PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CROP INSURANCE SCHEMES IN INDIA- AN OVERVIEW

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1 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CROP INSURANCE SCHEMES IN INDIA- AN OVERVIEW Dr. M. RAJARAJAN 1 Assistant Professor, Commerce Wing, DDE, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar , Tamilnadu, Mobile: Dr. S.V.MURUGESAN 2 Assistant Professor, Commerce Wing, DDE, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar , Tamilnadu, Mobile: ABSTRACT Crop insurance in India has largely been in the nature of weather insurance it was earlier provided by General Insurance Corporation and post liberalisation a separate company - the Agriculture Insurance Corporation of India was set up. The cover was earlier provided to farmers with loans. Later it was extended to even those who do not have loans. The downside of this cover was that the insurance company paid out claims only if the weather bureau declared a drought or flood for the district. However, there have been cases where farmers have suffered even without a drought being declared. Because of low premium paying ability private insurance companies do not find crop insurance unless there is a corporate involved who is doing the funding. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has proposed a scheme where claims would be paid even without the district being fully affected. This article highlights performance analysis of crop insurance schemes in India - an overview. Page 55

2 INTRODUCTION India is an agriculture country and around 58 per cent (.7 Billion population) are engaged in agriculture and allied activities contributing about 14.6 to GDP ( ). Every 103 year, large scale crop failure occur in one part of the country or the other due to various natural calamities such as flood, drought, cyclone etc and damaging the crops in wide spread areas and making agriculture as the most risky business. Though such farmers were given some support from the government under various schemes but the help was not enough. The subject of crop insurance was discussed in Indian parliament as early as 1950 and Government assured that viable crop insurance scheme would be introduced. Accordingly, Government appointed various committees to suggest a viable crop insurance scheme. The scheme suggested by such committees were not acceptable to the State Governments due to huge financial implications and no insurance company was willing to implement any such scheme because of expected heavy losses. As elsewhere in the world, policy makers in India were also concerned about the risk and uncertainty prevalent in agriculture. Credit for pioneering work on crop insurance in India goes to Chakarvarti, who in 1920, proposed an agricultural insurance scheme based mainly on rainfall approach. The data on which the scheme was based pertained to Mysore State, but he had an all India perspective. Scheme suggested by him consisted of a package that included insurance of buildings, 104 granaries and agricultural implements; cattle insurance and; insurance of crops. He recognized that at the core of agricultural insurance is the assumption of the risk of loss or deficiency in respect of crops. Therefore, he attached higher importance to crop insurance than to the insurance of cattle and buildings. The issues then to be decided were: what should be the basis of crop insurance? And, should the crop insurance be on the value of a crop or on its quantity? He admitted that value should be the basis. As the prices and quantity are inversely related, in some cases the value of output in an unfavourable year may be more than in a normal year. However, there are practical problems in estimation of quantity and price to arrive at the value of the crops. CROP INSURANCE Crop insurance is purchased by agricultural producers, including farmers, ranchers, and others to protect themselves against either the loss of their crops due to natural disasters, such as hail, drought, and floods, or the loss of revenue due to declines in the prices of agricultural commodities. An Indian farmer, Agriculture in India is highly susceptible to risks like droughts and floods. It is necessary to protect the farmers from natural calamities and ensure their credit eligibility for the next season. For this purpose, the Government of India introduced many agricultural schemes throughout the country. The Government of India experimented with a comprehensive crop insurance scheme which failed. The Government then introduced in , a new scheme titled National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) or Rashtriya Krishi Bima Yojana (RKBY) HISTORY OF CROP INSURANCE India is an agrarian country, where the larger part of the people depends on agriculture for their sources of income. The crop production in India is dependent largely on the weather and is harshly impacted by its vagaries as also by attack of pests and diseases. These unpredictable and uncontrollable extraneous perils render Indian agricultural and tremendously risky enterprise. It is here that crop insurance plays a crucial role in anchoring a constant development of the sector. Pre-Independence As far back as 1915 in the pre-independence era, Shri J.S. Chakravarthi of Mysore State had proposed a rain insurance scheme for the farmers with view to insuring them against drought. His scheme was based on, what is referred to today as the area approach. He published a number of papers in the Mysore Economic Journal enunciating the concept of Rainfall Insurance. In 1920 Shri Chakravarthi published a book titled Agricultural Insurance: Practical Scheme suited to Indian Conditions. Apart from this, certain substantial states like Madras, Dewas, and Baroda, also made attempts to introduce crop insurance relief in various forms, but with little success. Post-Independence After the Independence in 1947, crop insurance gradually started to find mention more often. The Central Legislature discussed the subject in 1947 and the then Minister of Food and Agriculture, Dr. Rajendra Prasad gave an assurance that the government would examine the prospect of crop and cattle insurance, and a special study was commissioned for this purpose in The aspect of crop insurance considered was whether the same should be on an Individual approach or on Homogenous area approach. The former seeks to indemnify the farmer to the full extent of the losses and the premium to be paid by him is determined with reference to his own past yield and loss experience. The 'individual approach' basis necessitates trustworthy and perfect data of crop yields of individual farmers for a sufficiently long period, for fixation of premium on actuarially sound basis. The 'homogenous area' approach envisages that in the absence of reliable data of individual farmers and in view of the moral hazards involved in the 'individual approach', a homogenous area comprising villages that are homogenous from the point of view of crop production and whose annual variability of crop production would be similar, would form the basic unit, instead of an individual farmer. The study reported in favour of a 'homogenous area' approach, as various agro-climatically homogenous areas treated as a single unit and the individual farmers in such cases pay the same rate of premium and receive the same benefits, irrespective of their individual fortunes. The Ministry of Agriculture circulated the scheme, for adoption by the State governments, but the States did not accept. Government of India decided to introduce a Crop Insurance Bill in October 1965 and a Model Scheme of Crop Insurance in order to enable the States to introduce crop insurance if they so desired. In 1970, the draft Bill and the Model Scheme were referred to an Expert Committee headed by Dr. Dharm Narain. Thus for over two decades the issue of crop insurance continued to be debated and discussed. Page 56

3 First ever Crop Insurance scheme The first crop insurance program was introduced in by the General Insurance Department of Life Insurance Corporation of India on H-4 cotton in Gujarat. Afterward, the newly set up General Insurance Corporation of India took over the experimental scheme and subsequently included Groundnut, Wheat and Potato. The scheme has implemented in the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and West Bengal. It is based on "Individual Approach". It continued up to and covered only 3110 farmers for a premium of Rs.4.54 lakhs against claims of Rs lakh. It was realized that crop insurance programs based on the individual farm approach would not be viable and sustainable in this country. Pilot Crop Insurance Scheme (PCIS) Father of Crop Insurance in India (Professor V. M. Dandekar) suggested an alternate Homogeneous Area approach for crop insurance in the mid-seventies. In this Area approach, the General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC) introduced a Pilot Crop Insurance Scheme (PCIS) from The scheme covered cereals, millets, oilseeds, cotton, potato, gram and barley. The risk was shared by GIC and the respective State Govt. in the ratio of 2:1. The insurance Premium ranged from 5 to 10 per cent of the Sum Insured. This PCIS ran till by which 13 States had participated. The scheme covered 6.27 lakh farmers for a Premium of Rs crore against Claims of Rs.1.57 crore. Comprehensive Crop Insurance Scheme (CCIS) The learning s from PCIS, the Comprehensive Crop Insurance Scheme (CCIS) was introduced in year of 1 st April 1985 by the Government of India with the active participation of State Governments. The Scheme was non-compulsory for the State Governments. The CCIS was implemented on Homogeneous Area approach and was linked to short-term crop credit, that is, all crop loans given for notified crops in notified areas were compulsorily covered under the CCIS. 15 States and 2 UTs had participated in the CCIS during its tenure from Kharif 1985 to Kharif This Scheme covered 7.63 crore farmers under an area of crore hectares, for a Sum Insured of Rs. 24,949 crore at a premium of Rs crore. Experimental Crop Insurance Scheme (ECIS) The new scheme was introduced during the Rabi season, viz. Experimental Crop Insurance Scheme (ECIS) in 14 districts of 5 States. The Scheme was similar to CCIS, except that it was meant only for all small/marginal farmers with 100 subsidy on Premium. The Premium subsidy and Claims were shared by the Central and respective State Governments in the ratio of 4:1. The Scheme was discontinued after one season due to its many administrative and financial difficulties. During its one season, the ECIS covered 4,54,555 farmers for a Sum Insured of Rs crore at a Premium of Rs.2.84 crore against which the Claims paid were Rs crore. Pilot Scheme on Seed Crop Insurance (PSSCI) A Pilot Scheme on Seed Crop Insurance (PSSCI) was introduced in Kharif 2000 season in 11 States. This scheme is to provide financial security and income stability to the seed growers in the event of failure of seed crop. It was also provides the stability to the infrastructure established by the state owned seed corporations and state farms, and to give a boost to the modern seed industry by bringing it under scientific principles. All seed producing organizations, under Govt. or private control, producing certain classes of seed for identified crops/states/areas were eligible. All farmers growing the foundation and certified seed crops in the identified states /areas, which had offered the seed crop for certification and had got registered with the concerned certification agency, were eligible for coverage. Farm Income Insurance Scheme (FIIS) Farmers income is a collective function of yield and market prices. In other words, a bumper harvest tends to bring down the market prices of grains and vice versa. Therefore, despite normal production, farmers often fail to maintain their income level due to fluctuations in market prices. To take care of unpredictability in both the yield and market price, the government introduced a pilot project, viz. Farm Income Insurance Scheme (FIIS) during Rabi seasons. The objective of the scheme was to protect not only the income of the farmer, but also to reduce the government expenditure on procurement at minimum support price (MSP). FIIS was implemented on the basis of homogeneous area approach in respect of rice and wheat crops only. The scheme was compulsory for loanee farmers and voluntary for non-loanee farmers. The premium rates were agricultural, determined for each State at the District level, to be subsidised by the Govt. of India. Claims would arise if the actual income (current yield X current market price) was lower than the guaranteed income (7 years Average yield X level of indemnity [80 or 90] X MSP). The Scheme was implemented during 2 seasons only, viz. Rabi season in 18 Districts of 11 States for wheat/rice, and Kharif 2004 season in 19 Districts of 4 States for rice alone. In all, the scheme covered Rs.4.15 lakh farmers for an area of 4.02 lakh hectares for a Sum Insured (i.e. guaranteed income) of Rs. 420 crore, collecting a premium of Rs crore and paid claims of Rs crore. From Rabi 1999 season, the CCIS was discontinued and replaced by the National Agriculture Insurance Scheme (NAIS), which is being implemented to date as the flagship yield based crop insurance program of the Government. Parallelly, the implementation and administration of crop insurance schemes, which were being done by General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC), was taken over by Agriculture Insurance Company of India Ltd. (AIC) since its commencement of business from 1 st April Page 57

4 CROP INSURANCE BUSINESS IN INDIA Agriculture Insurance Company of India (AICIL) The Agriculture Insurance Company of India Limited was incorporated under the Indian Companies Act 1956 on 20th December, 2002 with an authorised share capital of Rs.15 billion and paid up capital of Rs.2 billion. The Government of India introduced the scheme in the year of (Rabi season). This insurance scheme is to protect the farmers against losses suffered by them due to crop failure on account of natural calamities and the scheme is presently implemented by Agriculture Insurance Company of India (AICIL). The scheme covers all food crops (cereals, millets and pulses) and oil seeds and Annual commercial horticultural crops. This scheme is available to all the farmers, loanee and non-loanee, irrespective of size of their holding. NAIS is presently being implemented in 24 States and 2 Union Territories except in States of Punjab and Arunachal Pradesh. Weather Based Insurance Scheme Weather based Crop Insurance Scheme (WBCIS) is a unique Weather based Insurance Product designed to provide insurance protection against losses in crop yield resulting from adverse weather incidences. It provides payout against adverse rainfall incidence (both deficit and excess) during Kharif and adverse incidence in weather parameters like frost, heat, relative humidity, un-seasonal rainfall etc. during Rabi. It is not Yield guarantee insurance. Number of Farmers and Area Insured under WBCIS The number of famers insured and area insured under the weather insurance scheme is India from Kharif to Kharif in to has been presented in the Table 1. S. No. State Rs. UT Table 1: All-India Business of WBCIS from Kharif to Rs. Crore No. of Farmers Insured (000') Area Insured (000' Ha) 1 Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhatisgarh Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Total Source: National Agricultural Insurance Scheme The number of farmers insured in the WBCIS shows highest in the state of Rajasthan of thousand farmers of which accounts per cent followed by Bihar and Andhra Pradesh of thousand farmers of which accounts per cent and thousand farmers of which accounts 8.44 per cent respectively. The area insured also highest in the state of Rajasthan of thousand hectare consist of percentage followed by Bihar of thousand hectare consist of per cent and thousand hectare consist of per cent in Andhra Pradesh. The number of farmers insured under WBCIS in Tamil Nadu accounts thousand of which accounts 0.22 per cent and area insured thousand hectares which accounts 0.16 per cent towards the scheme. Page 58

5 Sum insured claims and number of farmers Benefited The number sum insured, claims and the number of farmers benefited in all India level in the weather based insurance scheme for 16 seasons comprises from to has presented in the Table 2. Sl. No. State Rs. UT Table 2: Number Farmers Insured and Benefited All-India Business of WBCIS from Kharif 2007 to 2014 Sum Insured (Rs. In Crore) Claims (Rs. In Crore) No. of Farmers benefitted (000') 1 Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhatisgarh Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Total Source: Agricultural Insurance Company of India Limited Table 2 depicts the sum insured in weather based insurance scheme in India. The sum insured shows highest in Rajasthan of Rs crore consist of per cent followed by Bihar and Andhra Pradesh of Rs crore consist of per cent and Rs crore consist of per cent respectively towards WBCIS in India. The highest amount of claim is from Rajasthan state of which accounts Rs crore consist of per cent followed by Andhra Pradesh and Bihar of which accounts per cent (Rs crore) and per cent (Rs crore) respectively towards the WBCIS. The highest number of farmers benefited is only from Rajasthan state of thousand farmers of which accounts per cent of the total. The Bihar and Andhra Pradesh has second and third position of which accounts per cent (3944 thousand farmers) and per cent ( thousand farmers) respectively towards the WBCIS. As far as the Tamil Nadu is concerned 0.27 per cent, 0.5 per cent and 0.21 per cent towards in sum insured, claims and number of farmers benefited respectively in the WBCIS. NATIONAL AGRICULTURE INSURANCE SCHEME The Government of India has historically focused on crop insurance as a planned mechanism to mitigate the risks of natural perils on farm production. In 1999, GOI established the National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) to reduce farmers' vulnerability to natural disasters. The NAIS offers insurance for food crops, oilseeds, and selected commercial crops through state owned insurer, Agriculture Insurance Company of India (AICI). Number of Farmer and Area Insured under the NAIS The number of famers insured and area insured under the NAIS ii India from Kharif to Kharif in to is presented in the Table 3. Page 59

6 Table 3: All-India NAIS - Business Statistics from Rabi to Kharif S. No. State Rs. UT No. of Farmers Insured (000') Area Insured (000' Ha) 1 Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhatisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Orissa Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telengana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal A & N Islands Puducherry Jammu and kashmir Total Source: Agricultural Insurance Company of India Limited The area insured in the national agriculture insurance scheme shows highest number of farmers in the state of Maharashtra of thousand farmers of which accounts per cent followed by Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh of thousand farmers of which accounts per cent and thousand farmers of which accounts per cent respectively. However, it is differ from area insured shows highest in the state of Madhya Pradesh of thousand hectare consist of percentage followed by Andhra Pradesh of thousand hectare consist of per cent and thousand hectare consist of 9.98 per cent in the state of Gujarat. The number of farmers insured in Tamil Nadu of 6556 thousand farmers consist of 2.86 per cent and area insured of thousand hectares consist of 2.50 per cent towards the national agriculture insurance scheme. Sum Insured and Number of Farmers Benefited Under the NAIS The insured amount, claims paid and the number farmers benefited under the national agriculture insurance scheme is presented in the Table 4. Page 60

7 Table 4: All-India NAIS - Business from Rabi to Kharif Sum S. Claims No. of Farmers State Rs. UT Insured No. (Rs.in Crore) benefitted (000') (Rs. in Crore) 1 Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhatisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra MANIPUR MEGHALAYA Mizoram Orissa Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telengana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal A & N Islands Puducherry Jammu and Kashmir Total Source: Agricultural Insurance Company of India Limited The sum insured shows highest amount in Andhra Pradesh of which accounts per cent followed by Madhya Pradesh and Bihar of which accounts per cent and per cent respectively towards NAIS in India. However, the claim amount paid highest in the state of Gujarat of which accounts per cent followed by Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh accounts per cent and per cent respectively towards NAIS in India. The number of farmers benefited in the scheme highest number of thousand farmers (18.24 per cent) in Maharashtra followed by Andhra Pradesh of 6730 thousand farmers (11.38 per cent) and Madhya Pradesh of 6459 thousand farmers (10.92 per cent) under the NAIS. The sum insured in Tamil Nadu of Rs crore consist of 5.28 per cent, claims of Rs crore and number of farmers benefited of Rs cores under the NAIS. Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (MNAIS) MNAIS is an improvement over NAIS, and is based on actuarial premium rates. The main objective the scheme is to make it more farmers friendly. This scheme is expected to generate more benefits to farmers through coverage of prevented sowing/planting risk and post-harvest losses, increase in minimum indemnity level from 60 to 70, more precise calculation of threshold yield. Payment of upfront premium subsidy by State and Central Governments will facilitate quick settlement of claims The Scheme is to be implemented by Agriculture Insurance Company (AIC) of India and the Private sector insurers., with adequate infrastructure and experience will also be allowed on selective basis by implementing states, out of the companies shortlisted by DOA, GOI with the aim of creating a competitive market for crop insurance to enable the farmers to insure their crops at reasonable premium rates. Number of Farmers and Area Insured under the MNAIS The number of famers insured and area insured under the MNAIS ii India from Kharif to Kharif in to is presented in the Table 5 as given below. Page 61

8 Table 5: All-India MNAIS - Business Statistics from Rabi to Kharif S. No. of Farmers Insured State Rs. UT No. (000') Area Insured (000' Ha) 1 Andhra Pradesh Andaman & Nicobar Assam Bihar Chhatisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Jharkhand Karnataka Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Mizoram Orissa Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Total Source: Agricultural Insurance Company of India Limited The area insured in the MNAIS shows highest number of farmers in the state of Rajasthan of 3526 thousand farmers consist of per cent followed by Andhra Pradesh of 1342 thousand farmers consist of per cent and Bihar of 1223 thousand farmers consist of per cent in the scheme. The area insured also shows highest in the state of Rajasthan of thousand hectares consist of percentage followed by Karnataka of thousand hectare consist of per cent and Andhra Pradesh of thousand hectare consist of per cent under the MNAIS. The number of farmers insured under the MNAIS in Tamil Nadu 476 thousand farmers consist of 4.92 per cent and area insured thousand hectares consist of 4.82 per cent Sum Insured and Number of Farmers Benefited Under the MNAIS The insured amount, claims paid and the number farmers benefited under the modified national agricultural scheme is presented in the Table 6. Table 6: All-India NAIS - Business Statistics from Rabi to Kharif Sum S. Claims No. of Farmers benefitted State Rs. UT Insured No. (Rs. in Crore) (000') (Rs. in Crore) 1 Andhra Pradesh Andaman & Nicobar Assam Bihar Chhatisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Jharkhand Karnataka Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Mizoram Orissa Page 62

9 15 Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Total Source: Agricultural Insurance Company of India Limited The sum insured shows highest amount in Andhra Pradesh of Rs crore of which accounts per cent followed by Rajasthan and West Bengal of Rs crore, and Rs crore of which account per cent and per cent respectively towards MNAIS in India. The claim amount paid highest in Andhra Pradesh of Rs crores of which accounts per cent followed by Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu of Rs crore, and Rs crore consist of per cent and per cent respectively towards MNAIS in India. The number of farmers benefited in the scheme highest number of 524 thousand farmers (31.64 per cent) in Andhra Pradesh followed by Rajasthan of 346 thousand farmers (20.89 per cent) and Uttar Pradesh of 246 thousand farmers (14.86 per cent) under the MNAIS. CROP INSURANCE SCHEMES IN TAMIL NADU Number of farmers insured in the NAIS The number of farmers insured under the NAIS in Tamil Nadu shows the Kharif and Rabi seasons from to is presented in the below Table 3.7. Table 7: Number of Farmers Insured in Kharif and Rabi in Tamil Nadu (RS.'000') S.No. Year Kharif Rabi Total Total Source: aicofindia.com/aiceng/pages/offices/tamilnadu NAIS Detail.aspx The season wise crop insurance scheme shows that the number of farmers insured in Rabi season is more than the Kharif season in Tamil Nadu. The number of farmers insured in Rabi season of 16 thousand farmers in increased to thousand farmers insured in the year with lowest farmers insured of 9 thousand in The Kharif season insured farmers of 94 thousand in increased to thousand farmers insured in with highest farmers insured in thousand farmers insured in and lowest farmers insured of 57 thousand in Area Insured in the NAIS The area insured under the NAIS in Tamil Nadu shows the Kharif and Rabi seasons from to is presented in the below Table 8. Page 63

10 Table 8: The area insured in the Kharif and Rabi season (Rs. '000') S. No. Year Kharif Rabi Total Total Source: aicofindia.com/aiceng/pages/offices/tamilnadu/tamidnadu_naisdetail.aspx The area wise crop insurance scheme shows that the hectare insured in Rabi season is more than the Kharif season in Tamil Nadu. The area insured in Rabi season 35 thousand hectare in increased to thousand hectare in with lowest of 16 thousand hectare in The Kharif yyseason insured area of 196 thousand hectare in increased to thousand hectare in with highest of thousand hectare in and lowest of 86 thousand hectare in Amount insured in the NAIS The amount insured under the NAIS in Tamil Nadu shows the Kharif and Rabi seasons from to is presented in the below Table 9. Table 9: The Sum insured in the Kharif and Rabi season (Rs. In Crore) S.No. Year Kharif Rabi Total Total Source: aicofindia.com/aiceng/pages/offices/tamilnadu/tamidnadu_naisdetail.aspx Page 64

11 The sum insured in Rabi season Rs.22 crore in increased to Rs crore in with lowest of Rs.16 crore in The Kharif season sum insured of Rs.120 crore in increased to Rs crore in with highest of Rs crore in and lowest of Rs.88 crores in Gross Premium in the NAIS The gross premium under the NAIS in Tamil Nadu shows the Kharif and Rabi seasons from to is presented in the Table 10. Table 10: The Cross Premium for Crop Insurance (Rs. In Crore) S. No. Year Kharif Rabi Total Total Source: aicofindia.com/aiceng/pages/offices/tamilnadu/tamidnadu_naisdetail.aspx The gross premium collected Kharif season crop insurance scheme of Rs crore in increased to crore in with lowest premium of Rs.0.31 crore in The Rabi season gross premium collected of Rs.2 crore in increased to Rs crore in with highest premium of Rs.86 cores in The total Gross premium of Rs.2.59 crore increased to crore in with highest premium of crore in and lowest gross premium of 2.12 crore in Claims in the NAIS The claims under the NAIS in Tamil Nadu shows the Kharif and Rabi seasons from to is presented in the Table 11. Table 11: Claims in Crop insurance Scheme (Rs. In Crore) S. No. Year Kharif Rabi Total Page 65

12 Total Source: aicofindia.com/aiceng/pages/offices/tamilnadu/tamidnadu_naisdetail.aspx The claims paid under the Kharif season shows highest amount of Rs crore, Rs.22 crore Rs crore and Rs.8.29 crore paid in the year , , and respectively towards the crop insurance scheme. In the case of Rabi season claim paid is differ from the Kharif season. The Rabi season highest claim paid of Rs crore, crore crore 289 crore and 247 crore in the year , , , and respectively towards the insurance claim paid. Number of farmers benefited in the NAIS The number of farmers benefited under the NAIS in Tamil Nadu shows the Kharif and Rabi seasons from to is presented in the Table 12. Table 12: Number of Farmers Benefited in the Crop Insurance Scheme (Rs. In Crore) S.No. Year Kharif Rabi Total Total Source: aicofindia.com/aiceng/pages/offices/tamilnadu/tamidnadu_naisdetail.aspx The number of farmers benefited in the insurance scheme under Kharif season shows highest of 34 thousand farmers each in and and farmers in The number of farmers benefited in the insurance scheme in Rabi season of 921 thousand, thousand, thousand and 314 thousand in , , and respectively. Number of Farmers and Area Covered Under the MNAIS The number of farmers covered and area insured under the modified national agriculture scheme is presented in the Table 13. Year Table 13: Number of Framers and Area Covered Under the MNAIS Since Rabi to Rabi (As on ) Area Insured No. of Farmers Covered (In Hectares) Kharif Rabi Total Kharif Rabi Total Total Source: aicofindia.com/aiceng/pages/offices/tamilnadu/tamidnadu_naisdetail.aspx Page 66

13 The number of farmers in Kharif season 45,510 in increased to farmers in and the Rabi season 4,599 farmers in increased to 1,17,831 farmers in towards the MNAIS. The area covered under the kharif season 61,507 hectares in increased to 1,61,926 hectares in and decreased to hectares in The area covered under the Rabi season 7,457 hectares in increased to 1,37,827 hectares in SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS In view of the findings made in chapter-5, the following suggestions are drawn: The private insurance companies should focus towards the whole micro insurance business i.e. life, health and crop as the preference is less into the market. The public insurance companies have the better preference in micro life insurance business than to micro health and micro crop insurance. Thus it is suggested that public insurance companies must do some promotional activities to promote more low income population towards health and crop related issues. The indemnity limit is fixed by the insurer and remains unchanged during the insurance period. But it is necessary to vary year to year as the amount of crop damage due to natural calamities changes in the affected years. Near about ninety nine percent insured farmers belong to the small and marginal groups. They are economically weak. In that situation it is necessary to implement the Farm Income Insurance Scheme (FIIS) especially for commercial crop Potato and more risky paddy, Boro Paddy in the district Hooghly. The government should take measures so that the loanee farmers cannot be converted into local moneylenders and re-lend the sum of money borrowed by them at high rate of interest in the local money market (to the other farmers). This will resist the diversification of the crop loan from the productive investment to non-productive activities. From our collected secondary data we observed that very small percent (only four per cent) of Aman and Boro Paddy producing farmers come under the crop insurance scheme. The large portion of Aman and Boro Paddy producing farmers is outside the crop insurance scheme. This happens mainly due to the certain rules and regulation of the insurer about the disbursement of crop loan. The productive use of crop loans has always a positive and favourable effect on the actual Production of agriculture and the ability to repay the crop loan to the banks. The government or the appropriate crop loan sanctioning authority should be watchful enough so that the loanee farmers do not get the scope to diversify the crop loan from the agricultural activities to non agricultural activities. Small and marginal farms and in many cases medium farms have been able to use the costly input like fertilizers and seeds. Even though did not have bore-well irrigation facility, the crop insurance scheme has help them enjoy the facility of irrigation by purchasing irrigation facility from big and semi-medium farm who have the capacity of installation of shallow and deep tube well for watering their own land. CONCLUSION The performance of crop insurance schemes in India and Tamilnadu, All-India Business of WBCIS from Kharif, number farmers insured and benefited, All-India NAIS - business from Rabi number of farmers insured in Kharif and Rabi in Tamil Nadu, the sum insured in the Kharif and Rabi season, The cross premium for crop insurance, number of farmers benefited in the crop insurance scheme, weather based crop insurance scheme and number of framers and area covered under the MNAIS. The researcher attempted the study on evaluation of crop insurance schemes in Tamilnadu. Here we pointed out in brief about the meaning of crop insurance and various types of crop insurance applicable for Indian agriculture. Even we also discussed in brief about the main objective of crop insurance and need of the study. REFERENCES 1. Chandan K Parhi & Prashanta C Panda. (July 2007). Covering Crop. Asia Insurance Post, p Converse, J.M. [et al.]. (1986). Survey questions - handcrafting the standardized questionnaire. Newbury Park: SAGE Publishing. 3. Government of Karnataka. (1996). Report on Comprehensive Crop Insurance Scheme Bangalore: Directorate of Economics and Statistics and the State Agriculture Census Commissioner. 4. Ilangovan S. (January 2002,, Volume 2/1). Crop Insurance Scheme, Bimaquest, pp Kalavakonda,V. and Mahul, O. (2005), Crop Insurance in Karnataka, books.google.co.in/books or 6. Makki, S.S. and Somwaru, A. (August 2001), Farmers Participation in Crop Insurance Markets: Creating the Right Incentives, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 83, No. 3, pp Muntaqa Gulam. (No September 2006). Crop Insurance - An Indian Experience. FAIR Review, Poddar M K. (December 2007). Yield-based Crop Insurance Covers In India - A Historical Perspective. IRDA Journal, p Smith V H and Goodwin B K. (1996). Crop Insurance, Moral Hazard and Agricultural Chemical Use. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, pp. 28 (2) : Walker T S, Singh R P, Asokan M. (June 21-28, 1986). Risk Benefits, Crop Insurance and Dryland Agriculture. Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XXI, Nos. 25 and Page 67

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