Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis

Transcription

1 Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis Chapter 21 PowerPoint Editor: Beth Kane, MBA, CPA Wild, Shaw, and Chiappetta Fundamental Accounting Principles 22nd Edition Copyright 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

2 21-C1: Fixed Costs 2

3 Identifying Cost Behavior Cost-volume-profit analysis is used to answer questions such as: How much does income increase if we install a new machine to reduce labor costs? What is the change in income if selling prices decline and sales volume increases? How will income change if we change the sales mix of our products or services? What sales volume is needed to earn a target income? C 1 3

4 Fixed Costs C 1 4

5 Variable Costs C 1 5

6 Mixed Costs C 1 6

7 Step-Wise Costs Total cost increases to a new higher cost for the next higher range of activity, but remains constant within a range of activity. C 1 7

8 Curvilinear Costs C 1 Costs that increase when activity increases, but in a nonlinear manner. 8

9 NEED-TO-KNOW Determine whether each of the following is best described as a fixed, variable, mixed, step-wise, or curvilinear cost with respect to product units. Rubber used to manufacture tennis balls $0.50 per tennis ball Variable cost Depreciation (straight-line method) Electricity cost Supervisory salaries A salesperson s commission is 7% for sales of up to $100,000, and 10% of sales for sales above $100,000 $6,000 $5,000 $0.50 per tennis ball - Variable Total Cost $4,000 $3,000 $2,000 $1,000 $0 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 Units Produced C 1 9

10 NEED-TO-KNOW Determine whether each of the following is best described as a fixed, variable, mixed, step-wise, or curvilinear cost with respect to product units. Rubber used to manufacture tennis balls $0.50 per ball Variable cost Depreciation (straight-line method) $2,000 per month Fixed cost Electricity cost Supervisory salaries A salesperson s commission is 7% for sales of up to $100,000, and 10% of sales for sales above $100,000 $2,500 $2,000 per month - Fixed $2,000 Total Cost $1,500 $1,000 $500 $0 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 Units Produced C 1 10

11 NEED-TO-KNOW Determine whether each of the following is best described as a fixed, variable, mixed, step-wise, or curvilinear cost with respect to product units. Rubber used to manufacture tennis balls $0.50 per ball Variable cost Depreciation (straight-line method) $2,000 per month Fixed cost Electricity cost $500 + $0.10 per ball Mixed cost Supervisory salaries A salesperson s commission is 7% for sales of up to $100,000, and 10% of sales for sales above $100,000 Total Cost $1,600 $1,400 $1,200 $1,000 $800 $600 $400 $200 $500 + $0.10 per unit- Mixed $0 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 Units Produced C 1 11

12 NEED-TO-KNOW Determine whether each of the following is best described as a fixed, variable, mixed, step-wise, or curvilinear cost with respect to product units. Rubber used to manufacture tennis balls $0.50 per ball Variable cost Depreciation (straight-line method) $2,000 per month Fixed cost Electricity cost $500 + $0.10 per ball Mixed cost Supervisory salaries 4,000 units per shift $5,000 per mo. per supervisor Step-wise cost A salesperson s commission is 7% for sales of up to $100,000, and 10% of sales for sales above $100,000 $16,000 $14,000 $12,000 $10,000 $5,000 per supervisor per month - Step-wise Total Cost $8,000 $6,000 $4,000 $2,000 $0 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 Units Produced C 1 12

13 NEED-TO-KNOW Determine whether each of the following is best described as a fixed, variable, mixed, step-wise, or curvilinear cost with respect to product units. Rubber used to manufacture tennis balls $0.50 per ball Variable cost Depreciation (straight-line method) $2,000 per month Fixed cost Electricity cost $500 + $0.10 per ball Mixed cost Supervisory salaries 4,000 units per shift $5,000 per mo. per supervisor Step-wise cost A salesperson s commission is 7% for sales of up to $100,000, and Curvilinear cost 10% of sales for sales above $100,000 $30,000 $25,000 $20,000 Sales Commissions - Curvilinear Total Cost $15,000 $10,000 $5,000 $0 $0 $50,000 $100,000 $150,000 $200,000 $250,000 $300,000 Sales $ C 1 13

14 21-P1: Measuring Cost Behavior 14

15 Measuring Cost Behavior The objective is to classify all costs as either fixed or variable. We will look at three methods: 1. Scatter diagrams. 2. The high-low method. 3. Least squares regression. A scatter diagram is a plot of cost data points on a graph. It is almost always helpful to plot cost data to be able to observe a visual picture of the relationship between cost and activity. P 1 15

16 Scatter Diagrams P 1 16

17 The High-Low Method The following relationships between units produced and total cost are observed: P 1 Using these two levels of activity, compute: the variable cost per unit. the total fixed cost. 17

18 The High-Low Method Units Cost High activity level - October 67,500 $ 29,000 Low activity level - February 17,500 20,500 Change in activity 50,000 $ 8,500 P 1 Total cost = $17,525 + $0.17 per unit produced 18

19 Least-Squares Regression Least-squares regression is usually covered in advanced cost accounting courses. It is commonly used with spreadsheet programs or calculators. The objective of the cost analysis remains the same: determination of total fixed cost and the variable unit cost. P 1 19

20 Comparison of Cost Estimation Methods P 1 20

21 NEED-TO-KNOW Using the information below, use the high-low method to determine the cost equation (total fixed costs plus variable costs per unit). Activity Level Units Produced Total Cost Lowest 1,600 $9,800 Highest 4,000 17,000 Variable Cost = Cost at high point - Cost at low point ($17,000 - $9,800) $7,200 Units at high point - Units at low point (4,000-1,600) 2,400 $3 per unit produced Fixed Costs (at high point) Fixed Costs (at low point) Total cost = Fixed costs + $3 per unit $17,000 = Fixed costs + ($3 x 4,000) $5,000 = Fixed costs Total cost = Fixed costs + $3 per unit $9,800 = Fixed costs + ($3 x 1,600) $5,000 = Fixed costs Total costs = $5,000 + $3 per unit P 1 21

22 NEED-TO-KNOW Slope = Variable Cost $3 per unit y-intercept = Fixed Costs $5,000 Total Cost = $5,000 + $3 per unit Total Cost $18,000 $16,000 $14,000 $12,000 $10,000 $8,000 $6,000 $4,000 $2,000 $0 (4,000 units, $17,000) (1,600 units, $9,800) (0 units, $5,000) ,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 Units Produced P 1 22

23 21-A1: Contribution Margin and Its Measures 23

24 Contribution Margin and Its Measures A 1 24

25 21-P2: Computing the Break- Even Point 25

26 Using Break-Even Analysis The break-even point (expressed in units of product or dollars of sales) is the unique sales level at which a company earns neither a profit nor incurs a loss. P 2 26

27 Computing the Break-Even Point P 2 27

28 Computing the Margin of Safety P 2 28

29 NEED-TO-KNOW A manufacturer predicts fixed costs of $400,000 for the next year. Its one product sells for $170 per unit, and it incurs variable costs of $150 per unit. The company predicts total sales of 25,000 units for the next year. 1. Compute the contribution margin per unit. $20 per unit 2. Compute the break-even point (in units). 3. Compute the margin of safety (in dollars). Contribution margin per unit, or unit contribution margin, is the amount by which a product s unit selling price exceeds its total variable cost per unit. Sales Variable costs Contribution margin $170 per unit 150 per unit $ 20 per unit P 2 29

30 NEED-TO-KNOW A manufacturer predicts fixed costs of $400,000 for the next year. Its one product sells for $170 per unit, and it incurs variable costs of $150 per unit. The company predicts total sales of 25,000 units for the next year. 1. Compute the contribution margin per unit. 2. Compute the break-even point (in units). 3. Compute the margin of safety (in dollars). $20 per unit 20,000 units Break-even point in units = Fixed costs Contribution margin per unit $400,000 $20 per unit 20,000 units to break-even Units per unit Total Sales 20,000 $170 $3,400,000 Variable costs 20,000 $150 3,000,000 Contribution margin $20 400,000 Fixed costs 400,000 Net income $0 P 2 30

31 NEED-TO-KNOW A manufacturer predicts fixed costs of $400,000 for the next year. Its one product sells for $170 per unit, and it incurs variable costs of $150 per unit. The company predicts total sales of 25,000 units for the next year. 1. Compute the contribution margin per unit. $20 per unit 2. Compute the break-even point (in units). 20,000 units 3. Compute the margin of safety (in dollars). $850,000 The excess of expected sales over the break-even sales level is called a company s margin of safety Units per unit Total Expected sales 25,000 $170 $4,250,000 Break-even sales 20,000 $170 3,400,000 Margin of safety $850,000 P 2 31

32 21-P3: Preparing a Cost-Volume- Profit Chart 32

33 Preparing a CVP Chart P 3 33

34 Working with Changes in Estimates P 3 34

35 21-C2: Applying Cost-Volume- Profit Analysis 35

36 Computing Income from Sales and Costs C 2 36

37 Computing Sales for a Target Income C 2 37

38 Computing Sales for a Target Income C 2 38

39 Computing Sales for a Target Income C 2 39

40 NEED-TO-KNOW A manufacturer predicts fixed costs of $502,000 for the next year. Its one product sells for $180 per unit, and it incurs variable costs of $126 per unit. Its target income (pretax) is $200, Compute the contribution margin ratio. 30% 2. Compute the dollar sales needed to yield the target income. 3. Compute the unit sales needed to yield the target income. The contribution margin ratio is the percent of a unit s selling price that exceeds total unit variable cost. Contribution margin ratio = Contribution margin per unit Selling price per unit $180 - $126 $54 $180 $180 30% per unit Ratio Sales $ % Variable costs % Contribution margin $54 30% C 2 40

41 NEED-TO-KNOW A manufacturer predicts fixed costs of $502,000 for the next year. Its one product sells for $180 per unit, and it incurs variable costs of $126 per unit. Its target income (pretax) is $200, Compute the contribution margin ratio. 30% 2. Compute the dollar sales needed to yield the target income. $2,340, Compute the unit sales needed to yield the target income. Dollar sales to achieve target income = Fixed costs + Pretax Income Contribution margin ratio $502,000 + $200, $2,340,000 per unit Ratio Total Sales $ % $2,340,000 Variable costs $126 70% 1,638,000 Contribution margin $54 30% 702,000 Fixed costs 502,000 Net income $200,000 C 2 41

42 NEED-TO-KNOW A manufacturer predicts fixed costs of $502,000 for the next year. Its one product sells for $180 per unit, and it incurs variable costs of $126 per unit. Its target income (pretax) is $200, Compute the contribution margin ratio. 30% 2. Compute the dollar sales needed to yield the target income. $2,340, Compute the unit sales needed to yield the target income. 13,000 units (or $2,340,000 / $180) Break-even Units to yield point target in units income = = Fixed costs Fixed + costs target (pretax) income Contribution margin per per unit unit $502,000 + $200,000 $702,000 $180 - $126 $54 13,000 units Units per unit Total Sales 13,000 $180 $2,340,000 Variable costs 13,000 $126 1,638,000 Contribution margin $54 702,000 Fixed costs 502,000 Net income $200,000 C 2 42

43 Using Sensitivity Analysis C 2 43

44 21-P4: Computing a Multiproduct Break-Even Point 44

45 Computing a Multiproduct Break-Even Point The CVP formulas can be modified for use when a company sells more than one product. The unit contribution margin is replaced with the contribution margin for a composite unit. A composite unit is composed of specific numbers of each product in proportion to the product sales mix. Sales mix is the ratio of the volumes of the various products. P 4 45

46 Computing a Multiproduct Break-Even Point The resulting break-even formula for composite unit sales is: Break-even point in composite units = Fixed costs Contribution margin per composite unit Continue P 4 46

47 Computing a Multiproduct Break-Even Point Hair-Today offers three cuts as shown below. Annual fixed costs are $192,000. Compute the break-even point in composite units and in number of units for each haircut at the given sales mix. Haircuts Basic Ultra Budget Selling Price $ $ $ Variable Cost Unit Contribution $ 7.00 $ $ 8.00 Sales Mix Ratio P 4 47

48 Computing a Multiproduct Break-Even Point Haircuts Basic Ultra Budget Selling Price $ $ $ Sales Mix Ratio Selling Price/cut $ $ $ Total Selling Price/Composite Unit $ P 4 48

49 Computing a Multiproduct Break-Even Point Haircuts Basic Ultra Budget Variable Costs $ $ $ 8.00 Sales Mix Ratio Selling Price/cut $ $ $ 8.00 Total Variable Cost/Composite Unit $ P 4 49

50 Computing a Multiproduct Break-Even Point Break-even point in composite units Break-even point in composite units = = Fixed costs Contribution margin per composite unit $192,000 $64.00 per composite unit Break-even point in composite units = 3,000 composite units P 4 50

51 Computing a Multiproduct Break-Even Point Sales Composite Product Mix Cuts Haircuts Basic 4 3,000 = 12,000 Ultra 2 3,000 = 6,000 Budget 1 3,000 = 3,000 Total 21,000 P 4 51

52 Multiproduct Break-Even Income Statement P 4 52

53 NEED-TO-KNOW The sales mix of a company s two products, X and Y, is 2:1. Unit variable costs for both products are $2, and unit selling prices are $5 for X and $4 for Y. The company has $640,000 of fixed costs. 1. What is the contribution margin per composite unit? $8 2. What is the break-even point in composite units? 3. How many units of X and how many units of Y will be sold at the break-even point? Selling price per composite unit Units per unit Total Product X 2 $5 $10 Product Y 1 $4 4 Total 3 $14 Variable cost per composite unit Units per unit Total Product X 2 $2 $4 Product Y 1 $2 2 Total 3 $6 Contribution margin per composite unit ($14 - $6) $8 P 4 53

54 NEED-TO-KNOW The sales mix of a company s two products, X and Y, is 2:1. Unit variable costs for both products are $2, and unit selling prices are $5 for X and $4 for Y. The company has $640,000 of fixed costs. 1. What is the contribution margin per composite unit? $8 2. What is the break-even point in composite units? 80,000 composite units 3. How many units of X and how many units of Y will be sold at the break-even point? Break-even point in composite units = Fixed costs Contribution margin per composite unit $640,000 $8 per composite unit 80,000 composite units to break even P 4 54

55 NEED-TO-KNOW The sales mix of a company s two products, X and Y, is 2:1. Unit variable costs for both products are $2, and unit selling prices are $5 for X and $4 for Y. The company has $640,000 of fixed costs. 1. What is the contribution margin per composite unit? $8 2. What is the break-even point in composite units? 80,000 composite units 3. How many units of X and how many units of Y will be sold at the break-even point? Units of each product at break-even Total Product X 80,000 composite units x 2 units per composite unit 160,000 Product Y 80,000 composite units x 1 unit per composite unit 80, ,000 Total Sales Units per unit Total Product X 160,000 $5 $800,000 Product Y 80,000 $4 320,000 Total 240,000 $1,120,000 Total Variable Costs Units per unit Total Product X 160,000 $2 $320,000 Product Y 80,000 $2 160,000 Total 240,000 $480,000 Composite units per unit Total Sales 80,000 $14 $1,120,000 Variable costs 80,000 $6 480,000 Contribution margin $8 640,000 Fixed costs 640,000 Net income $0 P 4 55

56 Global View Over 90 percent of German companies surveyed report their cost accounting systems focus on contribution margin. This focus helps German companies like Volkswagen control costs and plan their production levels. 56

57 21-A2: Degree of Operating Leverage 57

58 Degree of Operating Leverage A measure of the extent to which fixed costs are being used in an organization. A measure of how a percentage change in sales will affect profits. A 2 58

59 Operating Leverage Rydell Company Sales (1,200 units) $ 120,000 Less: variable expenses 84,000 Contribution margin 36,000 Less: fixed expenses 24,000 Pretax income $ 12,000 If Rydell increases sales by 10 percent, what will the percentage increase in income be? A 2 59

60 Appendix 21A: Using Excel to Estimate Least-Squares Regression 60

61 End of Chapter 21 61