Economics of the Budget Deficit
|
|
- Clement Russell
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Supporting Teachers: Inspiring Students Economics Revision Focus: 2004 AS & A2 Economics tutor2u ( is the leading free online resource for Economics, Business Studies, ICT and Politics. Don t forget to visit our discussion boards too as part of your Economics revision.
2 Supporting Teachers: Inspiring Students Page 2 of 6 Revision Focus on the AS Syllabus Requirements Candidates should understand how fiscal policy can be used to influence aggregate demand and aggregate supply A2 Syllabus Requirements Candidates should be able to discuss the importance of the budget balance and assess the significance of changes in the level and distribution of public expenditure. Government borrowing The level of government borrowing is an important part of fiscal policy and management of aggregate demand in any economy. When the government is running a budget deficit, it means that in a given year, total government expenditure exceeds total tax revenue. As a result, the government has to borrow through the issue of debt such as Treasury Bills and long-term government Bonds. The issue of debt is done by the central bank and involves selling debt to the bond and bill markets. Recent trends in UK government borrowing The chart above shows government borrowing for the UK expressed as a percentage of GDP. The data is also adjusted for the cycle because the amount that the state has to borrow is sensitive to what is happening in the economy as a whole. For example, a slowdown or recession has the effect of reducing tax revenues from direct and indirect taxes whilst at the same time boosting government spending on welfare and causing a higher level of borrowing. Government finances have moved from surplus in the late 1990s to a deficit of over 2% of GDP in The emergence of a rising budget deficit has been due to a weaker economy and the effects of substantial increases in government spending on priority areas such as health, education, transport and
3 Supporting Teachers: Inspiring Students Page 3 of 6 defence. Both current and capital spending are rising sharply in real terms. Critics of Gordon Brown argue that he risks losing control of the budget deficit if tax revenues continue to come in below forecast whilst public sector spending remains high. Gordon Brown s reputation of fiscal prudence has come under pressure during 2003 and The next chart plots total tax revenues and total government spending as a share of GDP since 1990 again the budget balance is the difference between the two line charts. This data is not adjusted for the cycle. It shows that the forecast budget deficit for is above 3% of national income. Does a budget deficit matter? There is a consensus that a persistently large budget deficit can be a major problem for the government and the economy. Three of the reasons for this are as follows: 1. Financing a deficit: A budget deficit has to be financed and day-today, the issue of new government debt to domestic or overseas investors can do this. In a world where financial capital flows freely between countries, it can be relatively easy to finance a deficit. But it may be that if the budget deficit rises to a high level, in the medium term the government may have to offer higher interest rates to attract sufficient buyers of government debt. This in turn will have a negative effect on economic growth 2. A government debt mountain? In the long run, a high level of government borrowing adds to the accumulated National Debt. This means that the Government has to spend more each year in debt-interest payments to holders of government bonds and other securities. There is an opportunity cost involved here because interest payments might be used in more productive ways, for example an increase in spending on health services. It also represents a transfer of income from people and businesses that pay taxes to those who hold government debt and cause a redistribution of income and wealth in the economy 3. Crowding-out - the need for higher interest rates and higher taxes. Eventually the budget deficit has to be reduced. This can be achieved by either by cutting back on public sector spending or by raising the burden of taxation. If a larger budget deficit leads to higher interest rates and taxation in the medium term and thereby has a negative effect on growth in household consumption and investment spending, then a process of fiscal crowding-out is said to be occurring.
4 Supporting Teachers: Inspiring Students Page 4 of 6 4. Wasteful public spending: Neo-liberal economists are naturally opposed to a high level of government spending. They believe that a rising share of GDP taken by the state sector has a negative effect on the growth of the private sector of the economy. They are sceptical about the benefits of higher spending believing that the scale of waste in the public sector is high money that would be better off being used by the private sector. Potential benefits of a budget deficit What are the main economic and social justifications for a higher level of government spending and borrowing? Two main arguments stand out 1. Government borrowing can benefit economic growth: A budget deficit can have positive macroeconomic effects in the long run if it is used to finance extra capital spending that leads to an increase in the stock of national assets. For example, higher spending on the transport infrastructure improves the supply-side capacity of the economy promoting long-run growth. And increased public-sector investment in health and education can bring positive effects on labour productivity and employment. The social benefits of increased capital spending can be estimated through use of cost-benefit analysis. 2. The budget deficit as a tool of demand management: Keynesian economists would support the use of changing the level of government borrowing as a perfectly legitimate instrument of managing aggregate demand. An increase in borrowing can be a useful stimulus to demand when other sectors of the economy are suffering from weak or falling spending. The fiscal stimulus given to the British economy during has been important in stabilizing demand and output at a time of global economic uncertainty. Perhaps Keynesian fiscal demand management has once more come back into fashion! The argument is that the government can and should use fiscal policy to keep real national output closer to potential GDP so that we avoid a large negative output gap. Maintaining a high level of demand helps to sustain growth and keep unemployment low. If economic growth is maintained, tax revenues will remain high and help to finance the extra government spending The current situation
5 Supporting Teachers: Inspiring Students Page 5 of 6 1. Government borrowing in the UK has shot up to 3.4 percent of GDP in the last fiscal year, in excess of the 3.0 percent limit set by Europe's Stability and Growth Pact 2. But as the UK is not participating in the single European currency, the UK is not bound by the terms of the fiscal stability pact and this gives it more flexibility in terms of how much the UK government can borrow 3. The government has allowed the automatic stabilisers to work during the current economic cycle. In other words, it has allowed an increase in government borrowing brought about by a slowdown in domestic demand and output. This has helped to maintain economic growth in the short run 4. Gordon Brown has his own fiscal rules including the golden rule that government spending on currently provided goods and services should be financed by taxation over the course of the economic cycle. Government capital spending (public sector investment) can be financed by borrowing 5. Although government borrowing is currently high, there is little upward pressure on long-term interest rates (indeed they are very low). Financing the budget deficit is not a major problem for the UK as it seems able to attract inflows of financial capital from overseas and foreign investors are happy to purchase new issues of government debt 6. One reason is that total government debt as a percentage of GDP remains low by historical standards (less than 40% of GDP). And with interest rates remaining low, the government is not facing up to a huge cost of servicing this debt 7. It is difficult to forecast government borrowing with great accuracy. Firstly this is because government tax revenues and spending is sensitive to changes in the economic cycle. Secondly, we are dealing with huge numbers! Total government spending in is forecast to be 459 billion and total tax receipts 422 billion (giving a forecast budget deficit of 37 billion). It only takes government spending and tax revenues to be 1% or 2% different from current forecasts for the budget deficit to change significantly
6 Supporting Teachers: Inspiring Students Page 6 of 6
AS Economics. Fiscal Policy. tutor2u Supporting Teachers: Inspiring Students. Economics Revision Focus: 2004
Supporting Teachers: Inspiring Students Economics Revision Focus: 2004 AS Economics tutor2u (www.tutor2u.net) is the leading free online resource for Economics, Business Studies, ICT and Politics. Don
More informationEconomic Policy Objectives and Trade-Offs
Supporting Teachers: Inspiring Students Economics Revision Focus: 2004 A2 Economics Economic Policy Objectives and Trade-Offs tutor2u (www.tutor2u.net) is the leading free online resource for Economics,
More informationConsumer Spending and Saving
Supporting Teachers: Inspiring Students Economics Revision Focus: 2004 AS Economics tutor2u (www.tutor2u.net) is the leading free online resource for Economics, Business Studies, ICT and Politics. Don
More informationSyllabus item: 113 Weight: 3
Macroeconomics - 2.4 Fiscal policy Syllabus item: 113 Weight: 3 113. Sources of government revenue IB Question Explain that the government earns revenue primarily from taxes (direct and indirect), as well
More informationFiscal Policy - the basics:
Fiscal Policy - the basics: 1) Introduction Fiscal policy is the use of government expenditure (G) and taxation (T) to control the economy. It can be operated in two basic ways, demand side and supply
More informationTutorial letter 102/3/2018
ECS2602/102/3/2018 Tutorial letter 102/3/2018 Macroeconomics 2 ECS2602 Department of Economics Workbook: Activities for learning units 1 to 9 Define tomorrow 2 IMPORTANT VERBS As a student, you should
More informationthe debate concerning whether policymakers should try to stabilize the economy.
22 FIVE DEBATES OVER MACROECONOMIC POLICY LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: the debate concerning whether policymakers should try to stabilize the economy. the
More informationA2 Macroeconomics / International Economy
Tutor2u Limited All Rights Reserved. These study notes are protected by copyright and may not be reproduced in part or in whole, for whatever reason, without the prior written permission of tutor2u. The
More informationNumber 2: The UK Spending Deficit What is it and must it be eliminated now?
Economics: the plain truth A series of plain briefings for Reps and Activists Number 2: The UK Spending Deficit What is it and must it be eliminated now? By squeezing families and businesses too hard,
More informationAD-AS Analysis. Demand Management Polices
AD-AS Analysis Demand Management Polices Unit 2-The Exam 90 minutes long 50% AS Total 80 marks- 1 data response from a choice of 2. Each data response exercise contains 1 30 mark essay, which will require
More informationYr 1 Macro Economics The UK economy performance and policies Summer Homework BOOKLET
Yr 1 Macro Economics The UK economy performance and policies Summer Homework BOOKLET TRANSFORM The content of the lessons into notes in your own words. PRACTISE Applying this content to exam questions.
More informationArchimedean Upper Conservatory Economics, October 2016
Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The marginal propensity to consume is equal to: A. the proportion of consumer spending as a function of
More informationThe Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand
Chapter 32 The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand Test B 1. Of the effects that help explain why the U.S. aggregate demand curve slopes downward the a. wealth effect is most important
More information10. Fiscal Policy and the Government Budget
10. Fiscal Policy and the Government Budget 1 The Government Budget The government s budget is affected by: Government spending (outlay) Tax revenue (income) 2 Government Spending Major components of government
More informationUse the following to answer question 15: AE0 AE1. Real expenditures. Real income. Page 3
Chapter 10 1. An example of an autonomous consumption policy is a policy that A) lowers tax rates to stimulate additional consumer spending. B) makes credit more widely available to consumers in order
More informationThe Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand. Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich
C H A P T E R 34 The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand Economics P R I N C I P L E S O F N. Gregory Mankiw Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich 2009 South-Western, a part
More informationLesson 12 The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand
Lesson 12 The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand Henan University of Technology Sino-British College Transfer Abroad Undergraduate Programme 0 In this lesson, look for the answers
More informationECONOMICS. ATAR course examination Marking Key
ECONOMICS ATAR course examination 08 Marking Key Marking keys are an explicit statement about what the examining panel expect of candidates when they respond to particular examination items. They help
More informationGovernment Expenditure
Fiscal Policy Part I Much fiscal policy is implemented, not through spending increases, but through tax credits and other so-called tax expenditures. The markets should respond to them as they do spending
More informationKnowledge Book. Theme 2. Edexcel A LEvel SKU:
Edexcel A LEvel economics Theme Knowledge Book Study Notes Revision Videos Exam Technique Advice You ll find everything you need for Edexcel A Level Economics at: www.tutoru.net/economics Follow tutoru
More informationEcon 102 Exam 2 Name ID Section Number
Econ 102 Exam 2 Name ID Section Number 1. Suppose investment spending increases by $50 billion and as a result the equilibrium income increases by $200 billion. The investment multiplier is: A) 10. B)
More informationAS Economics Essay Questions
TheRevisionGuide.com Accelerating your potential Revision Worksheet AS Economics Essay Questions Worksheet by: Apsara Sumanasiri Student Name : Date:. TheRevisionGuide (www.therevisionguide.com) is a free
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY ON AGGREGATE DEMAND
20 THE INFLUENCE OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY ON AGGREGATE DEMAND LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: the theory of liquidity preference as a short-run theory
More informationAS ECONOMICS Paper 2 The national economy in a global context
Please write clearly in block capitals. Centre number Candidate number Surname Forename(s) Candidate signature AS ECONOMICS Paper 2 The national economy in a global context Monday 23 May 2016 Morning Time
More informationCIE Economics A-level
CIE Economics A-level Topic 4: The Macroeconomy d) Employment and unemployment Notes Size and components of labour force The working age population is between the ages of 18 and 65 who are actively looking
More informationChapter 4 Monetary and Fiscal. Framework
Chapter 4 Monetary and Fiscal Policies in IS-LM Framework Monetary and Fiscal Policies in IS-LM Framework 64 CHAPTER-4 MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICIES IN IS-LM FRAMEWORK 4.1 INTRODUCTION Since World War II,
More informationHIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION ECONOMICS 2/3 UNIT (COMMON) Time allowed Three hours (Plus 5 minutes reading time)
HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION 2000 ECONOMICS 2/3 UNIT (COMMON) Time allowed Three hours (Plus 5 minutes reading time) DIRECTIONS TO CANDIDATES Board-approved calculators may be used. You may ask
More informationECO 209Y MACROECONOMIC THEORY AND POLICY
Department of Economics Prof. Gustavo Indart University of Toronto March 14, 2007 ECO 209Y MACROECONOMIC THEORY AND POLICY SOLUTION Term Test #3 LAST NAME FIRST NAME STUDENT NUMBER Circle the section of
More informationØystein Olsen: The economic outlook
Øystein Olsen: The economic outlook Address by Mr Øystein Olsen, Governor of Norges Bank (Central Bank of Norway), to invited foreign embassy representatives, Oslo, 29 March 2011. The address is based
More information3 Macroeconomics LESSON 8
3 Macroeconomics LESSON 8 Fiscal Policy Introduction and Description Fiscal policy is one of the two demand management policies available to policy makers. Government expenditures and the level and type
More informationMidterm #2, version A, given Spring 2002 Note question #50 is from Chapter 11, which students are not responsible for on Exam 2 - Summer 02.
Midterm #2, version A, given Spring 2002 Note question #50 is from Chapter 11, which students are not responsible for on Exam 2 - Summer 02. Answers (if you think you see an error, please contact me ASAP.
More informationDisposable income (in billions)
Section 4 version 2 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. An increase in the MPC: A. increases the multiplier. B. shifts the autonomous investment
More information3 Macroeconomics SAMPLE QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE-CHOICE UNIT E07 Unit Summative Assessment Sample Multiple-Choice Questions Circle the letter of each correct answer. 1. Which of the following best describes aggregate supply? (A) The amount buyers
More informationECON 1102: MACROECONOMICS 1 Chapter 1: Measuring Macroeconomic Performance, Output and Prices
ECON 1102: MACROECONOMICS 1 Chapter 1: Measuring Macroeconomic Performance, Output and Prices 1.1 Measuring Macroeconomic Performance 1. Rising Living Standards Economic growth is the tendency for output
More information1. Which one of the following is NOT an example of the use of government fiscal policy? A change in
1.1 Macroeconomics Revision Test (1) 1. Which one of the following is NOT an example of the use of government fiscal policy? A change in a) Government spending on the National Health Service b) Interest
More informationGovernment Budget and Fiscal Policy CHAPTER
Government Budget and Fiscal Policy 11 CHAPTER The National Budget The national budget is the annual statement of the government s expenditures and tax revenues. Fiscal policy is the use of the national
More informationIn this chapter, look for the answers to these questions
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions How does the interest-rate effect help explain the slope of the aggregate-demand curve? How can the central bank use monetary policy to shift the
More information1. When the Federal government uses taxation and spending actions to stimulate the economy it is conducting:
1. When the Federal government uses taxation and spending actions to stimulate the economy it is conducting: A. Fiscal policy B. Incomes policy C. Monetary policy D. Employment policy 2. When the Federal
More informationArchimedean Upper Conservatory Economics, October 2016
Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Figure 6-2: DVD Market 1. Use the DVD Market Figure 6-2. The figure shows the weekend rental market for DVDs
More informationThe Tools of Fiscal Policy
ACTIVITY 5-1 The Tools of Fiscal Policy Changes in taxes and government spending designed to affect the level of aggregate demand in the economy are called fiscal policy. Recall that aggregate demand is
More informationFISCAL POLICY* Chapt er. Key Concepts
Chapt er 13 FISCAL POLICY* Key Concepts The Federal Budget The federal budget is an annual statement of the government s outlays and receipts. Using the federal budget to achieve macroeconomic objectives
More informationFederal Budget Policy with an Aging Population and Persistently Low Interest Rates. Douglas Elmendorf and Louise Sheiner
Federal Budget Policy with an Aging Population and Persistently Low Interest Rates Douglas Elmendorf and Louise Sheiner Recent surge in debt Key considerations Debt/GDP projected to rise indefinitely Sharp
More informationAP Macroeconomics - Mega Macro Review Sheet Answers
AP Macroeconomics - Mega Macro Review Sheet Answers 1. The business cycle. 2. Aggregate supply curve (with breakdown of sections). 3. Expansionary ( easy ) monetary policy (Buy bonds, discount rate, reserve
More informationIntroduction. Learning Objectives. Learning Objectives. Chapter 13. Fiscal Policy
Chapter 13 Introduction Countries belonging to the European Monetary Union have agreed to follow a path of fiscal discipline, keeping government spending in line with tax receipts. Under what conditions
More informationgrowth but still remains at approximately 1.5% of potential GDP.
THE UK ECONOMY IN FOCUS/APPLICATIONS Reminder of key objectives: Low and positive inflation (inflation rate target of 2%/- 1%) Sustainable growth of real GDP (no target) falling unemployment (no target)
More informationThe Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand P R I N C I P L E S O F. N. Gregory Mankiw. Introduction
C H A P T E R 34 The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand P R I N C I P L E S O F Economics N. Gregory Mankiw Introduction This chapter focuses on the short-run effects of fiscal
More informationChapter 25 Fiscal Policy Principles of Economics in Context (Goodwin, et al.)
Chapter 25 Fiscal Policy Principles of Economics in Context (Goodwin, et al.) Chapter Overview This chapter introduces you to a formal analysis of fiscal policy, and puts it in context with real-world
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY ON AGGREGATE DEMAND
21 THE INFLUENCE OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY ON AGGREGATE DEMAND LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: the theory of liquidity preference as a short-run theory
More informationECONOMICS. Component 2 Macroeconomics. A LEVEL Exemplar Candidate Work. For first teaching in 2015.
Qualification Accredited Oxford Cambridge and RSA A LEVEL ECONOMICS H460 For first teaching in 2015 Component 2 Macroeconomics Version 3 www.ocr.org.uk/economics Contents Introduction 3 Question 2 Candidate
More informationMaster Economics & Business Understanding the World Economy. Sample Multiple choice
Master Economics & Business Understanding the World Economy Sample Multiple choice It is a multiple choice questionnaire. You have to select at LEAST one answer from the four proposed answers. You have
More informationChapter 16: FISCAL POLICY
Chapter 16: FISCAL POLICY FISCAL POLICY AND ITS EFFECT ON AGGREGATE DEMAND & AGGREGATE SUPPLY What is GOVERNMENT BUDGET? The government budget is an annual statement of the revenues, the outlays, and surplus
More informationAP Macroeconomics Graphical Overview
AP Macroeconomics Graphical Overview 1. The business cycle. 2. Aggregate supply curve (with breakdown of sections). 3. Expansionary ( easy ) monetary policy (Buy bonds, discount rate, reserve requirement).
More informationThe Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand. Lecture
The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand Lecture 10 28.4.2015 Previous Lecture Short Run Economic Fluctuations Short Run vs. Long Run The classical dichotomy and monetary neutrality
More informationMACROECONOMICS - CLUTCH CH FISCAL POLICY.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: INTRODUCTION TO FISCAL POLICY Fiscal Policy involves setting the level of and by Focus specifically on spending and taxes of government > Government spending is an important
More informationObjectives AGGREGATE DEMAND AND AGGREGATE SUPPLY
AGGREGATE DEMAND 7 AND CHAPTER AGGREGATE SUPPLY Objectives After studying this chapter, you will able to Explain what determines aggregate supply Explain what determines aggregate demand Explain macroeconomic
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY ON AGGREGATE DEMAND. Chapter 34
1 THE INFLUENCE OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY ON AGGREGATE DEMAND Chapter 34 Importance of economic policy Economic policy refers to the actions of the government that have a direct impact on the macroeconomic
More information11/17/2018. FISCAL POLICY Government Spending and Tax Policy Part 1. The Federal Budget. In this chapter:
13 FISCL POLICY Government Spending and Tax Policy Part 1 In this chapter: Look at the federal budget history of outlays, receipts, deficits, and debt Explain the supply-side effects of fiscal policy supply
More informationFiscal Policy. Fiscal Policy
Fiscal Policy Fiscal policy was introduced earlier with the calculation of multipliers. AE multipliers imply fiscal policy is effective o because price is held constant along AE o SRAS s slope = 0 Aggregate
More informationFIRST LOOK AT MACROECONOMICS*
Chapter 4 A FIRST LOOK AT MACROECONOMICS* Key Concepts Origins and Issues of Macroeconomics Modern macroeconomics began during the Great Depression, 1929 1939. The Great Depression was a decade of high
More information7 AGGREGATE SUPPLY AND AGGREGATE DEMAND* Chapter. Key Concepts
Chapter 7 AGGREGATE SUPPLY AND AGGREGATE DEMAND* Key Concepts Aggregate Supply The aggregate production function shows that the quantity of real GDP (Y ) supplied depends on the quantity of labor (L ),
More informationMacroeconomic Theory and Stabilization Policy. Multiple Choice Problems [Select the best alternative]
1 Macroeconomic Theory and Stabilization Policy Module 1: Introduction Multiple Choice Problems [Select the best alternative] 1. In stagflation potential output of the economy declines. the inflation rate
More informationOCR Unit 2. Economics Revision. Judah Chandra
1 OCR Unit 2 Economics Revision Economics Revision Judah Chandra 2 AD = C + I + G (X - M) KEY TERMS Economic growth - in the short run, an increase in real GDP, and in the long run, an increase in productive
More informationChapter 15: Fiscal Policy
SCHS SOCIAL STUDIES What you need to know UNIT 6 1. Explain how the government creates the federal budget 2. Understand the role fiscal policy has played in American history 3. Analyze how budget deficits
More informationFiscal stimulus : A loanable funds critique. Author. Published. Journal Title. Copyright Statement. Downloaded from. Link to published version
Fiscal stimulus : A loanable funds critique Author Makin, Tony Published 2009 Journal Title Agenda Copyright Statement The Author(s) 2009. The attached file is reproduced here in accordance with the copyright
More informationEconomic Importance of Keynesian and Neoclassical Economic Theories to Development
University of Turin From the SelectedWorks of Prince Opoku Agyemang May 1, 2014 Economic Importance of Keynesian and Neoclassical Economic Theories to Development Prince Opoku Agyemang Available at: https://works.bepress.com/prince_opokuagyemang/2/
More informationChapter 15: Fiscal Policy Section 2
Chapter 15: Fiscal Policy Section 2 Objectives 1. Compare and Contrast classical economics and Keynesian economics. 2. Explain the basic principles of supplyside economics. 3. Describe the role that fiscal
More informationEconomics 1012A: Introduction to Macroeconomics FALL 2007 Dr. R. E. Mueller Third Midterm Examination November 15, 2007
Economics 1012A: Introduction to Macroeconomics FALL 2007 Dr. R. E. Mueller Third Midterm Examination November 15, 2007 Answer all of the following questions by selecting the most appropriate answer on
More informationFiscal Policy. Changes in federal taxes and purchases
Fiscal Policy Changes in federal taxes and purchases Where does the government spend its money? Federal Government Spending, 2010 Fiscal Policy An Overview of Government Spending and Taxes The Federal
More informationWhat is Macroeconomics?
Introduction ti to Macroeconomics MSc Induction Simon Hayley Simon.Hayley.1@city.ac.uk it What is Macroeconomics? Macroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole. It studies aggregate effects, such as:
More informationRevision Sheets. AS Economics National Economy in a Global Context. Revision Sheets
2018 http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/pictures/150000/velka/uk-map.jpg AS Economics National Economy in a Global Context Macroeconomic Objectives Low unemployment Improve external performance Objectives
More informationFederal Budget Policy with an Aging Population and Persistently Low Interest Rates. Douglas Elmendorf and Louise Sheiner February 5, 2016
Federal Budget Policy with an Aging Population and Persistently Low Interest Rates Douglas Elmendorf and Louise Sheiner February 5, 2016 Key considerations Recent surge in debt Debt/GDP projected to rise
More informationEconomics, 6th ed., 2016, Prof. Dr. P. Zamaros. presentation 29 policy dilemmas & stablization
presentation 29 policy dilemmas & stablization Dilemmas It is said that state fiscal and monetary policies are effective when they result in changing the shot-run equilibrium by shifting AD to the right
More informationI don't understand the argument that even though inflation is not accelerating, the world nevertheless suffers from "global excess liquidity":
August 17, 2005 Global Excess Liquidity? I don't understand the argument that even though inflation is not accelerating, the world nevertheless suffers from "global excess liquidity": Economics focus A
More informationThe sharp accumulation in government debt can t go on forever
The sharp accumulation in government debt can t go on forever Summary: Sovereign debts have increased sharply since the eighties; Global monetary stimulus has created a low interest rate environment but
More informationExemplar for Internal Assessment Resource Economics Level 2
Exemplar for internal assessment resource Economics 2.6A for Achievement Standard 91227 Exemplar for Internal Assessment Resource Economics Level 2 Resource title: Government policies that could lift the
More informationAQA Economics A-level
AQA Economics A-level Macroeconomics Topic 5: Fiscal and Supply Side Policies 5.1 Fiscal policy Notes Fiscal policy involves the manipulation of government spending, taxation and the budget balance. It
More informationChapter 11 Fiscal Policy, Deficits, and Debt
Chapter Overview Chapter 11 Fiscal Policy, Deficits, and Debt This chapter explores the tools of government stabilization policy in terms of the aggregate demandaggregate (AD-AS) model. Next, fiscal policy
More informationIB Economics The Level of Overall Economic Activity 2.1: Economic Activity
IB Economics: www.ibdeconomics.com 2.1 ECONOMIC ACTIVITY: STUDENT LEARNING ACTIVITY Answer the questions that follow. 1. DEFINITIONS Define the following terms: Income Factors of production Land entrepreneurship).
More informationAQA Economics A-level
AQA Economics A-level Macroeconomics Topic 3: Economic Performance 3.2 Employment and unemployment Notes Measures of unemployment It is usually difficult to accurately measure unemployment. Some of those
More informationDesigning fiscal targets for the UK
Designing fiscal targets for the UK Carl Emmerson This presentation draws heavily on C. Emmerson, S. Keynes and G. Tetlow The fiscal targets, Chapter 4 of the IFS Green Budget: February 2013 (http://www.ifs.org.uk/publications/6562)
More informationENGLISH SUMMARY Chapter I: Economic Outlook
ENGLISH SUMMARY This report contains two chapters: Chapter I presents an economic outlook for the Danish economy, and chapter II examines the Danish system of unemployment insurance. Chapter I: Economic
More informationAggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply
Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply The Learning Objectives in this presentation are covered in Chapter 20: Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply LEARNING OBJECTIVES
More informationECO 209Y MACROECONOMIC THEORY AND POLICY
Department of Economics Prof. Gustavo Indart University of Toronto October 22, 2010 ECO 209Y MACROECONOMIC THEORY AND POLICY Term Test #1 LAST NAME FIRST NAME STUDENT NUMBER Circle your section of the
More informationQuestions and Answers. Intermediate Macroeconomics. Second Year
Questions and Answers Intermediate Macroeconomics Second Year Chapter2 Q1: MCQ 1) If the quantity of money increases, the A) price level rises and the AD curve does not shift. B) AD curve shifts leftward
More information2.1 Economic activity The level of overall economic activity
2.1 Economic activity The level of overall economic activity Learning Outcomes Describe, using a diagram, the circular flow of income between households and firms in a closed economy with no government.
More information11/25/2018. FISCAL POLICY Government Spending and Tax Policy Part 2. Supply-Side Effects of Fiscal Policy What about Budget Deficits?
13 FISCAL POLICY Government Spending and Tax Policy Part 2 Supply-Side Effects of Fiscal Policy What about Budget Deficits? Cut T and hold G fixed => increase in budget deficit Government needs to borrow
More informationAutomatic Stabilizers
Automatic Stabilizers By: OpenStaxCollege The millions of unemployed in 2008 2009 could collect unemployment insurance benefits to replace some of their salaries. Federal fiscal policies include discretionary
More informationWill Fiscal Stimulus Packages Be Effective in Turning Around the European Economies?
Will Fiscal Stimulus Packages Be Effective in Turning Around the European Economies? Presented by: Howard Archer Chief European & U.K. Economist IHS Global Insight European Fiscal Stimulus Limited? Europeans
More informationThe Exchange Rate and Canadian Inflation Targeting
The Exchange Rate and Canadian Inflation Targeting Christopher Ragan* An essential part of the Bank of Canada s inflation-control strategy is a flexible exchange rate that is free to adjust to various
More informationNote de conjuncture n
Note de conjuncture n 1-2005 Growth accelerates in 2004, expected to slow down in 2005 STATEC has just published Note de Conjoncture No. 1-2005. The first issue of the year serves as an "Annual Economic
More informationFRANCE Draft Budget Law for 2018 Public deficit reduced to 2.6% of GDP
No. 17/244 5 October 2017 FRANCE Draft Budget Law for 2018 On 27 September, the government presented its Draft Budget Law for 2018. This budget proposal aims to meet the dual objective of reducing the
More informationHIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION ECONOMICS 2/3 UNIT (COMMON) Time allowed Three hours (Plus 5 minutes reading time)
N E W S O U T H W A L E S HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION 1997 ECONOMICS 2/3 UNIT (COMMON) Time allowed Three hours (Plus 5 minutes reading time) DIRECTIONS TO CANDIDATES Board-approved calculators
More informationWasn't Texas supposed to be thriving even as the rest of America suffered? Didn't its governor declare, during his re-election campaign, that we have
Wasn't Texas supposed to be thriving even as the rest of America suffered? Didn't its governor declare, during his re-election campaign, that we have billions in surplus? But reality has now intruded and
More informationECO 209Y MACROECONOMIC THEORY AND POLICY. Term Test #3. February 12, 2018
ECO 209Y MACROECONOMIC THEORY AND POLICY Term Test #3 February 12, 2018 U of T E-MAIL: @MAIL.UTORONTO.CA SURNAME (LAST NAME): GIVEN NAME (FIRST NAME): UTORID (e.g., LIHAO118): INSTRUCTIONS: The total time
More informationFinal Examination Semester 2 / Year 2012
Final Examination Semester 2 / Year 2012 COURSE : ECONOMICS COURSE CODE : ECON1023 TIME : 2 1/2 HOURS DEPARTMENT : IT AND JOURNALISM & COMMUNICATION STUDIES LECTURER : CHING YANN PENG Student s ID : Batch
More informationRecaping the effects of both Fiscal policy and Monetary policy in the long run
Recaping the effects of both Fiscal policy and Monetary policy in the long run When the government ran a record surplus in 2000, many regarded it as a cause for celebration. Conversely, people usually
More informationConsumption expenditure The five most important variables that determine the level of consumption are:
The aggregate expenditure model: A macroeconomic model that focuses on the relationship between total spending and real GDP, assuming the price level is constant. Macroeconomic equilibrium: AE = GDP Consumption
More informationEconomic ProjEctions for
Economic Projections for 2016-2018 ECONOMIC PROJECTIONS FOR 2016-2018 Outlook for the Maltese economy 1 Economic growth is expected to ease Following three years of strong expansion, the Bank s latest
More informationArchimedean Upper Conservatory Economics, November 2016 Quiz, Unit VI, Stabilization Policies
Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The federal budget tends to move toward _ as the economy. A. deficit; contracts B. deficit; expands C.
More information