TOOL #26. EXTERNAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT
|
|
- Jeffery Barker
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 TOOL #26. EXTERNAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT 1. INTRODUCTION External trade and investment are powerful engines for growth and job creation. As tariffs have largely been dismantled, disproportionate regulatory requirements or unnecessarily divergent regulations have become the main barrier to trade. It is more difficult to identify them and to quantify their impacts than it is for tariffs or measures applied at borders. This is particularly true for services which, given their intangible nature, are often hard to identify in statistics and other analyses. Regulations and standards adopted in pursuit of various public policy objectives may constitute technical barriers to trade (TBT), sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) and other non-tariff measures (NTM) which can have significant impacts on both exports and imports, requiring firms to spend resources to adapt their products, duplicate testing of safety requirements, undergo burdensome certification procedures, interpret and comply with several sets of legislation, etc. EU legislation must comply with the EU s existing international legal commitments. The EU is legally bound by a large number of international trade agreements: first and foremost, the World Trade Organisation Agreements; but also bilateral and multilateral agreements containing provisions on trade in goods, services, intellectual property or investment matters, some of which go considerably further than the WTO Agreements. It is important, therefore, to ensure that EU legislative proposals are consistent with international legal commitments. While the IA certainly does not constitute a legal assessment of the WTO compliance of regulatory measures, it is important that services systematically take account of the broad legal obligations associated with our trading regime in the formulation of policy options. Any option which is clearly in breach of the EU s international legal obligations should be discarded at an early stage. 2. SCREENING OF OPTIONS AGAINST THE EU'S INTERNATIONAL LEGAL COMMITMENTS When designing the options, the following issues should be considered: Consistency with the WTO Agreements The WTO Agreements cover a wide range of issues. A full-fledged analysis of WTO compatibility can only be done by specialist lawyers. However, at the stage of identifying options in the context of an IA, it is important to rule out those that would in all likelihood lead to an outcome incompatible with WTO obligations. The IA should focus only on options that are, in principle, legally viable. In this regard, certain basic questions should systematically be considered when designing the options: Does the option allow imported goods or foreign service suppliers to enter the EU market?
2 Does the option ensure non-discrimination (legally or in fact) between imported goods or foreign service suppliers, and EU goods or EU service suppliers (national treatment principle)? Does the option ensure non-discrimination (legally or in fact) between goods or services of different third countries (most-favoured nation principle)? If the option involves product requirements that would be covered by the Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement 234, can you demonstrate that the requirements are proportionate to the objectives pursued? If the option regulates the movement of goods on sanitary or phytosanitary grounds, is it based on a risk assessment supported by sound scientific evidence? Is the option compliant with rules on subsidies, intellectual property and procurement? Box 1. Trade agreements and the pursuit of legitimate public policy objectives Article XX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) allows governments to adopt trade-restrictive measures in order to, among others, protect public morals and human, animal, or plant life or health, provided that they do not entail unjustifiable discrimination or constitute disguised protectionism 235. The Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Agreement or SPS WTO Members can set their own standards based on a risk assessment underpinned by science. Restrictive measures should be applied only to the extent necessary to protect human, animal, or plant life or health. They should not arbitrarily or unjustifiably discriminate between countries where identical or similar conditions prevail. WTO Members must rely on international standards, guidelines and recommendations where they exist. However, if those international standards do not achieve the required level of protection, WTO Members may use measures which result in higher standards if there is scientific justification. The SPS agreement includes provisions on control, inspection and approval procedures. Governments must provide advance notice of new or changed sanitary and phytosanitary regulations, and establish a national enquiry point to provide information. The Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement (TBT) The agreement seeks to ensure that technical regulations, standards, testing and certification procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles to international trade. Domestic measures shall not be more trade-restrictive than is necessary to fulfil a legitimate objective. Procedures used in order to decide whether a product conforms with relevant 234 Please refer to
3 technical regulations have to be fair and equitable. The agreement discourages methods that would give domestically produced goods an unfair advantage and encourages mutual recognition of standards and procedures. WTO Members are required to establish national enquiry points and to keep each other informed through the WTO. Around 900 new or changed regulations are notified each year. Consistency with the EU s Free Trade Agreements or the customs union with Turkey The EU has free trade agreements (FTAs) 236 or other trade agreements with many countries in the world (South Korea, Colombia, Peru, Central America, Southern Mediterranean countries, Chile, Mexico, South Africa, etc.), and is currently negotiating several others. The more recent agreements contain detailed provisions on regulatory matters, some dealing with specific sectors (cars, electronics, pharmaceuticals etc.). They also regulate in more detail than the WTO Agreements trade in services, investment or intellectual property; and often have further-reaching provisions on procurement. The customs union with Turkey focuses mainly on border measures, but also seeks to promote the convergence of laws in areas such as intellectual property rights (IPR) and competition. Consistency with investment protection provisions/agreements Investment protection provisions can be found in Member State agreements 237, and in the Energy Charter Treaty; and will be found in FTAs currently under negotiation or in future specific investment agreements. Generally, they cover discrimination against investors and their investments, unlawful expropriation (including indirect expropriation) without a public purpose, compensation provisions and arbitrary treatment of the investment. Any option that is clearly in breach with the EU international legal obligations should be discarded upfront. Other legal effects Two additional elements should be considered when designing the options. Through Agreements on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products 238 (ACAAs) with some neighbouring countries, the EU has expanded its regulatory space in some particular sectors. In these sectors, ACAA-countries have aligned their law to the EU acquis and would, therefore, be affected by any legislative changes. When designing an option in a sector covered by an ACAA, attention should be paid to the administrative capacity of partner countries to implement this new EU legislation. 236 For further detail, please refer to For a list of investment agreements between Member States and third countries, see For more on ACAA, please see 186
4 On the other hand, the EU has concluded Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRAs) with some trade partners (US, Japan, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Switzerland) which cover some specific sectors. In some situations new EU rules (for example on testing of products) might not apply to all our imports. 3. HOW TO ASSESS IMPACTS ON EXTERNAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT A series of questions should be examined when analysing the potential economic impact of the options considered: Which economic agents should be considered? A regulation may have a trade impact on various types of firms. Producing firms are also consumers of intermediate goods and services produced by other firms (such as raw materials, components or business services). The linkages between firms (the so-called value chains) are growing in importance as firms increasingly outsource parts of their production to subcontractors, often abroad. The impact analysis should therefore not restrict itself to the direct effects of the options on the specific sector concerned, but should also consider the sectors and firms along the value chain. The EU s main trading partners are US, China, Russia, Switzerland, Norway, Turkey, Japan, and Canada. It is also important, for instance when consulting stakeholders in the IA context 239, to provide equal opportunities for third country operators and EU importers to express their views. Open trade, and the competition it generates, usually benefits retailers and wholesalers, allowing them to increase sales and/or profits and/or create jobs. Firms that need to source goods or services abroad for their production activities similarly benefit. Some operators may however be negatively affected by exposure to greater competition from foreign firms. Consumers as a group generally benefit from open markets, which increase choice. They may also benefit from lower prices (though this will be dependent on the price sensitivity of the market). How will the options affect European exports? Exporters will be directly affected by measures which increase the costs of production in the EU, and thus either reduce their profit margins or render their products more expensive (i.e. less competitive) in third markets. Exporters which are part of value chains and dependent on inputs from third countries will also be affected by barriers affecting their imports (see 3.3). 240 How will the options affect European imports, and value chains in general? The costs of compliance with a new regulation may make imported products or operators uncompetitive and have, therefore, the effect of an indirect trade barrier, even if the legislation as such is not (formally) restrictive or discriminatory. Many EU firms are dependent on inputs from firms based in third countries. Shutting EU firms off from 239 See Tools #53, #54, and #55 on stakeholder consultation 240 See Tool # 20 on Sectoral competitiveness 187
5 global value chains may jeopardise economies and jobs (importers also contribute to jobs and growth in Europe). As a general rule, the analysis should consider effects throughout the whole value chain, in respect of EU firms dependent on imports but also EU firms competing with imports. The relationship between sectors within the EU can be found in EUROSTAT s inputoutput table, while the relationship between sectors in the EU and sectors in third countries can be found in the UN Broad Economic Categories (BEC) classification (see also How will the options considered affect investment flows? Could the options considered affect costs to such a degree that it could have an impact on investors foreign direct investment (FDI) decisions? For both EU and foreign firms, there is a risk of relocation if a regulation is thought to be too costly. Conversely, if a regulation is seen as comparatively inexpensive to comply with, it can provide incentives for further FDI in the EU. 241 Policy options may also affect decisions on investment location through other means than costs. For an example of an IA analysis of investment flows, please see the Impact Assessment on an investment agreement between the European Union and the Republic of China. 242 Does the option affect the potential for trade in services? Trade in services differs in character from trade in goods in that it may be invisible and non-tangible. Virtually all commercial services are tradable, if not by traditional crossborder trade, then by accessing the foreign market as an investor and selling services through a local affiliate. Assessment of policy options affecting service providers from third countries should be undertaken. Could developing countries be affected? Article 208(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) sets a legal obligation to ensure policy coherence for development (PCD) by providing that the EU shall take account of the objectives of development cooperation in the policies that it implements which are likely to affect developing countries. Developing countries are very heterogeneous. The 2012 Communication on Trade, Growth and Development sets new policy orientations for the EU s policy on trade and development for the next decade. In particular, it prioritises Least-Developed Countries (LDCs) and other countries most in need. 243 The following questions should be examined in particular: (1) Are the products covered by the proposal disproportionately produced in developing countries, particularly LDCs and other countries most in need? 241 See Tool # 20 on Sectoral competitiveness 242 The IA report is available at See Tool #34 on Developing countries 188
6 The ACP-EU Partnership Agreement 244 obliges the EU to inform the ACP States in good time of any intention to take a measure which might affect their interests. The CARIFORUM-EU Economic Partnership Agreement contains a similar obligation with regard to bananas, rice, rum and sugar. (2) Will the proposal have an impact on the competitiveness of exports from developing countries, particularly LDCs and other countries most in need? Developing countries should not face obstacles that make their preferences (preferential access to the EU market through lower or zero tariffs) impossible to use in practice, i.e. situations where their cost competitiveness from the preferences is eroded by the costs imposed on them by the regulations. Adjustment costs are normally much higher and may be prohibitive for firms in developing countries. This needs to be considered when enacting regulations for products which are important exports for developing countries. Such an analysis is particularly important for LDCs and other developing countries very dependent on a few export commodities and therefore easily affected disproportionately by the proposal. Particular attention should be paid if vulnerable groups in the developing countries are affected negatively. Will the proposal increase or decrease regulatory convergence with the main trading partners? Unnecessary regulatory differences between the EU and its trading partners can reduce or even prevent trade and investment. Beyond the internationally applied regulations and international norms or agreements with which the EU is legally bound to comply (e.g. the WTO TBT, SPS agreements), it is important to verify whether the proposal will be in line with any other non-binding international arrangements between the EU and third parties, or with initiatives which the Commission or Member States are pursuing at a global level (i.e. harmonisation of technical regulations or standards in UNECE, ICAO or ITU). It is also important to assess whether the options considered will contribute to greater regulatory convergence with the EU s main trade partners (such as US, Japan, China). When developing a new regulation or standards, the analysis should include an assessment of the main regulations affecting the products/services covered by the proposal in major third countries markets, and a comparison between these regulations and the options considered. 4. HOW TO MINIMISE NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON EXTERNAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT Unnecessary trade distortions can be avoided or minimised by considering the following elements: 244 Article 12 of the Cotonou Agreement, signed in Cotonou on 23 June 2000, revised in Luxembourg on 25 June 2005 and revised in Ouagadougou on 22 June
7 When the European Commission gives a mandate to standardisation bodies to develop a new standard, those bodies should be instructed to consider, as a basis for European standards, international standards that are in use in the global marketplace. This is in line with the WTO TBT Agreement. The TBT and SPS agreements in the WTO require all WTO members to notify draft technical regulations and conformity assessment procedures that might have a significant impact on international trade to the WTO TBT and SPS committees for scrutiny. This forum provides a good opportunity to avoid unnecessary trade friction with third countries before technical regulations are adopted and develop into barriers. The Commission has a number of regulatory dialogues or high level platforms with third countries in a multitude of areas, ranging from product safety, information society, raw materials and energy to financial services, in particular with the US, but also with China, Japan and Russia. If the issue to be addressed by the draft legislation is discussed in some form by an existing regulatory dialogue with a third country, it will be useful to take account of the state of play of discussions so as to avoid any contradictory outcomes and unnecessary trade barriers. 5. INFORMATION SOURCES AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION For further DG TRADE support, documents and guidance please find a dedicated functional mailbox: trade-and-investment-impacts@ec.europa.eu For information about WTO rules, see For a list of EU trade agreements see and for a list of investment agreements between Member States and third countries see Information is available from the following freely available databases about: which countries produce and export to the EU the goods or services covered by an initiative and what is the value of this trade (EU imports) to whom the EU exports the goods or services covered and the value of the trade which countries invest in the sector/s in the EU affected by the legislation and what is the value of these flows and stocks of investments EUROSTAT COMEXT that include the EU28 imports and exports of goods with all partners and all products disaggregation (see WITS and UN COMTRADE that cover trade in goods of all countries in the world with all the partner countries. 190
8 EUROSTAT Balance of Payments statistics that covers trade in services and FDI by partner country and product (see To distinguish between final goods and input goods, please refer to the United Nations Broad Economic Categories (BEC). Hyperlink to Communication on Competitiveness proofing 191
ANNEX. to the. Recommendation for a Council Decision. authorising the opening of negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement with New Zealand
EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 13.9.2017 COM(2017) 469 final ANNEX 1 ANNEX to the Recommendation for a Council Decision authorising the opening of negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement with New Zealand
More informationA Health Impact Assessment of the Trans- Pacific Partnership Agreement: Few Gains, Many Risks
A Health Impact Assessment of the Trans- Pacific Partnership Agreement: Few Gains, Many Risks Ronald Labonté Canada Research Chair, Globalization and Health Equity Professor, Faculty of Medicine, University
More informationDelegations will find attached the partially declassified version of the above-mentioned document.
Council of the European Union Brussels, 15 December 2015 (OR. en) 9036/09 EXT 2 WTO 80 SERVICES 21 CDN 13 PARTIAL DECLASSIFICATION of document: dated: 24 April 2009 new status: Subject: 9036/09 WTO 80
More informationClassifying Barriers to Trade. Abhijit Das Professor and Head Centre for WTO Studies
Classifying Barriers to Trade Abhijit Das Professor and Head Centre for WTO Studies Structure of Presentation What is an NTM and possible action against them WTO provisions relevant for NTMs UNCTAD NTM
More informationCARIBBEAN REGIONAL NEGOTIATING MACHINERY SPECIAL AND DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT PROVISIONS IN THE CARIFORUM-EC ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT
CARIBBEAN REGIONAL NEGOTIATING MACHINERY SPECIAL AND DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT PROVISIONS IN THE CARIFORUM-EC ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT Background 1. Before proceeding to chronicle the Special and Differential
More informationEU Trade Policy and CETA
EU Trade Policy and CETA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iioc5xg2i5y The EU a major trading power European Commission, 2013 The EU a major trading power % of global exports, goods, 2012 % of global exports,
More informationSession 5: In search of the meaningful market access what are the policy options for LDCs
REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES AND LEVERAGING TRADE AS A MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION FOR THE 2030 AGENDA Session 5: In search of the meaningful market access what are the policy options for
More informationENHANCING TRADE AND INVESTMENT, SUPPORTING JOBS, ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: OUTLINES OF THE TRANS-PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT
OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES TRADE REPRESENTATIVE EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT WASHINGTON, D.C. ENHANCING TRADE AND INVESTMENT, SUPPORTING JOBS, ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: OUTLINES OF THE TRANS-PACIFIC
More informationThe European Union Trade Policy
The European Union Trade Policy Content 1. The EU in world trade 2. EU trade policy Basic features 3. EU trade policy How it works 4. EU trade policy Competing in the world 5. A renewed strategy for Europe
More informationBUSINESSEUROPE POSITION ON THE EU-KOREA FREE-TRADE AGREEMENT (FTA)
POSITION PAPER 18 July 2007 BUSINESSEUROPE POSITION ON THE EU-KOREA FREE-TRADE AGREEMENT (FTA) SUMMARY BUSINESSEUROPE calls for: An ambitious EU-Korea FTA covering goods, investments, services and trade
More informationUlla KASK Agriculture and Commodities Division WTO
Ulla KASK Agriculture and Commodities Division WTO World Trade Organization/ 154, rue de Lausanne / 1211 Geneva 21 / Switzerland / ulla.kask@wto.org 1 Outline A. Introduction A. The WTO and environment
More informationoverview FACT SHEET trans-pacific partnership TPP
CANADA JAPAN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA MEXICO VIET NAM BRUNEI MALAYSIA SINGAPORE PERU AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND CHILE trans-pacific partnership overview FACT SHEET will give New Zealand better access to globally
More informationPre-Hearing Statement of Linda M. Dempsey, Vice President, International Economic Affairs, National Association of Manufacturers
Pre-Hearing Statement of Linda M. Dempsey, Vice President, International Economic Affairs, National Association of Manufacturers Before the U.S. International Trade Commission Hearing on Investigation
More informationPlurilateralism: A New Way of Trade Liberalism?
Plurilateralism: A New Way of Trade Liberalism? E-Leader Vienna 6 8 June, 2016 Ludmila Sterbova University of Economics, Prague Historical Background of Trade Liberalism/1 20 th Century 1929-30 Great Depression
More informationCOMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON THE FUTURE OF THE EU-US TRADE RELATIONS. Accompanying the document
EUROPEAN COMMISSION Strasbourg, 12.3.2013 SWD(2013) 69 final COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON THE FUTURE OF THE EU-US TRADE RELATIONS Accompanying the document
More information10 Commitments China made when it joined the WTO and has not respected
10 Commitments China made when it joined the WTO and has not respected When China acceded to the WTO in 2001 it made a series of commitments to change its national rules on a wide variety of issues. These
More informationQuestionnaire on a free trade agreement with the Philippines. Feedback from Industry stakeholders
Questionnaire on a free trade agreement with the Philippines Feedback from Industry stakeholders Date: 29/07/2016 I. BACKGROUND OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE DG Trade launched a questionnaire on the future EU-Philippines
More informationBrazil - U.S. Business Council
Brazil-U.S. Dialogue at the VI Americas Business Forum Hosted by the Brazil - U.S. Business Council Quito, October, 29, 2002 BRAZIL-U.S. PRIVATE SECTOR CONSENSUS RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FTAA MARKET ACCESS
More informationInvestment and Sustainable Development: Developing Country Choices for a Better Future
The Fifth Annual Forum of Developing Country Investment Negotiators 17-19 October, Kampala, Uganda Investment and Sustainable Development: Developing Country Choices for a Better Future BACKGROUND DOCUMENT
More informationPresentation by Economy Under Review - Chile
2008/SOM3/013anx3 Agenda Item: IV Presentation by Economy Under Review - Chile Purpose: Consideration Submitted by: APEC Secretariat Third Senior Officials Meeting Lima, Peru 22-23 August 2008 CHILE IAP
More informationBrexit and Food Law The default WTO rules. Brian Kelly
Brexit and Food Law The default WTO rules Brian Kelly bkelly@cov.com Overview of Covington In an increasingly regulated world, we have an exceptional ability to navigate clients through their most complex
More informationAddressing Trade Restrictive Non Tariff Measures on Goods Trade in the East African Community
Africa Trade Policy Notes Addressing Trade Restrictive Non Tariff Measures on Goods Trade in the East African Community Introduction Robert Kirk 1 August 2010 The East African Community (EAC) launched
More informationKey Principles of the SPS & TBT Agreements. Gretchen H. Stanton Agriculture and Commodities Division World Trade Organization
Key Principles of the SPS & TBT Agreements Gretchen H. Stanton Agriculture and Commodities Division World Trade Organization Principles of the Agreements on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) Technical
More informationThe WTO SPS Agreement and its relevance to international standards
The WTO SPS Agreement and its relevance to international standards Ella Strickland Head of unit European Commission, DG Multilateral International Relations Unit 19 February 2014, Brussels Why trade? Economic
More informationFinal Draft Framework Agreement
Final Draft Framework Agreement On the BIMST-EC Free Trade Area (as on 15 January 2004) PREAMBLE THE GOVERNMENTS of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, the Republic of India, the Union of Myanmar, the
More informationThe EU-China investment relationship Recent developments & future policy options
The EU-China investment relationship Recent developments & future policy options DG TRADE Civil Society Dialogue 20 June 2011 Leopoldo Rubinacci, Head of Unit Investment Civil Society Dialogue: EU-China
More informationSYSTEMIC ISSUES IN INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS (IIAs)
UNCTAD/WEB/ITE/IIA/2006/2 UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT Geneva SYSTEMIC ISSUES IN INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS (IIAs) IIA MONITOR No. 1 (2006) International Investment Agreements
More informationDepartment of Foreign Affairs and Trade
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade P4 (Chile, Singapore, New Zealand and Brunei) Negotiations commence in 2002 Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4) enters into force in 2006 Negotiations
More informationSummary of negotiating objectives
Summary of negotiating objectives On 29 October 2015 New Zealand and European Union (EU) leaders announced the intention to start the process for negotiations to achieve swiftly a deep and comprehensive
More informationEconomy Report: Korea
2005/FTA-RTA/WKSP/013 Economy Report: Korea Submitted by: Ms. Hyo-eun Jenny KIM, Korea Workshop on Identifying and Addressing Possible Impacts of RTAs/FTAs Development on APEC Developing Member Economies
More informationPublic Comments. National Association of Manufacturers Washington, DC. Before the United States Trade Representative
Public Comments National Association of Manufacturers Washington, DC Before the United States Trade Representative Concerning Objectives with respect to Japan s Participation in the Proposed Trans-Pacific
More informationJune 1, Chairman Xiang Junbo China Insurance Regulatory Commission 15 Jinrong Dajie, Xicheng Qu Beijing People s Republic of China
Chairman Xiang Junbo China Insurance Regulatory Commission 15 Jinrong Dajie, Xicheng Qu Beijing 100140 People s Republic of China Re: G/TBT/N/CHN/1172 Via WTO TBT Entry Point system Dear Chairman Xiang:
More informationServices Trade: Essential Fuel for U.S. and Global Economic Growth
Services Trade: Essential Fuel for U.S. and Global Economic Growth CHRISTINE BLISS, PRESIDENT, THE COALITION OF SERVICES INDUSTRIES SERVICESCOALITION.ORG The Role of Services in the U.S. Economy The United
More informationComments to the Draft Resolution on TTIP negotiations
POSITION PAPER February 2015 Comments to the Draft Resolution on TTIP negotiations TTIP- Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership is a unique opportunity for the EU and US to give the world a strong
More informationGATT Council's Evaluation
CENTRE WILLIAM-RAPPARD, RUE DE LAUSANNE 154, 1211 GENÈVE 21, TÉL. 022 739 5111 GATT/1611 27 January 1994 TRADE POLICY REVIEW OF TURKEY ' 20-21 JANUARY 1994 GATT Council's Evaluation The GATT Council conducted
More informationCARIBBEAN REGIONAL NEGOTIATING MACHINERY THE TREATMENT OF PROFESSIONAL SERVICES IN THE EPA
CARIBBEAN REGIONAL NEGOTIATING MACHINERY THE TREATMENT OF PROFESSIONAL SERVICES IN THE EPA In the CARIFORUM-European Community (EC) Economic Partnership Agreement Negotiations, the Parties negotiated provisions
More informationCHAPTER 17 EXCEPTIONS
CHAPTER 17 EXCEPTIONS Article 200 General Exceptions 1. For the purposes of this Agreement, Article XX of GATT 1994 and its interpretative notes and Article XIV of GATS (including its footnotes) are incorporated
More informationIntroduction to the GATS
Introduction to the GATS Structure of the agreement, key concepts and obligations Seminar on Trade in Services Beijing, 25-27 June 2014 Trade in Services Division WTO 1 Issues covered o Why is trade in
More informationNational Interest Analysis
National Interest Analysis Date of proposed binding Treaty action Scope Reasons for New Zealand to become party to the Treaty Impacts on New Zealand of the Treaty entering into force Obligations Economic,
More informationRESTREINT UE/EU RESTRICTED
Council of the European Union Brussels, 20 October 2017 (OR. en) 13396/17 RESTREINT UE/EU RESTRICTED COLAC 103 CFSP/PESC 886 RELEX 865 WTO 247 NOTE From: To: Subject: General Secretariat of the Council
More informationALADI Initiatives on Non-Tariff Measures
ALADI Initiatives on Non-Tariff Measures Non-Tariff Measures Week Mandatory Trade Regulations and Voluntary Sustainability Standards 25-27 September 2017 General Secretariat of the ALADI sgaladi@aladi.org
More informationCARS Meeting of the Working Group "Trade and International Harmonisation"
CARS 2020 Meeting of the Working Group "Trade and International Harmonisation" 2 July 2013 1 International Harmonisation CLEPA supports the EU Commission in reviewing the UN 1958 Agreement Welcomes achievements
More informationCOMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Accompanying OF THE IMPACT the document ASSESSMENT REPORT ON EU- JAPAN TRADE RELATIONS
EUROPEAN COMMISSION EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, XXX SWD(2012) 210 Brussels, XXX Brussels, 18.07.2012 SWD(2012) 210 COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
More informationSTANDARDS AND TRADE. Eileen Hill Team Leader for Standards International Trade Administration U.S. Department of Commerce
STANDARDS AND TRADE Eileen Hill Team Leader for Standards International Trade Administration U.S. Department of Commerce September 16, 2015 1 Standards Related Trade Challenges and Tools Standards-related
More informationCARS 21 WG 2 TRADE AND INTERNATIONAL HARMONISATION - TRADE ISSUES - MEETING 14 FEBRUARY 2011
CARS 21 WG 2 TRADE AND INTERNATIONAL HARMONISATION - TRADE ISSUES - MEETING 14 FEBRUARY 2011 Importance of Trade for the EU Automobile Industry 1/12 International trade is of major importance for our industry
More informationThe WTO SPS and TBT Agreements. Marième Fall Agriculture and Commodities Division
The WTO SPS and TBT Agreements Marième Fall Agriculture and Commodities Division Outline WTO Structure Use of Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) Why the SPS Agreement? What is its objective? What does it cover?
More informationWorld Trade Law. Text, Materials and Commentary. Simon Lester and Bryan Mercurio with Arwel Davies and Kara Leitner
World Trade Law Text, Materials and Commentary Simon Lester and Bryan Mercurio with Arwel Davies and Kara Leitner HART- PUBLISHING OXFORD AND PORTLAND, OREGON 2008 Part I Introduction to the Legal and
More informationConsultation response
Response to House of Commons International Trade Committee Inquiry on Continuing application of EU trade agreements after Brexit AmCham EU speaks for American companies committed to Europe on trade, investment
More informationGetting To Know The EPA
Getting To Know The EPA December 5, 2007 Prepared by the Information Unit of the Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery (CRNM), this electronic newsletter focuses on the RNM, trade negotiation issues
More informationON: Negotiating Objectives for a U.S.-European Union Trade Agreement. TO: Office of the U.S. Trade Representative. BY: U.S. Chamber of Commerce
ON: Negotiating Objectives for a U.S.-European Union Trade Agreement TO: Office of the U.S. Trade Representative BY: U.S. Chamber of Commerce DATE: December 14, 2018 1615 H Street NW Washington, DC 20062
More informationRussia as a new member of the WTO. dr. Péter P. Balás DDG Trade Prague, November 2012
Russia as a new member of the WTO dr. Péter P. Balás DDG Trade Prague, November 2012 1 Overview Why Russia s WTO accession is important? Russia as an economic partner of the EU The Russian accession process
More informationGATT Obligations: -Shailja Singh Assistant Professor Centre for WTO Studies, New Delhi
GATT Obligations: Article I (MFN), II (Bound Rates), III (National Treatment), XI (QRs), XX (Exceptions) and XXIV (FTAs) March 06, 2012 -Shailja Singh Assistant Professor Centre for WTO Studies, New Delhi
More informationGATT Obligations: Article I (MFN), II (Bound Rates), III (National Treatment), XI (QRs), XX (Exceptions) and XXIV (FTAs) -Shailja Singh
GATT Obligations: Article I (MFN), II (Bound Rates), III (National Treatment), XI (QRs), XX (Exceptions) and XXIV (FTAs) -Shailja Singh Assistant Professor Centre for WTO Studies, New Delhi GATT - Structure
More informationANNEX ANNEX. to the. Commission Decision
EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 16.2.2018 C(2018) 869 final ANNEX ANNEX to the Commission Decision on the adoption of the 2018 work programme for the financing of projects in the area of external trade relations,
More informationServices Regulation and Finance
Services Regulation and Finance Marc Maes, 11.11.11 @ CSO Strategy Meeting on Advocacy Around Africa s Trade ad Development Challenges Accra, 2-3 March 2016 Financial services (de-)regulation in trade
More informationTHE GLOBAL TRADE ENVIRONMENT: MORE THAN JUST TARIFFS ROOM 314 DECEMBER 5, 2018
THE GLOBAL TRADE ENVIRONMENT: MORE THAN JUST TARIFFS ROOM 314 DECEMBER 5, 2018 Speakers Julie Adams Vice President, ABC Global Technical/Regulatory Affairs Craig Thorn Partner, DTB Associates LLP 2 The
More informationDECISION No 2/2000 OF THE EC-MEXICO JOINT COUNCIL of 23 March 2000 (2000/415/EC)
L 157/10 DECISION No 2/2000 OF THE EC-MEXICO JOINT COUNCIL of 23 March 2000 (2000/415/EC) THE JOINT COUNCIL, Having regard to the Interim Agreement on trade and traderelated matters between the European
More informationPolicy Framework for Investment
The Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Investment General Authority for Investment and Free Zones 6 th November 2006 OECD Global Forum on Investment II Istanbul, Turkey Table of Content
More informationThe General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS): objectives, coverage and disciplines
The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS): objectives, coverage and disciplines Everything you wanted to know about the General Agreement on Trade in Services, but were afraid to ask... 1. What
More informationProposal for a COUNCIL DECISION
EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 11.2.2016 COM(2016) 63 final 2016/0037 (NLE) Proposal for a COUNCIL DECISION on the signing and provisional application of the Economic Partnership Agreement between the East
More informationEFTA FREE TRADE RELATIONS
EFTA FREE TRADE RELATIONS Relations with the rest of the world Brussels, Monday 4 December 2017 By Martin Zbinden, Deputy Secretary-General, EFTA Secretariat Agenda EFTA free trade network The EFTA FTA
More informationCONVENTION ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION. Consolidated version, last amended on 20 September 2010
CONVENTION ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION Consolidated version, last amended on 20 September 2010 THE EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION 9-11, Rue de Varembé Geneva Convention establishing
More informationNavigating the Trans- Pacific Partnership
Navigating the Trans- Pacific Partnership The Trans-Pacific Partnership Office of the U.S. Trade Representative December, 2015 Greatest opportunity is beyond our borders The largest new opportunities to
More informationTHIRD MEETING OF THE OECD FORUM ON TAX ADMINISTRATION
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT THIRD MEETING OF THE OECD FORUM ON TAX ADMINISTRATION 14-15 September 2006 Final Seoul Declaration CENTRE FOR TAX POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION 1 Sharing
More informationPLAN A+ Creating a prosperous post-brexit U.K. Executive Summary. Shanker A. Singham Radomir Tylecote
PLAN A+ Creating a prosperous post-brexit U.K. Executive Summary Shanker A. Singham Radomir Tylecote 1 Executive Summary Delivering the Brexit Prize The opportunity before the UK as a result of Brexit
More informationLOCAL CONTENT. Botswana- Mining
LOCAL CONTENT Botswana- Mining The project 1 - background Resource-rich countries are increasingly inserting requirements for local content ( local content provisions ) into their legal framework, through
More informationSafeguarding Regulatory Autonomy in the Drafting of International Investment Agreements (IIAs)
Safeguarding Regulatory Autonomy in the Drafting of International Investment Agreements (IIAs) GELN Age of Mega-Regionals Symposium 19 May 2016 Elizabeth Sheargold Melbourne Law School The University of
More information2019 USCIB Trade and Investment Agenda
2019 USCIB Trade and Investment Agenda The United States Council for International Business (USCIB) corporate members represent $5 trillion in revenues and employ 11.5 million people worldwide across a
More informationEquivalence Recognition in Free Trade Agreements in the Asia-Pacific Region
2018/SCSC/WKSP4/004 Session: 3 Equivalence Recognition in Free Trade Agreements in the Asia-Pacific Region Submitted by: ASEAN Workshop on Trade Facilitation Through the Recognition of Food Safety Systems
More informationCouncil of the European Union Brussels, 23 July 2018 (OR. en) Mr Jeppe TRANHOLM-MIKKELSEN, Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union
Council of the European Union Brussels, 23 July 2018 (OR. en) Interinstitutional File: 2018/0291(NLE) 11392/18 PROPOSAL From: date of receipt: 23 July 2018 To: No. Cion doc.: Subject: ACP 64 WTO 200 COASI
More informationCHINA AND SWITZERLAND: THE FTA AND MEDICAL DEVICES
CHINA AND SWITZERLAND: THE FTA AND MEDICAL DEVICES Christoph HUEGLI Nathan KAISER September 2013 www.eigerlaw.com Page - 2 Introduction This article outlines the implications of the new Free Trade Agreement
More informationPART I CHAPTER 1 MOST-FAVOURED-NATION TREATMENT PRINCIPLE
PART I CHAPTER 1 MOST-FAVOURED-NATION TREATMENT PRINCIPLE 1. OVERVIEW OF RULES (1) The Background of Rules: Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment (MFN) Most-Favoured-Nation treatment or MFN, which requires Members
More informationExpanding Trade and Investment in South Eastern Europe Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Brussels April 2007
Expanding Trade and Investment in South Eastern Europe Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Brussels 18-21 April 2007 A Reader s Guide to CEFTA 2006 Per Magnus Wijkman Technical Advisor to the SP TWG Elements of my
More informationWEST AFRICA EUROPEAN UNION ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT (EPA) Lagos Business School Breakfast Club 7 October, 2015
WEST AFRICA EUROPEAN UNION ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT (EPA) Lagos Business School Breakfast Club 7 October, 2015 Content Background: WHY an EPA? Timeline and Phases: WHEN AND HOW was it negotiated?
More informationBorder Measures: Legal Issues in International Trade
Border Measures: Legal Issues in International Trade For Asia Trade and Climate Change Dialogue Bangkok, 30 April 1 May 2009 by ITD, IISD and ICTSD Chang-fa Lo NTU Chair Professor/Lifetime Distinguished
More informationPROTOCOL ON THE ACCESSION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF ClDNA. Preamble
PROTOCOL ON THE ACCESSION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF ClDNA Preamble The World Trade Organization ("WTO"), pursuant to the approval of the Ministerial Conference of the WTO accorded under Article XII of
More informationAgreement setting up a free trade area between the Arab Mediterranean countries
Agreement setting up a free trade area between the Arab Mediterranean countries The government of the Kingdom of Morocco, the government of the Kingdom of Jordan, the government of the Republic of Tunisia
More informationCONSULTATION ON TRADE NEGOTIATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES
1 CONSULTATION ON TRADE NEGOTIATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES The Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA) believes strongly in free, rules-based international trade and cross-border
More informationWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION WT/GC/W/633 21 April 2011 (11-2080) General Council Trade Negotiations Committee ISSUES RELATED TO THE EXTENSION OF THE PROTECTION OF GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS PROVIDED FOR IN ARTICLE
More informationConstruction and related engineering services
Construction and related engineering services Session 4: Negotiations in the GATS Issues and debates Claudia Locatelli Trade in Services Division World Trade Organisation 1 2 Topics 1. Leading exporters
More informationCase Studies from WTO Chair Holders
WTO Public Forum, WTO Chairs Programme Session: Case Studies from WTO Chair Holders "Impact of Regional Integration on Inclusive Trade Liberalisation, Competitiveness and Welfare: The Case of Turkey-EU
More informationCOUNTRY EXPERIENCES WITH SPS AND FOOD SAFETY: Shrimp Exports. Mohammad Hassanul Abedin Khan, Ph.D Director WTO Cell Ministry of Commerce Bangladesh
COUNTRY EXPERIENCES WITH SPS AND FOOD SAFETY: Shrimp Exports Mohammad Hassanul Abedin Khan, Ph.D Director WTO Cell Ministry of Commerce Bangladesh SPS:Rules Article 2.1 provides the members basic rights
More informationAsia-Pacific Trade Briefs: Islamic Republic of Iran
i Asia-Pacific Trade Briefs: Islamic Republic of Iran Merchandise Trade Islamic Republic of Iran has a trade-to-gdp ratio of 37.31%. Merchandise trade accounted for 84.8% of Islamic Republic of Iran's
More informationCFRED The Trans Pacific Partnership Impact and Implications. Assessing the content from a business perspective
CFRED The Trans Pacific Partnership Impact and Implications. Assessing the content from a business perspective 1 M I C H A E L M U D D S E C R E TA R Y G E N E R A L, A PA C T H E O P E N C O M P U T I
More informationO E C D I N V E S T M E N T C O M M I T T E E PROMOTING INVESTMENT FOR GROWTH AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WORLDWIDE
O E C D I N V E S T M E N T C O M M I T T E E PROMOTING INVESTMENT FOR GROWTH AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WORLDWIDE 1 International investment flows have tripled in the last 10 years. PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL
More informationE. TAKING ADVANTAGE OF REGIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS
E. TAKING ADVANTAGE OF REGIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS 1. INTRODUCTION The year 2010 has seen some historical firsts in terms of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) in Asia. On the one hand,
More informationUSCIB Trade and Investment Agenda 2018
USCIB Trade and Investment Agenda 2018 The United States Council for International Business (USCIB) corporate members represent $5 trillion in revenues and employ 11.5 million people worldwide across a
More informationWhat Multinational Businesses Need to Know About the Future... Trade OVERVIEW PEOPLE & ORGANIZATIONS 5/19/16, 1:27 PM
What Multinational Businesses Need to Know About the Future... AON EXPLORES THE WORLD S MOST PRESSING BUSINESS ISSUES PEOPLE & ORGANIZATIONS What Multinational Businesses Need To Know About The Future
More informationNon-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA)
Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA) Prepared by Wenguo Cai The Conference Board of Canada Jakarta, Indonesia September 9-10, 2015 1 Presentation Outline History of GATT and NAMA DDA NAMA negotiations
More informationEconomic Impact of Canada s Participation in the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
Economic Impact of Canada s Participation in the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership Office of the Chief Economist, Global Affairs Canada February 16, 2018 1. Introduction
More informationICC recommendations for completing the Doha Round. Prepared by the Commission on Trade and Investment Policy
International Chamber of Commerce The world business organization Policy Statement ICC recommendations for completing the Doha Round Prepared by the Commission on Trade and Investment Policy 2006: the
More informationPROMOTING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN TRADE NEGOTIATIONS: AN ACTION PLAN FOR CAMBODIA
PROMOTING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN TRADE NEGOTIATIONS: AN ACTION PLAN FOR CAMBODIA Fabio Napoletano & Un Sinath EIC Consultant & EIC Researcher 1 Contents Objective Major findings 1. Organic rice and Coventionally
More informationEnhancing Market Openness in Indonesia. Molly Lesher, OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate
Enhancing Market Openness in Indonesia Molly Lesher, OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate OECD Regulatory Reform Review of Indonesia, First Working Group Meeting 9 February 2011 Outline of Presentation
More informationPascal Kerneis Managing Director ESF (European Services Forum)
Pascal Kerneis Managing Director ESF (European Services Forum) 90 «The voice of the European Service Industries for World Economy: Percentage of GDP by Sector - 2016 80 70 76.7 73.1 67.2 69.2 68.8 65 60
More informationFREE TRADE AGREEMENTS ANALYSIS
FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS ANALYSIS F R E E T R A D E A G R E E M E N T S I N F O R C E Free Trade Agreement About the Free Trade Agreement ASEAN-Australia-NZ Free Trade Agreement (AANZFTA) The AANZFTA is Australia
More informationDr. Lucian Cernat Chief Trade Economist European Commission
Dr. Lucian Cernat Chief Trade Economist European Commission Trade in services: European and global issues Dr. Lucian Cernat Chief Trade Economist European Commission @Lucian_Cernat 1 Key points The role
More informationReasoned Opinion of the House of Commons. Concerning a draft Regulation on a Common European Sales Law for the European Union 1
Reasoned Opinion of the House of Commons Submitted to the Presidents of the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission, pursuant to Article 6 of Protocol (No 2) on the Application of the Principles
More informationOur position. Towards a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement between the EU and Indonesia
Towards a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement AmCham EU speaks for American companies committed to Europe on trade, investment and competitiveness issues. It aims to ensure a growth-orientated
More informationTrade. The Trans-Pacific Partnership and Excluded Commonwealth Developing Countries. Hot Topics makes an attempt to understand the
Trade ISSUE 109 Hot Topics The Trans-Pacific Partnership and Excluded Commonwealth Developing Countries Max Mendez Parra and Jim Rollo* Background The origins of the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership
More informationInternational and regional cooperation and coordination
Contents: Commitments to International Cooperation to Accelerate Sustainable Development in : Chapter 2 and UN Commission Sustainable Development 1. Stakeholders: Governments 1.1 Promoting sustainable
More information