ENG2000 Chapter 17 Evaluating and Comparing Projects: The IRR. ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 1
|
|
- Sheryl Sharp
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ENG2000 Chapter 17 Evaluating and Comparing Projects: The IRR ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 1
2 Introduction This chapter introduces a second method for comparing between projects While the result of the process is the same as those already considered, the circumstances determine which method is appropriate The technique we shall discuss now is known as the internal rate of return, IRR ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 2
3 Internal rate of return (IRR) A major reason for investing in a project is that it will generate future earnings And one way to express this return is as a rate of return per dollar invested which is effectively an interest rate This interest rate is the IRR the word internal indicates that the interest rate is dependent on internal factors, such as the cash flows The IRR is the interest rate at which a project just breaks even ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 3
4 Example 5.1 If $100 is invested in a project that returns $110 one year later, we can calculate the IRR by determining the interest rate that would give the same benefits where i* is the IRR here, i* = 10% P = F( P / F,i *, N) $100 = $110( P / F,i *,1) $100 = $110 1+i * The IRR is thus the interest rate that makes the present worth of the benefits equal to the first costs ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 4
5 Formal definition of IRR The internal rate of return on an investment is that interest rate, i*, such that, when all cash flows related to the project are discounted at i*, the present worth of the cash inflows equals the present worth of the outflows causing the project to just break even where R t = cash inflow (receipts) in period t D t = cash outflow (disbursements) in period t T = number of time periods i* = IRR T ( ) R t D t = 0 1+ i * t=0 ( ) t ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 5
6 We can rearrange the previous equation: T R t 1+ i * = D t 1+ i * t=0 ( ) t so that the IRR an be calculated by setting disbursements = receipts and solving for i* We must ensure that the disbursements and receipts are equivalently expressed as a present worth, annual series or future worth i.e. PW or AW or FW(disbursements) = PW or AW or FW(receipts) IRR is supposed to be positive; if not, the project loses money! t=0 ( ) t Typically IRR is calculated by spreadsheet T ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 6
7 Interest rate tables In the absence of a computer, interest rate tables are used to determine the values of the various compound worth factors for various interest rates linear interpolation can then be used to find intermediate values Some web pages also present these tables: sttables.html also posted on the course web page ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 7
8 Example for 4% ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 8
9 Example 5.2 You are interested in buying a tuxedo; the cost is $500 but you expect it to save $160 per year in rental charges over its 5-year life. What is the IRR? what does this calculation neglect? ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 9
10 Example 5.2 solution ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 10
11 Example 5.3 The High Society Bean Company is considering a new canner cost: $ life: 10 years scrap value: $5 000 extra sales: $ in first year, increasing by $5 000 each subsequent year extra costs incurred: $ per year MARR: 12% Should they invest in the new canner? ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 11
12 Using the IRR As before, we need to consider the relationships, if any, between projects to be compared For independent projects, the process is similar to the MARR calculations we did before there, we wanted a MARR = 0 for marginal acceptability now, we want IRR = MARR for marginal acceptability (IRR > MARR is better) again, the projects must have equal lives for this to be valid ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 12
13 Example 5.3 solution ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 13
14 Mutually exclusive projects Life becomes a little more tricky when it comes to deciding between mutually exclusive projects see the next two examples If your MARR = 70%, is it better to invest $1 today and get back $2 in a year or to invest $1000 today to get $1900 in a year? Calculate the IRRs: $1+ $2 P /F,i *,1 ( ) = 0 ( P /F,i *,1) = $1 $2 = 0.5 $ $1900( P /F,i *,1) = 0 ( P /F,i *,1) = $1000 $1900 = i * =100% i * = 90% ( P /F,i,N ) = 1 1+ i ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 14
15 So we choose the first option because it has the higher IRR Not necessarily because it is not the second option alone that must be evaluated, but the incremental investment and return between the two options i.e. is it worth investing the additional $999 required by option 2? ( $1000 $1) + ( $1900 $2) ( P /F,i *,1) = 0 ( P /F,i *,1) = $999 $1898 i * = 89.98% ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 15
16 In the above case, the use of the incremental approach made little difference except to earn $1898 more by choosing the second option But consider the following example Monster Meats are considering buying a new meat slicer which option is best option 1: Meat slicer for $ save $ per year option 2: Meat slicer plus automatic loader for $ save $ per year option 3: Do nothing, cost $0 save $0 per year life of equipment 8 years, MARR 12% ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 16
17 System without loader ( ) =0 $50,000 + $11,000P/A,i *,8 ( P/A,i *,8)= $50,000 $11,000 = From tables or by some other means ( P / A,14%,8) = ( P / A,15%,8) = giving i * 14.5% Since the IRR > MARR then this is better than doing nothing ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 17
18 Now consider the second option: ( ) =0 $68,000 + $14,000 P / A,i *,8 ( P/A,i *,8)= $68,000 $14,000 = From tables or by some other means ( P / A,12%,8) = ( P / A,13%,8) = giving Also a good choice NOT i * 12.5% ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 18
19 We must consider the incremental investment ( $68,000 $50,000) + ( $14,000 $11, 000) ( P / A,i *,8) = 0 ( P / A,i *,8) = $18,000 $3, 000 = From tables or by some other means i * 7.0% Since this incremental IRR < MARR, the automatic loader is a poor additional investment essentially, the excellent return from the investment on the basic slicer subsidised the apparent value of the automatic attachment ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 19
20 loader IRR = 7% slicer IRR = 14.5% slicer IRR = 12.5% ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 20
21 General approach From these examples it is clear that we need to address the incremental investment as well as the two main options If there are more than two choices, life becomes more complex and we need a systematic approach tot he problem The first step is to rank the projects in order of first cost, lowest first which may be the do nothing option this becomes (ungrammatically) the current best alternative (the IRR for this may be less than the MARR) ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 21
22 Set: A = 1 B = 2 A = current best B = challenger n = total number of mutually exclusive projects B = n + 1? no IRR of B - A < MARR Reset B = B + 1 yes best option is A MARR Reset A = B B = B + 1 The current best is challenged by the next option (ordered 1 to n in terms of first cost) if option A is not the last in the list, the incremental IRR is calculated between A and B if this IRR < MARR then we try a new B (A remains the best so far) if the incremental IRR MARR then B is the new current best and we try a new B ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 22
23 Example 5.6 An aircraft company must purchase a new lathe. There are four possible lathes, each with a life of 10 years and no scrap value. With an MARR of 15%, which should be chosen? lathe first cost $ $ $ $ annual savings $ $ $ $ ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 23
24 Example 5.6 solution ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 24
25 Complexities Suppose that a project pays $1 000 today, costs $5 000 a year from now, and pays another $6 000 in two years. What is the IRR? $6 000 $1 000 $5 000 By equating the PWs and solving for the IRR: $1000 $5000( P /F,i *,1) + $6000( P /F,i *,2)=0 ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 25
26 ( ) = 1 ( 1+ i * ) N since P /F,i *,N we eventually find i * 3i * + 2 = 0 or ( i * 1) ( i* 2) = 0 This has two solutions, i* = 1 (100%) and i* = 2 (200%) which is correct?! ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 26
27 General case We have a project with T periods there is a net cash flow in any period, t, given by A t = R t D t where R is a receipt and D is a disbursement Converting to PWs gives A 0 + A 1 ( 1+ i) 1 + A 2 ( 1+ i) 2 +K+ A T ( 1+ i) T = 0 or A 0 + A 1 x + A 2 x 2 +K+ A T x T = 0 where x = ( 1+ i) 1 the solution contains as many real positive solutions as there are changes in sign of A and hence there are as many IRRs as sign changes in A ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 27
28 Project balances One can think of the project as being composed of a set of project balances, each representing the situation at the end of successive periods A 0, A 1,, A T are cash flows (as before) now there are T + 1 project balances (B 0, B 1,, B T ), one at the end of each period, t = 0, 1, 2,, T each B represents the accumulated future value of all cash flows up to the end of that period, with an interest rate i B 0 = A 0 B 1 = A 0 1+ i ( ) + A 1 B 2 = A 0 1+ i to B T = A 0 1+ i ( ) 2 + A 1 ( 1+ i ) + A 2 ( ) T + A 1 ( 1+ i ) T 1 +K+ A T ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 28
29 For the previous example we find End of year $1 000 i = 100% $1 000(1 + 1) $5 000 = $3 000 $3 000(1 + 1) + $6 000 = 0 $1 000 i = 200% $1 000(1 + 2) $5 000 = $2 000 $2 000(1 + 2) + $6 000 = 0 The fact that the totals are zero at the end confirms that both 100% and 200% are valid IRRs ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 29
30 The issue is that the IRR calculation assumes that the initial $1 000 is invested at one of the IRRs (100% or 200%) however, the $1 000 is provided by the project, not invested in it it is therefore sitting around for a year before being reinvested in the project during that year, it can be invested elsewhere but will probably not make this IRR (more likely MARR) Hence, to resolve the IRR problem, we need to consider what happens to cash not invested in the project usually, we assume that this cash makes a return equal to the MARR ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 30
31 External rate of return (ERR) The external rate of return, i e *, is defined as the rate of return on a project where any cash flows that are not invested in the project are assumed to earn interest at a predetermined rate typically the MARR in this situation, a project only has one ERR In simple cases, one can determine the ERR precisely However, in more complex cases, it can be difficult to decide where to apply the explicit interest rate and an approximate method is used ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 31
32 Precise ERR Let s revisit the previous example suppose that a project pays $1 000 today, costs $5 000 a year from now, and pays another $6 000 in two years the MARR is 25% Now the first $1 000 is invested outside the project at the MARR the cumulative cash flow for year 1 is thus: $1 000(F/P, 25%,1) $5 000 = $1 250 $5 000 = $3 750 The cash flow diagram is now $6 000 $3 750 ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 32
33 We can now determine a precise ERR: $ $6000( * P /F,i e,1 ) = 0 ( * P /F,i e,1 ) = $3750 $6000 = * 1+ i = e i e * = 0.6 ERR = 60% ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 33
34 Approximate technique In a complex case, we don t necessarily know when to apply the explicit rate of interest because the cash flow can depend on what that rate of interest is Instead,we can use an approximate method take all net receipts forward at the MARR until the time of the last cash flow take all net disbursements forward at an unknown interest rate, i ea *, until the time of the last cash flow equate the future value of the receipts and disbursements from two steps above, and solve for i ea * this value for i ea * is an approximate ERR for the project [net means the total (inflow ± outflow) in a period] ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 34
35 Example re-revisited Now, the net receipts are the initial $1 000 and the final $6 000 after year 2 hence the amount carried forward at the MARR is $1 000(F/P,25%,2) + $6 000 The net disbursements are the $5 000 at the end of year 1 these are carried forward at the unknown interest rate $5 000((F/P,i ea *,1) Equating these expressions and solving gives i ea * = 51.25% = approximate ERR compared with the exact ERR of 60% ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 35
36 It turns out that the approximate ERR always lies between the precise ERR and the MARR hence, if the precise ERR > MARR, then the approx. ERR will be too alternatively, if the precise ERR < MARR, so too will be the approx. ERR Hence, the approximate calculation of the ERR will always give the correct decision the approx. ERR underestimates the rate of return for a viable project (since the precise ERR is larger) Hence the approx. ERR is simpler to calculate gives the correct decision provides a lower limit to the actual rate of return ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 36
37 When to use the ERR? It is generally better to calculate an IRR whenever possible, even though IRR and ERRs result in the same decision it gives a more precise answer that is valuable for project planning for example, it does not depend on the MARR chosen or the assumption of investment at the MARR Simple investments always give one IRR, e.g. techniques to determine whether there is more than one IRR are covered in the textbook appendix 5a ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 37
38 IRR/ERR versus PW/AW It can be shown (text 5.4.1) that the rate and worth techniques lead to the same decisions so why choose one techniques over the other? The rate methods give numbers in terms of percentages rather than absolute numbers this can be useful where projects are of very different sizes and the absolute numbers of one type of project will always be larger alternatively, it may be desirable to know the absolute profit that results from the decision A general comparison is shown on the next slide ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 38
39 Method Advantages Disadvantages IRR PW AW Payback period facilitates comparison of projects of different scales commonly used gives actual number for profit annual cash flow figures are easy to interpret very easy to calculate commonly used rapid recovery of capital difficult to calculate difficult to compare projects of differing sizes difficult to compare projects of differing sizes discriminates against long-term projects ignores time value of money ignores expected service life ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 39
40 Conclusion We have seen that the internal rate of return (IRR) is an alternative to present or annual worth calculations for determining the choice of projects The IRR can be difficult to determine, but is useful in some circumstances The decisions made by IRR are the same as those from AW/PW Rate of return calculations allow straightforward comparison of projects with very different absolute figures ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 40
41 Important things we haven t discussed Financial accounting how to understand a company s balance sheets Taxes inevitable! Inflation the effects of inflation on long-term projects Uncertainty how sensitive is the decision to estimated future values? ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM_2: 41
ENG2000 Chapter 16 Evaluating and Comparing Projects: The MARR. ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM: 1
ENG2000 Chapter 16 Evaluating and Comparing Projects: The MARR ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey CM: 1 Overview So, we have seen that the act of investing is to sacrifice something of present value in the expectation
More informationChapter 7. Net Present Value and Other Investment Rules
Chapter 7 Net Present Value and Other Investment Rules Be able to compute payback and discounted payback and understand their shortcomings Understand accounting rates of return and their shortcomings Be
More informationIE463 Chapter 3. Objective: INVESTMENT APPRAISAL (Applications of Money-Time Relationships)
IE463 Chapter 3 IVESTMET APPRAISAL (Applications of Money-Time Relationships) Objective: To evaluate the economic profitability and liquidity of a single proposed investment project. CHAPTER 4 2 1 Equivalent
More information8: Economic Criteria
8.1 Economic Criteria Capital Budgeting 1 8: Economic Criteria The preceding chapters show how to discount and compound a variety of different types of cash flows. This chapter explains the use of those
More informationi* = IRR i*? IRR more sign changes Passes: unique i* = IRR
Decision Rules Single Alternative Based on Sign Changes of Cash Flow: Simple Investment i* = IRR Accept if i* > MARR Single Project start with zero, one sign change Non-Simple Investment i*? IRR Net Investment
More informationChapter 7 Rate of Return Analysis
Chapter 7 Rate of Return Analysis Rate of Return Methods for Finding ROR Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Criterion Incremental Analysis Mutually Exclusive Alternatives Why ROR measure is so popular? This
More informationEngineering Economy. Lecture 8 Evaluating a Single Project IRR continued Payback Period. NE 364 Engineering Economy
Engineering Economy Lecture 8 Evaluating a Single Project IRR continued Payback Period Internal Rate of Return (IRR) The internal rate of return (IRR) method is the most widely used rate of return method
More informationIE463 Chapter 4. Objective: COMPARING INVESTMENT AND COST ALTERNATIVES
IE463 Chapter 4 COMPARING INVESTMENT AND COST ALTERNATIVES Objective: To learn how to properly apply the profitability measures described in Chapter 3 to select the best alternative out of a set of mutually
More information(Refer Slide Time: 00:55)
Engineering Economic Analysis Professor Dr. Pradeep K Jha Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Lecture 11 Economic Equivalence: Meaning and Principles
More informationINTERNAL RATE OF RETURN
INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN Introduction You put money in a bank account and expect to get a return 1 percent You can think of investment/business/project in the same way Every investment/business/project
More informationECLT 5930/SEEM 5740: Engineering Economics Second Term
ECLT 5930/SEEM 5740: Engineering Economics 2015 16 Second Term Master of Science in ECLT & SEEM Instructors: Dr. Anthony Man Cho So Department of Systems Engineering & Engineering Management The Chinese
More informationCHAPTER 9 NET PRESENT VALUE AND OTHER INVESTMENT CRITERIA
CHAPTER 9 NET PRESENT VALUE AND OTHER INVESTMENT CRITERIA Learning Objectives LO1 How to compute the net present value and why it is the best decision criterion. LO2 The payback rule and some of its shortcomings.
More information# 6. Comparing Alternatives
IE 5441 1 # 6. Comparing Alternatives One of the main purposes of this course is to discuss how to make decisions in engineering economy. Let us first consider a single period case. Suppose that there
More informationDepartment of Humanities. Sub: Engineering Economics and Costing (BHU1302) (4-0-0) Syllabus
Department of Humanities Sub: Engineering Economics and Costing (BHU1302) (4-0-0) Syllabus Module I (10 Hours) Time value of money : Simple and compound interest, Time value equivalence, Compound interest
More informationChapter 7: Investment Decision Rules
Chapter 7: Investment Decision Rules -1 Chapter 7: Investment Decision Rules Note: Read the chapter then look at the following. Fundamental question: What criteria should firms use when deciding which
More informationECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND LIFE CYCLE COSTING SECTION I
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND LIFE CYCLE COSTING SECTION I ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND LIFE CYCLE COSTING Engineering Economy and Economics 1. Several questions on basic economics. 2. Several problems on simple engineering
More informationCAPITAL BUDGETING AND THE INVESTMENT DECISION
C H A P T E R 1 2 CAPITAL BUDGETING AND THE INVESTMENT DECISION I N T R O D U C T I O N This chapter begins by discussing some of the problems associated with capital asset decisions, such as the long
More informationChapter 7 Rate of Return Analysis
Chapter 7 Rate of Return Analysis 1 Recall the $5,000 debt example in chapter 3. Each of the four plans were used to repay the amount of $5000. At the end of 5 years, the principal and interest payments
More informationChapter 14 Solutions Solution 14.1
Chapter 14 Solutions Solution 14.1 a) Compare and contrast the various methods of investment appraisal. To what extent would it be true to say there is a place for each of them As capital investment decisions
More informationChapter 6 Rate of Return Analysis: Multiple Alternatives 6-1
Chapter 6 Rate of Return Analysis: Multiple Alternatives 6-1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES Work with mutually exclusive alternatives based upon ROR analysis 1. Why Incremental Analysis? 2. Incremental Cash Flows
More informationLecture 5 Present-Worth Analysis
Seg2510 Management Principles for Engineering Managers Lecture 5 Present-Worth Analysis Department of Systems Engineering and Engineering Management The Chinese University of Hong Kong 1 Part I Review
More informationKING FAHAD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM & MINERALS COLLEGE OF ENVIROMENTAL DESGIN CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT
KING FAHAD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM & MINERALS COLLEGE OF ENVIROMENTAL DESGIN CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT Report on: Associated Problems with Life Cycle Costing As partial fulfillment
More informationTime Value of Money and Economic Equivalence
Time Value of Money and Economic Equivalence Lecture No.4 Chapter 3 Third Canadian Edition Copyright 2012 Chapter Opening Story Take a Lump Sum or Annual Installments q q q Millionaire Life is a lottery
More informationThe Basics of Capital Budgeting
Chapter 11 The Basics of Capital Budgeting Should we build this plant? 11 1 What is capital budgeting? Analysis of potential additions to fixed assets. Long term decisions; involve large expenditures.
More informationWHAT IS CAPITAL BUDGETING?
WHAT IS CAPITAL BUDGETING? Capital budgeting is a required managerial tool. One duty of a financial manager is to choose investments with satisfactory cash flows and rates of return. Therefore, a financial
More informationCopyright Disclaimer under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news
Copyright Disclaimer under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use
More informationFinancial Management Bachelors of Business Administration Study Notes & Tutorial Questions Chapter 1: Investment & Project Appraisal
Financial Management Bachelors of Business Administration Study Notes & Tutorial Questions Chapter 1: Investment & Project Appraisal Ibrahim Sameer AVID College Page 1 INTRODUCTION Capital budgeting is
More information1.011Project Evaluation: Comparing Costs & Benefits
1.11Project Evaluation: Comparing Costs & Benefits Carl D. Martland Basic Question: Are the future benefits large enough to justify the costs of the project? Present, Future, and Annual Worth Internal
More informationEngineering Economics
Engineering Economics Lecture 7 Er. Sushant Raj Giri B.E. (Industrial Engineering), MBA Lecturer Department of Industrial Engineering Contemporary Engineering Economics 3 rd Edition Chan S Park 1 Chapter
More informationChapter 7: Investment Decision Rules
Chapter 7: Investment Decision Rules-1 Chapter 7: Investment Decision Rules I. Introduction and Review of NPV A. Introduction Q: How decide which long-term investment opportunities to undertake? Key =>
More informationNet Present Value Q: Suppose we can invest $50 today & receive $60 later today. What is our increase in value? Net Present Value Suppose we can invest
Ch. 11 The Basics of Capital Budgeting Topics Net Present Value Other Investment Criteria IRR Payback What is capital budgeting? Analysis of potential additions to fixed assets. Long-term decisions; involve
More informationMENG 547 Energy Management & Utilization
MENG 547 Energy Management & Utilization Chapter 4 Economic Decisions for Energy Projects Prof. Dr. Ugur Atikol, cea Director of EMU Energy Research Centre The Need for Economic Analysis The decision on
More informationRunning Head: FINAL PORTFOLIO PROJECT 1
Running Head: FINAL PORTFOLIO PROJECT 1 Final Portfolio Project: Capital Budgeting Aaron (A.J.) Edge Walden University Mr. Nick Turner FNCE 3001/MGMT 3004: Financial Management April 11, 2013 FINAL PORTFOLIO
More informationExaminer s report F9 Financial Management September 2017
Examiner s report F9 Financial Management September 2017 General comments The F9 Financial Management exam is offered in both computer-based (CBE) and paper-based (PBE) formats. The structure is the same
More informationAn Interesting News Item
ENGM 401 & 620 X1 Fundamentals of Engineering Finance Fall 2010 Lecture 26: Other Analysis Techniques If you work just for money, you'll never make it, but if you love what you're doing and you always
More informationCapital Budgeting Decisions
May 1-4, 2014 Capital Budgeting Decisions Today s Agenda n Capital Budgeting n Time Value of Money n Decision Making Example n Simple Return and Payback Methods Typical Capital Budgeting Decisions n Capital
More informationLO 1: Cash Flow. Cash Payback Technique. Equal Annual Cash Flows: Cost of Capital Investment / Net Annual Cash Flow = Cash Payback Period
Cash payback technique LO 1: Cash Flow Capital budgeting: The process of planning significant investments in projects that have long lives and affect more than one future period, such as the purchase of
More informationInvestment Appraisal
Investment Appraisal Introduction to Investment Appraisal Whatever level of management authorises a capital expenditure, the proposed investment should be properly evaluated, and found to be worthwhile
More informationIntroduction. What exactly is the statement of cash flows? Composing the statement
Introduction The course about the statement of cash flows (also statement hereinafter to keep the text simple) is aiming to help you in preparing one of the apparently most complicated statements. Most
More informationGlobal Financial Management
Global Financial Management Bond Valuation Copyright 24. All Worldwide Rights Reserved. See Credits for permissions. Latest Revision: August 23, 24. Bonds Bonds are securities that establish a creditor
More informationChapter 8. Rate of Return Analysis. Principles of Engineering Economic Analysis, 5th edition
Chapter 8 Rate of Return Analysis Systematic Economic Analysis Technique 1. Identify the investment alternatives 2. Define the planning horizon 3. Specify the discount rate 4. Estimate the cash flows 5.
More informationOther Analysis Techniques. Future Worth Analysis (FWA) Benefit-Cost Ratio Analysis (BCRA) Payback Period
Other Analysis Techniques Future Worth Analysis (FWA) Benefit-Cost Ratio Analysis (BCRA) Payback Period 1 Techniques for Cash Flow Analysis Present Worth Analysis Annual Cash Flow Analysis Rate of Return
More informationCHAPTER 7: ENGINEERING ECONOMICS
CHAPTER 7: ENGINEERING ECONOMICS The aim is to think about and understand the power of money on decision making BREAKEVEN ANALYSIS Breakeven point method deals with the effect of alternative rates of operation
More informationBFC2140: Corporate Finance 1
BFC2140: Corporate Finance 1 Table of Contents Topic 1: Introduction to Financial Mathematics... 2 Topic 2: Financial Mathematics II... 5 Topic 3: Valuation of Bonds & Equities... 9 Topic 4: Project Evaluation
More informationINVESTMENT APPRAISAL TECHNIQUES FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES
SAMUEL ADEGBOYEGA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION COURSE CODE: BUS 413 COURSE TITLE: SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT SESSION: 2017/2018,
More informationA Brief Guide to Engineering Management Financial Calculations in ENGM 401 Section B1 Winter 2009
A Brief Guide to Engineering Management Financial Calculations in ENGM 401 Section B1 Winter 2009 MG Lipsett 2008 last updated December 8, 2008 Introduction This document provides concise explanations
More informationSchool of Engineering University of Guelph. ENGG*3240 Engineering Economics Course Description & Outline - Fall 2008
School of Engineering University of Guelph ENGG*3240 Engineering Economics Course Description & Outline - Fall 2008 CALENDAR DESCRIPTION Principle of project evaluation, analysis of capital and operating
More informationMonetary Economics Valuation: Cash Flows over Time. Gerald P. Dwyer Fall 2015
Monetary Economics Valuation: Cash Flows over Time Gerald P. Dwyer Fall 2015 WSJ Material to be Studied This lecture, Chapter 6, Valuation, in Cuthbertson and Nitzsche Next topic, Chapter 7, Cost of Capital,
More information1 Week Recap Week 2
1 Week 3 1.1 Recap Week 2 pv, fv, timeline pmt - we don t have to keep it the same every period. Ex.: Suppose you are exactly 30 years old. You believe that you will be able to save for the next 20 years,
More informationSoftware Economics. Introduction to Business Case Analysis. Session 2
Software Economics Introduction to Business Case Analysis Session 2 Today Last Session we covered FV, PV and NPV We started with setting up the financials of a Business Case We talked about measurements
More informationSoftware Economics. Metrics of Business Case Analysis Part 1
Software Economics Metrics of Business Case Analysis Part 1 Today Last Session we covered FV, PV and NPV We started with setting up the financials of a Business Case We talked about measurements to compare
More informationMany decisions in operations management involve large
SUPPLEMENT Financial Analysis J LEARNING GOALS After reading this supplement, you should be able to: 1. Explain the time value of money concept. 2. Demonstrate the use of the net present value, internal
More informationCapital Budgeting Process and Techniques 93. Chapter 7: Capital Budgeting Process and Techniques
Capital Budgeting Process and Techniques 93 Answers to questions Chapter 7: Capital Budgeting Process and Techniques 7-. a. Type I error means rejecting a good project. Payback could lead to Type errors
More informationChapter 8. Ross, Westerfield and Jordan, ECF 4 th ed 2004 Solutions
Ross, Westerfield and Jordan, ECF 4 th ed 2004 Solutions Chapter 8. Answers to Concepts Review and Critical Thinking Questions 1. A payback period less than the project s life means that the NPV is positive
More informationCHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Capital budgeting is the process of analyzing investment opportunities and deciding which ones to accept. (Pearson Education, 2007, 178). 2.1. INTRODUCTION OF CAPITAL BUDGETING
More informationCHAPTER 4. The Time Value of Money. Chapter Synopsis
CHAPTER 4 The Time Value of Money Chapter Synopsis Many financial problems require the valuation of cash flows occurring at different times. However, money received in the future is worth less than money
More informationA Brief Guide to Engineering Management Financial Calculations in ENGM 401 & ENGM 620 Section X1 Fall 2010
A Brief Guide to Engineering Management Financial Calculations in ENGM 401 & ENGM 620 Section X1 Fall 2010 MG Lipsett last updated October 21, 2010 Introduction This document provides concise explanations
More information3: Balance Equations
3.1 Balance Equations Accounts with Constant Interest Rates 15 3: Balance Equations Investments typically consist of giving up something today in the hope of greater benefits in the future, resulting in
More informationFinancial Management Masters of Business Administration Study Notes & Tutorial Questions Chapter 3: Investment Decisions
Financial Management Masters of Business Administration Study Notes & Tutorial Questions Chapter 3: Investment Decisions 1 INTRODUCTION The word Capital refers to be the total investment of a company of
More informationChapter 10 The Basics of Capital Budgeting: Evaluating Cash Flows ANSWERS TO SELECTED END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS
Chapter 10 The Basics of Capital Budgeting: Evaluating Cash Flows ANSWERS TO SELECTED END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS 10-1 a. Capital budgeting is the whole process of analyzing projects and deciding whether
More informationCapital Budgeting, Part I
Capital Budgeting, Part I Lakehead University Fall 2004 Capital Budgeting Techniques 1. Net Present Value 2. The Payback Rule 3. The Average Accounting Return 4. The Internal Rate of Return 5. The Profitability
More informationCapital Budgeting, Part I
Capital Budgeting, Part I Lakehead University Fall 2004 Capital Budgeting Techniques 1. Net Present Value 2. The Payback Rule 3. The Average Accounting Return 4. The Internal Rate of Return 5. The Profitability
More informationChapter 8 Net Present Value and Other Investment Criteria Good Decision Criteria
Chapter 8 Net Present Value and Other Investment Criteria Good Decision Criteria We need to ask ourselves the following questions when evaluating decision criteria Does the decision rule adjust for the
More informationSession 2, Monday, April 3 rd (11:30-12:30)
Session 2, Monday, April 3 rd (11:30-12:30) Capital Budgeting Continued and the Cost of Capital v2.0 2014 Association for Financial Professionals. All rights reserved. Session 3-1 Chapters Covered Internal
More informationCAPITAL BUDGETING TECHNIQUES (CHAPTER 9)
CAPITAL BUDGETING TECHNIQUES (CHAPTER 9) Capital budgeting refers to the process used to make decisions concerning investments in the long-term assets of the firm. The general idea is that a firm s capital,
More informationMGT201 Lecture No. 11
MGT201 Lecture No. 11 Learning Objectives: In this lecture, we will discuss some special areas of capital budgeting in which the calculation of NPV & IRR is a bit more difficult. These concepts will be
More informationMGT201 Financial Management All Subjective and Objective Solved Midterm Papers for preparation of Midterm Exam2012 Question No: 1 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one companies invest in projects with negative
More informationIE 343 Section 1 Engineering Economy Exam 2 Review Problems Solutions Instructor: Tian Ni March 30, 2012
IE 343 Section 1 Engineering Economy Exam 2 Review Problems Solutions Instructor: Tian Ni March 30, 2012 1. A firm is considering investing in a machine that has an initial cost of $36,000. For a period
More informationComparison and Selection among Alternatives Created By Eng.Maysa Gharaybeh
Comparison and Selection among Alternatives Created By Eng.Maysa Gharaybeh Quiz 1, 2, 7, 15,19, 20, 22, 26, 36, 40. The objective of chapter 6 is to evaluate correctly capital investment alternatives when
More informationInternational Project Management. prof.dr MILOŠ D. MILOVANČEVIĆ
International Project Management prof.dr MILOŠ D. MILOVANČEVIĆ Project Evaluation and Analysis Project Financial Analysis Project Evaluation and Analysis The important aspects of project analysis are:
More informationEngineering Economics, ENGR 610 Final Exam (35%)
Engineering Economics, ENGR 610 Final Exam (35%) Name: Instructor: Mutlu Ozer, Fall 2011 CF Diagrams are required. Without CF diagram solutions would not be accepted!!! ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
More informationLecture Guide. Sample Pages Follow. for Timothy Gallagher s Financial Management 7e Principles and Practice
Lecture Guide for Timothy Gallagher s Financial Management 7e Principles and Practice 707 Slides Written by Tim Gallagher the textbook author Use as flash cards for terminology and concept review Also
More informationINVESTMENT CRITERIA. Net Present Value (NPV)
227 INVESTMENT CRITERIA Net Present Value (NPV) 228 What: NPV is a measure of how much value is created or added today by undertaking an investment (the difference between the investment s market value
More informationCash Flow and the Time Value of Money
Harvard Business School 9-177-012 Rev. October 1, 1976 Cash Flow and the Time Value of Money A promising new product is nationally introduced based on its future sales and subsequent profits. A piece of
More informationThe future and present cash flow series are shown for a project. How long is the simple payback period?
ENGM 401 & 620 X1 Fundamentals of Engineering Finance Fall 2010 Lecture 27: Effects of Inflation on Present Worth; Introduction to Sensitivity Analysis Analysis A weak currency is the sign of a weak economy,
More informationMGT201 Current Online Solved 100 Quizzes By
MGT201 Current Online Solved 100 Quizzes By http://vustudents.ning.com Question # 1 Which if the following refers to capital budgeting? Investment in long-term liabilities Investment in fixed assets Investment
More information$82, $71, $768, $668,609.67
Question # 1 of 15 ( Start time: 07:14:23 PM ) Total Marks: 1 If you deposit $12,000 per year for 16 years (each deposit is made at the beginning of each year) in an account that pays an annual interest
More informationTime value of money-concepts and Calculations Prof. Bikash Mohanty Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Time value of money-concepts and Calculations Prof. Bikash Mohanty Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee Lecture - 01 Introduction Welcome to the course Time value
More informationOverall ROR: 30,000(0.20) + 70,000(0.14) = 100,000(x) x = 15.8% Prepare a tabulation of cash flow for the alternatives shown below.
Chapter 8, Problem 2. What is the overall rate of return on a $100,000 investment that returns 20% on the first $30,000 and 14% on the remaining $70,000? Chapter 8, Solution 2. Overall ROR: 30,000(0.20)
More informationStrategic Investment & Finance Solutions to Exercises
Strategic Investment & Finance Solutions to Exercises Exercise 1 Question a 40 30 30 20 20 0 1 2 3 4 5-100 With a discount rate equal to 10%: NPV 0 = 100 +40 1.1 1 +30 1.1 2 +30 1.1 3 +20 1.1 4 + 20 1.1
More informationIE 343 Midterm Exam. March 7 th Closed book, closed notes.
IE 343 Midterm Exam March 7 th 2013 Closed book, closed notes. Write your name in the spaces provided above. Write your name on each page as well, so that in the event the pages are separated, we can still
More informationSoftware Economics. Introduction to Business Case Analysis. Session 2
Software Economics Introduction to Business Case Analysis Session 2 Today Last Session we covered FV, PV and NPV We started with setting up the financials of a Business Case We talked about measurements
More informationAll In One MGT201 Mid Term Papers More Than (10) BY
All In One MGT201 Mid Term Papers More Than (10) BY http://www.vustudents.net MIDTERM EXAMINATION MGT201- Financial Management (Session - 2) Question No: 1 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Why companies
More informationLecture 6 Capital Budgeting Decision
Lecture 6 Capital Budgeting Decision The term capital refers to long-term assets used in production, while a budget is a plan that details projected inflows and outflows during some future period. Thus,
More informationUnit-2. Capital Budgeting
Unit-2 Capital Budgeting Unit Structure 2.0. Objectives. 2.1. Introduction. 2.2. Presentation of subject matter. 2.2.1 Meaning of capital budgeting. 2.2.2 Capital expenditure. 2.2.3 Definitions. 2.2.4
More informationNew and less common ways of measuring returns
IIPC Consulting AG New and less common ways of measuring returns Date: December 2011 Date: December 2011 - Slide 1 Agenda Return measurement The big picture Internal rate of return (IRR) Time- & money-weighted
More informationBasics. 7: Compounding Frequency. Lingua Franca (Language of the Trade) 7.1 Nominal and Effective Interest. Nominal and Effective.
Basics 7: Compounding Frequency Compounding frequency affects rate of growth of savings or debt $1 after 1 year at 18% per year compounded annually $118. $1 after 1 year at 18% per year compounded monthly
More informationThe Use of Modern Capital Budgeting Techniques. Howard Lawrence
The Use of Modern Capital Budgeting Techniques. Howard Lawrence No decision places a company in more jeopardy than those decisions involving capital improvements. Often these investments can cost billions
More informationCommercestudyguide.com Capital Budgeting. Definition of Capital Budgeting. Nature of Capital Budgeting. The process of Capital Budgeting
Commercestudyguide.com Capital Budgeting Capital Budgeting decision is considered the most important and most critical decision for a finance manager. It involves decisions related to long-term investments
More informationWhat Is a Project? How Do We Justify a Project? 1.011Project Evaluation: Comparing Costs & Benefits Carl D. Martland
MIT Civil Engineering 1.11 -- Project Evaluation Spring Term 23 1.11Project Evaluation: Comparing Costs & Benefits Carl D. Martland Basic Question: Are the future benefits large enough to justify the costs
More informationFE Review Economics and Cash Flow
4/4/16 Compound Interest Variables FE Review Economics and Cash Flow Andrew Pederson P = present single sum of money (single cash flow). F = future single sum of money (single cash flow). A = uniform series
More informationCapital Budgeting CFA Exam Level-I Corporate Finance Module Dr. Bulent Aybar
Capital Budgeting CFA Exam Level-I Corporate Finance Module Dr. Bulent Aybar Professor of International Finance Capital Budgeting Agenda Define the capital budgeting process, explain the administrative
More informationChapter Organization. Net present value (NPV) is the difference between an investment s market value and its cost.
Chapter 9 Net Present Value and Other Investment Criteria Chapter Organization 9.1. Net present value 9.2. The Payback Rule 9.3. The Discounted Payback 9.4. The Average Accounting Return 9.6. The Profitability
More informationA Refresher on Engineering Economics
A Refresher on Engineering Economics International Society of Parametric Analysts (ISPA) and Society of Cost Estimating and Analysis 2009 Development and Training Workshop St. Louis Missouri Joe Hamaker,
More informationLESSON 2 INTEREST FORMULAS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. Overview of Interest Formulas and Their Applications. Symbols Used in Engineering Economy
Lesson Two: Interest Formulas and Their Applications from Understanding Engineering Economy: A Practical Approach LESSON 2 INTEREST FORMULAS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS Overview of Interest Formulas and Their
More informationChapter 15 Inflation
Chapter 15 Inflation 15-1 The first sewage treatment plant for Athens, Georgia cost about $2 million in 1964. The utilized capacity of the plant was 5 million gallons/day (mgd). Using the commonly accepted
More informationSOLUTIONS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS. Student: You should work the problem completely before referring to the solution. CHAPTER 1
SOLUTIONS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS Student: You should work the problem completely before referring to the solution. CHAPTER 1 Solutions included for problems 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, 34, 37,
More informationChapter 1. Engineering Economy is a collection of techniques that simplify comparisons of
Chapter 1 1.1. Engineering Economy Engineering Economy is a collection of techniques that simplify comparisons of alternatives on an economic basis. Engineering Economy involves formulating, estimating
More information2. Basic Concepts In Project Appraisal [DoF Ch. 4; FP Ch. 3, 4, 5]
R.E.Marks 2003 Lecture 3-1 2. Basic Concepts In Project Appraisal [DoF Ch. 4; FP Ch. 3, 4, 5] 1. Which Investment Criterion? 2. Investment Decision Criteria 3. Net Present Value Annual User Charge / Value
More informationChapter 12. b. Cost of Capital Rationing Constraint = NPV of rejected projects = $45 million
Chapter 12 12-1 Project Investment NPV PI A $25 $10 0.40 B $30 $25 0.83 Accept C $40 $20 0.50 Accept D $10 $10 1.00 Accept E $15 $10 0.67 Accept F $60 $20 0.33 G $20 $10 0.50 Accept H $25 $20 0.80 Accept
More information