US GAAP versus IFRS. The basics. October 2016

Transcription

1 versus The basics October 2016

2 Table of contents Introduction... 2 Financial statement presentation... 4 Interim financial reporting... 8 Consolidation, joint venture accounting and equity method investees/associates... 9 Business combinations Inventory Long-lived assets Intangible assets Impairment of long-lived assets, goodwill and intangible assets Financial instruments Foreign currency matters Leases Income taxes Provisions and contingencies Revenue recognition Share-based payments Employee benefits other than share-based payments Earnings per share Segment reporting Subsequent events Related parties Appendix The evolution of... 59

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4 Introduction Convergence in several important areas namely, revenue (mainly implementation of recently issued standards), leasing and financial instruments was a high priority on the agendas of both the US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) (collectively, the Boards) at the beginning of However, in certain cases the Boards reached different conclusions during their deliberations. Therefore, even after those projects are complete, differences will continue to exist between as promulgated by the FASB and International Financial Reporting Standards () as promulgated by the IASB. In this guide, we provide an overview by accounting area of where the standards are similar and where differences exist. We believe that any discussion of this topic should not lose sight of the fact that the two sets of standards are generally more alike than different for most commonly encountered transactions, with being largely, but not entirely, grounded in the same basic principles as. The general principles and conceptual framework are often the same or similar in both sets of standards, leading to similar accounting results. The existence of any differences and their materiality to an entity s financial statements depends on a variety of specific factors, including the nature of the entity, the details of the transactions, interpretation of the more general principles, industry practices and accounting policy elections where and offer a choice. This guide focuses on differences most commonly found in present practice and, when applicable, provides an overview of how and when those differences are expected to converge. Key updates Our analysis generally reflects guidance effective in 2016 and finalized by the FASB and the IASB as of 31 May 2016; however, we have not included differences related to 9, Financial Instruments, Accounting Standards Update (ASU) , Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, 15, Revenue from Contracts with customers, ASU , Revenue from Contracts with Customers, 16, Leases, and ASU , Leases, because of the delayed effective date of these standards. These standards will affect wide range of topics. For example, 15 and ASU will affect revenue from contracts with customers, sale of certain nonfinancial assets and capitalization of certain costs (e.g., advertisement costs), among other items. Our analysis does not include any guidance related to for Small and Medium-sized Entities ( for SMEs) as well as Private Company Council (PCC) alternatives that are embedded within. We will continue to update this publication periodically for new developments. * * * * * The EY - Differences Identifier Tool provides a more in-depth review of differences between and as of 31 May The Identifier Tool was developed as a resource for companies that need to analyze the numerous accounting decisions and changes inherent in a conversion to. Conversion is of course more than just an accounting exercise, and identifying accounting differences is only the first step in the process. Successfully converting to also entails ongoing project management, systems and process change analysis, tax versus The basics 2

5 Introduction considerations and a review of all company agreements that are based on financial data and measures. EY assurance, tax and advisory professionals are available to share their experiences and to assist companies in analyzing all aspects of the conversion process, from the earliest diagnostic stages through ultimate adoption of the international standards. To learn more about the Identifier Tool, please contact your local EY professional. October 2016 versus The basics 3

6 statement presentation Financial statement presentation Similarities There are many similarities in and guidance on financial statement presentation. Under both sets of standards, the components of a complete set of financial statements include: a statement of financial position, a statement of profit and loss (i.e., income statement) and a statement of comprehensive income (either a single continuous statement or two consecutive statements), a statement of cash flows and accompanying notes to the financial statements. Both standards also require the changes in shareholders equity to be presented. However, allows the changes in shareholders equity to be presented in the notes to the financial statements while requires the changes in shareholders equity to be presented as a separate statement. Further, both require that the financial statements be prepared on the accrual basis of accounting (with the exception of the cash flow statement) except for rare circumstances. and the Conceptual Framework in have similar concepts regarding materiality and consistency that entities have to consider in preparing their financial statements. Differences between the two sets of standards tend to arise in the level of specific guidance provided. Significant differences Financial periods required Generally, comparative financial statements are presented; however, a single year may be presented in certain circumstances. Public companies must follow SEC rules, which typically require balance sheets for the two most recent years, while all other statements must cover the three-year period ended on the balance sheet date. Comparative information must be disclosed with respect to the previous period for all amounts reported in the current period s financial statements. Layout of balance sheet and income statement Balance sheet presentation of debt as current versus noncurrent No general requirement within to prepare the balance sheet and income statement in accordance with a specific layout; however, public companies must follow the detailed requirements in Regulation S-X. Debt for which there has been a covenant violation may be presented as noncurrent if a lender agreement to waive the right to demand repayment for more than one year exists before the financial statements are issued or available to be issued. does not prescribe a standard layout, but includes a list of minimum line items. These minimum line items are less prescriptive than the requirements in Regulation S-X. Debt associated with a covenant violation must be presented as current unless the lender agreement was reached prior to the balance sheet date. versus The basics 4

7 Financial statement presentation Balance sheet classification of deferred tax assets and liabilities Prior to the adoption of ASU , Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, deferred taxes are classified as current or noncurrent, generally based on the nature of the related asset or liability. Following the adoption of ASU , all deferred tax assets and liabilities will be classified as noncurrent. (ASU is effective for public business entities (PBEs) in annual periods beginning after 15 December 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods. For non-pbes, it is effective for annual periods beginning after 15 December 2017, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after 15 December Early adoption is permitted.) All amounts classified as noncurrent in the balance sheet. Income statement classification of expenses No general requirement within to classify income statement items by function or nature. However, SEC registrants are generally required to present expenses based on function (e.g., cost of sales, administrative). Entities may present expenses based on either function or nature (e.g., salaries, depreciation). However, if function is selected, certain disclosures about the nature of expenses must be included in the notes. Income statement extraordinary items criteria Prior to the adoption of ASU , Simplifying Income Statement Presentation by Eliminating the Concept of Extraordinary Items, the presentation of extraordinary items was restricted to items that are both unusual and infrequent. ASU which prohibits the presentation of extraordinary items, was issued in (ASU is effective in annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after 15 December 2015.) Prohibited. versus The basics 5

8 Financial statement presentation Income statement discontinued operations criteria Disclosure of performance measures Prior to the adoption of ASU , Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity, discontinued operations classification is for components held for sale or disposed of, provided that there will not be significant continuing cash flows or involvement with the disposed component. Following the adoption of ASU , discontinued operations classification is for components that are held for sale or disposed of and represent a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on an entity s operations and financial results. Also, a newly acquired business or nonprofit activity that on acquisition is classified as held for sale qualifies for reporting as a discontinued operation. (ASU is applied prospectively and effective for annual periods beginning on or after 15 December 2014.) No general requirements within that address the presentation of specific performance measures. SEC regulations define certain key measures and require the presentation of certain headings and subtotals. Additionally, public companies are prohibited from disclosing non-gaap measures in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Discontinued operations classification is for components held for sale or disposed of and the component represents a separate major line of business or geographical area, is part of a single coordinated plan to dispose of a separate major line of business or geographical area of or a subsidiary acquired exclusively with an intention to resell. Certain traditional concepts such as operating profit are not defined; therefore, diversity in practice exists regarding line items, headings and subtotals presented on the income statement. permits the presentation of additional line items, headings and subtotals in the statement of comprehensive income when such presentation is relevant to an understanding of the entity s financial performance. has requirements on how the subtotals should be presented when they are provided, Third balance sheet Not required. A third balance sheet is required as of the beginning of the earliest comparative period when there is a retrospective application of a new accounting policy, or a retrospective restatement or reclassification, that have a material effect on the balances of the third balance sheet. Related notes to the third balance sheet are not required. A third balance sheet is also required in the year an entity first applies. versus The basics 6

9 Financial statement presentation Convergence No further convergence is planned at this time. versus The basics 7

10 financial reporting Interim financial reporting Similarities ASC 270, Interim Reporting, and IAS 34, Interim Financial Reporting, are substantially similar except for the treatment of certain costs described below. Both require an entity to apply the accounting policies that were in effect in the prior annual period, subject to the adoption of new policies that are disclosed. Both standards allow for condensed interim financial statements Significant differences and provide for similar disclosure requirements. Under both and, income taxes are accounted for based on an estimated average annual effective tax rates. Neither standard requires entities to present interim financial information. That is the purview of securities regulators such as the SEC, which requires US public companies to comply with Regulation S-X. Treatment of certain costs in interim periods Each interim period is viewed as an integral part of an annual period. As a result, certain costs that benefit more than one interim period may be allocated among those periods, resulting in deferral or accrual of certain costs. Each interim period is viewed as a discrete reporting period. A cost that does not meet the definition of an asset at the end of an interim period is not deferred, and a liability recognized at an interim reporting date must represent an existing obligation. Convergence No further convergence is planned at this time. versus The basics 8

11 joint venture accounting and equity method investees/associates Consolidation, joint venture accounting and equity method investees/associates Similarities ASC 810, Consolidation, contains the main guidance for consolidation of financial statements, including variable interest entities (VIEs), under. 10, Consolidated Financial Statements, contains the guidance. Under both and, the determination of whether entities are consolidated by a reporting entity is based on control, although there are differences in how control is defined. Generally, all entities subject to the control of the reporting entity must be consolidated (although there are limited exceptions for a reporting entity that meets the definition of an investment company). Significant differences An equity investment that gives an investor significant influence over an investee (referred to as an associate in ) is considered an equity method investment under both (ASC 323, Investments Equity Method and Joint Ventures) and (IAS 28, Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures). Further, the equity method of accounting for such investments generally is consistent under and. The characteristics of a joint venture in (ASC 323) and ( 11, Joint Arrangements) are similar but certain differences exist. Both and also generally require investors to apply the equity method when accounting for their interests in joint ventures. Consolidation model Provides for primarily two consolidation models (variable interest model and voting model). The variable interest model evaluates control based on determining which party has power and benefits. The voting model evaluates control based on existing voting rights. All entities are first evaluated as potential variable interest entities (VIEs). If an entity is not a VIE, it is evaluated for control pursuant to the voting model. Potential voting rights are generally not included in either evaluation. The notion of de facto control is not considered. Provides a single control model for all entities, including structured entities (the definition of a structured entity under 12, Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities, is similar to the definition of a VIE in ). An investor controls an investee when it is exposed or has rights to variable returns from its involvement with the investee and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee. Potential voting rights are considered. Notion of de facto control is also considered. versus The basics 9

12 Consolidation, joint venture accounting and equity method investees/associates Preparation of consolidated financial statements general Required, although certain industryspecific exceptions exist (e.g., investment companies). Required, although certain industryspecific exceptions exist (e.g., investment entities), and there is a limited exemption from preparing consolidated financial statements for a parent company that is itself a wholly owned or partially owned subsidiary, if certain conditions are met. Preparation of consolidated financial statements Investment companies Investment companies do not consolidate entities that might otherwise require consolidation (e.g., majority-owned corporations). Instead, equity investments in these entities are reflected at fair value as a single line item in the financial statements. A parent of an investment company is required to retain the investment company subsidiary s fair value accounting in the parent s consolidated financial statements. Investment companies ( investment entities in ) do not consolidate entities that might otherwise require consolidation (e.g., majority-owned corporations). Instead, these investments are reflected at fair value as a single line item in the financial statements. However, a parent of an investment company consolidates all entities that it controls, including those controlled through an investment company subsidiary, unless the parent itself is an investment company. Preparation of consolidated financial statements different reporting dates of parent and subsidiaries Uniform accounting policies The reporting entity and the consolidated entities are permitted to have differences in year-ends of up to three months. The effects of significant events occurring between the reporting dates of the reporting entity and the controlled entities are disclosed in the financial statements. Uniform accounting policies between parent and subsidiary are not required. The financial statements of a parent and its consolidated subsidiaries are prepared as of the same date. When the parent and the subsidiary have different reporting period end dates, the subsidiary prepares (for consolidation purposes) additional financial statements as of the same date as those of the parent, unless it is impracticable. If it is impracticable, when the difference in the reporting period end dates of the parent and subsidiary is three months or less, the financial statements of the subsidiary may be adjusted to reflect significant transactions and events, and it is not necessary to prepare additional financial statements as of the parent s reporting date. Uniform accounting policies between parent and subsidiary are required. versus The basics 10

13 Consolidation, joint venture accounting and equity method investees/associates Changes in ownership interest in a subsidiary without loss of control Loss of control of a subsidiary Transactions that result in decreases in the ownership interest of a subsidiary without a loss of control are accounted for as equity transactions in the consolidated entity (i.e., no gain or loss is recognized) when: (1) the subsidiary is a business or nonprofit activity (except in a sale of in substance real estate or a conveyance of oil and gas mineral rights) or (2) the subsidiary is not a business or nonprofit activity, but the substance of the transaction is not addressed directly by other ASC Topics. For certain transactions that result in a loss of control of a subsidiary, any retained noncontrolling investment in the former subsidiary is remeasured to fair value on the date the control is lost, with the gain or loss included in income along with any gain or loss on the ownership interest sold. This accounting is limited to the following transactions: (1) loss of control of a subsidiary that is a business or nonprofit activity (except for a sale of in substance real estate or a conveyance of oil and gas mineral rights); (2) loss of control of a subsidiary that is not a business or nonprofit activity if the substance of the transaction is not addressed directly by other ASC Topics. This guidance also does not apply if a parent ceases to control a subsidiary that is in substance real estate as a result of default on the subsidiary s nonrecourse debt. 1 Consistent with, except that this guidance applies to all subsidiaries, including those that are not businesses or nonprofit activities and those that involve sales of in substance real estate or the conveyance of oil and gas mineral rights. Consistent with, except that this guidance applies to all subsidiaries, including those that are not businesses or nonprofit activities and those that involve sales of in substance real estate or conveyance of oil and gas mineral rights. In addition, the gain or loss resulting from the loss of control of a subsidiary that does not constitute a business in a transaction involving an associate or a joint venture that is accounted for using the equity method is recognized only to the extent of the unrelated investors interests in that associate or joint venture. 2 1 ASU Revenue from Contracts with Customers, amended this guidance in part. The FASB has proposed further amendments. Readers should monitor developments in this area. 2 Sale or Contribution of Assets between an Investor and its Associate or Joint Venture, Amendments to 10 and IAS 28 was issued by the IASB in September In December 2015, the IASB indefinitely deferred the effective date of this amendment. However, early adoption of this amendment is still available. versus The basics 11

14 Consolidation, joint venture accounting and equity method investees/associates Loss of control of a group of assets that meet the definition of a business Equity method investments For certain transactions that result in a loss of control of a group of assets that meet the definition of a business or nonprofit activity, any retained noncontrolling investment in the former group of assets is remeasured to fair value on the date control is lost, with the gain or loss included in income along with any gain or loss on the ownership interest sold. There are two exceptions: a sale of in substance real estate, or a conveyance of oil and gas mineral rights. 1 An investment of 20 % or more of the voting common stock of an investee leads to a presumption that an investor has the ability to exercise significant influence over an investee, unless this presumption can be overcome based on facts and circumstances. When determining significant influence, potential voting rights are generally not considered. When an investor in a limited partnership, LLC, trust or similar entity with specific ownership accounts has an interest greater than 3% to 5% in an investee, normally it accounts for its investment using the equity method. ASC , Financial Instruments, gives entities the option to account for certain equity method investments at fair value. If management does not elect to use the fair value option, the equity method of accounting is required. Conforming accounting policies between investor and investee is generally not permitted. For transactions that result in a loss of control of a group of assets that meet the definition of a business, any retained noncontrolling investment in the former group of assets is remeasured to fair value on the date control is lost, with the gain or loss included in income with any gain or loss on the ownership interest sold. 2 An investment of 20% or more of the equity of an investee (including potential rights) leads to a presumption that an investor has the ability to exercise significant influence over an investee, unless this presumption can be overcome based on facts and circumstances. When determining significant influence, potential voting rights are considered if currently exercisable. When an investor has an investment in a limited partnership, LLC, trust or similar entity, the determination of significant influence is made using the same general principle of significant influence that is used for all other investments. Investments in associates held by venture capital organizations, mutual funds, unit trusts and similar entities are exempt from using the equity method, and the investor may elect to measure their investments in associates at fair value. Uniform accounting policies between investor and investee are required. versus The basics 12

15 Consolidation, joint venture accounting and equity method investees/associates Joint ventures Joint ventures are generally defined as entities whose operations and activities are jointly controlled by their equity investors. Joint control is not defined, but it is commonly interpreted to exist when all of the equity investors unanimously consent to each of the significant decisions of the entity. An entity can be a joint venture, regardless of the rights and obligations the parties sharing joint control have with respect to the entity s underlying assets and liabilities. Joint ventures are separate vehicles in which the parties that have joint control of the separate vehicle have rights to the net assets. These rights could be through equity investors, certain parties with decision-making rights through a contract. Joint control is defined as existing when two or more parties must unanimously consent to each of the significant decisions of the entity. In a joint venture, the parties cannot have direct rights and obligations with respect to the underlying assets and liabilities of the entity (In this case the arrangement would be classified as a joint operation). The investors generally account for their interests in joint ventures using the equity method of accounting. They also can elect to account for their interests at fair value. Proportionate consolidation may be permitted to account for interests in unincorporated entities in certain limited industries when it is an established practice (i.e., in the construction and extractive industries). The investors generally account for their interests in joint ventures using the equity method of accounting. Investments in associates held by venture capital organizations, mutual funds, unit trusts and similar entities are exempt from using the equity method and the investor may elect to measure its investment at fair value Proportionate consolidation is not permitted, regardless of industry. However, when a joint arrangement meets the definition of a joint operation instead of a joint venture under, an investor would recognize its share of the entity s assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and not apply the equity method. versus The basics 13

16 Consolidation, joint venture accounting and equity method investees/associates Convergence The FASB issued final guidance that eliminates the deferral of FAS 167 and makes changes to both the variable interest model and the voting model. While the ASU is aimed at asset managers, all reporting entities will have to reevaluate limited partnerships and similar entities for consolidation and revise their documentation. It also may affect reporting entities that evaluate certain corporations or similar entities for consolidation. For PBEs, the guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after 15 December 2015 and interim periods therein. Certain differences between consolidation guidance between and (e.g., effective control, potential voting rights) will continue to exist. In June 2016, the FASB proposed additional amendments to the primary beneficiary determination related to interests held through related parties that are under common control. A final ASU is expected in Q In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU , Investments Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Simplifying the Transition to the Equity Method of Accounting. ASU eliminates the requirement that an investor retrospectively apply equity method accounting when an investment that it had accounted for by another method initially qualifies for the equity method. By eliminating retrospective application of the equity method, ASU converges with. However, measurement differences may still exist. In June 2016, the FASB issued an exposure draft that is intended to clarify the accounting for sales of in-substance nonfinancial assets after an entity has adopted ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which could affect the scope of ASC 810, the initial measurement of a joint venture or equity method investment and the elimination of profit in certain transactions. In June 2016, the IASB issued an exposure draft to eliminate diversity in practice in accounting for previously held interests in the assets and liabilities of a joint operation that meets the definition of a business for transactions in which an entity obtains control or maintaining joint control of the joint operation. versus The basics 14

17 combinations Business combinations Similarities The principal guidance for business combinations in (ASC 805, Business Combinations) and ( 3, Business Combinations) represents the culmination of the first major convergence project between the IASB and the FASB. Pursuant to ASC 805 and 3, all business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. Significant differences Upon obtaining control of another entity, the underlying transaction is measured at fair value, establishing the basis on which the assets, liabilities and noncontrolling interests of the acquired entity are measured. As described below, 3 provides an alternative to measuring noncontrolling interest at fair value with limited exceptions. Although the new standards are substantially converged, certain differences still exist. Measurement of noncontrolling interest Acquiree s operating leases Noncontrolling interest is measured at fair value, including goodwill. If the terms of an acquiree operating lease are favorable or unfavorable relative to market terms, the acquirer recognizes an intangible asset or liability, respectively, regardless of whether the acquiree is the lessor or the lessee. Noncontrolling interest components that are present ownership interests and entitle their holders to a proportionate share of the acquiree s net asset in the event of liquidation may be measured at: (1) fair value, including goodwill, or (2) the noncontrolling interest s proportionate share of the fair value of the acquiree s identifiable net assets, exclusive of goodwill. All other components of noncontrolling interest are measured at fair value unless another measurement basis is required by. The choice is available on a transaction-bytransaction basis. Separate recognition of an intangible asset or liability is required only if the acquiree is a lessee. If the acquiree is the lessor, the terms of the lease are taken into account in estimating the fair value of the asset subject to the lease. Separate recognition of an intangible asset or liability is not required. versus The basics 15

18 Business combinations Assets and liabilities arising from contingencies Initial recognition and measurement Assets and liabilities arising from contingencies are recognized at fair value (in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement and Disclosures) if the fair value can be determined during the measurement period. Otherwise, those assets or liabilities are recognized at the acquisition date in accordance with ASC 450, Contingencies, if those criteria for recognition are met. Contingent assets and liabilities that do not meet either of these recognition criteria at the acquisition date are subsequently accounted for in accordance with other applicable literature, including ASC 450, Contingencies. (See Provisions and contingencies for differences between ASC 450 and IAS 37). Initial recognition and measurement Liabilities arising from contingencies are recognized as of the acquisition date if there is a present obligation that arises from past events and the fair value can be measured reliably. Contingent assets are not recognized. Subsequent measurement If contingent assets and liabilities are initially recognized at fair value, an acquirer should develop a systematic and rational basis for subsequently measuring and accounting for those assets and liabilities depending on their nature. If amounts are initially recognized and measured in accordance with ASC 450, Contingencies, the subsequent accounting and measurement should be based on that guidance. Subsequent measurement Liabilities subject to contingencies are subsequently measured at the higher of: (1) the amount that would be recognized in accordance with IAS 37, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets or (2) the amount initially recognized less, if appropriate, cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with IAS 18, Revenue. Combination of entities under common control The receiving entity records the net assets at their carrying amounts in the accounts of the transferor (historical cost). Outside the scope of 3, Business Combinations. In practice, either follow an approach similar to (historical cost) or apply the acquisition method (fair value) if there is substance to the transaction (policy election). versus The basics 16

19 Business combinations Pushdown accounting An acquired entity can choose to apply pushdown accounting in its separate financial statements when an acquirer obtains control of it or later. However, an entity s election to apply pushdown accounting is irrevocable. No guidance exists, and it is unclear whether pushdown accounting is acceptable under. However, the general view is that entities may not use the hierarchy in IAS 8 to refer to and apply pushdown accounting in the separate financial statements of an acquired subsidiary, because the application of pushdown accounting will result in the recognition and measurement of assets and liabilities in a manner that conflicts with certain standards and interpretations. For example, the application of pushdown accounting generally will result in the recognition of internally generated goodwill and other internally generated intangible assets at the subsidiary level, which conflicts with the guidance in IAS 38. Adjustments to provisional amounts within the measurement period An acquirer recognizes measurementperiod adjustments during the period in which it determines the amounts, including the effect on earnings of any amounts it would have recorded in previous periods if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date. An acquirer recognizes measurementperiod adjustments on a retrospective basis. The acquirer revises comparative information for any prior periods presented, including revisions for any effects on the prior-period income statement. Other differences may arise due to different accounting requirements of other existing and literature (e.g., identifying the acquirer, definition of control, replacement of share-based payment awards, initial classification and subsequent measurement of contingent consideration, initial recognition and measurement of income taxes, initial recognition and measurement of employee benefits). versus The basics 17

20 Business combinations Convergence The FASB and IASB issued substantially converged standards in December 2007 and January 2008, respectively. Both boards have completed post-implementation reviews (PIRs) of their respective standards and separately discussed several narrow-scope projects. In November 2015, the FASB issued an exposure draft to clarify certain aspects of the definition of a business. While the definition of a business is currently converged, the application of the definition by and reporters is often different. The FASB intends for the clarifications to more closely align the interpretations of what constitutes a business. In June 2016, the IASB also issued an exposure draft on the definition of a business as a result of concerns raised in its PIR about the complexity of its application. Although this is not a joint project, the FASB and IASB proposals are substantially converged. In addition, the IASB has a research project on business combinations of entities under common control. The accounting for leases (e.g., unfavorable or favorable components) will be affected by the implementation of ASU and 16. versus The basics 18

21 Inventory Similarities ASC 330, Inventory, and IAS 2, Inventories, are based on the principle that the primary basis of accounting for inventory is cost. Both define inventory as assets held for sale in the ordinary course of business, in the process of production for such sale or to be consumed in the production of goods or services. Significant differences Permissible techniques for cost measurement, such as retail inventory method, are similar under both and. Further, under both sets of standards, the cost of inventory includes all direct expenditures to ready inventory for sale, including allocable overhead, while selling costs are excluded from the cost of inventories, as are most storage costs and general administrative costs. Costing methods Last in, first out (LIFO) is an acceptable method. Consistent cost formula for all inventories similar in nature is not explicitly required. LIFO is prohibited. Same cost formula must be applied to all inventories similar in nature or use to the entity. Measurement Prior to the adoption of ASU , Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory, inventory is carried at the lower of cost or market. Market is defined as current replacement cost, but not greater than net realizable value (estimated selling price less reasonable costs of completion, disposal and transportation) and not less than net realizable value reduced by a normal sales margin. Following the adoption of ASU , inventory other than that accounted for under the LIFO or retail inventory method (RIM) is carried at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Inventory is carried at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Net realizable value is defined as the estimated selling price less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale. Reversal of inventory write-downs Any write-down of inventory to the lower of cost or market creates a new cost basis that subsequently cannot be reversed. Previously recognized impairment losses are reversed up to the amount of the original impairment loss when the reasons for the impairment no longer exist. Permanent inventory markdowns under the retail inventory method (RIM) Permanent markdowns do not affect the gross margins used in applying the RIM. Rather, such markdowns reduce the carrying cost of inventory to net realizable value, less an allowance for an approximately normal profit margin, which may be less than both original cost and net realizable value. Permanent markdowns affect the average gross margin used in applying the RIM. Reduction of the carrying cost of inventory to below the lower of cost or net realizable value is not allowed. versus The basics 19

22 Inventory Convergence In July 2015 the FASB issued ASU , which requires that inventories, other than those accounted for under the LIFO method or RIM, be measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value. The guidance is effective for PBEs for fiscal years beginning after 15 December 2016, and interim periods within those fiscal years. For all other entities, it is effective for fiscal years beginning after 15 December 2016, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after 15 December Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period. This ASU will generally result in convergence in the subsequent measurement of inventories other than those accounted for under the LIFO method or RIM. versus The basics 20

23 assets Long-lived assets Similarities Although does not have a comprehensive standard that addresses longlived assets, its definition of property, plant and equipment is similar to IAS 16, Property, Plant and Equipment, which addresses tangible assets held for use that are expected to be used for more than one reporting period. Other concepts that are similar include the following: Cost Both accounting models have similar recognition criteria, requiring that costs be included in the cost of the asset if future economic benefits are probable and can be reliably measured. Neither model allows the capitalization of start-up costs, general administrative and overhead costs or regular maintenance. Both and require that the costs of dismantling an asset and restoring its site (i.e., the costs of asset retirement under ASC , Asset Retirement and Environmental Obligations Asset Retirement Obligations or IAS 37, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets) be included in the cost of the asset when there is a legal obligation, but requires provision in other circumstances as well. Capitalized interest ASC , Interest Capitalization of Interest, and IAS 23, Borrowing Costs, require the capitalization of borrowing costs (e.g., interest costs) directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset. Qualifying assets are generally defined similarly under both accounting models. However, there are differences between and in the measurement of eligible borrowing costs for capitalization. Depreciation Depreciation of long-lived assets is required on a systematic basis under both accounting models. ASC 250, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections, and IAS 8, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors, both treat changes in residual value and useful economic life as a change in accounting estimate requiring prospective treatment. Assets held for sale Assets held for sale criteria are similar in the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets subsections of ASC , Property, Plant and Equipment (and in ASC , Presentation of Financial Statements Discontinued Operations), and 5, Noncurrent Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations. Under both standards, the asset is measured at the lower of its carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell, the assets are not depreciated and they are presented separately on the face of the balance sheet. Exchanges of nonmonetary similar productive assets are also treated similarly under ASC 845, Nonmonetary Transactions, and IAS 16, Property, Plant and Equipment, both of which allow gain or loss recognition if the exchange has commercial substance and the fair value of the exchange can be reliably measured. versus The basics 21

24 Long-lived assets Significant differences Revaluation of assets Revaluation not permitted. Revaluation is a permitted accounting policy election for an entire class of assets, requiring revaluation to fair value on a regular basis. Depreciation of asset components Measurement of borrowing costs Costs of a major overhaul Investment property Component depreciation permitted but not common. Eligible borrowing costs do not include exchange rate differences. Interest earned on the investment of borrowed funds generally cannot offset interest costs incurred during the period. For borrowings associated with a specific qualifying asset, borrowing costs equal to the weighted-average accumulated expenditures times the borrowing rate are capitalized. Multiple accounting models have evolved in practice for entities in the airline industry, including expense costs as incurred, capitalize costs and amortize through the date of the next overhaul, or follow the built-in overhaul approach (i.e., a type of composite depreciation). Investment property is not separately defined and, therefore, is accounted for as held and used or held for sale. Component depreciation required if components of an asset have differing patterns of benefit. Eligible borrowing costs include exchange rate differences from foreign currency borrowings to the extent that they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs. For borrowings associated with a specific qualifying asset, actual borrowing costs are capitalized offset by investment income earned on those borrowings. Costs that represent a replacement of a previously identified component of an asset are capitalized if future economic benefits are probable and the costs can be reliably measured. Otherwise, these costs are expensed as incurred. Investment property is separately defined in IAS 40, Investment Property, as property held to earn rent or for capital appreciation (or both) and may include property held by lessees under a finance or operating lease. Investment property may be accounted for on a historical cost basis or on a fair value basis as an accounting policy election. Capitalized operating leases classified as investment property must be accounted for using the fair value model. Other differences include: hedging gains and losses related to the purchase of assets, constructive obligations to retire assets, the discount rate used to calculate asset retirement costs and the accounting for changes in the residual value. Convergence No further convergence is planned at this time. versus The basics 22

25 assets Intangible assets Similarities Both (ASC 805, Business Combinations, and ASC 350, Intangibles Goodwill and Other) and ( 3(R), Business Combinations, and IAS 38, Intangible Assets) define intangible assets as nonmonetary assets without physical substance. The recognition criteria for both accounting models require that there be probable future economic benefits from costs that can be reliably measured, although some costs are never capitalized as intangible assets (e.g., start-up costs). Goodwill is recognized only in a business combination. With the exception of development costs (addressed below), internally developed intangibles are not recognized as assets under either ASC 350 or IAS 38. Moreover, internal costs related to the Significant differences research phase of research and development are expensed as incurred under both accounting models. Amortization of intangible assets over their estimated useful lives is required under both and, with one minor exception in ASC , Software Costs of Software to be Sold, Leased or Marketed, related to the amortization of computer software sold to others. In both sets of standards, if there is no foreseeable limit to the period over which an intangible asset is expected to generate net cash inflows to the entity, the useful life is considered to be indefinite and the asset is not amortized. Goodwill is never amortized under either or. Development costs Advertising costs Development costs are expensed as incurred unless addressed by guidance in another ASC Topic. Development costs related to computer software developed for external use are capitalized once technological feasibility is established in accordance with specific criteria (ASC ). In the case of software developed for internal use, only those costs incurred during the application development stage (as defined in ASC , Intangibles Goodwill and Other Internal-Use Software) may be capitalized. Advertising and promotional costs are either expensed as incurred or expensed when the advertising takes place for the first time (policy choice). Direct response advertising may be capitalized if the specific criteria in ASC , Other Assets and Deferred Costs Capitalized Advertising Costs, are met. Development costs are capitalized when technical and economic feasibility of a project can be demonstrated in accordance with specific criteria, including: demonstrating technical feasibility, intent to complete the asset and ability to sell the asset in the future. Although application of these principles may be largely consistent with ASC and ASC , there is no separate guidance addressing computer software development costs. Advertising and promotional costs are expensed as incurred. A prepayment may be recognized as an asset only when payment for the goods or services is made in advance of the entity having access to the goods or receiving the services. versus The basics 23

26 Intangible assets Revaluation Revaluation is not permitted. Revaluation to fair value of intangible assets other than goodwill is a permitted accounting policy election for a class of intangible assets. Because revaluation requires reference to an active market for the specific type of intangible, this is relatively uncommon in practice. Convergence In May 2016, the FASB proposed simplifying the accounting for goodwill impairment to reduce the cost and complexity of the goodwill impairment test. The FASB is deliberating a separate project to further reduce the cost and complexity of the subsequent accounting for goodwill (e.g., considering an amortization approach). The FASB also is deliberating a project on accounting for identifiable intangible assets in a business combination with the objective of evaluating whether certain identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination should be subsumed into goodwill. (subsequent accounting for goodwill and identifiable intangible assets). The accounting for certain intangible assets transactions (e.g., advertisement costs) will be affected by the implementation of ASU and 15. The IASB has a similar project on its research agenda to consider improvements to the impairment requirements for goodwill that was added in response to the findings in its PIR of 3. Currently, these are not joint projects and generally are not expected to converge the guidance on accounting for goodwill impairment. In the IASB s research project on goodwill and impairment, the IASB plans to similarly consider the subsequent accounting for goodwill. The IASB also is considering which intangible assets should be recognized apart from goodwill, as part of the research project on goodwill and impairment. The IASB and FASB have tentatively planned to make joint decisions on joint papers on both of these projects versus The basics 24

27 of long-lived assets, goodwill and intangible Impairment of long-lived assets, goodwill and intangible assets Similarities Under both and, long-lived assets are not tested annually, but rather when there are similarly defined indicators of impairment. Both standards require goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives to be tested at least annually for impairment and more frequently if impairment indicators are present. In addition, both and require that the impaired asset be written Significant differences down and an impairment loss recognized. ASC 350, Intangibles Goodwill and Other, Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets subsections of ASC , Property, Plant and Equipment, and IAS 36, Impairment of Assets, apply to most long-lived and intangible assets, although some of the scope exceptions listed in the standards differ. Despite the similarity in overall objectives, differences exist in the way impairment is tested, recognized and measured. Method of determining impairment long-lived assets Impairment loss calculation long-lived assets Assignment of goodwill Two-step approach requires that a recoverability test be performed first (carrying amount of the asset is compared with the sum of future undiscounted cash flows generated through use and eventual disposition). If it is determined that the asset is not recoverable, an impairment loss calculation is required. The amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its fair value, as calculated in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement. Goodwill is assigned to a reporting unit, which is defined as an operating segment or one level below an operating segment (component). One-step approach requires that impairment loss calculation be performed if impairment indicators exist. The amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its recoverable amount; recoverable amount is the higher of: (1) fair value less costs to sell and (2) value in use (the present value of future cash flows in use, including disposal value). Goodwill is allocated to a cashgenerating unit (CGU) or group of CGUs that represents the lowest level within the entity at which the goodwill is monitored for internal management purposes and cannot be larger than an operating segment (before aggregation) as defined in 8, Operating Segments. versus The basics 25