The ZBB is the best battery for renewable energy storage!

Transcription

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2 The ZBB is the best battery for renewable energy storage!

3 San Ramon - California

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5 500 kwh - 1MWpeak

6 Individual String Voltage Profiles Ten Consecutive Cycles 1/5/06 1/6/06 1/7/06 1/8/06 1/9/06 1/10/06 1/11/06 1/12/06 1/13/06 1/14/06 1/15/06 1/16/06 Date Ten consecutive cycles, more than 500 kwh discharge energy each cycle String 1 String 2 kwh Output Voltage (V), Energy Output (kwh)

7 Milwaukee - Wisconsin

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9 50 kwh

10 50 kwh Discharge Energy 450 litres total

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12 Click the picture to run video Milwaukee stack production section

13 Infra red welding of membranes and electrodes to flow frames

14 Infra red welding of membranes and electrodes to flow frames

15 Click the picture to run video IR welding electrodes and membranes to flow frames

16 Vibration welding of a 60 cell ZBB stack

17 Vibration welding of a 60 cell ZBB stack

18 Vibration welding of a 60 cell ZBB stack

19 Click the picture to run video Vibration welding a ZBB stack

20 Stacks of stacks!

21 Perth Western Australia

22 The Questions How much electricity can it store? How efficient is it? How long will it last? How much does it cost? How powerful is it? Is it safe?

23 Laboratory test of one stack Lab bench test of one 20kWh ZBB stack, 60 cells, 100V, 20 kwh discharge capacity

24 Constant Current 100% Discharge Tests on One 60 Cell Stack AMP CHARGE Total Disharge Energy: 20 kwh Efficiency: 77% VOLTAGE / V # AMP DISCHARGE #64 50 AMP DISCHARGE TIME IN HOURS

25 Energy Density Discharge Energy: 20,000 Wh Stack: ~60 kg 150 litres of electrolyte: ~225 kg (75% zinc utilisation from 2.25M Zn) ZBB: Energy density: ~70 Wh/kg VRB: Energy Density: Wh/kg Source: Maria Skyllas Kazakos, VRB inventor, Eurosolar 2006 Lead-Acid: Range Wh/kg Typical range at 50% DOD cycling 20 kwh of energy discharge to here! 150 litres of electrolyte

26 Zinc is plated on charge and totally removed when 100% discharged Bromine is produced on charge and stored in the tank When discharged we have a solution of Zinc Bromide salt

27 The Challenge! NiMH 30gr ZBB 285kg

28 Energiser NiMH 2500mAh Voltage / mv Current / ma Time / hr Volt Current Test performed at ZBB laboratories, Perth, Western Australia

29 300 Cycles to 1.0 V 120 Energiser 2.5Ah AA Ni Met Hydride, Efficiency Plot Batt Per Cent C/Eff % V/Eff % E/Eff %E All cycles at 250mA Charge and 250mA Discharge Cycle # Test performed at ZBB laboratories, Perth, Western Australia

30 The Winner! kwh, $4.00 $1,333 /kwh 200 cycles in 8 months $6.67 to store and return 1kWh 20 kwh, $8,000 $400/kWh 3,650 cycles over 10 years $0.11 to store and return 1kWh

31 Battery Cost to Store and Return Electrical Energy BATTERY LIFE Estimate/Rating COST rated capacity DOD COST useable capacity CYCLE LIFE LIFE if cycled daily COST per kwh stored and returned $/kwh % $/kwh battery cap. Cycles Years $/kwh per cycle Energiser NiMH AA 2,500mAh, retail ~ $4 200 C10 cycles giving ~0.003 kwh/cycle 1, , Lead Acid 2,500 Cycles to 50% DOD if < 25C , Coopower CP VRLA, rated 3000Ah (2V cell), FOB Shanghai for $450 Data sheet: 600 cycles to 50% DOD if <25C ZBB available now $400/kWh, 5 years stack life Ten years life with stack only replacement ($90/kWh) after 5 years , ZBB projected (cost reduction 50%, stack life increased to 10 years) Ten years life with no stack replacement necessary ,

32 Low Cost Low cost electrolyte Water Zinc Bromide Salt Quat Low cost membrane (micro porous polyethylene) NOT expensive ion exchange membrane All plastic stack Polyethylene Carbon Fibre Glass Click the picture to run video

33 Power Density Max Continuous Power: 20 kw Stack + Electrolyte ~285 kg Power density: ~70 W/kg Note: Short Circuit Current: ~1,000 Amps VOLTAGE / V AMP CHARGE # AMP DISCHARGE Total Disharge Energy: 20 kwh #64 50 AMP DISCHARGE TIME IN HOURS 10 kw of continuous power for 2h Note! With less electrolyte -higher power density!

34 Safety Zinc is NOT a toxic metal! The ZBB contains NO high concentration bromine - even when fully charged Bromine can be readily neutralised and the discharged electrolyte can be safely diluted and disposed of No safety concerns with used stacks that are made from recyclable plastics

35 Schematic layout of a single cell ZBB

36 CHARGE REACTIONS Overall: ZnBr2 Zn + Br2 2+ Anode: Zn + 2e Zn Cathode: 2Br Br + 2e 2 QBr nbr Q Br Br Bromine Complex: + ( ) 2 2 n QBr = Complexing Agent Note, the bromine produced during charge is immediately complexed and safely stored in the tank.

37 Complexed Bromine Is Safer Vapour phase <10 mmhg Br 2 pressure Aqueous phase 15 g/litre Br 2 Click the picture to run video Complexed phase 1,600 g/litre Br 2 Skin contact with fully charged ZBB electrolyte does NOT burn the skin!

38 Vapour Pressure for 100 %SOC Complexed Bromine (PBr) and Bromine Solutions Temp ºC Please note; there is NO pure bromine in a ZBB PBr (Poly Bromide) = Comlexed bromine

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40 The ZBB is the best battery for renewable energy storage! Where can I buy one?

41 Tested driving range: With factory fitted Lead/Acid batteries: 33 km With a ZBB (same weight): 78 km Higher energy density means longer driving range --- Lower cost per kwh stored and returned means longer battery life and therefore lower vehicle life costs

42 ZBB Battery 48 Volt (2 X 30 cells) 9 kwh (discharge capacity)