Lecture 12: Tax Incidence
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1 Lecture 12: Tax Incidence November 22, 2016
2 Overview Course Administration Ripped From Headlines Taxation Overview Three Rules of Tax Incidence Tax Incidence Extensions General Equilibrium Tax Incidence Empirical Incidence of Taxation in the U
3 Course Administration 1. Problem ets P 11 posted Returning P 8 P 9 answers posted 2. Last year s final posted 3. Exam 2 review by avid 12/3, 1 to 2:30 pm Rome 205 bring questions 4. Anything else?
4 Ripped from the Headlines Next Week Afternoon: one! Evening Finder Presenter ara Linder Michael Horneffer Michael Horneffer Marizabel Cabrera
5 Taxation Overview
6 Many Types of Taxation Payroll tax Income tax Corporate tax Wealth taxes Property tax Estate tax Consumption tax ales tax Excise tax sales tax applied only to certain goods Value added tax
7 Type of Taxation hifted ramatically in U
8 Taxation Type Varies ubstantially by Country
9 Key Tax efinitions Tax base: that on which the tax is levied Base for property tax is value of properties Base for sales tax is value of sales Tax rate: rate at which base is taxed C s General tangible property and selected services tax rate is 5.75% C s parking tax rate is 18%
10 Tax Fairness Vertical equity People with more money should may more taxes (total, or higher rate?) than people with less money
11 Tax Fairness Vertical equity People with more money should may more taxes (total, or higher rate?) than people with less money Horizontal equity Tax equivalent goods equally on t tax hot dogs and fail to tax sausages Hard to define in practice
12 Three Rules of Tax Incidence
13 You Levy a Tax Who Pays? The U income tax has shifted from a reliance on corporate taxes to income tax. oes this mean workers are paying more? Who pays? = tax incidence
14 You Levy a Tax Who Pays? The U income tax has shifted from a reliance on corporate taxes to income tax. oes this mean workers are paying more? Who pays? = tax incidence tudy the three rules of tax incidence 1. tatutory burden of tax economic incidence of tax 2. ide of the market on which tax is imposed is irrelevant to distribution of tax burdens 3. Parties with inelastic supply or demand bear taxes
15 Types of Taxation specific excise tax: per unit tax ad valorem tax: tax that is a fixed percentage of the sale price We will present everything with a specific excise tax. Results are equally applicable to an ad valorem tax.
16 Types of Taxation specific excise tax: per unit tax ad valorem tax: tax that is a fixed percentage of the sale price We will present everything with a specific excise tax. Results are equally applicable to an ad valorem tax. U.. excise tax examples federal tax on bows, archery equipment and and arrow shafts gasoline wine, varying by type, highest on naturally sparkling
17 Key Phrases Incidence who pays the tax, or who bears the burden of the tax. tatutory incidence: determined by who pays the tax to the government Economic incidence: determined by whose economic resources change due to the tax
18 1. tatutory Incidence Economic Incidence What Happens When you Levy a Tax on the Producer? price per gallon of gas Q o quantity of gas in billions of gallons
19 1. tatutory Incidence Economic Incidence What Are the New Equilibrium Price and Quantity? price per gallon of gas tax Q o quantity of gas in billions of gallons
20 1. tatutory Incidence Economic Incidence How Much Extra is the Consumer Paying? price per gallon of gas tax P n Q n Q o quantity of gas in billions of gallons
21 1. tatutory Incidence Economic Incidence How Much oes the Producer ell for? And What oes He Keep? price per gallon of gas tax consumer s burden P n Q n Q o quantity of gas in billions of gallons
22 1. tatutory Incidence Economic Incidence Producer and Consumer hare the Burden of the Tax price per gallon of gas tax consumer s burden producer s burden P n Q n Q o quantity of gas in billions of gallons
23 efining Tax Burdens a burden is a bad thing for producers or consumers burden is expressed as a positive number think of it as the net effect of positive and negative price changes from the tax from the producer and consumer viewpoint separately producer and consumer tax burden sum to the amount of the tax
24 efining Tax Burdens, Tax on Producer consumer tax burden = (post-tax price - pre-tax price) + per-unit tax payment by consumer = benefit/loss in price change to consumer + per-unit tax payment by consumer = (P n )+ per-unit tax payments by consumers = P n
25 efining Tax Burdens, Tax on Producer consumer tax burden = (post-tax price - pre-tax price) + per-unit tax payment by consumer = benefit/loss in price change to consumer + per-unit tax payment by consumer = (P n )+ per-unit tax payments by consumers = P n producer tax burden = (pre-tax price - post-tax price) + per-unit tax payment by producer = per-unit tax payment by producer + benefit/loss in price change to producer = per-unit tax payments by producers (P n ) = tax (P n )
26 Writing the New upply Curve, 1 of 3 uppose that the supply curve before the tax is Q = 2P + 2. How does the supplier perceive a tax of $2/unit?
27 Writing the New upply Curve, 1 of 3 uppose that the supply curve before the tax is Q = 2P + 2. How does the supplier perceive a tax of $2/unit? Note that the price with taxes on the new supply curve is 2 higher than the old supply curve: P t = P nt + 2
28 Writing the New upply Curve, 2 of 3 Method 1 of 2 for getting to the same answer, or writing the new supply curve Recognize that you can plug P t = P nt + 2 into the new supply curve Q = 2P t + 2 Q = 2(P nt 2) + 2 Q = 2P nt Q = 2P 2
29 Writing the New upply Curve, 3 of 3 Method 2 of 2 for getting to the same answer, or writing the new supply curve Recognize that the new supply curve has a y-intercept two units higher than the old one Re-write the original supply curve in terms of P P t = P nt + 2 P t = Q P t = Q Q = 2P 2
30 Two Tax Price Terms Gross Price price paid by or received by party not paying the tax to the government same as the market price
31 Two Tax Price Terms Gross Price price paid by or received by party not paying the tax to the government same as the market price After-tax Price price paid by or received by the party paying tax to the government lower by the amount of the tax if the producer pays the tax higher by the amount of the tax if the consumer pays the tax
32 2. ide of the Market on Which Tax is Imposed Irrelevant to istribution of Tax Burden uppose that the gasoline tax is levied on the consumer, not the producer This means you buy some gas and send a check to the government
33 Consumer Pays Tax What Happens When you Levy a Tax on the Consumer? price per gallon of gas Q o quantity of gas in billions of gallons
34 Consumer Pays Tax What Are the New Equilibrium Price and Quantity? price per gallon of gas Q o t quantity of gas in billions of gallons
35 Consumer Pays Tax How Much Lower Price oes the Producer uffer? price per gallon of gas P n Q o Q n t quantity of gas in billions of gallons
36 Consumer Pays Tax How Much oes the Consumer Pay? price per gallon of gas producer s burden P n Q n Q o t quantity of gas in billions of gallons
37 Consumer Pays Tax Producer and Consumer hare the Burden of the Tax price per gallon of gas consumer s burden producer s burden P n Q n Q o t quantity of gas in billions of gallons
38 Consider Burdens When tax is levied on consumers consumer burden
39 Consider Burdens When tax is levied on consumers consumer burden = t ( P n ) producer burden
40 Consider Burdens When tax is levied on consumers consumer burden = t ( P n ) producer burden = P n
41 Consider Burdens When tax is levied on consumers consumer burden = t ( P n ) producer burden = P n When tax is levied on producers consumer burden = P n producer burden = t (P n )
42 Consider Burdens When tax is levied on consumers consumer burden = t ( P n ) producer burden = P n When tax is levied on producers consumer burden = P n producer burden = t (P n ) Note that In both cases, total burden is tax The total price change faced by producers and consumers is equal regardless of the side of the market with the tax (more clear in factor market analysis)
43 Visual Comparison of Burdens price per gallon of gas tax price per gallon of gas consumer s burden producer s burden P n consumer s burden producer s burden P n Q n Q o quantity of gas in billions of gallons Q n Q o t quantity of gas in billions of gallons
44 Tax Wedge Tax wedge is sum of consumer and producer burdens oes the wedge change if the tax is levied on consumers?
45 In-Class Problem The demand for rutabagas is Q = 1, P, and the supply of rutabagas is Q = 300P Re-write one of the curves if the producer bears the statutory incidence of a $4/unit tax on the sale of rutabagas. 2. Who bears the economic incidence of this tax?
46 3. Inelastic Party Bears Tax Burden Return to statutory tax burden levied on producers Consider inelastic demand Consider elastic demand
47 Inelastic emand What oes Inelastic emand Look Like? price per gallon of gas quantity of gas in billions of gallons
48 Inelastic emand What is the Original Equilibrium P and Q? price per gallon of gas quantity of gas in billions of gallons
49 Inelastic emand How oes the Tax hift Production? price per gallon of gas Q o quantity of gas in billions of gallons
50 Inelastic emand What Are the New Equilibrium P and Q? price per gallon of gas tax Q o quantity of gas in billions of gallons
51 Inelastic emand What is the Consumer s Burden? price per gallon of gas tax P n Q o =Q n quantity of gas in billions of gallons
52 Inelastic emand Consumer Cannot Run Away From Tax price per gallon of gas tax consumer s burden P n Q o =Q n quantity of gas in billions of gallons
53 Elastic emand What oes Elastic emand Look Like? price per gallon of gas quantity of gas in billions of gallons
54 Elastic emand How oes Tax on Producer hift upply? price per gallon of gas Q o quantity of gas in billions of gallons
55 Elastic emand What are the New Equilibrium P and Q? price per gallon of gas tax Q o quantity of gas in billions of gallons
56 Elastic emand Producer Bears Entire Burden price per gallon of gas tax P n = Q n Q o quantity of gas in billions of gallons
57 And the ame is True for upply
58 Tax Incidence Extensions
59 Three Extensions 1. Tax incidence in factor markets 2. (skip) Tax incidence in imperfectly competitive markets 3. (skip) Balanced budget tax incidence
60 Tax Incidence in Factor Markets uppose a tax is levied on a factor of production tax on labor tax on capital, such as land or steel
61 Tax Incidence in Factor Markets uppose a tax is levied on a factor of production tax on labor tax on capital, such as land or steel o wages decrease? Or do product prices increase? Who bears the burden of the tax?
62 Tax on Workers uppose the government decides to levy a tax on workers It can either charge workers via a payroll tax Or it can charge employers via a payroll tax oes it matter?
63 Tax on Workers (Producers) vs. Tax on Firms (Consumers) How oes Tax on Workers (=Producers) hift upply? tax on workers tax on firms Q o Q o
64 Tax on Workers (Producers) vs. Tax on Firms (Consumers) What Are the New Equilibrium P and Q? tax on workers t tax on firms Q o Q o
65 Tax on Workers (Producers) vs. Tax on Firms (Consumers) What is the Consumer (Labor Purchaser) Burden? tax on workers tax on firms t P n Q n Q o Q o
66 Tax on Workers (Producers) vs. Tax on Firms (Consumers) What is the Producer (Worker/upplier) Burden? tax on workers tax on firms t P n Q n Q o Q o
67 Tax on Workers (Producers) vs. Tax on Firms (Consumers) What if Firms Pay the Payroll Tax? tax on workers tax on firms t P n Q n Q o Q o
68 Tax on Workers (Producers) vs. Tax on Firms (Consumers) New Equilibrium P and Q? tax on workers tax on firms t t P n Q n Q o Q o
69 Tax on Workers (Producers) vs. Tax on Firms (Consumers) Producer (Worker) Burden? tax on workers tax on firms t t P n P n Q n Q o Q n Q o
70 Tax on Workers (Producers) vs. Tax on Firms (Consumers) Consumer (Labor Purchaser) Burden? tax on workers tax on firms t t P n P n Q n Q o Q n Q o
71 Tax on Workers (Producers) vs. Tax on Firms (Consumers) oesn t Matter Who Pays the Tax tax on workers tax on firms t t P n P n Q n Q o Q n Q o
72 But What If There is an Impediment to Adjustment? uppose that there is a minimum wage Compare payroll tax levied on workers To payroll tax levied on employers
73 Tax with a Minimum Wage How oes Tax on Workers=Producers hift upply? tax on workers tax on firms min wage Q o Q o
74 Tax with a Minimum Wage What Are the New Equilibrium P and Q? tax on workers t tax on firms min wage Q o Q o
75 Tax with a Minimum Wage What is the Consumer (Labor Purchaser) Burden? tax on workers t tax on firms P n min wage Q n Q o Q o
76 Tax with a Minimum Wage What is the Producer (Worker upplier) Burden? tax on workers t tax on firms P n min wage Q n Q o Q o
77 Tax with a Minimum Wage What if Firms Pay the Payroll Tax? tax on workers t tax on firms P n min wage Q n Q o Q o
78 Tax with a Minimum Wage New Equilibrium P and Q? tax on workers tax on firms t t P n min wage Q n Q o Q o
79 Tax with a Minimum Wage What Quantity of Workers Can Firms Get? tax on workers tax on firms t t P n min wage P desired Q n Q o Q o
80 Tax with a Minimum Wage Who Bears the Burden? tax on workers tax on firms t t P n min wage P desired Q n Q o Q mw Q o
81 Tax with a Minimum Wage Consumers of Labor (Firms) Bear the Burden tax on workers tax on firms t t P n min wage P desired Q n Q o Q mw Q o
82 ummary of Taxes on Inputs Barriers to reaching the competitive market equilibrium can matter for tax incidence Other barriers include workplace norms, such as norm for not cutting nominal wages More likely to see these features in input, rather than output markets Therefore, the party on whom the tax is levied may matter more in input than output markets
83 General Equilibrium Tax Incidence
84 General Equilibrium Considerations 1. Illustrative example 2. Issues to consider time period scope spillovers between product markets
85 Taxing Restaurants in Lexington, MA uppose that the city of Lexington, MA passes a restaurant tax uppose that demand is perfectly elastic you can go to the next town to eat dinner Who bears the tax: restaurants or diners?
86 Taxing Restaurants in Lexington, MA uppose that the city of Lexington, MA passes a restaurant tax uppose that demand is perfectly elastic you can go to the next town to eat dinner Who bears the tax: restaurants or diners? the restaurants And what happens to the quantity of restaurant meals consumed?
87 Taxing Restaurants in Lexington, MA uppose that the city of Lexington, MA passes a restaurant tax uppose that demand is perfectly elastic you can go to the next town to eat dinner Who bears the tax: restaurants or diners? the restaurants And what happens to the quantity of restaurant meals consumed? declines
88 But That s Not the End A restaurant doesn t pay taxes. In the end, people pay taxes. Restaurants use capital and labor who bears the burden?
89 But That s Not the End A restaurant doesn t pay taxes. In the end, people pay taxes. Restaurants use capital and labor who bears the burden? Perhaps in the short run, labor is more elastic than capital, so capital bears the burden = restaurant owner makes less money In the long run?
90 But That s Not the End A restaurant doesn t pay taxes. In the end, people pay taxes. Restaurants use capital and labor who bears the burden? Perhaps in the short run, labor is more elastic than capital, so capital bears the burden = restaurant owner makes less money In the long run? restaurants leave, and landowners make less money In economics, land is the one absolutely fixed thing
91 General Equilibrium Issues: Time Period Overarching rule for general equilibrium tax incidence is to follow the incidence until you get to a person.
92 General Equilibrium Issues: Time Period Overarching rule for general equilibrium tax incidence is to follow the incidence until you get to a person. Long and short-run elasticities should differ examples?
93 General Equilibrium Issues: Time Period Overarching rule for general equilibrium tax incidence is to follow the incidence until you get to a person. Long and short-run elasticities should differ examples? In general, the longer the period, the more elastic all factors are Except for land!
94 General Equilibrium Issues: cope cope of tax matters: elasticity of response to tax on restaurants in Lexington is different than tax on restaurants in Massachusetts Is the supply of workers for the state-wide tax more or less elastic?
95 General Equilibrium Issues: cope cope of tax matters: elasticity of response to tax on restaurants in Lexington is different than tax on restaurants in Massachusetts Is the supply of workers for the state-wide tax more or less elastic? less elastic Compare tax on soda to tax on sugar
96 General Equilibrium Issues: Cross-Product Market Effects Tax from one market could spill over in another examples? Textbook uses restaurant meals and babysitters Think tax on internet and Netflix usage
97 Tax Incidence in the United tates
98 istributional Analysis of Taxes epends on Assumptions About Incidence Here s what two major non-partisan organizations assume Tax Type Income Payroll Excise Corporate Incidence by households that pay them by workers (even the employer part) shifted to prices, so in proportion to consumption shifted to owners of capital, so in proportion to capital income
99 Today: Tax Incidence Tax incidence: who bears the burden of the tax 1. tatutory incidence economic incidence 2. Without impediments, side of the market on which the tax is levied does not impact incidence 3. Less elastic factor bears the burden of the tax When there are impediments to reaching market equilibrium, which side of the market bears the tax matters General equilibrium tax incidence: the most inelastic factor bears the burden Rules of thumb for welfare analysis
100 Next Class Last lecture Gruber Chapter 12: ocial insurance
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