The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake. Brief Overview of the Disaster. 316,678 at peak (1,153 evacation areas)

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1 No. 8 Disaster The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Disaster Type Eartuquake GLIDE No. EQ JPN Date of Occurrence 17-Jan-1995 Country Japan Location Hyogo Brief Overview of the Disaster Background The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, registering a seismic magnitude of 7.3, struck the southern part of Hyogo Prefecture at 5:46 on January 17, This vertical-thrust earthquake was responsible for the loss of more than 6,400 lives, and severely damaged utility lines such as electricity, gas, and water supply, in addition to houses and urban infrastructure, including expressways, railroads, and harbors. The total damage amount was valued at approximately 10 trillion yen.despite difficult conditions, including severed traffic networks and paralyzed urban functions, steady restoration took place through the dedicated efforts of those involved and with generous assistance from around the world. In only six days following the Earthquake, provisional supply of electricity was restored, with water and gas reconnected in three months. Displaced 316,678 at peak (1,153 evacation areas) Dead 6,434 Missing 3 Injured 43,792 Housing Destroyed/ Damaged Complete destruction; 104,906 houses ( 186,175 households), Partial destruction; 144,274 houses ( 274,182 households), Partial damage; 390, 506 houses, Total; 639,686 houses, Fully burned; 7,036 houses, Patial burned; 96 houses Total Damage and Losses (in USD) Estimated damage of between 100 to 150 billion U.S. dollars Note Main Source 1. A lot of people were sleeping because it was early morning that the earthquake had occurred. Many people were crushed by the old timbered houses or by those furnitures years and more occupied half the number of the dead. 3. About 10 percent of the dead died of fires. N /0001/detail.pdf

2 Case Studies of Lessons Learned on Post Disaster Recovery <IRP Kobe> Serial Number Cluster Cluster Subtopic(s) Key Lesson Area Project Title Lead Agency(s) Type of Organization Project Objectives Implementing Strategy Achievment Challenges Lessons Learned Note Reference(s) Title Date of Published Source JPN-S-001 Shelter/Housing Regulatory framework Recovery Policy Planning Running of evacuation areas Hyogo Prefecture Local government Safety of disaster victims in the evacuation areas self management in every evacuation areas with evacuees, staffs and volunteers The regional disaster contingency plan designated certain schools as evacuation centers but despite tha many residents went to schools nearest to their homes than that designated schools. In those cases plans did not function properly and in each of the prefectures, city and town authorities disaster management and emergency procedures for disaster situations did not function as expected. Some 317,000 victims took shelter in 1,150 evacation areas at the peak on January Leadership and methods for forming self-governing organizations 2. Collection and dissemination of information 3. Accepting of volunteers 4. Transportation and distribution of food and supplies 1. The powers of the headmaster in times of emergency and collaboration with government, secondary roles of the teaching staffs and task sharing. 2. The city hall staffs and the teaching staffs were also victims of the earthquake so that there were no staff in the hall capable of handling calls from these schools. 3. Preparing school as disaster response centers 4. Assessing the safety levels of evacation areas The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Assessment Reports of the Global Assessment of Earthquake Countermeasures, Vol.2, Health and Medicine, Emergency Assistance April-2000 Contributor(s)

3 Name Organization Date Compiler Yuka Mizumoto IRP Secretariat Kobe 30-Jun-2008

4 Case Studies of Lessons Learned on Post Disaster Recovery <IRP Kobe> Serial Number Cluster JPN-S-002 Shelter/Housing Cluster Subtopic(s) Land and property issues Key Lesson Area Recovery Policy Planning Project Title Temporary housing Policies Lead Agency(s) Hyogo Prefecture Type of Organization Project Objectives Implementing Strategy Achievment Challenges Lessons Learned Local government The temporary shelters are prepared for the victims who lost their houses Damaged assessment using survey The temporary shelters are supplied to all the victims who lost their houses by the earthquake. 1. The temporary shelter is built on private land. The temporary shelter is built near land where the victim had lived before with their neighbors. 2. The ways of recycling the temporary shelter is devised. 1. Some of the emergency housing units constructed after the earthquake that were capable of being reused were provided to Turkey and Taiwan as temporary housing for victims of disasters. 2. In temporary housing, community members and residents of the facilities should cooperate with one another and live autonomously. Coordination of various individuals, including volunteers, specialists and the government is indispensable to achieving this. 3. Project has been undertaken for supporting the day-to-day lives of those living in emergency housing for disaster reconstruction. The underlying aims of the project is looking after the community and promoting social interaction. Various problems, however, have been pointed out, including the weakening of community ties. 4. Securing emergency housing is an important first step in rebuilding housing for victims, but rebuilding their daily lives is essential to proceeding with full-fledged reconstruction of housing. It is therefore important to progress with securing and rebuiding housing in a way that value the ties among people.

5 Note Title Of the 48,300 emergency temporary housing units constructed, 21,883 were purchased by the prefecture and 26,417 were supplied on a liase basis. The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Assessment Reports of the Global Assessment of Earthquake Countermeasures, Vol.2, Health and Medicine, Emergency Assistance Reference(s) Date of Published Source April-2000 Contributor(s) Name Organization Date Compiler Yuka Mizumoto IRP Secretariat Kobe 30-Jun-2008

6 Case Studies of Lessons Learned on Post Disaster Recovery <IRP Kobe> Serial Number Cluster JPN-S-003 Shelter/Housing Cluster Subtopic(s) Land and property issues Key Lesson Area Recovery Policy Planning, Recovery Monitoring & Evaluation Project Title The damage assessment of buildings Lead Agency(s) Hyogo Prefecture Type of Organization Project Objectives Implementing Strategy Local government 1. Emergency assessmento of building safty levels 2. Damage assessment for the purposes of the application of public assistance for disaster relief 3. Damage assessment for the application of various private sector support measures Damage assessment using survey Achievment Challenges Lessons Learned Damage assessment for more than 240 thousant buildings either totally or partially damaged 1. Damage assessment goes ahead without either the administrative authorities or the disaster victims being clear about the purpose of the exercise, while the actual result end up being used for a variety of purposes quite different from the original one. 2. Damage assessment with a variety of different aims and objectives becomes very complicated, and the process of primary assessment, re-assessment and handling of complaints takes a lot more time than it needs to. 3. Damage assesment is a mammoth task, and often requires specialist knowledge, but the administrative authorities are rarely fully aware of this. 1. There is no unity in the different criteria that are used in damage assessment, with divergence in survey results. This leads to dissatisfaction among the disaster victims. 2. The information used in the damage assessment comes from a variety of sources, housing area maps, fixed asset reports, resident cards, etc., and this naturally causes mismatches. Also, at the stage of the issue of disaster certificates, the checking of information takes an inordinate amount of time, and the lack of a unified system of processing informaton greatly hindered the progress of the work. Note

7 Reference( s) Title Date of Published Source The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Assessment Reports of the Global Assessment of Earthquake Countermeasures, Vol.2, Health and Medicine, Emergency Assistance April-2000 Contributor(s) Compiler Name Organization Date Yuka Mizumoto IRP Secretariat 30-Jun-2008 Kobe

8 Case Studies of Lessons Learned on Post Disaster Recovery <IRP Kobe> Serial Number Cluster JPN-S-004 Shelter/Housing Cluster Subtopic(s) Land and property issues Key Lesson Area Recovery Policy Planning Project Title Processing of waste generated by the earthquake Lead Agency(s) Hyogo Prefecture Type of Organization Project Objectives Implementing Strategy Achievment Challenges Lessons Learned Local government It disposed of waste separately for a combustible and a nonflammable thing. It disposed of the recycling rate for disaster waste aiming at 50.1%. New preferential measure that removes waste at public expense Dispose of rubble (damaged houses and buildings, broken electrical appliances, furnitures and so on) 1. The Self Defense Forces cooperated in the dismantlement such as the collapse houses and the transportation of waste. 2. The waste generated by the earthquake of ten-odd seconds corresponds to the amount of a total exhaust of the garbage of about nine years of Hyogo Prefecture (20 million tons). 3. Because the garbage-disposal facilit also had received damage in the area of distress, the collection transportation of garbage and the assistance of incineration were obtained from the cities and towns in and around the Hyogo prefecture. While public funds were utilized for dismantling and disposing uninhabitable housing units in order to speed the process of reconstruction and recovery, it has been noted that this led to some buildings that could have been salvaged and repaired being torn down. Note Completely/ Half destroyed:249,180 buldings Disaster waste: About 14.5 million tons (only buildings) Government expenditure was incured in the dismantling and disposal of destroyed houses to lighten the burden on earthquake victims. The total project expenses incurred were approximately 265 billion yen, and over 100,000 homes were dismantled and disposed of. The expenses incurred per building were 1.5 million yen for timber buildings.

9 Reference( s) Title Date of Publishe d Source Lessons from the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake The Great Hanshin- Awaji Earthquake Memorial Disaster Reduction and Human Renovation institution, January 1996, p.15 The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Assessment Reports of the Global Assessment of Earthquake Countermeasures, Vol.4, Support of Disaster Victims p.129. April-2000 Contributor(s) Name Organization Date Yuka Mizumoto IRP Secretariat Kobe 30-Jun-2008 Compiler

10 Case Studies of Lessons Learned on Post Disaster Recovery <IRP Kobe> Serial Number Cluster Cluster Subtopic(s) Key Lesson Area Project Title Lead Agency(s) Type of Organization Project Objectives Implementing Strategy Achievment Challenges Lessons Learned JPN-S-005 Shelter/Housing Land and property issues Implementation of Support Activities Support for House Reconstruction Hyogo Prefecture Local government The administration support the 249,180 victims who were destroyed their own houses partially or all to mend or rebuild ones. Payments of 100,000 yen ( about 950 US dollars )were made to households whose dwellings were completely or partially destroyed, initially without any income restrictions. All the victims receive the subsidies enough to rebuild or mend their houses according to their own amount of income and the damaged assessment. It is insufficient for rebuilding or mending houses by the subsidy of 100,000 yen. A range of public support was provided to people who could not admit to temporary housing, but instead to rebuild their own houses under their own efforts. It was the Teconstruction Fund ( financed by Hyogo Prefecture and Kobe City ) which played a major role in housing measures. Here is the main housing supports provided by the Reconstruction Fund. 1. Subsidies for projects to support the purchase and reconstruciton of housing for disaster victims 2. Subusidies for projects supporting the rebuilding of houses for the aged people 3. Reducing the burden of rent of private rental accommodation 4. Supply of interest for large-scale housing for repairment and rebuiding 1. A Housing Mutual Aid System needs to be approved. It is extremely difficult for people to recover by themselves if there is no support system for rebuilding individual houses. 2. A support system for repairing damaged buildings should be thoroughly established. Most buildings that could have been restored with a little effort disappeared. There are many different reasons why so many buildings capable of repair were demolished but one important underlying factor must surely have been the Japanese penchant for scrapping and rebuilding. This is, in fact, a penchant that will need to be seriously reconsidered from the standpoint of global environmental protection.

11 Note Title The distribution of donations per household of 380,000 yen is often compared with the amount of million yen made after the volcanic damage generated by Mt. Unzen the previous year, and the million made after the Hokkaido Southeastern Offshore Earthquake. However, the completely destroyed house was coveredmending cost the cost of yen, and was not able to cover, and the house that had been destroyed partially from yen at all with supplied as for rebuilding. The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Assessment Reports of the Global Assessment of Earthquake Countermeasures, Vol.4, Support of Disaster Victims Reference(s) Date of Published Source April-2000 Contributor(s) Compiler Name Organization Date Yuka Mizumoto IRP Secretariat 2-Sep-2008 Kobe