r s ü r ü rt st r r s r r t t t r P rt r P sst s r st t r ss r s r s P rt str r röÿ s t s r ö st t t rst s r r t r r s r t P s t s s st rt r s s r t µm r ü rtr t tsä rs s s rs r s tt r t r ä t r P rt str t r t r rt r 3 t t st t ts r ür rs s s r s tr t 3 rt 3 r rs r 3 t r t r r P rt str stä r r t t st t r t rs ss rt r t rs r P rt 3 tr t r t 3 st rs rt r t r r tr r ä t st t t rs ss rt s r 3 st ss P rt tr r t r s s s r s t t s t P t r

26 st r r s r t rs r t t s 3 3 ss r 3 r r Pr 3 r r r 1 r t t r t t r s r s r3 st s t s r st t t s rst r r t rs s r 3 r st r r s r ässr s r P P rt r t 3 r r r 3 r stä t Ü r t st t s r s r s 3 r str ü t t t t s ss r 3 t r r st r r t r P rt 3 ss ü r ü rt r r s r P s t r r rst st r s s rs s t t s t r s P t t r r P s tr ts s3 s r r tr 1 s s r r s 1 r t s tät s t r r str t t rt 3 t s t t r st r s r r t P P rt s r ss rs nm t 1 s rst s r st t P s t s s rs mm r s st t r r s r ±0, 0025 mm 2 s t 1 tr t s ät V t r 10% s ät3t r r r rt r s 1 st r t s t r r str t rü r st t

27 st r r s r r ss r st r s s r s t s tät rt r s r 3 t r r ts t ür P 1 s 3 t P s t s s r s r s t mm 2 s 3 t 1 t s tät V t st s 1 s tr t s r P rt rü s t r r str t r st ür t r st r P t 3 t t s s rs 3 r 3 t sr t s s 3 r rt är s r rt t 1 s s s s t P ss r s P rt str s tr t s st 3 r t ss s t t st t s tät tsä r s r st r röÿ r P rt ä t P rt s t s r r r ö t ä t tstr r ss ä ÿ r tr t s t r r str t s st s st r s r s st r t s tät 3 t s st r 3 rü 3 ü r ss r s rstr t r r s r ü r t s s s 3 t s r s tr t t st t s t r r str t s st r ss t tr P rt t r t rs r är s t r t s r t r ä r t r P t rs t r r r P s P t rs t r sr t r Hz r s tr t rät r r r 3 rt s ss s ü rs r tt r s r r st t r r P rt r ä r t Hz s ü r s s t3t r

28 st r r s r t rs r t t s t s s t t r st r s r r ür P 400 nm r 3 t r t s s r t rs r t st t P rt str r t r t t r rt sr t st r r t r 3 t 1 s st r rst s r r t r mm t r ±0,0025 mm 2 s t ä r t r P Hz r r trä t s rt s s ät3t r t t st ÿ r t r r r t s r s s t t r st r s s rs r s r ä r t 1 s 3 t rs s s r s r 3 t r t 2 s t ä r t P rt 3 s t3 3 st r t s 1 3 r t ä t ä r t st r r s r tr s P rt str s r t r ässt s r ts ä r r t s tr s s ÿ r s tt ä r r s r t s st t s s r r s s r ä r t r s 3 r ür t t t s ÿ ä r r tt rt t s s r st s r s t r r 3 r r s r t t st s st s r 3 rt s rs t r r st r t t s 3 3 s s tt r s st rt r 3 s r str r t t2 23 r t 3 sät3 s t P rt t r

29 st r r s r P s ss r s s 2st r s t2 P rt 3 r P 3 t r t r s r r r r s r t r s r r P rt r r s ür ss r P rt r röÿ r t st t r ä t s 3 tr s täts r ss rs D mob s r P 3ä t tr P rt t s s rt r s r r ss r r röÿ rt s ÿ s r ts r r 3ä t 3 t s t s t s t s rst r rs s r s t P s r P rt r t q s t ss t r s 3ä t r r min ä t r r r s P rt str r r s P rt 3 r r t 3 r st r s s r s r t 3 t s t t r st r r s r r ür P rt t r ss r nm st st r r rt r t st r r r 3 t t 3 s 1 s t r rs s s r st s r mm t r ±0,0025 mm 2 s 3 t s 3 t t rt P rt t r r s s t t t t s ÿ r ür st r sr t s t 1 3 r s rs st r r 3 t r t st s r s 1 2, 06 mm r r ür rt st r st

30 st r r s r t rs r t t s 3 3 s t t r st r s s r s ä r P rt t r t r 1 s 3 t rs s tr s rt r s r 3 t r r ts t 2 s 3 t 3 3ä t P rt s t r t r s 3 t s ss r röÿ r tr r ÿ r r P r t tr r s st 3 3 s s P rt str s t s r rä rt s s ür s r 3 t t st s tr s r st s t r ss t P rt t r ss r nm ür r 3 t P s t tt t P s t ür s 1 2, 05 mm r r t s r st r t r r r ür rt t P s t r st 3, 16 mm s r ür P rt röÿ ä r 1 ür r 3 t rs t rs P t s ässt ss 3 ss r 2 s s rs P rt röÿ st s r t t rs t ss rt r r s tt ä r r s tt sst s t r r t r s ät3 r r t s P rt str s r r 3 t st r tsä rä rs s s rs 3 t rs t s r s r s t tsä t r st s r r t r r t r r r s rstr r 3 rt r st tü t r r t rs t rt s r ss r r r r tr rs r t r rt t r r str t 3 r rs t rs t r r 3 t rs

31 t rs r t t s 3 3 r s 0,230±0,005mm t st t s 3 r s r 8±1mm ü rt r rt rs ü rt s t st 0,205 ± 0,005 mm 3 r s r 9 ± 1 mm 3 ör r s s r rst s r 3 t r r r r t r rt s tt s ÿ s r r rt 3 r t r r ü rt ss t st 3 s s tr rö r s r t r t r r 74, 6 ± 1, 0 mm r ü rt r r t tsä st 3 s s t ö r rät tt t 3 P rt str 3 rü r t s r st trä t 35, 5 ± 1, 0 mm ür r 3 t rs t t s s r 3,8 ± 0,4 mm s 3 r s t r 16,6 ± 1,6 ü rt s r rt r t trä t s st 4, 3 ± 0, 4 mm r r s t r r t s 3 20,9±1,8 t s r t s P rt str s s ät3t r st r ts 3 r ss r 3 s 2,02 2,09 mm s r r t 0, 07 mm P rt str t s t t t rt r s r t t 3 rt t r s t r ür r 3 t rs r t P rt str r t 1,16±0,12 mm s r rt st r r äss t r t s s rs s r st t r r ts t 3 r r s r s r t rs r t t s 3 3 r r t r s r r t t s 3 3 r P t rs t 3 r r s ss r ä r t r P t rs r 3 rät r r r s r r r t rs t r t t s rst r 3 rät r t P rt t r P r r r s t s ts r r P rt 3ä t r s r s röÿ t rt r P r r3 r ss 3 s st r t s ss r rs s st s t s r st t

32 st r r s r t rs r t t s 3 3 t s r 3 r r tt r t t s 3 3 r 3 P r r st r t rs t r s s tt rs 3 tr t P P rt ässr r s r röÿ nm t rs t r P P 3 t rt ü r r3 tr t t tt rt s ät3t st s rs t rs r s tt s r r t s t rt ss ss s s t r t cm3 s t r ä r t Hz 3 tr t 1 cm 3 r t r r st r t s r r r s s r rt r st r st t r 3 tr t s r r r ür st t t t r 3 r r t r ss 3 r ss r r r rs t r t r t s P t t r t t rt tr t r t t r t q s t ss t r r t3t r s s r st r s s tt t r ü r 3 s t s 2 min P rt 3 s r r c Anzahl = Partikel Q t DC 3 3 tr t c Anzahl r s 1 cm 3 r t

33 t rs r t t s 3 3 st ss ssr t cm3 s t ss3 t s r Chopper Duty Cycle s r s r tr t r trä st r 3 ör r r t s t r ÿ s r rt 3 äÿ c Anzahl = ( ) 1 2 +( Q t Partikel Partikel 2 ( Q) Q 2 + Partikel ) 2 t Q t 2 t r ss Partikel = 10% t = 1 s Q = 0,1 cm3 s st sät3 r P 3 tr t t s r t t r 3 t tt t 3 t s s t t r r s ss s t P t P rt r röÿ nm s t rs t r nm r ts rs t r 1 s 3 t P t t rt P rt 3 tr t 1 cm 3 2 s t r P ss 3 tr t r t r r t st r r r r 3 tr t ür 300 nm P r r t s äÿ r s P s st t r r r r 3 tr t ür 400 nm trä t s t rt rt s r r ä r t 3 s P t P nm s t rs t r nm r ts rs t r 1 s 3 t 3 tr t s P 2 s 3 tr t r P t 1 cm 3

34 st r r s r t rs r t t s 3 3 ür nm P rt st r r r 3 r t trä t 1,0 ± 0,01 s r rt r s t t s 3 3 r P r t s t t ss P P rt t r t t rt s r P s rs ür P rt r röÿ 300 nm st r r s r r 1 t r r 3 r ür rt s P s t r cm 3 s t s r P rt t r 3 t t r st r 3 tr t ä r s rt r r t r s P P t cm 3 ü r t s s r t r ä r t t s r s rs t rs s ä t r t r s r r ür st t stä ärt ä st r r t t ss r t t r rt r s P s r t 3 P rt ss 3 s ä t r r t r ss t st r P rt 3 tr t r s s t r ö t s r t 90 ä r üsst t tt ss ür r r rä t r3 t r s t r r rt s r r t s r är r r r r r t r ss r P r ss 3 tr t sätt t r s r s t r P rt ü rt r r 3 rt ür 3 tr t ür r P r t L s ts r t cm 3 s t t ss s ür P rt 3 tr t 3 tr t 3 t r s r t r s ür rt t r cm 3 s r st t r r s r s r t 3 r t r s r tr t stüt3t tt r r s r ss tr r s r s s tr t r t t t

35 t rs r t t s 3 3 r r ä r t 3 s P ür 300 nm P rt 3 tr t t r cm 3 ss t 300 nm P rt t r r s rs t rs st 3 tr t t r cm 3 1 t r r 3 r s r t s r ä r t 3 rü 3 ü r st t s r ür 600 nm P rt st s r t t t r r r s P 3 tr t 3 r t ö r s s s st r ts s r ss t t s 3 3 r P ür P rt s r röÿ r st s t t t s r r P r P rs t3t 3 sät3 r s t t s r r ü r st r r t t r r str s ss r s t s rs P rt str ü r t ä s tü t r t t ä t s P rt str s r ü r 3 t s 3 P r ä t ü r r tt t r ü r r 3 ü rt r s ss tü r3 r ss t r r r P r r r t st rs ss s t s r st t r ss r r3 r r st s t s r st t t s P r 3 r P t s r t t r s s tt t r r P rt 3 tr t s P s t r cm 3 tr t t

36 st r r s r t rs r t t s t s t t s r s 3 s P ür P rt s r ss rs 300 nm r r ä r t 3 s P t P t s r t r rs P rt röÿ 3 tr t 3 s 600 nm t rs t t r t t r s s ÿ ür t t s 3 3 r P ü r r 3 P tr t t r ss s 3 s 3 t 1 s P rt röÿ nm 2 s t t s 3 3 r P ü r P r r r 3 3 st r r r r t s ts ür r P rt r röÿ 400 nm r r t r r r t t rs t r r t P rt r ss r r ür r r ss r r D va r t äÿ D va = S D n ρ n ρ 0 st S r 2 t r r ür s är s P rt trä t D n st r r ss r ρ n t P 1,05 g cm 3 ρ 0 ts t s s t t rs t t s 3 3 rs r P rt rö ÿ 3 s

37 t rs r t t s 3 3 r tt t t t s 3 3 ür P P rt rs r r s s r 1 s 3 t P rt röÿ 2 s r tt t t t s 3 3 s rs ür 150 nm r ÿ 600 nm P rt s 3 3 s r r ä r s ür tt r ÿ P rt 3 s tr r t t s 3 3 ür 600 nm P rt ö t t r r P rt 3 tr t ür st r t 500 nm P rt 3 s ä 3 s ät r t t 3 r r r t r t r r s ss r ü rt r s st 1 ür P rt 3 tr t 3 r t tt ss s t t s r Ü r 3ä t P rt 3 tr t 3 s r t r ür 600 nm P rt t t r s rst s 3 r Ü r rü r 3 t r ss 3 rst t s r röÿ st rt r s r r s ss t P r 3 tr t s r t t ss P rt s rstr r s r t P s t t r t t st rt r t s s r sst st r r r 2 s s rr rt r s r ä st s tt s r

38 st r r s r t rs r t t s 3 3 st r r s r t P rt s st 1 3 r P rt 3ä t r t r s tr t s ü r st r r r 2 s s 3 s st s P P rt t r ss r 500 nm s s rstr r P r 3 ss t st r s s t t s 1 ö r ür 600 nm P rt r r t t t s t ss r t t s 3 3 s s r r st r r r 2 s s r P rt str sr t s t r t st r 2 s s rs t s t r s r r t t r st s ö s 3 t P rt str 3 rs ÿ ür rs 3 r t r r s t r t r r r t r 3 s t r r r t rs r ä rt s r s r t ss rs rü st 2,00mm r t r 3 ö r st r r r P rt str ü r r r r ss s ss r s s t t r s s r r r r r t s t t r s rt 2s rt r s r ür 3 t r 3 ä st r r P rt str r s rstr

39 st r r r 2 s s r ü rt s rt 3 r st r s s rs t r r r r 3 t s r t t s r r r ür P P rt r röÿ 100 nm 600 nm r nm rt r ü rt 3 t st r ür 600 nm P rt rt r t 3 t 1 s rs r s mm 2 s t ss r r rt s 1 ür t r r t s r ss r 100 nm s r3 r 600 nm P rt r st t rst r r r Ü rs t t r3 t t r ss r rt st r r r 2 s s t 600 nm P rt s 3 t s s st r ür P rt t r ss r 100 nm t r r 600 nm P rt t t r r t t r rs rü st r r r P rt r sst t st ür röÿ t 1,76 mm r t ür r röÿ s s t 1 s r st P s t r r ö st s tt t s t3t st r ür 500 nm P rt st t r ür P rt r röÿ 600 nm 3 3 s t3 st r r t r r st r ür 150 nm P P rt r ä t s r r t s ür 100 nm P r t P s t r 1 ü r t r rü s t s r röÿ 3 r t st 1, 76 mm

40 st r r s r t rs r t t s 3 3 r ss r st r 3 s rstr r r t ür s röÿ s r st t ür s r st r t r röÿt s tt t 2, 2 mm t s r st r ür rs r t t r ss r r st r r r 2 s s t 600 nm P rt r t st r t t s 3 3 r tt t r st t r 2 s s r s r st rt s r r rt t ss ür P rt r röÿ 600 nm s rä t s 1 r 3 t r t s t r s 3 t r ss r st r s r P rt röÿ s st s r s ür r ts ür 600 nm r st t r s t 1 2, 01 mm 3 r s t t ss st r r r 2 s s 3 ü rt t ss r P rt str P s t r r r r s r s r ss röÿt t t st t st r rst s r 1,995 mm s 3 2,000mm r ts st 3 t r r P rt str 3 r t stä t st t t s 1 r r r

41 r t st r t t s 3 3 r tt r ss r st r r s r t P s 600 nm r ts t s rt ür st r t P rt r röÿ 300 nm r tt rt ür st s 1 s 2, 0175 mm r t r r s t t t r st 2, 02 mm t r r t t r st r ür ö r ür röÿ t r rt 3,05 mm s r s r r st r r ü rt r tt r t t s 3 3 st r t 3 s r s r t t r r t sät3 st t t s 3 3 s t s r P s r3 r st t r r röÿ tr t t s r r t t rs t r r 3 3 r r t min r r 3 tr t 3 s P P r r r s t r r ss s s t t rs 3 s t 3 r 3 P rt r röÿ 400 nm r r t t s 3 3 s ss r r s ür r P rt st r ss rt ss r s s rstr s r 3 rü 3 ü r s ü rt 3 ss tr ür r s rt s r röÿ t r st s s t r t tr s t s r r rs t r r t t ür röÿ r P rt ö t r r tr r t 3 rü 3 ü r s s s r t ür ss t s t ö r t s P rt str s t r

42 st r r s r t rs r t t s 3 3 t t s 3 3 r P r t r 3 t s r3 r r P s t t r r t ür r s t s r t r r t 3 r st ü rt r t st r st r 2,02 mm 3 ss r t r 500 nm r 600 nm r 150 nm t r 3 s P rt t t rt r r s rü s t t s r t s s 3 t s t t r rt ür 600 nm P rt s t s t t rt 1 s t t s r tt t P s t 2, 02 mm s s s t t st ör r r ür P rt r röÿ 500nm är r st r s s r s t t s 3 3 ö t t 600 nm P rt är s 3 t r ss r ür 150 nm P rt t är r s t s st 3 t ss s r r t r t t s 3 3 r t r t s st 1 t rt 3 r t üsst ss r t P s t r 1 r rs P rt r ü rt r s st s tr t s s ür r t r P r tr t ss rä t röÿ r P rt t t st r ss ür

43 r t st r t t s 3 3 r tt r ss 3 r P s t s s r s r r ö st P rt röÿ t r ö rr rt t t s 3 3 r P r t r 3 t s r3 rr t r st 3 s t 1 r t t t r s st s t r s 3 t r ss r r r st tt s s rs t t r r P rt ö r s s r t s är s röÿ rt ä r r r ü rt t rt s P rt r s rstr 3 ss r r ÿ t t rt r s 3 3 s ss s r st r s s ä st t sst s t r ss 3 rt rs r t r r t rs t s 3 rt s s tr ä ÿ r s rt r r t s ss t r r t rs 3 s t r 1t r s ö s

44 3 rt ss t t t s r r s r r t 3 rt s ss rs r t r ü rt r r t rs s r r t s s t s ä t t s t r r r ss r ss t s r rt r r t s räs t rt r 3 rt s tr t r s s3 st r s s tt r r t r r 3 s tr 3 r P rt s s tr 3 r 3 s 3 rt s s tr s s tr tt rt t r stä r r t s P rt rst t ä t s s tr r t s t r 3 r s s t ässt s r 3s tr t s ür st 3 s 3 s st st 3 t ss s s r 3s tr r t s rät 3 rät t rs ö s t rs r s r r ss 2s 3 rü 3 ü r st 3 rt s tr st t t rs s r r r r tst ü t r 3 3 t t r s t s 3 ss r t r3 t ss 2s t r t t rt r s tr ö r ä t ss r3 rrt s r s t 3 s t ss t r r t r st s ss 3 ts r st ss s 3 rt s s tr s t t rs ö s rs rt t 3

45 r 3 s 3 rt s s tr r r t ä 3 t ss ü s t s t s tr st ÿ s r t s r t rt s ss r st r r t r s s r rs r s st 3 3 ü r ö 3 t s t s s s s tr 3 s 3 rt s tr r t r 400 nm r ÿ s rt 1 s 3 t s 3 r ä t s 2 s t s r rt s t t s tät r r 3 s s 3 rt s tr t t r tt s t r t rr t s 1 s 3 t s s 3 r ä t s 2 s t s r rt s t t s tät r

46 3 rt ss t rr t r 3 s tr 3 3 ö r s s tt s t r r 3 3 rt t r P r3 t t s s tt s tt r tr ä t s s tr s r s t r t stär r röÿt t rs s 3 3 r st 3 t t ss s ts t r r t t s tät ä r s 3 ür s 3 rt s tr t t r r t t s tät s r t s r st ür r s 3 3 t 3 t s ss 3 rt s tr 3 3 s t s rä t r s s s s tr ÿ ür Ü r st r 3 rt t s s tr r P rs r s rr t rr t s 3 t R 2 r t r s 3 t t r 3 rt ss s tr s rr rt t s s tr 3 R 2 = 0,05 s r sst tr t r s r r rr t s ä t s s r t r räs t t ür ss 3 rt s tt r 3 rt s tr rs r st s R 2 ür tr r ss t r r s 1 min r r 10 s 20 s P 30 s s s r t t t 3 rt s tr t s ä t r 3 tr t r 3 st 3 r ür s h ss t r s t t s t3 40 ml ss r öst s ss r P P rt 3 tr t 3 s 60 1 cm 3 3 t s t ä t t rs t r r ÿ t rs R 2 ässt r t tr r rt s 3 tr s s ÿ rt r P rs rr t s 3 t r ss r tr s t s st s 3 t s r t ss s 3 rt s tr r ÿ r st r s s tr t rs ö s rs r s t t st r r r t r st s r s tr st 3 3 t r ts rt r P rs rr t tr t rt r st t

47 r 3 s 3 rt s s tr r rt 3 s s r tr t rr t s 3 t t r t st st rr r t R 2 0,95 rt r P rs rr t s s tr t rt r ts tr t r tr s tr t r t ss rr t rst r ä t ä r tr t r s s ss 3 s s s t t r ö t 3 r r tät r tr r ärt r t r rt s ss tr t s r ä t s tr t r 3s tr st r 3 tr t ss r s r rs 3 t s 3 s r r s tt rr t R 2 1 s r r s tt 3 3 rt s tr 2 s ür r ü rt ss 3 r r t t r r t t s tät 0,01 3ä t r t r r 3 s st 3 s rs r t s s r3 3 t rt r rt st s r r t tr t3 st ss 3 3 r s rs r st s r s s t r s ts ü rt 3 ss t 3 r r t tt s P rs r s rr t ür r s st 3 t r t s r r

48 3 rt ss t s 3 s r s tt r P rs rr t 1 s r s tt r 3 2 s r r ü rt r s s s st 3 s r t s s r3 3 t r t rs r s r r r t ss s r s tt s ü rt tr s s 3 s tr r st 3 3 s st t3t st 3 t s s s tr s r t r s r st sä r s s tr s r st sä r t

49 r 3 s 3 rt s s tr s r tr ss s ss s tr r s r t t 3 r 3 t s s 3 rt s tr t r s s r s t r ö st rr t R 2 = 0,61 s ä t s 3 rt s tr t r s s r st sä r s r t ss s s s tr s tr s 3 s s t3t st s s s s 3 r st sä r 3 s s tr räs t r s s r s st ss s 3 s r r r st sä r s 3 tr t s 3 rt s tr s st s r r r s st 3 r t r st s t t s 3 s 3 s ür r st sä r st ss 3 r r s s s tr r t t 3 st r

50 3 rt ss t t s r ss 3 st st r 3 rü r ts r ä t s t3t s s s tr s 3 r r t s 3 rt 3 s t st t s r 3 rt öt s stä s s s tr 3 r t s s 3 1tr s r t r 3 t s tt r 3 rt s tr tr t 3 s s t3t s 3 rt r s t r s 3 r ä t ss s tt t s 3 rt s tr tr t s 3 rt r s t r r rr t 3 s s tr trä t R 2 = 0,96 rr t t s s tr trä t R 2 = 0,96 r 3 rt s tr r t r r s s tr t r s st t Ü r st rs t s tr st 3 3 t s s s tr 2 r t r st s tt t 3 rt s tr r st t ür s s r 3 rt r t rr t trä t R 2 = 0,73

51 r 3 s 3 rt s s tr s tt t s 3 rt s tr t 2 r s t r r ür tt r 3 s tr r t rr t st R 2 = 0,73 s st t 3 s ss s t st ss tt rtss tr 3 s 3 st tr t3 r tr 3 stä rs q r rt t s t3 s 3 r r 3 t tr t t s s s ä st r 3 r t tt t tr 3 r rt st t s r r s s s tr s s 3 P rt s tr t ä t s r r t t ss s 3 r t s s rr t r s s tr 3 rü 3 ü r st s r s t r r t r rt är ss s r ss st s r ÿ s s s 3 s r r s ss r 3 3 rt ss st s r r s s ss tr t r rr t r tr s 3 r rt R 2 = 0,91 r t

52 3 rt ss t tt t 3 rt s tr r r t 3 t tt s r 3s tr 3 t 3 r r s tt s ä t t s t r 3 r s r t s r rt r r t s s r r t q r rt t s t3 t 3 r t tt s t r s tr r ss rt t r t r rt r r t s r st t r r st s 3 rt s tr r 3s tr 3 t 3 r s r r t r r r t s t s t3 sst s r s t t s rt r r t s ä st s r t r t s s r r r rst r r 3 r 3 rt s tr tt t 3 r r ss 3 rt s r 3s t r rt tt rt t t 3 r r t s ÿ ü r P rs rr t s r r ü rt r s t s üt r rr t ü t r s r r rt Ü rs r t s ä t r t s ür R 2 t s P rt r r rt rr t r ts s s r s r s t s P rt t sät3 s ür tr t t ss st s ü tr r s sst t 3 3 ört r s r ü t s t 3 r t t s P rt s r st 3 r P rt 3 ör s t r r r t s 3ä t s r rt t3 r ü r 3 r P rt t t t s s Pr r r st 3 t rt r t s ä t t s är s r s r s tr t t s Ö sä r s t s 1 3 r r s s s 3 t rs s s t r r ür rt Ö sä r ür r ä s

53 t 3 r t tt s t r s tr s r r t r rs t st r st 3 3 r t r st t s r r r s ä ÿ rst s r r s ür r ss st 3 r rr t r 3 rt s tr t tt t tr ü r s r s rs röÿ r r s ü r t r rt ür R 2 r r st r r r r tr s s 1 s s t 3 r 3 r ss r ö s t t ss s r r r rt r sst s ü rt 3 ss r t rs r r s rs ä r t s s t r ss r3 t s s t s t s ä s r s r s sst r ss r r ü r t ö st s s t r ss 3 ÿ st ss st 3 r 3 r t t 3 rt r ö s st r ss s r tr 3 r rst r r 3 ss r tt 3 r rst s r s t r t s s r 3 3 ä tr 3 r 3 rt s tr r st s 1 3 r r 3 t r ss 3 r tr 1 rt rt r sst 3 t r r 3 r t t r r rr t ür P rt ür st 3 3 r s t t 3 r 3 rr s r s t3t s t s t3t s s t 3 r r t t 3 t s t s ss r s t 3 r s r t s s ä r ss s 3 t rt s ür s r r ss s r r rs rü s r rt ss s P rt r r t t t s r t s r r st 3 rt r t r 3 r s st t 3 ört ts r ür r s s s 3 t t 4 t t ür ss s tr t s t P rt t t r ür st 3 s s är ür 1tr t r r rst s r t t s r t s s sst ss s r ür s r s r st 3

54 3 rt ss t t s s ss r s t 3 r s r t s 3 t s s t s r s r rt s ss P rt s r r r st 3 r s r r s t r ss s r s s t t t 3 t s s t ür 3 t r t s Pr 3 r t str rt r 3 t ss r s s r t s t st s r ss ö r ür R 2 r s P rt r r r t t s r tr t t r t r r s t rr t st ö r rs t ss P rt 3 sät3 t t t t s ss r ür t t r st 3 r r s rst t r 3s tr t 3 s tr s s 3 s s t3t r rr rt r r r t rt ür R 2 r 3 ä st r 3 rt r tt t r P rt r st 3 3 r t s t sr ÿ r s s ü rt r tt r rr t 3 r ts r ä t Pr r s s t r r st 3 ät r r s s r r r t r s t r 3 rt R 2 = 0,6 ür st 3

55 t 3 r t tt s t r s tr ss r s s r t s 55 3 t s s r t r s s t s t r ss s t s t r ÿ r rr t ür r st 3 s ss r r 3 rt ü rs r tt r s 3 sät3 ss rr t s rst t s r r s sst s ür s P rt t 3 rt r Pr t s r r ss 3 s r 3 ü rt ss t r stä r r t r t 3 rt r t r r s s r r s t t 3 t r s t r s ss s r r r r 3 s sst s r r r 3

56 3 rt ss t s tr t t rs ür r t s t s r t t r s ss r rs t ü rt t 3 s r ss r r ä s 3 Pr t s s s r rr t t 3 r s s ü r r sä r r r r r ä st s tt sst s t r s r r st t rt r r t s s rt r r t s st r ss P rt r 3 r s r 3s tr s tt t ss r r r r ts s tt r ä t r st 3 rt s tr r s sts t r t r r t s s r t r ss r rt r r r ts r t r t st 3 st 3 t r ss r rt r r r t r t st 3 r t s 3 t s s 3 r t tr t tr t r 3 r t ür t r P rt ä s r s s tr t t 3 rt r r t r r st sä r s t sts st 3 r t t s r t s t r st 3 3 t st r rr t t 3 r t r r 3 r 3s tr r r rr t r t t 3 r

57 t 3 r t tt s t r s tr s r 3 r r ür s ss s rt t rs rü r ss t r r t 3 r s st r s t t s rr rt rr t r t Ö sä r rt s r rt t st 3 t s r t 3 t t 3 rt r 3 t r ss r s r t s r ss st 3 st r ss r ür r 2 r2 t Pr r3 t t r s t tr t s s t r ss t r 2 r st 3 r s t r t t r st s r r t s ür s t s s r st r ss r r r rt r r t s ür t t s t r t r 2 t s r 2 t rsä r ä Pr r2 t 2 r 12 3 sä r t sä r 1 r s t t r t r r t s s t3 s t s Pr t r ä r s t3t

58 3 rt ss t tr t r r 3s tr r r st r 3 r ss r t r rtr t ä r st r ss r r s rä t s 3 t r 3s tr ür 2 r2 t t r 3s tr 2 r2 t t s ss s tr 2 r 3 rt s r s ü rr t s s t r t tr 2 t r s rs ss 3 r r s s st s r t rü 3 ü r r st t 3 t s ss s s 3 t t t t s ö r s st r t s tr t r 3 rü 3 ü r st r s r s s t s r st s rt s st 3 t ss s s tt 3 r P t r t r s s tr 2 r t rs t 3 t r 3s tr r Pr t

59 t 3 r t tt s t r s tr r 3s tr r Pr t tr r s r ss t r r r s r t r st s 3 r r t s + 4 s r r r tr t ss 3 r r + s 3 35 Cl + r rs t 3 t s s s s rt s t 37 Cl + s ts r r t rt r t r s t Pr tr t 3 s rs r r ss 3 st r t r t rt P2rr r rü 3 ü r s stär r 3 r 3 r t s s s t ä sätt t s r ü rt s r st s r rs 3 ss s rs ä tr t s t t r stä ür s r t 3 s r s r tr r t st t st s rt r s t s r ö r r t r ö r s s r r s 3 t s ss stär r r t r st s 3 s r r t 3 r r r r r r t s ü r rt s r s 3 s 3 ss s rs ür r r2 t

60 3 rt ss t Pr s s t r ss r t r 2 t 3 t t tr t 3 r s st s s r s 3 r 3 r rt s 3 t s r s s t r ss t tr t r s t r r rq t s r t s r s r s t r s t r r s t r 3 rü ü rt s rr t r r st 3 t 2 rs t rt r t ür r r 2 ü r s t rr t st r ss r r r r st 3 r s s t ss r t r s t 3 s r s t t rt ür rst s r 3s tr s r s rt r t r t t r r ss s s ss r rs r rt s st st s rs t ss s t t s r t t rs ss t r r r r r t s t t s ö t t r s 3 3 sät3 t s t r 3 t 3 r r r r t rsä r r 3 r r t sä r t t rr t st t r 3 t s r 3s tr t rsä r t sä r t r 3s tr t rsä r t sä r t

61 t 3 r t tt s t r s tr s r 3s tr t rsä r 3 t 3 t s s s r t ü rr t s s r r t r r t s t 3 2 r ä r r t r r r s r t ss s tr r s t r ö tr t r rs r ö s r r 3s tr t sä r t r s ts 3 st + 3 rü 3 ü r r r ss 3 3 ör r s t s tr s r t r st s r r s s t stär r ts ss ss 3 ö st st t t r s r r 3 t s ss ür t rsä r ür t sä r r P rt s s t r t r r s t tr t Ö sä r st tt tr tr t st 3 s ür Ö sä r st t s r s t st t t sä r ü r r s r r r ss 3 rü ü rt ÿ r st r 3 t ss s s r 3s tr tt rt t s t t ss s 3 rt s tr s t t rs t st 3 3 t s ss r r t s r t r r r st 3 r t rt r t t r r t 3 r r t s r ö t ÿ rr t r r ts r r rt r r t s r r r s r s t tst ü r 3s tr r s ö t r r t r s r tr t r r r t t t rt s r t t t r r r ü rt r r st 3 r rr t r r r s ä t r 3 t s ss tr t3 r r ss t r r ss r s r t s öt s st rr t 3 r t st 3 st 2 r 12 3 sä r s r 3s tr st 3 t s st rt r P rs rr t 3 s

62 3 rt ss t r 3s tr s rr t r 3 rt s tr 2 r 12 3 sä r 3 t r r r P rt rr t r t r st r t r t r ss r R 2 = 0,6 ür st 3 r t r rr t r r 3 r r r3 t s Ü r st t r st r s r s st t t r st s r 3s tr r r r t r st s ö t r s t 3 r r s t r ü r rr t t r 3 ä t 3 rt s tr t t tr t s 3 t s st r ss s 1 tr r rr t 3 s t ür t 3 r 2 r 12 3 sä r üsst t r ä t r R 2 0,6 s t3t r s r ts s s ss r t r ss t s r s 3 t s ür s r 2 r 3s tr s t 3 t s st t 3 r ss r t s ts 3 t s s r r r r r r r r t rs r r st 3 rs rt s 3 t s ss s s t ÿ stör r r s rt 3 s r 2 3 s t t r r P rt r t r 2 r s 3 r t t t 3 s 3 r 2 s s 3 r ss t s t r t s tät r s st s s r s r är r

63 t 3 r t tt s t r s tr r 3s tr s r 2 tt t 3 t s r ts t r 3s tr ä 1 r s r t r s r s r r 3 rr t r t r s st 3 r t ür r s r t s ä st t r t s t t t r ä r ür r r 1 rt r t s r3 t r s st 3 r ss s s r st r t r st s 3 s tr r r ss r s 3 s t st tt st s 3 r rt

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65 t 3 r t tt s t r s tr ss st 3 s s t t t s t s t rt t rs t st 3 s t 3 rt st 3 t t tr t ä 2 tr t 1 t r 2 2 ä r 2 1 s r 2 tr t ä t sä r t sä r s 1 r 2 Ö sä r tr t r 2 1 ä Ö sä r r 2 ä s

66 3 rt ss t s t r r ss r 2 ü st 3 t ä st s s t t 3 rt r t tr t t r tör ö r s st r r t r 2 t r r t t s tät r 3 3 rü 3 ü r tr t s r 3s tr s r 2 tt st 3 s ss s ss 3 ö st s tr s r st tsä ss 3 st r s rä t ä r s ür 3 r t s t3 3 s ä t 3 ü r r s + s r t t s s r t r t rs r t tr t s r 2 s tr s st r rä t st är ä s s t t t r är r ässt s r 3 tr t r är s tr ts tr s s st t s s rs 3 3 s rä t s s s t t r ü t t t 2 r 4 + ö s 3 r tr t tr ss s rt r r t s r ür st r s r r s s tt ss s t s r r s rt r r t s s r r 3 rt ss r s s t t rs t 3 r ml ss r s t s t3 rs r r öst r rstä r t 3 r s t t r s t r s rt tst s s rs st 3 s r r ös t ä 3 t ss s r r

67 t 3 r t tt s t r s tr r ss s rt r r t s t s s s t s t s s t t r t s t tr t s r st sä r s r st sä r tr t tr t s tr t t s r2 t r2 t Pr r2 t Pr t sä r t 2 r 12 3 sä r r s t s r 2 r2 t r 2 ä r 2 r 2 1 Ö sä r tr t s r t r r ss r P rt t r r s r t s t t rt ür s s tr t s t r s 3 ö rr t r 3 r t s 3 t s ss r st r tr s t r t r s P rt r s r t rt st t 3 r rr t r P rt t tr t ür r r t rt s r t r

68 3 rt ss t r ü t s ss ss s ür tr t s t s s tt s s r t ür ss P rt r t tr t r r t r ür rr t t R 2 < 0,93 t 3 t rt r P rs rr t ür tr t s t r ts ür s t 3 rt rt r P rs rr t tr t s t r ts ür t r s rr t ür t t 3 s ür tr t r 3 s s ss ss r t r ür tr t st 3 rr t t st t r t rt r r s 3 r 3 tr t 3 s üt3 s t s r t 3 r 3 ö s 3 t st r s st t t 3 r r s t tr s r t t rs s st r s ss s t r t rs r 3 3 s t 3 r r s s t 3 t r r P rt s s t 3 r t t s s s t 3 r tr t 3 t 3 rt s tr s rr t t s s s s s t tr t r r t P rt s s st 3 r ss s tr r t t s tät r r t rs r s r s t ss r r rr t t r s 3 r t tr r t r st s ss tr t 3 tr t s ür s s s t r 3 r rt st

69 t 3 r t tt s t r s tr tr s rr t s s t r t P r t s r t r s s t r s s t 3 rt P rt st t t r t s s r t st 3 tr t r s ässt s s ÿ ss rr t 3 r r 3 tr t öt st 3 3 s st t s st 3 r ss t s tät ür s ss t r tr t r ö t s s r s r st 3 t röÿt s t r t r ür s r2 t r 2 s r st sä r s tr t s t s r r s t t r t r ss r t s st ö ss s r r 3 rü 3 ü r s ss st 3 r r ü r t r r t 3 ür t t r s s t r st r s t r stä r 3 st ss r s r rt tr t 3 r ä t ss s st 3 t tr t rr t 3 t t s

70 3 rt ss t ss st t s st s ür s t st s s s r st sä r tr t ür r P rt s s t r t r r s s s ä tr t 3 r r s r st sä r t ä r s t r 3 t r s s s tr t ä t 3 rt s 3 rt s tr s r3 st s r 3s tr ä 3 t s tr t ä t 3 rt s 3 rt s tr r r 3s tr ä s r3 rr t s 3 rt s tr s t r 3s tr ä t R 2 = 0,61 t ü r 3 r r t r 3 rt rr t t r st sä r r R 2 = 0,12 ö s t tr r s s 3 r ä t ss s r r r tr t s rs t3t r ss s s r st sä r r s rä t r ss s 3 ss r rt r r t s ür 3 s s t ür 3 t r t s ür st r t t t rt t tr t r ü r t s t rt r t s r ä tr st s s r s t ü rr s s r r r ss t r r t 3 r r ss r s Pr r s t s r ss r s rs ä r t r st t s ä st t sst s t r s rt r r t s ÿ t ss

71 s rt r r t s 3 r ÿ t ss s s t sst s t r s 3 r r st t rt r r t s ÿ t ss 3 r 1 P st t t ür 3 s r t s ss s ä s ü rt s ss s r r t t s är t s r s r r t s t t st 3 3 t rs s t t r t P rt ö st 3 3 ö 3 t 3 r ÿ t ss s r ss r s r r ür t r s r r ss P rt r P s 3 t r s r3 t r s r t r s r r ss P rt t r P rt 3 t t Pr t 2 r 2 s tt s r r ür ä r 3 rt 2s r P rt r t r Pr t 1 rt rt r tr t r r ü

72 s rt r r t s 3 r ÿ t ss üss s s r P rt s tr r t s t 4, 6% r s t r P t t rt P rt s s rt r r t s s ÿ t ss r s 3 t r s r s s r ä tr t ü rt rü r s r s r t rs s r 3 t r P rt r r t r sät3 st r r 3 t t r st 3 s t 1 r t rt P rt r s r rt r r ss ÿ t rt st 3 3 t st 3 3 t tr t t r Ö sä r r 2 r 2 ä 1 tr t t Ö sä r 1 1 tr t ä tr t 2 tr t t ä t r t s 3 t s ss st P rt t r t r t t st st t 3 rt P rt s s tr t r t r t r P rt 3 r t t s t r s r s r P rt rr t st s r t st s tt t 3 rt s tr r r tr t rt 3 t s r3 st s r 3s tr tr t t st s ür t r st t st s r 3s tr r s r3 s tt t 3 rt s tr st r r t

73 ÿ t ss tt t s 3 rt s tr tr t 3 ör s r 3s tr s r3 s t r tr 3 t s ür t r t s st 3 r ss s tr ür t r t ä s 3 s 3 r s r ss s t t t s ö t r 3 ss t r s r s st 3 3 rü 3 ü r r rst ür tr t st t ss r t 3 ör r 3s tr ü r r s s ür st 3 r s r rt t ss r s r s ÿ ässt ss st r s 3 ör P rt t r s s t s rr t ür st 3 s tt t tr tr t rr rt t r 3s tr 3 R 2 = 0,95 ür s t t 3 rt P rt trä t rr t R 2 = 0,86 s r t t st 3 t s st t st3 st s tt r r ts r ä t ss rr t t t r P rt r r r t s t t st 3 ö st t sät3 t r t r ö st

74 s rt r r t s 3 r ÿ t ss s t r stä ö s r s t r t s3 s ÿ 3 t s r s tr t t t r t t 3 rt 3 rt s tr t r ö st rr t s s r ss s r3 st r s r 3s tr r st t s tr t t t r t t 3 rt 3 rt s tr t r ö st rr t 3 r 3s tr s r3 ür s s tr t t 3 rt P rt tr rr t R 2 = 0,96 ür t r s t rt s t rt s t r t r st 3 s t s 3 s s s tr t rt r ss s t 3 r r sät3 s r t r s t r r ss t r s t P rt s tr t t t 3 rt r 3 t s tt t tr s r P rt s r 3 s sst r 3s tr r st 3 t st s ä t s 3 rt s tr 3 s

75 ÿ t ss tt t s tr 3 rt s tr t s t r s s tr t t t 3 rt P rt s r3 s 3 s sst r 3s tr tr t t 3 s tr s ö r t 3 tr t s 3 t s rs 3 rt s tr t st t3t r s r räs t rr t 3 tr t t ür s s 3 t r s t s 3 t P rt r s t ö st Pr t r rr t r t 3 t ss tt s r r 3 tr t r t ü r s t t 3 s 1 s 3 t s t r3 t 3 t t r ss 2 s t 3 tr t r st 3 µg m 3 s 3 t s ss s tr t 3 tr t r t r t ä r s 3 tr t r t r st r rä r ss r st t 3 s r r t st r t tt 3 st t

76 s rt r r t s 3 r ÿ t ss tr r ÿ t ss 1 s 3 t s t r3 t 3 t t r ss 2 s t 3 tr t r 3 s µg m 3 r ä st r r3 1tr st r r 3 tr t r s t t r 5 min r r r P rt ss s r P rt s Ö sä r t 3 rt t t r t r 3 t s tt t tr r 3 r t P rt rü s r3 st s r 3s tr Ö sä r t st s r t t t tt t tr r s Ö sä r rü r t r t t 3 rt s r3 t t r s r

77 ÿ t ss rr t r t 3 rt P rt 3 r 3s tr Ö sä r R 2 = 0,95 ür t s rt rt 3 t s r ss t 3 r 3s tr rr t r sr 2 r 3 rt r 3 r ÿt s t r r s st t ss t 3 r st 3 r 2 r r r r s s s tt r r t 3 s R 2 = 0,7 r t r r ts r r s ss s P rt Ö sä r ä s t 3 r s s 3 t s 3 rt s tr t r ö st rr t 3 Ö sä r s trä t R 2 = rt s tr t r ö st rr t 3 Ö sä r rü s 3 ör r 3s tr s r3 rr t trä t R 2 = 0,91 s 3 rt s tr st r s t t r 3s tr r rt t r 3 rt s tr s r r r st s st s r s 3 r t ss s s r s Ö sä r rt t t Ö sä r ä ÿ rst 2 r st st s t r 2 r st 3 s r t s är t 3 r rt r ä st s tt sst s t r t r ÿ t ss s r ä r r s r t P rt ss

78 s rt r r t s 3 r ÿ t ss ÿ t ss s ÿ t ss r s r ü rt 3 r t r s r P rt r ss s 3 t r s r t r s r r ss P rt t r P rt 3 t t Pr t 2 r 2 s s r r r r 3 rt 1 rt rt s r t t rt P rt ts r t t ä t r ss s rt r r t s r s s r ä tr t ü rt rü r s r s r t rs s r 3 t r P rt r r t r r ss r rt r r ss P rt st 3 3 t st 3 3 t tr t t r Ö sä r r 2 r 2 ä 1 tr t t tr t ä 1 Ö sä r tr t 2 t r 2 tr t t t r t ä r s st P rt t r t r s t3 3 r s s s s tt s r r s tr t t s t

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80 s rt r r t s 3 r ÿ t ss rst s ss r 2 r P 3 3 t t st 3 t s tt t tr r s 1 t 3 rt P rt r t t st s 3 rt s tr t r ö st rr t 3 r r 3 3 t s r3 st tr s r 3s t r 3 s tt rts r t 3 rt s tr t r t 1 r ÿ t ss s r3 st s s r 3 s tr 1 3 t rr t s tt rt 3 r 3s tr t R 2 = 0,88 s 3 rt s tr rr rt 3 r s s tr r s ä s st 3 r s r rs ss r 3 r ÿ t s r t 1 t r r s r s ö t s s t r ür s r s t r 3 r st t r 3 r r st s ö ss s P rt t r s r rs r st 3 3 ä ä s ss st r r s 1 r r s t s ss P rt t tsä t r s s t r t r r t t t t r ss 1 r t ä s s t

81 ÿ t ss t 3 rt r s s tt r r t s r s 3 t P rt r t s s s s 1 ä rr t 3 rst t r t st ö st r s ässt s r t r t r r t s ss s s rt t ss 3 t tt t s tr s r t 3 rt P r t t 3 ör s 3 rt s tr s r3 st s s r 3 s tr r t t tt rts rü 3 rt s tr t rü r r ÿ t ss s r3 st s s r 3s tr r 3 t s 3 s stär r t rs s tt t tr rr rt 3 t r 3s tr ür s 3 rt r s 3 t R 2 = 0,69 ä st 3 rt s tr s r tt r ÿ r ss 3 s ü rt r r r 3 Ü rs r t r r r r r t s tt t

82 s rt r r t s 3 r ÿ t ss tr r rt ss r r t 3 r r 3 s r s r t ör s r r t r r t rs t s s t r t r st s s r rs ss s s ss P rt r t tt r ü t r t s t r r ä st s tt sst s t t r t P rt r ÿ t ss s ö tr t 3 rt r ä r tr t r t r t P rt r ÿ t ss r s rt r r t s s s t 1 rt rt P rt r t t 3 rt s t r r r 3 rt s tr r s t r P t t rt P rt r t rs r 1 rr t r P rt 3 r 3s tr r ö st 3 r t R 2 = 0,80 ür r s P rt s 3 s r st 3 t s r rt r s tt s r r ss t t r r P rt s r 3s ts r tt t t r 3 rt t s r 3s tr s st rt s t 3 r t r s r r t 3 t s t 3 rt 3 rt s tr r t s r 3s tr r s r3 tr t r tr rs t s r s ö ss ss P rt r t t r r s t r r t r st s 3 s 3 ss s ss 3 ss ö t tr t r s t st s t s t3t r ö t r s 3 stät t r

83 ä r tr t r t r t P rt r ÿ t ss 3 rt s tr r t s P rt s s t r t r t P rt t r ö st rr t 3 r r 3s st 3 s r3 st s r 3s tr r 3 t tt s r s tr t 3 t ö t t t P rt t r ü r t rs t r t st ss s s r s t tr s t 3 tt t 3 r t s tr t s ü rt 3 ss rr t t r stä r s s tt ä r s r r ö t r r tr s ssr s st 3 rt s tr r t 3 t sät3 st s r 3s tr s s s r ss r s r3 r t t t r t s 3 rt s tr r t r 3s tr s s s r3 rr t trä t R 2 = 0,82 tt r s r 3 r s

84 s rt r r t s 3 r ÿ t ss ür tr 3 t s r t rr t R 2 = 0,82 r st rt ö r ss r tr t t s ss t t r ss s s s rs t st 3 t rs r ä t ss r r t r s r ä st s st 3 t ss r 3 rt t s s tr r r rst r r s r stär r r t t r s rr t st r r s ss rä t s r ss s s P rt t tsä s rt s s t rs t 3 t 3 rt s tr rü s r t 3 r 3s tr s r3 r st s r t rr rt t r t s 3 rt s tr rü r 3s tr r st s r3 rr t trä t R 2 = 0,80 rr t r t R 2 = 0,80 r t r s 3 t s ss s 3 rt s tr s t r st s s r 3s tr s r st t tsä t t r ss r r t r st 3 s t s s s t r st rt ür t r ä r r st 3 s ü tt s st t t r r t rs s 3 t 3 s t 3 rt s tr s r t t 3 rt r ö

85 ä r tr t r t r t P rt r ÿ t ss s r t t 3 r r 3 rt s tr s ÿ t ss s tr ä r s r s s r 3 rt s tr t 3 r r t s ss t t s s r s t rr t 3 s t r t t r 3 r t t ä t st rt R 2 = 0,6 s ö r r r 3 r tst s r 3 rt s tr r t r st r är st ss s s tr s r t t r s t r t st 3 t st t rs t t s s tr r r st s r ss s ö t 3 r r s P rt r r t r sst r s s 3 s r t rs t r s s r rr t st 3 t 3 r 3 ö 3 t ö r är ür s st s r 3 rt s tr st ss s s t st 3 t r r s r r3 rrt r s s t t är t r t 3 r r s tr

86 s rt r r t s 3 r ÿ t ss s rs t r 3 rt s tr r ärt t s s r r t r ä t ss r s st 3 s t t ö t r är ür t r t P rt s r t r s 3 ür s r st s 3 t 3 rt s tr t 3 rt s P rt t t 3 tr t s ö t s s P rt s t s tr t t s s r 3 r t t ss 3 s r t rr t s P rt s 3 tr t t r R 2 = 0,26 s st s r t r 3 3 rü 3 ü r s s t s 3 r tt ö t st s tr t r t s rt r r st 3 P rt s r t r ä ür r t r s r P r t r s Pr t r t t ür s t 1 rt rt tr t r t r t s s P rt s s r s s st s ö ss t t s r ü t r t t r st 3 s 1 rt rt P rt s 3 t tr tt s ü rt 3 ss t r stä t t t tr r t st 3 tr t r ür t 3 r rs rt

87 s ss s s r r t r r r t tt r Pr ür s r t r s rt 3 r st r t rt t t s 3 3 r P ü r r 3 rät st t s t st st t r ss P rt t r ss r 3 s 400 nm t r 3 3 s r t P t t rt r t r röÿ 600 nm t r t ü r r sst r r 3 t ss r t r ür r 3 3 röÿ r r s s r r s s s rstr s st ür t s r s st t ss r 3 t r P r r s rt t t rt r ö ür 150 nm P rt r t t s 3 3 r tt t s st r ss rt ss r s s rs 3 rü 3 ü r r tr t s tät r s rt r r r ss rs rstär t r t röÿ s r r t s är ä r r st t rr r r t t r ÿ r P rt 3 t r r r t r s s rstr s t r t rt s s2st ö t s rt r s r s t 3 r t rs ä t r ss stä r s r t t s 3 3 rs r P rt röÿ 3 r t är t rs t 3 s ss r ss r röÿ s s ö t r tt r st 3 s P s t t r ts är s P rt 3 st r ss s r s 1 3 t rs P P rt r s t r r st 3 ss r 3 s s 3 rt s tr 3 Ü r P rs r s rr t r t q t 3 rt t 3 t r ss s s s 3 s r üt r rr t r 3

88 s ss s tr r ss t ö R 2 t t s r 3 s s t s r r tr st ÿ 3 rü ü rt r t r s ss 3 s t ö t t rs s s s t r r rt r t r är r tt s ss s r P rt röÿ t r ss t r r r ts st r r t ss t rt r rt r r t s t rs t st 3 r t rt t s s Pr r s st s ö r s rt r r s s t3 3 r r s t rs r ü 3 rt s tr 3 r r str rt ss ss r Pr 3 r ür r r st 3 s r r r s t t rs rs r r s r r t ö st s s r s r 3 ss 3 t r s rs ür st 3 3 s r ä ss s tr ü r r ür s s r ss r s r t s t s rs sät3 r s s s ö t rs t r r r r tt r rr t 3 s r 3 3 rt s tr rst r s s t t 3 1tr r s ür ür r s r r t t tsä t r r r r r3 rs t s r ts 3 t ss s s r ür s t r ss r r t t r t s r s ür s st 3 r rr rt r t r ss r ö t r r t s s r s ss r t r r r t r t r s rt r r t s r st t r r P rs rr t 3 sät3 s r s r r ss rü s t t s r s r r t r r st 3 r r s st 3 s r tr t 3 ür r s ö t s ür s r 3 t 3 r 3 ä s s t r t st 3 s s s r 2 3 r ü r s st r ss r s r P rs rr t s ä ss r r s t r ö t är r r r 3 r t t st 3 ü r t s täts r ä t ss t rs rt r s tr r s tr s r st 3 3 t rs

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90 r 3 rt 2s r t t rst r tr t 99% t s t 99, 5% r r 99, 8% r 2 r 12 3 sä r r r st sä r 99% s r t rsä r 99% s r Ö sä r r s 99, 5% t t s r r s 99, 5% t r 2 t r s 3 t ä s r t r s s 2 99% t 98, 5% t 99% t Pr 98, 5% t t sä r r s r s 99% r2 t t 1 tt s 1

91 ür3 ür3 t r r t s s r t r s ss s tr t r r s ss s tr t r P r t r P rt t t r s ss s tr t r P s t P rt t r r t t2 23 r tr st ÿ s t 2 r r r r s t tt r P t tt r Pr 3 ss 3 r ä t s P t P t ss tr 1 3 r r s P t P rt t r P 2.5 P rt är ss t r ss r < 2,5 µm P P t t r P P 2st2r t 1 P P rt t r r s ss s tr t r P t2 P rt 3 r P P t tr s P P rt s r t t ss s tr t r t r t t

92 s r3 s t s r s r s ss s tr t rs t s r r t P t s s t s s rs s t r r s r t r r P s t s ss s tr tr t rt s t röÿ rt tr t rt s t s r tstr s t s rst r rs s r 3 r st r r s r r ss r st r s s r s t s tät ür P 400 nm s t t r st r s s rs s 1t r r ä r t t s rst r rs s r s t P s t t r st r s s r s P rt 3ä t s r 3 r r tt r t t s 3 3 r 3 P r r ä r t 3 s P t P nm r r ä r t t P 300 nm t r cm 3 r r ä r t 3 s P t P 300 nm t t s 3 3 s st r r s r t 500 nm P rt r ss r rt st r r r 2 s s t 600 nm P rt

93 s r3 s r ss r r st r r r 2 s s t 600 nm P rt r ss r st r r s r t P 600 nm t t s 3 3 r P r 3 t rr rt t t s 3 3 r P r 3 t r 3 s s 3 rt s tr s rt r P rs rr t s tr t rt s 3 s P rs rr t 3 s s tr s r st sä r s 3 rt s tr r s s r st sä r tt t s 3 rt s tr tr t s tt t s 3 rt s tr 2 t s s ss r s t 3 r s r t s ss r s s r t s r ss r rt r r r t r t st 3 r 3s tr 2 r2 t r 3s tr r Pr r 3s tr t rsä r t sä r r 3s tr rr t r 3 rt s tr 3 2 r 12 3 sä r r 3s tr s r 2 r 3s tr ä 1 rt r P rs rr t tr t t ür t r s tr s rr t s s r t P rt s r t r s s t r s r t s 3 rt s tr r 3s tr ä

94 s r3 s tt t 3 rt s tr tr t t r ÿ t ss s tr t t t 3 rt 3 rt s tr r ÿ t ss tt 3 rt s tr tr t t t r s t tr r ÿ t ss tt t tr r s Ö sä r r t r t 3 rt r ÿ t ss 3 rt s tr t r ö st rr t 3 Ö sä r r ÿ t ss tt rts 3 rt s tr r 2 r ÿ t ss tt rts 3 rt s tr 1 r ÿ t s s tt rts 3 rt s tr r r ÿ t s s 3 rt s tr s t r t P rt s t r r r t 3 4 t r t s 3 rt s tr r 3s tr s s t r t s 3 rt s tr r 3s tr r st s r t t 3 r r 3 rt s tr s ÿ t ss t 3 rt s P rt t t 3 tr t