Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Transcription

1 (Amount in millions of Renminbi, unless otherwise stated) I GENERAL INFORMATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES Bank of China Limited (the Bank ), formerly known as Bank of China, a State-owned joint stock commercial bank, was founded on 5 February From its formation until 1949, the Bank performed various functions of a central bank, foreign exchange bank and commercial bank specialising in trade finance. Following the founding of the People s Republic of China (the PRC ) in 1949, the Bank was designated as a specialised foreign exchange bank. Since 1994, the Bank has evolved into a State-owned commercial bank. In this regard, in accordance with the Master Implementation Plan for the Joint Stock Reform approved by the State Council of the PRC, the Bank was converted into a joint stock commercial bank on 26 August 2004 and its name was changed from Bank of China to Bank of China Limited. In 2006, the Bank listed on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited and the Shanghai Stock Exchange. The Bank is licensed as a financial institution by the China Banking Regulatory Commission (the CBRC ) No. B0003H and is issued the business license of legal enterprise with unified social credit code No by the State Administration of Industry and Commerce of the PRC. The registered address is No. 1, Fuxingmen Nei Dajie, Beijing, China. The Bank and its subsidiaries (together the Group ) provide a full range of corporate banking, personal banking, treasury operations, investment banking, insurance and other services to its customers in the Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and other major international financial centres. The Bank s principal regulator is the CBRC. The operations in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and other countries and regions of the Group are subject to the supervision of local regulators. The parent company is Central Huijin Investment Limited ( Huijin ), a wholly owned subsidiary of China Investment Corporation ( CIC ), which owned 64.02% of the ordinary shares of the Bank as at 31 December 2017 (31 December 2016: 64.02%). These consolidated financial statements have been approved by the Board of Directors on 29 March II SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES 1 Basis of preparation The consolidated financial statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with IFRSs. In addition, the consolidated financial statements comply with the disclosure requirements of the Hong Kong Companies Ordinance. Financial assets available for sale, financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss (including derivative financial instruments) and investment properties are measured at their fair values in the consolidated financial statement. Assets that meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell. Other accounting items are measured at their historical costs. Impairment is recognised if there is objective evidence of impairment of assets. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRSs requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise its judgement in the process of applying the Group s accounting policies. The areas involving a higher degree of judgement or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the consolidated financial statements are disclosed in Note III Annual Report 146

2 (Amount in millions of Renminbi, unless otherwise stated) II SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued) 1 Basis of preparation (Continued) 1.1 Standards, amendments and interpretations effective in 2017 On 1 January 2017, the Group adopted the following new standards, amendments and interpretations. IAS 7 Amendments IAS 12 Amendments Annual Improvements to IFRSs Cycle (issued in December 2016): IFRS 12 Statement of Cash Flows Recognition of Deferred Tax Assets for Unrealised Losses Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities The amendments to IAS 7 require an entity to provide disclosures that enable users of financial statements to evaluate changes in liabilities arising from financing activities, including both changes arising from cash flows and non-cash changes. The amendments to IAS 12 clarify that an entity needs to consider whether tax law restricts the sources of taxable profits against which it may make deductions on the reversal of that deductible temporary difference. Furthermore, the amendments provide guidance on how an entity should determine future taxable profits and explain the circumstances in which taxable profit may include the recovery of some assets for more than their carrying amount. Annual Improvements to IFRSs Cycle: IFRS 12 Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities The amendments clarify that the disclosure requirements in IFRS 12, apply to an entity s interest in a subsidiary, a joint venture or an associate (or a portion of its interest in a joint venture or an associate) that is classified (or included in a disposal group that is classified) as held for sale. The adoption of the above standards, amendments and interpretations does not have any significant impact on the operating results, financial position and comprehensive income of the Group Annual Report

3 II SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued) 1 Basis of preparation (Continued) 1.2 Standards, amendments and interpretations that are not yet effective and have not been early adopted by the Group in 2017 Effective for annual periods beginning on or after IAS 40 Amendments Transfers of Investment Property 1 January 2018 IFRS 2 Amendments Share-based Payment 1 January 2018 IFRS 4 Amendments Insurance Contracts 1 January 2018 IFRS 9 Financial Instruments 1 January 2018 IFRS 15 and Amendments Revenue from Contracts with Customers 1 January 2018 IFRIC Interpretation 22 Foreign Currency Transactions and 1 January 2018 Advance Consideration IFRS 16 Leases 1 January 2019 IFRIC Interpretation 23 Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments 1 January 2019 IFRS 9 Amendments Prepayment Features with Negative 1 January 2019 Compensation IAS 19 Amendments Employee Benefits 1 January 2019 IAS 28 Amendments Long-term Interests in Associates and 1 January 2019 Joint Ventures IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts 1 January 2021 IFRS 10 and IAS 28 Amendments Sale or Contribution of Assets between an Investor and its Associate or Joint Venture Effective date has been deferred indefinitely Annual Improvements to IFRSs Cycle (issued in December 2016): IAS 28 Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures 1 January 2018 IFRS 1 First-time Adoption of International 1 January 2018 Financial Reporting Standards Annual Improvements to IFRSs Cycle (issued in December 2017) 1 January 2019 IAS 40 Amendments clarify when an entity should transfer property, including property under construction or development into, or out of investment property. The amendments state that a change in use occurs when the property meets, or ceases to meet, the definition of investment property and there is evidence of the change in use. A mere change in management s intentions for the use of a property does not provide evidence of a change in use. The IASB issued amendments to IFRS 2 Share-based Payment that address three main areas: the effects of vesting conditions on the measurement of a cash-settled share-based payment transaction; the classification of a share-based payment transaction with net settlement features for withholding tax obligations; and accounting where a modification to the terms and conditions of a share-based payment transaction changes its classification from cash settled to equity settled. The IASB issued amendments to IFRS 4 that address concerns arising from implementing the new financial instruments standard, IFRS 9, before implementing the new insurance contracts standard that the IASB is developing to replace IFRS 4. The amendments introduce two options for entities issuing insurance contracts: a temporary exemption from applying IFRS 9 and an overlay approach Annual Report 148

4 (Amount in millions of Renminbi, unless otherwise stated) II SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued) 1 Basis of preparation (Continued) 1.2 Standards, amendments and interpretations that are not yet effective and have not been early adopted by the Group in 2017 (Continued) IFRIC Interpretation 22 clarifies that in determining the spot exchange rate to use on initial recognition of the related asset, expense or income (or part of it) on the derecognition of a non-monetary asset or non-monetary liability relating to advance consideration, the date of the transaction is the date on which an entity initially recognises the non-monetary asset or non-monetary liability arising from the advance consideration. If there are multiple payments or receipts in advance, then the entity must determine a date of the transactions for each payment or receipt of advance consideration. IFRS 16 Leases requires lessees to recognise assets and liabilities for most leases. For lessors, there is little change to the existing accounting in IAS 17 Leases. The scope of the new standard includes leases of all assets, with certain exceptions. IFRIC Interpretation 23 clarifies how to apply the recognition and measurement requirements in IAS 12 Income Taxes when there is uncertainty over income tax treatments. The interpretation mainly addresses the following four areas: whether an entity separately considers the uncertainty of tax treatments; assumptions adopted by an entity to address the examination of tax treatments by taxation authorities; how an entity determines taxable profit/(tax loss), tax bases, unused tax losses, unused tax credits and tax rates; and how an entity considers changes in facts and circumstances. IAS 19 Amendments require entities to use the updated actuarial assumptions to determine current service cost and net interest for the remainder of the annual reporting period after such an event. The amendments also clarify how the requirements for accounting for a plan amendment, curtailment or settlement affect the asset ceiling requirements. The amendments do not address the accounting for significant market fluctuations in the absence of a plan amendment, curtailment or settlement. IAS 28 Amendments clarify that an entity applies IFRS 9 Financial Instruments to long-term interests in an associate or joint venture to which the equity method is not applied but that, in substance, form part of the net investment in the associate or joint venture (long-term interests). Entities must apply the amendments retrospectively, with certain exceptions. In May 2017, the IASB issued IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts to replace IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts. The standard provides a general model for insurance contracts and two additional approaches: the variable fee approach and the premium allocation approach. IFRS 17 covers the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of insurance contracts and applies to all types of insurance contracts. The amendments to IFRS 10 and IAS 28 address an inconsistency between the requirements in IFRS 10 and in IAS 28 in dealing with the sale or contribution of assets between an investor and its associate or joint venture. The amendments require a full recognition of a gain or loss when the sale or contribution between an investor and its associate or joint venture constitutes a business. For a transaction involving assets that do not constitute a business, a gain or loss resulting from the transaction is recognised in the investor s profit or loss only to the extent of the unrelated investor s interest in that associate or joint venture. The Group is in the process of assessing the impact of these new standards, amendments and interpretations on the consolidated and separate financial statements of the Group and the Bank respectively. Annual Improvements to IFRSs Cycle was issued in December The annual improvements process was established to make non-urgent but necessary amendments to IFRSs. IAS 28 Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures and IFRS 1 First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards are effective from annual period beginning on or after 1 January No amendment was early adopted by the Group and no material changes to accounting policies were made in Annual Report

5 II SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued) 1 Basis of preparation (Continued) 1.2 Standards, amendments and interpretations that are not yet effective and have not been early adopted by the Group in 2017 (Continued) Annual Improvements to IFRSs Cycle was issued in December Those amendments affect IFRS 3 Business Combinations, IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements, IAS 12 Income Taxes and IAS 23 Borrowing Costs. The amendments are effective from annual period beginning on or after 1 January No amendment was early adopted by the Group and no material changes to accounting policies were made in IFRS 9 Financial Instruments In July 2014, the IASB issued the final version of IFRS 9 Financial Instruments which reflects all phases of the financial instruments project. The standard introduces new requirements for classification and measurement, impairment and hedge accounting. In October 2017, the IASB issued an amendment to IFRS 9 Financial Instruments. This allows financial assets with prepayment features that permit or require a party to a contract either to pay or receive reasonable compensation for the early termination of the contract to be measured at amortised cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income. The amendment is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2019, but early application is permitted. The Group adopted IFRS 9 and its amendments from 1 January Classification and Measurement In IFRS 9, financial assets are classified into three categories: amortised cost, fair value through other comprehensive income and fair value through profit or loss based on the entity s business model for managing the financial assets and their contractual cash flow characteristics. In addition, investments in equity instruments are required to be measured at fair value through profit or loss, unless an option is irrevocably exercised at inception to present changes in fair value in other comprehensive income in which case the accumulated fair value changes in other comprehensive income will not be recycled to profit or loss in the future. Business model The business model reflects how the Group manages the assets in order to generate cash flows. That is, whether the Group s objective is solely to collect the contractual cash flows from the assets or is to collect both the contractual cash flows and cash flows arising from the sale of assets. If neither of these is applicable, the financial assets are classified as part of other business model. Factors considered by the Group in determining the business model for a group of assets include past experience on how the cash flows for these assets were collected, how the asset s performance is evaluated and reported to key management personnel, how risks are assessed and managed and how managers are compensated. Characteristics of the contractual cash flows The assessment of the characteristics of the contractual cash flows aims to identify whether the contractual cash flows are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. Where the business model is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows or to collect contractual cash flows and sell, the Group assesses whether the financial instruments cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest. In making this assessment, the Group considers whether the contractual cash flows are consistent with a basic lending arrangement. Impairment IFRS 9 requires that the measurement of impairment of a financial asset be changed from incurred loss model to expected credit loss model ( ECL model ) and this way of measurement applies to financial assets measured at amortised cost, measured at fair value with changes taken to other comprehensive income, and loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts Annual Report 150

6 (Amount in millions of Renminbi, unless otherwise stated) II SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued) 1 Basis of preparation (Continued) 1.2 Standards, amendments and interpretations that are not yet effective and have not been early adopted by the Group in 2017 (Continued) IFRS 9 Financial Instruments (Continued) Impairment (Continued) Measurement of ECL The ECL is a weighted average of credit losses on financial instruments weighted at the risk of default. Credit loss is the difference between all receivable contractual cash flows according to the contract and all cash flows expected to be received by the Group discounted to present value at the original effective interest rate, i.e. the present value of all cash shortfalls. According to the changes of credit risk of financial instruments since the initial recognition, the Group calculates the ECL by three stages: Stage I: The financial instruments without significant increases in credit risk after initial recognition are included in Stage I to calculate their impairment allowance at an amount equivalent to the ECL of the financial instrument for the next 12 months; Stage II: Financial instruments that have had a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition but have no objective evidence of impairment are included in Stage II, with their impairment allowance measured at an amount equivalent to the ECL over the lifetime of the financial instruments; Stage III: Financial assets with objective evidence of impairment at the balance sheet date are included in Stage III, with their impairment allowance measured at the amount equivalent to the ECL for the lifetime of the financial instruments. For the previous accounting period, the impairment allowance has been measured at the amount equivalent to the ECL over the entire lifetime of the financial instrument. However, at the balance sheet date of the current period, if the financial instrument no longer belongs to the situation of there being a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, the Group will measure the impairment allowance of the financial instruments on the balance sheet date of the current period according to the ECL in the next 12 months. The Group shall measure ECL of a financial instrument in a way that reflects: An unbiased and probability-weighted amount that is determined by evaluating a range of possible outcomes; The time value of money; and Reasonable and supportable information that is available without undue cost or effort at the reporting date about past events, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. When measuring ECL, an entity need not necessarily identify every possible scenario. However, the Group shall consider the risk or probability that a credit loss occurs by reflecting the possibility that a credit loss occurs and the possibility that no credit loss occurs, even if the possibility of a credit loss occurring is very low Annual Report

7 II SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued) 1 Basis of preparation (Continued) 1.2 Standards, amendments and interpretations that are not yet effective and have not been early adopted by the Group in 2017 (Continued) IFRS 9 Financial Instruments (Continued) Impairment (Continued) Measurement of ECL (Continued) The Group conducted an assessment of ECL according to forward-looking information and used complex models and assumptions in its expected measurement of credit losses. These models and assumptions relate to the future macroeconomic conditions and borrower s creditworthiness (e.g., the likelihood of default by customers and the corresponding losses). The Group adopts judgement, assumptions and estimation techniques in order to measure ECL according to the requirements of accounting standards such as: Criteria for judging significant increases in credit risk Definition of credit-impaired financial asset Parameters for measuring ECL Forward-looking information Criteria for judging significant increases in credit risk The Group assesses whether or not the credit risk of the relevant financial instruments has increased significantly since the initial recognition at each balance sheet date. While determining whether the credit risk has significantly increased since initial recognition or not, the Group takes into account the reasonable and substantiated information that is accessible without exerting unnecessary cost or effort, including qualitative and quantitative analysis based on the historical data of the Group, external credit risk rating, and forward-looking information. Based on the single financial instrument or the combination of financial instruments with similar characteristics of credit risk, the Group compares the risk of default of financial instruments on the balance sheet date with that on the initial recognition date in order to figure out the changes of default risk in the expected lifetime of financial instruments. The Group considers a financial instrument to have experienced a significant increase in credit risk when one or more of the following quantitative, qualitative or backstop criteria have been met: Quantitative criteria At the reporting date, the increase in remaining lifetime probability of default is considered significant, comparing with the one at initial recognition Qualitative criteria Significant adverse change in debtor s operation or financial status Be classified into Special Mention category within five-tier loan classification Be listed on the watch-list Backstop criteria The debtor s contractual payments (including principal and interest) are more than 30 days past due 2017 Annual Report 152

8 (Amount in millions of Renminbi, unless otherwise stated) II SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued) 1 Basis of preparation (Continued) 1.2 Standards, amendments and interpretations that are not yet effective and have not been early adopted by the Group in 2017 (Continued) IFRS 9 Financial Instruments (Continued) Impairment (Continued) Definition of credit-impaired financial asset The standard adopted by the Group to determine whether a credit impairment occurs under IFRS 9 is consistent with the internal credit risk management objectives of the relevant financial instrument, taking into account quantitative and qualitative criteria. When the Group assesses whether the credit impairment of debtor occurred, the following factors are mainly considered: Significant financial difficulty of the issuer or the debtor; Debtors are in breach of contract, such as defaulting on interest or becoming overdue on interest or principal payments overdue; The creditor of the debtor, for economic or contractual reasons relating to the debtor s financial difficulty, having granted to the debtor a concession that the creditor would not otherwise consider; It is becoming probable that the debtor will enter bankruptcy or other financial restructuring; The disappearance of an active market for that financial asset because of financial difficulties; The purchase or origination of a financial asset at a deep discount that reflects the incurred credit losses; The debtor leaves any of the principal, advances, interest or investments in corporate bonds of the Group overdue for more than 90 days. The credit impairment on a financial asset may be caused by the combined effect of multiple events and may not be necessarily due to a single event. Parameters of ECL measurement According to whether there is a significant increase in credit risk and whether there is an impairment of assets, the Group measures the impairment loss for different assets with ECL of 12 months or the entire lifetime respectively. The key measuring parameters of ECL include probability of default (PD), loss given default (LGD) and exposure at default (EAD). Based on the current New Basel Capital Accord used in risk management and the requirements of IFRS 9, the Group takes into account the quantitative analysis of historical statistics (such as ratings of counterparties, manners of guarantees and types of collaterals, repayments, etc.) and forwardlooking information in order to establish the model of PD, LGD and EAD. Relative definitions are listed as follows: PD refers to the possibility that the debtor will not be able to fulfil its obligations of repayment over the next 12 months or throughout the entire remaining lifetime. The Group s PD is adjusted based on the results of the Internal Rating-Based Approach under the New Basel Capital Accord, taking into account the forward-looking information and deducting the prudential adjustment to reflect the debtor s point-in-time (PIT) PD under the current macroeconomic environment; Annual Report

9 II SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued) 1 Basis of preparation (Continued) 1.2 Standards, amendments and interpretations that are not yet effective and have not been early adopted by the Group in 2017 (Continued) IFRS 9 Financial Instruments (Continued) Impairment (Continued) Parameters of ECL measurement (Continued) LGD refers to the Group s expectation of the extent of the loss resulting from the default exposure. Depending on the type of counterparty, the method and priority of the recourse, and the type of collaterals, the LGD varies. The LGD is the percentage of loss of risk exposure at the time of default, calculated over the next 12 months or over the entire remaining lifetime; EAD is the amount that the Group should be reimbursed at the time of the default in the next 12 months or throughout the entire remaining lifetime. Forward-looking information The assessment of a significant increase in credit risk and the calculation of ECL both involve forward-looking information. Through the analysis of historical data, the Group identifies the key economic indicators that affect the credit risk and ECL of various business types. The impact of these economic indicators on the PD and the LGD varies according to different types of business. The Group applied experts judgement in this process, according to the result of experts judgement, the Group predicts these economic indicators on a quarterly basis and determines the impact of these economic indicators on the PD and the LGD by conducting regression analysis. In addition to providing a baseline economic scenario, the Group combines statistical analysis with experts judgement to determine the weight of other possible scenarios. The Group measures the weighted average ECL of 12 months (stage I) or life time (stage II and stage III). The weighted average credit loss above is calculated by multiplying the ECL for each scenario by the weight of the corresponding scenario. Hedge accounting The new hedge accounting model aims to provide a better link among an entity s risk management strategy, the rationale for hedging and the impact of hedging on the financial statements. Greater flexibility has been introduced to the types of transactions eligible for hedge accounting. To remove the risk of any conflict between existing macro hedge accounting practice and the new general hedge accounting requirements, IFRS 9 includes an accounting policy choice to remain with IAS 39 hedge accounting. The Group chose to adopt the new hedge accounting requirements in IFRS 9 from 1 January Impacts Considering the impact of these standards on the consolidated financial statements, the Group will record an adjustment to 1 January 2018 shareholders equity at the adoption date, but will not restate comparative periods. The adoption of IFRS 9 is expected to reduce shareholders equity by approximately 2% as at 1 January The estimated impact relates primarily to the implementation of the ECL requirements in the Group Annual Report 154

10 (Amount in millions of Renminbi, unless otherwise stated) II SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued) 1 Basis of preparation (Continued) 1.2 Standards, amendments and interpretations that are not yet effective and have not been early adopted by the Group in 2017 (Continued) IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers 2 Consolidation 2.1 Subsidiaries IFRS 15 was issued in May 2014, and amended in April 2016, and establishes a new five-step model that will apply to revenue arising from contracts with customers. Under IFRS 15 revenue is recognised at an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring goods or services to a customer. The principles in IFRS 15 provide a more structured approach to measuring and recognising revenue. IFRS 15 does not apply to revenue associated with financial instruments, and therefore, will not impact the majority of the Group s revenue, including net interest income, net trading gains and net gains on financial investments which are covered under IFRS 9. According to the current assessment, IFRS 15 has no significant impact on the overall financial statements of the Group. Subsidiaries are all entities (including corporates, divided parts of associates and joint ventures, and structured entities controlled by corporates) over which the Group has control. That is the Group controls an entity when it is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the entity. The existence and effect of potential voting rights that are currently exercisable or convertible and rights arising from other contractual arrangements are considered when assessing whether the Group controls another entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Group. They are de-consolidated from the date that control ceases. If the changes of the relevant facts and circumstances resulting in the definition of control involved in the changes of relevant elements, the Group will re-evaluate whether subsidiaries are controlled. The Group uses the acquisition method of accounting to account for business combinations. The consideration transferred for the acquisition of a subsidiary is the fair values of the assets transferred, the liabilities incurred and the equity interests issued by the Group. The consideration transferred includes the fair value of any asset or liability resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred. Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date. On an acquisition by acquisition basis, the Group recognises any non-controlling interest in the acquiree either at fair value or at the non-controlling interest s proportionate share of the acquiree s net assets. The excess of the consideration transferred, the amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquiree and the acquisition-date fair value of any previous equity interest in the acquiree over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. If this is less than the fair value of the net assets of the subsidiary acquired in the case of a bargain purchase, the difference is recognised directly in the income statement. Goodwill is tested annually for impairment and carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses. If there is any indication that goodwill is impaired, recoverable amount is estimated and the difference between carrying amount and recoverable amount is recognised as an impairment charge. Impairment losses on goodwill are not reversed. Gains and losses on the disposal of an entity include the carrying amount of goodwill relating to the entity sold Annual Report

11 II SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued) 2 Consolidation (Continued) 2.1 Subsidiaries (Continued) All intra-group assets and liabilities, equity, income, expenses and cash flows relating to transactions between members of the Group are eliminated in full on consolidation. Where necessary, accounting policies of subsidiaries have been changed to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the Group. In the Bank s statement of financial position, investments in subsidiaries are accounted for at cost less impairment. Cost is adjusted to reflect changes in consideration arising from contingent consideration amendments, but does not include acquisition-related costs, which are expensed as incurred. The dividends or profits declared to distribute by the invested entity shall be recognised by the Bank as the current investment income of subsidiaries. The Group assesses at each financial reporting date whether there is objective evidence that investment in subsidiaries is impaired. An impairment loss is recognised for the amount by which the investment in subsidiaries carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of the investment in subsidiaries fair value less costs to sell and value in use. 2.2 Associates and joint ventures Associates are all entities over which the Group has significant influence but no control or joint control, generally accompanying a shareholding of between 20% and 50% of the voting rights. Joint ventures exist where the Group has a contractual arrangement with one or more parties to undertake economic activities which are subject to joint control. Investments in associates and joint ventures are initially recognised at cost and are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. The Group s Investment in associates and joint ventures includes goodwill. Unrealised gains on transactions between the Group and its associates and joint ventures are eliminated to the extent of the Group s interests in the associates and joint ventures; unrealised losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of impairment of the asset transferred. Accounting policies of associates and joint ventures have been changed where necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the Group. The Group assesses at each financial reporting date whether there is objective evidence that investments in associates and joint ventures are impaired. Impairment losses are recognised for the amounts by which the investments in associates and joint ventures carrying amounts exceed its recoverable amounts. The recoverable amounts are the higher of investments in associates and joint ventures fair value less costs to sell and value in use. 2.3 Transactions with non-controlling interests The Group treats transactions with non-controlling interests as transactions with equity owners of the Group. For purchases from non-controlling interests, the difference between any consideration paid and the relevant share acquired of the carrying value of net assets of the subsidiary is recorded in equity. Gains or losses on disposals to non-controlling interests are also recorded in equity. When the Group ceases to have control or significant influence, any retained interest in the entity is re-measured to its fair value, with the change in carrying amount recognised in the income statement. The fair value is the initial carrying amount for the purposes of subsequently accounting for the retained interest as an associate, joint venture or financial asset. In addition, any amounts previously recognised in other comprehensive income are reclassified to the income statement Annual Report 156

12 (Amount in millions of Renminbi, unless otherwise stated) II SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued) 3 Foreign currency translation 3.1 Functional and presentation currency The functional currency of the operations in the Chinese mainland is the Renminbi ( RMB ). Items included in the financial statements of each of the Group s operations in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and other countries and regions are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (the functional currency ). The presentation currency of the Group is RMB. 3.2 Transactions and balances Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions, or the exchange rates that approximate the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transaction. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions are recognised in the income statement. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the financial reporting date are translated at the foreign exchange rates ruling at that date. Changes in the fair value of monetary securities denominated in foreign currency classified as available for sale are analysed between translation differences resulting from changes in the amortised cost of the security and other changes in the carrying amount of the security. Translation differences related to changes in the amortised cost are recognised in the income statement, and other changes in the carrying amount are recognised in other comprehensive income. Translation differences on all other monetary assets and liabilities are recognised in the income statement. Non-monetary assets and liabilities that are measured at historical cost in foreign currencies are translated using the foreign exchange rates at the date of the transaction. Non-monetary assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value in foreign currencies are translated using the foreign exchange rates at the date the fair value is determined. Translation differences on non-monetary financial assets classified as available for sale are recognised in other comprehensive income. Translation differences on non-monetary financial assets and liabilities held at fair value through profit or loss are recognised as Net trading gains in the income statement. The results and financial positions of all the Group entities that have a functional currency different from the presentation currency are translated into the presentation currency as follows: assets and liabilities for each statement of financial position presented are translated at the closing rate at the date of that statement of financial position; income and expenses for each income statement are translated at exchange rates at the date of the transactions, or a rate that approximates the exchange rates of the date of the transaction; and all resulting exchange differences are recognised in other comprehensive income. On consolidation, exchange differences arising from the translation of the net investment in foreign entities, and of deposit taken and other currency instruments designated as hedges of such investments are taken to other comprehensive income. When a foreign entity is disposed, these exchange differences are recognised in the income statement. The effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents is presented individually in the statement of cash flows Annual Report

13 II SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued) 4 Financial instruments 4.1 Classification The Group classifies its financial assets into the following four categories: financial assets at fair value through profit or loss, held to maturity investments, loans and receivables and available for sale investments. Financial liabilities are classified into two categories: financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss and other financial liabilities. The Group determines the classification of its financial assets and financial liabilities at initial recognition. (1) Financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss Financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss have two sub-categories: financial assets and financial liabilities held for trading, and those designated as at fair value through profit or loss at inception. A financial asset or financial liability is classified as held for trading if it is acquired or incurred principally for the purpose of selling or repurchasing it in the near term or if it is part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of recent actual pattern of short-term profit-making. Derivatives are also categorised as held for trading unless they are financial guarantee contracts or designated and effective as hedging instruments. A financial asset or financial liability is classified at fair value through profit or loss at inception if it meets either of the following criteria and is designated as such by management on initial recognition: the designation eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition inconsistency that would otherwise arise from measuring the financial assets or financial liabilities or recognising the gains and losses on them on different bases; or a group of financial assets, financial liabilities or both is managed and its performance is evaluated on a fair value basis in accordance with a documented risk management or investment strategy, and information is provided internally on that basis to key management personnel; or the financial instrument contains one or more embedded derivatives, unless the embedded derivative(s) does not significantly modify the cash flows or it is clear, with little or no analysis, that it would not be separately recorded. (2) Held to maturity investments Held to maturity investments are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments and fixed maturities that the Group s management has the positive intention and ability to hold to maturity and that do not meet the definition of loans and receivables nor are designated as at fair value through profit or loss or as available for sale. The Group shall not classify any financial assets as held to maturity if the entity has, during the current financial year or during the two preceding financial years, sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of held to maturity investments before maturity other than restricted circumstances such as sales or reclassifications due to a significant deterioration in the issuer s creditworthiness or industry s regulatory requirements Annual Report 158

14 (Amount in millions of Renminbi, unless otherwise stated) II SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued) 4 Financial instruments (Continued) 4.1 Classification (Continued) (3) Loans and receivables Loans and receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market, other than: those that the Group intends to sell immediately or in the short term, which are classified as held for trading, and those that the Group upon initial recognition designates as at fair value through profit or loss; those that the Group upon initial recognition designates as available for sale; or those for which the Group may not recover substantially all of its initial investment, other than because of credit deterioration. (4) Available for sale investments Available for sale investments are non-derivative financial assets that are either designated in this category or not classified in any of the other categories. (5) Other financial liabilities Other financial liabilities are non-derivative financial liabilities that are not classified or designated as financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss. 4.2 Initial recognition A financial asset or financial liability is recognised on trade-date, the date when the Group becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. For all financial assets and financial liabilities not carried at fair value through profit or loss, financial assets are initially recognised at fair value together with transaction costs and financial liabilities are initially recognised at fair value net of transaction costs. Financial assets and financial liabilities carried at fair value through profit or loss are initially recognised at fair value, and transaction costs are expensed in the income statement. 4.3 Subsequent measurement Financial assets available for sale and financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are subsequently carried at fair value. Financial assets classified as loans and receivables and held to maturity and other financial liabilities are carried at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Gains and losses arising from changes in the fair value of the financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss category are included in the income statement in the period in which they arise. Dividends on equity instruments of this category are also recognised in the income statement when the Group s right to receive payments is established. Gains and losses arising from changes in the fair value of available for sale assets are recognised in Other comprehensive income, until the financial asset is de-recognised or impaired. At this time the cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in Other comprehensive income is reclassified from equity to the income statement. Interest on available for sale debt instruments calculated using the effective interest method as well as dividends on equity instruments of this category when the Group s right to receive such payments is established are recognised in the income statement Annual Report

15 II SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued) 4 Financial instruments (Continued) 4.4 Determination of fair value The fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair values of quoted financial assets and financial liabilities in active markets are based on current bid prices and ask prices, as appropriate. If there is no active market, the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques. These include the use of recent arm s length transactions, discounted cash flow analysis and option pricing models, and other valuation techniques commonly used by market participants. The Group uses the valuation techniques commonly used by market participants to price financial instruments and techniques which have been demonstrated to provide reliable estimates of prices obtained in actual market transactions. The Group makes use of all factors that market participants would consider in setting a price, and incorporates these into its chosen valuation techniques and tests for validity using prices from any observable current market transactions in the same instruments. 4.5 De-recognition of financial instruments Financial assets are de-recognised when the rights to receive cash flows from the investments have expired, or when the Group has transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership, or when the Group neither transfers nor retains substantially all risks or rewards of ownership of the financial asset but has not retained control of the financial asset. On de-recognition of a financial asset in its entirety, the difference between the carrying amount and the sum of the consideration received and any cumulative gain or loss that had been recognised in equity through other comprehensive income is recognised in the income statement. Financial liabilities are de-recognised when they are extinguished that is, when the obligation is discharged, cancelled or expires. The difference between the carrying amount of a financial liability de-recognised and the consideration paid is recognised in the income statement. 4.6 Impairment of financial assets The Group assesses at each financial reporting date whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or a group of financial assets excluding those fair valued through profit or loss is impaired. A financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaired and impairment losses are incurred only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset (a loss event ) and that loss event has an impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset or group of financial assets that can be reliably estimated. Objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impaired includes observable data that comes to the attention of the Group about the following loss events: significant financial difficulty of the issuer or obligor; a breach of contract, such as a default or delinquency in interest or principal payments; the Group granting to the borrower, for economic or legal reasons relating to the borrower s financial difficulty, a concession that the lender would not otherwise consider; it becoming probable that the borrower will enter into bankruptcy or other financial re-organisation; the disappearance of an active market for that financial asset because of financial difficulties; 2017 Annual Report 160

16 (Amount in millions of Renminbi, unless otherwise stated) II SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued) 4 Financial instruments (Continued) 4.6 Impairment of financial assets (Continued) observable data indicating that there is a measurable decrease in the estimated future cash flows from a group of financial assets since the initial recognition of those assets, although the decrease cannot yet be identified with the individual financial assets in the group, including adverse changes in the payment status of borrowers in the group, an increase in the unemployment rate in the geographical area of the borrowers, a decrease in property price for the mortgages in the relevant area or national or local economic conditions that correlate with defaults on the assets in the group; any significant change with an adverse effect that has taken place in the technological, market, economic or legal environment in which the issuer operates and indicates that the cost of investments in equity instruments may not be recovered; a significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of an equity instrument is an indicator of impairment in such investments where a decline in the fair value of equity instrument below its initial cost by 50% or more; or fair value below cost for one year or longer. An impairment is also indicated by a decline in fair value of 20% or more below initial cost for six consecutive months or longer or where fair value is below initial cost by 30% or more over a short period of time (i.e., one month); or other objective evidence indicating impairment of the financial asset. The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists individually for financial assets that are individually significant. If there is objective evidence of impairment, the impairment loss is recognised in the income statement. The Group performs a collective assessment for all other financial assets that are not individually significant or for which impairment has not yet been identified by including the asset in a group of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment. (1) Assets carried at amortised cost Impairment loss for financial assets carried at amortised cost is measured as the difference between the asset s carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial asset s original effective interest rate. The original effective interest rate is computed at initial recognition. The carrying amount of the asset is reduced through the use of an allowance account and the amount of the loss is recognised in the income statement. For financial assets with variable interest rate, the discount rate for measuring any impairment loss is the current effective interest rate determined under the contract. The calculation of the present value of the estimated future cash flows of a collateralised financial asset reflects the cash flows that may result from foreclosure less costs for obtaining and selling the collateral, whether or not foreclosure is probable. As a practical expedient, the Group may measure impairment on the basis of an instrument s fair value using an observable market price. For the purposes of a collective assessment of impairment, financial assets are grouped on the basis of similar and relevant credit risk characteristics. Those characteristics are relevant to the estimation of future cash flows for groups of such assets by being indicative of the debtors ability to pay all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the assets being evaluated Annual Report