Tax Traps to Remember Joan E. Jung, Partner Minden Gross LLP Michael A. Goldberg, Partner Minden Gross LLP Samantha A. Prasad, Partner Minden Gross

Transcription

1 Tax Traps to Remember Joan E. Jung, Partner Minden Gross LLP Michael A. Goldberg, Partner Minden Gross LLP Samantha A. Prasad, Partner Minden Gross LLP Matthew Getzler, Associate Minden Gross LLP Ryan Chua, Associate Minden Gross LLP

2 Agenda Corporate Attribution Rules Section 84.1 Traps Capital Dividend Account Issues Association Rules The Reversionary Trust Rules New Testamentary Trust Traps Subsection 55(2) Traps Non-Resident Trust Traps Pipeline Traps Limitation Periods Estate Freeze Beneficiaries Crossing the Border

3 Corporate Attribution Rules Samantha Prasad

4 Corporate Attribution Rules Conditions Transfer/loan of property to company either directly or indirectly by means of a trust or otherwise One of the main purposes is to reduce income and benefit of a designated person Designated person: spouse, or child, niece, nephew or other non-arm s length person who has not reached the age of 18 in the year Designated person must be a specified shareholder of company (i.e. who owns directly or indirectly 10% of more of the issued shares of any class at any time)

5 Corporate Attribution Rules When can they Apply? Estates freezes both transfers to holding companies & reorganization of the capital of a company Interest-free loan to corporation Derivative transfer back to back transfers/loans

6 Corporate Attribution Rules Exceptions Small Business Corporation status S.74.4 Clause inserted in Trust However, restriction in multiplying capital gains exemption through the Trust Loan at the prescribed rate (Loans for Value)

7 Conditions Loan for Value (subsection 74.5(2)) Loan must bear interest at the prescribed rate in effect at the time the loan was made Interest must be paid on or before January 30 of the following year If interest in respect of any particular year not paid within required time frame, exception from attribution ceases to apply

8 Loans for Value (subsection 74.5(2)) Low prescribed rate since 2009 Ensure interest payment is made by January 30th Put in place proper documentation Can you restructure pre-existing loan to take advantage of current low prescribed rate? Not likely; need to repay loan and enter into new loan agreement CRA Document Nos ;

9 Matthew Getzler Section 84.1 Traps

10 Section 84.1 Most dangerous tax trap around Operates where individual transfers shares of a corporation to a second corporation with whom it does not deal at arms length could otherwise extract surplus to extent of cost base Application of s.84.1 in worst form: immediate deemed dividend Applies where cost base created by LCGE is used to access cash or other corporate-level assets

11 Section 84.1 (cont.) Includes receipt of assets or promissory note In case of p/n, deemed dividend upon issuance of note, not when repaid Non-share consideration upon transfer should be limited to cost base prior to crystallization of LCGE

12 Common transactions that are caught by section 84.1 Crystallization of LCGE by transferring some or all of shares in a corporation to Holdco for promissory note in the amount of the LCGE Crystallization of LCGE on a sale of shares to a nonarm s length person s holding corporation for promissory note in the amount of the LCGE Crystallization of LCGE upon sale of shares to relative for promissory note in the amount of the LCGE, and then relative tries to access corporate-level assets by selling the shares to a Holdco (i.e., for a p/n)

13 Joan Jung Capital Dividend Account Issues

14 Capital Dividend Account Issues Prerequisites of s.83(2), ITA Dividend becomes payable by private corporation to shareholders of any class of shares Corporation elects in respect of the full amount of the dividend In prescribed manner and form To extent of corporation s CDA immediately before the particular time

15 Full amount of the dividend If dividend is being declared by directors, meaning of full amount should be evident Split into two dividend declarations if necessary If deemed dividend from redemption or cancellation of shares, Split into two successive share redemptions Consider s.84(1) deemed dividend by paid-up capital increase for capital dividend

16 CDA a running account s.83(2), ITA depends on balance of CDA immediately before dividend becomes payable Definition of CDA, s.89(1), ITA Cumulative/running computation From beginning of first taxation year after the corporation became a private corporation and after 1971 Cannot be negative but blockages can arise

17 Elements of the CDA computation separate silos s.89(1)(a) s.89(1)(b) s.89(1)(c.2) s.89(1)(d) Taxable capital gain Capital dividends received from another corporation Gains from disposition of ECP Life insurance Less: Less: Allowabl e capital loss Capital dividends that became payable after commencement of period and before the particular time

18 Example: CDA calculation Corporation with December 31 year end Year I Taxable capital gain $ Year II January: capital dividend payable $ March: allowable capital loss $ March: capital dividend received from another corporation $ Question: CDA at end of Year II Answer: $160,000

19 Example: CDA computation separate silos s.89(1)(a) s.89(1)(b) s.89(1)(c.2) s.89(1)(d) Taxable capital gain Yr I $ Capital dividends received from another corporation Yr II (March) Gains from disposition of ECP Life insurance $ Less: Allowable capital loss Yr II (March) $ Less: Capital dividends that became payable after commencement of period and before the particular time Yr II (Jan) $140000

20 Excessive Election Part III tax on excessive election Tax equal to 60% of the excess Shareholders (recipients of excessive dividend) are jointly and severally liable with the corporation

21 Excessive Election cont d Options s.184(3) election to split dividend into capital and taxable If appropriate file Notice of Objection re Part III tax and s.184(3) election Request latter held in abeyance pending objection/appeal CRA document no e5

22 Excessive Election cont d Options Rectification/Rescission Order Order to reduce amount of dividend See Winclare Management Services Ltd., [2009] 5 CTC 278 Order to annul dividend declaration See Felix & Norton International, 2009 QCCS 919

23 Samantha Prasad Association Rules

24 Association Rules Effects of Association Sharing of small business deduction Restriction of other tax benefits such as investment tax credit (SR&ED)

25 Association Rules Estate Freeze Structure with Discretionary Family Trust Each beneficiary deemed to own all of the shares of the Trust Ownership of such shares by minor attributed to parent

26 Association Rules Son Beneficiaries: 25 yr old Son 15 yr old Daughter Family Trust Father Mothe r 100% Common shares Freeze shares 100% Company A Company B Company C Companies A and B are associated as Son owns all of the shares of Company A and is deemed to own all the common shares of Company B Companies B and C are associated as Mother owns all of the shares of Company C and is deemed to own all of the common shares of Company B through her minor daughter Companies A and C are associated by virtue of the fact that Company B is associated with each of them

27 The Reversionary Trust Rules Samantha Prasad

28 Reversionary Trust Rules S.75(2) applies: Where transferor transfers property to a Trust and: Property (or substituted property) may revert back to the transferor; or The transferor may determine who gets the property held in a trust; or The transferor has a veto over the disposition of the property. Sommerer v. The Queen (2011 TCC 212) Person in s. 75(2) does not include FMV vendor S.75(2) only applies to Settlor S.107(4.1) applies: If s. 75(2) ever applied to a Trust

29 Reversionary Trust Rules Impact of s.75(2) & s.107(4.1): Attribution to transferor Destroys rollover out of trust Deemed sale at fair market value instead Particularly important before trust s 21st anniversary Problematic re trusts reaching 21st anniversary in last few years (i.e., established circa 1990)

30 When might Reversionary Trust Rules Apply? Contributor is Beneficiary of the Trust Trust should be irrevocable Contingent beneficiary Does not apply if trust fails Beneficiary Buys/Sells Property from/to the Trust Exception for bona fide loan but not for other transfers Includes purchase or sale - even for FMV

31 When might Reversionary Trust Rules Apply? Beneficiary Defrays the Trust s Expenses Beneficiary funds trust bank account Beneficiary pays expenses directly Accounting firm: no one should put additional money or other assets into the trust, or pay the trust s expenses Consider instead: Pay dividends to defray trust expenses Account for payments as loans to trust Trip Over Reversionary Trust Technicality Default distribution dependent upon provisions of contributor s will Default distribution dependent on other person s will (e.g., spouse) where contributor is the beneficiary

32 When might Reversionary Trust Rules Apply? Contributor Has Veto-type Power Over the Contributed Property Examples: Contributor is trustee and must be part of majority decisions Other trustees resign or pass away CRA Administrative largesse If exercise of veto stems from individual s duty as a trustee Where transferor is one of two trustees or unanimity is required Largesse does not apply: Where trust expressly requires contributor s consent Where contributor is sole trustee Where powers do not stem from duties as trustee

33 S.107(4.1) Other Points When might Reversionary Trust Rules Apply? Rectification of situation so that reversionary trust rules no longer apply not sufficient 107(4.1) continues to apply if contributor leaves Canada Application of 107(4.1) does not depend on actual income being generated from contributed property

34 New Testamentary Trust Traps Matthew Getzler

35 New Testamentary Trust Traps Introduced in 2014 Federal budget Draft legislation released on August 29, 2014 Passed into law on December 16, 2014

36 New Testamentary Trust Traps (cont.) New rules apply to testamentary trusts as of January 1, 2016 No access to graduated rates of tax, subject to limited exceptions No requirement to pay tax instalments Off-calendar year-end

37 Lifetime Interests: The Impact of the New Rules on Spousal Trusts Non-tax reasons for use of spousal trusts in a Will Protect assets for future generations Blended families Control over assets following death

38 Old rules Spousal Trusts : Old Rules vs New Rules On death of surviving spouse, deemed disposition of assets, trust funds tax liability, balance divided in accordance with terms of Will(s) New rules On death of surviving spouse, deemed disposition of assets, tax funded out of estate of second-to-die spouse, balance of trust divided in accordance with terms of Will(s)

39 New rules (cont.) Spousal Trusts : Old Rules vs New Rules Tax liability technically shared between spousal trust and second-to-die spouse s estate If sufficient assets in second-to-die spouse s estate, CRA not required to seek payment from first-to-die spouse s estate

40 Spousal Trusts : Example 1 Husband and wife each have 2 children from a previous marriage Each have estates worth $5m with death taxes of $1m Husband dies first leaving estate in a spousal trust for wife

41 Old Rules Spousal Trusts : Example 1 (cont.) On wife s death, $1m of taxes gets paid by spousal trust in husband s Will $4m residue of his estate divided among his 2 kids, so that they each receive $2m Wife s estate pays her $1m tax liability Remaining $4m of her estate divided between her two kids so that they each receive $2m

42 New Rules Spousal Trusts : Example 1 (cont.) On wife s death, $1m of taxes from the spousal trust created in husband s Will gets paid by wife s estate $5m residue of his estate divided among his 2 kids, so that they each receive $2.5m Wife s estate pays her $1m tax liability Remaining $3m of her estate divided between her two kids so that they each receive $1.5m

43 Spousal Trusts : Example 2 Husband and wife have 2 kids together Husband s estate is valued at $1m with death taxes of $250k; wife s estate is valued at $5m with death taxes of $1m Husband wants to leave a legacy to his two siblings of $50,000 each Wife dies first leaving estate in a spousal trust for husband

44 Old Rules Spousal Trusts : Example 2 (cont.) On husband s death, $1m of taxes gets paid by spousal trust in wife s Will $4m residue of her estate divided among the two kids so that they each receive $2m Husband s estate pays his $250k tax liability Each of his two siblings gets $50,000 Remaining $650k of his estate divided between his two kids so that they each receive $325k

45 New Rules Spousal Trusts : Example 2 (cont.) On husband s death, $1.25m of taxes owing from his estate (i.e., $1m from the spousal trust created in wife s Will and $250k from his estate) CRA would have to go after wife s estate for the $250k shortfall (but not obligated to go after any more) Nothing left after payment of taxes by husband s estate so his siblings legacies can t be funded As a result, children receive $100,000 extra among them

46 Joan Jung Subsection 55(2) Traps

47 Are ordinary intercorporate dividends still tax free? Changes to s.55(2), ITA proposed in the April 21, 2015 Federal Budget Draft legislation released July 31, 2015 Not yet enacted, but to apply to dividends received after April 20, 2015 Has been the subject of considerable commentary and submissions

48 Current Law s.55(2) can recharacterize an intercorporate dividend into: proceeds of disposition of a capital property, where the shares have been disposed of, or a gain on the disposition of a capital property

49 Related Group Intercorporate Dividends Prior to proposed amendments, basis for non-application of s.55(2): Related corporation exemption in s.55(3)(a) might apply be mindful of the five restrictions in paragraphs (i)-(v) therein Safe income Purpose test

50 Related Group Intercorporate Dividends After proposed amendments (i.e., dividends received after April assuming July draft legislation is enacted): Related corporation exemption in s.55(3)(a) will not apply to ordinary dividends, but only may apply to deemed dividends resulting from s.84(2) or (3), ITA Safe income (more restrictive) Purpose test (changes and two new purpose tests)

51 Changes to Purpose test in Proposals One of the purposes is gain reduction purpose (i.e., old test): Change/Clarification(?): purpose of payment or receipt of the dividend, rather than purpose of transaction or series Change/Clarification(?): payment or receipt suggests purpose from perspective of payer or recipient Note: In the case of s.84(3) deemed dividend, substitute result for purpose

52 Proposed new s.55(2.1)(b) New Purpose tests in Proposals One of the purposes of the payment or receipt of the dividend is to effect: Significant reduction in fair market value of any share, or Significant increase in the cost of property of the dividend recipient looked at after the dividend New purpose tests not applicable to s.84(2) or (3) deemed dividend

53 Safe Income Restriction in Proposals If using safe income harbour, proposals will require that safe income reasonably be considered to contribute to the capital gain on the share(s) on which the dividend is received, assuming fair market value disposition of the share Discretionary dividend shares if no inherent gain, no safe income harbour Multiple classes of shares built in safe income allocation issues relevant to reliance on safe income harbour

54 Ordinary Intercorporate Dividends within Corporate Group Assume paid in cash, in kind or promissory note: Can the new purpose tests in proposed s.55(2.1)(b) apply? Conflating purpose with result? Purpose test is subjective See Placer Dome Inc. v. The Queen 96 DTC 6562 (FCA)

55 Ordinary Intercorporate Dividends within Corporate Group (cont d) Use alternative structure to back into s.84(3) deemed dividend? Requires share redemption steps leading to additional costs?

56 Ordinary Intercorporate Dividends within Corporate Group (cont d) s.84(3) deemed dividend is not subject to the new purpose tests in proposed s.55(2.1)(b) but: means relying on the s.55(3)(a) related party provision or safe income mindful of restrictions in s.55(3)(a)(i)-(v), e.g., could issues arise if there is a trust which owns shares of a company within the group with beneficiaries not related to the dividend recipient?

57 Purification Structure Assume common shares held by inter vivos trust whose beneficiaries include a corporation controlled by freezor (excluding the dividend payer) Past planning: surplus cash distributed by way of dividend on common shares to inter vivos trust Trust allocates and pays same to corporate beneficiary Can the new purpose tests in s.55(2.1)(b) apply? Safe income? See CRA document no C6

58 Non-Resident Trust Traps Michael Goldberg

59 The Importance of Residence in Canadian Tax Law Residents of Canada are taxed on their worldwide income The determination of a trust s residency status is very complex

60 Residence of Trusts Under Canadian Law Common-law or factual resident Central management and control Garron* Pure non-resident trusts ( Pure NRTs ) NRTs deemed resident under s.94 ( S.94 NRTs ) Enacted in June 2013, and generally are effective for taxation years after 2006 * Fundy Settlement v. The Queen, 2012 DTC 5063 (SCC)

61 NRT Traps Not so Exotic Loss of the immigrant trust exception has your client made a contribution to a Pure NRT? Offshore granny creates a trust and your client is a beneficiary Cdn client wants to start CDN branch of EU family business that is owned by a Pure NRT of which client is a beneficiary

62 NRT Traps Not so Exotic Canadian client wants to put in place testamentary pour-over trust planning to protect US child from US estate tax and to provide other benefits

63 NRT Tax Traps S.94 NRT Tax Traps The scope of what can be a contribution The rules may continue to apply even after the death of a contributor Election limitations re: Canadian resident contributions Joint and several liability Pure NRT Tax Trap Distributions of appreciated property

64 S.94 NRT Basics S.94 contains extremely broad deeming rules which will apply if there is either: Resident contributor; or Resident beneficiary at the end of the relevant period and will generally make a trust taxable as a resident of Canada during that period* * s.94(3)

65 Subsection 94(1) definitions Contributor Any person who has made a contribution to a trust Whether in existence or not Exceptions: certain exempt persons

66 Subsection 94(1) definitions Contribution Any direct or indirect transfer of property or obligation to make a transfer of property to a trust will be a contribution Property very broad concept per s.248(1) Subject to s.94(2) interpretive rule exclusions and arm s length transfer exclusions S.94(2) interpretive rules may also significantly broaden the net of what will be a contribution

67 Subsection 94(1) definitions S.94(2) interpretive rules A transfer to a trust will be deemed to have occurred if because of a loan or transfer of property by a person to any other person: the FMV of trust property increases; or the liability or potential liability of a trust increases* * s.94(2)(a)

68 Subsection 94(1) definitions S.94(2) interpretive rules Other key deeming rules can result in: the issuance of shares, trust, partnership or other interests*; or the provisions of services** to be transfers Due to complex deeming rules indirect transfers need to be reviewed carefully * s.94(2)(g) ** s.94(2)(f)

69 Subsection 94(1) definitions If a transfer qualifies as an arm s length transfer it will not result in a transfer to a trust and will not cause a contribution Exception can be quite limited particularly in freeze situations Conservatism to be applied in paying returns to the trust must not exceed FMV

70 S.94 NRT Basics S.94 contains extremely broad deeming rules which will apply if there is either: Resident contributor; or Resident beneficiary

71 Resident Contributor If a contributor to a trust is resident in Canada at a particular time then trust will have a resident contributor and trust will be a S.94 NRT Loss of the immigrant trust exception Very limited grandfathering

72 NRT Traps Not so Exotic Offshore granny creates a Pure NRT and your client is a beneficiary Client provides free management services Client wants to start Canadian sub of EU family business that is owned by a Pure NRT of which client is a beneficiary Client takes an arm s length salary Loans funds to sub w/o interest

73 Resident Contributor Due to how broad the contribution concept is an immigrant might not even know that he/she has made a contribution to a Pure NRT

74 Resident Beneficiary A beneficiary of the trust is resident in Canada at a particular time & the trust has a connected contributor Connected contributor Similar to a resident contributor but: additional grandfathering where contributions made at a non-resident time once a person is a connected contributor even their ceasing to exist will not matter

75 Resident Beneficiary A trust could be caught by the S.94 NRT rules if it: has a beneficiary that is resident in Canada even where the trust s connected contributor has ceased to exist initially has no beneficiary resident in Canada but after death of a connected contributor a beneficiary becomes a Canadian resident

76 Becoming/Ceasing to be a S.94 NRT S.94(4) modified version of the: S.128.1(1) immigration rules re: ACB step ups and year-ends, etc. S.128.1(4) emigration rules re: deemed dispositions and year-ends, etc. Timing and application could be problematic

77 NRT Traps Not so Exotic Client wants to put in place testamentary pour-over trust planning Estate is contributor to pour-over trust not deceased* Until estate is wound-up US trust will be caught by the S.94 NRT rules Assumes no beneficiaries resident in Canada Canadian tax consequences could be a nuisance or far worse Treaty relief will likely not apply to S.94 NRTs * Doc # E5 and # C6

78 Resident Portion Election If Pure NRT receives even a nominal contribution caught by the S.94 NRT rules, then all of its income is subject to the S.94 NRT rules unless the trust elects* to be a s.94(1) electing trust Consequence of filing election: Only resident portion subject to the S.94 NRT rules *Under s.94(3)(f)

79 Resident Portion Election Technical requirements Must be able to track resident and nonresident portions Older trusts might not have suitable records Election must be filed by first year filing deadline that the trust is both a S.94 NRT and has a resident portion No right to late-file

80 Joint & Several Liability Paragraph 94(3)(d) Resident beneficiaries and resident contributors are jointly, severally or solidarily liable for S.94 NRT s taxes Limits on amount recoverable* Often will not be applicable *s.94(7) and s.94(8)

81 Pure NRT Tax Trap In Doc # E5, CRA opined that a distribution of appreciated property from a pure NRT generally occurs on a rollover basis* Result: Cdn beneficiaries could pay more tax than expected on a future disposition Solution: if possible, distribute high ACB assets to Cdn beneficiaries Consider triggering gains in the Pure NRT

82 Ryan Chua Pipeline Traps

83 Death of a Taxpayer Estate deemed to acquire property at FMV Shares of Opco have high ACB but low PUC Redemption/repurchase tax consequences to estate: Dividend treatment; and Capital loss on disposition of shares

84 S. 164(6) planning Subsection 164(6) Planning Apply loss to offset capital gains of deceased on death Result of planning depends Does Opco have tax pools (RDTOH, CDA, etc.) Must be completed in the first taxation year of the estate

85 Pipeline Planning Pipeline planning Extract corporate property without dividends or capital losses to estate Simple to implement Transfer Opco shares to Holdco for a note Holdco accesses Opco assets without tax Holdco repays the note to the estate Some tax issues to be aware of Bill C-43 - loss carry-back planning only available to a GRE. Pipeline will be easier to implement.

86 Leaky Pipelines Question 5 - STEP 2011 Round Table (CRA doc C6) S.84(2) may apply to the repayment of the note If s.84(2) is applicable estate will realize a deemed dividend equal to the amount by which Value of property distributed or appropriated exceeds PUC in transferred Opco shares

87 What about Section 84.1? S.84.1 does not trump s.84(2)

88 Does Subsection 84(2) Apply? S.84(2) will be applicable: Where funds or property of a corporation have been distributed or otherwise appropriated in any manner whatever to or for the benefit of the shareholders RMM (97 D.T.C. 302) these are words of the widest import

89 Does Subsection 84(2) Apply? Assuming there has been a corporate distribution or appropriation subject to s.84(2) then s.84(2) will be applicable if it was made:, on the winding-up, discontinuance or reorganization of its business (emphasis added) Is there a business? Timing of distribution/appropriation

90 Does Subsection 84(2) Apply? Favourable CRA Rulings contain the following consistent facts: Opco s business will continue for at least one year Opco will not be amalgamated or wound-up into Holdco for at least one year Opco s assets will not be distributed to the shareholders for at least one year, followed by a progressive distribution of Opco s assets over an additional period of time

91 Does Subsection 84(2) Apply? MacDonald FCA 110 / 2012 TCC 123 TCC s.84(2) did not apply because taxpayer received funds in question in his capacity as creditor rather than shareholder. FCA s.84(2) applies. Substance of transactions is determinative. FCA gave broad interpretation to the words distributed or otherwise appropriated in any manner whatever. Descarries TCC 75 (Informal) distribution requires a gain for the shareholder and a loss for the corporation. The distribution must occur concurrently with the winding up, discontinuance or reorganization S.84(2) did not apply because the corporation still held its assets at the time of the alleged distribution. Caution is suggested

92 Assessment Limitation Period Issues Ryan Chua

93 Assessment Limitation Period Issues Normal reassessment period Corporation other than CCPC or mutual fund trust 4 years after the earlier of date of notice of original assessment for the year and date of original notification that no tax is payable for the year In any other case Same as above, but 3 years

94 s.160, ITA Open ended assessment period at any time Transfer of property to NAL transferee for less than FMV; transferee may be assessed at any time for tax of transferor in respect of year of transfer or preceding taxation years s.159(3), ITA Liability of legal representative distributing property without clearance certificate s.227(10), ITA Liability of resident for Part XIII withholding

95 3 years after the later of Determination in respect of a partnership, s.152(1.4) Day on or before which an information required is required to be filed in respect of the partnership (or would be required but for s.220(2.1)) Day on which the return is filed Minister may determine any income or loss of the partnership for the fiscal period or any other matter in respect of the partnership relevant in determining income or other amount payable by any member of the partnership

96 Capital dividend account Outside the normal reassessment period CRA s position is that CDA is a cumulative calculation until an election is filed under s.83(2), CRA may adjust amount of capital gain which arose outside the normal reassessment period CRA document no

97 Outside the normal reassessment period Refundable Dividend Tax on Hand CRA s position is that it may make a determination of the amount of dividend refund in the particular year as that is within the normal reassessment period for such year May reflect different income from property of prior statute barred year See CRA document no

98 The New St. James Principle New St. James 66 DTC 5241 (Exch. Ct.) Taxpayer applied a loss carryforward from a statute barred year While Minister cannot reassess the statute barred year, Minister can assess the year in which the loss or other tax balance/account is applied and effectively recompute the carried forward tax balance/account

99 Estate Freeze Beneficiaries Crossing the Border Matthew Getzler

100 Estate Freeze Beneficiary Crossing the Border Estate freeze among most common forms of estate planning techniques Basic form of estate freeze Individual exchanges his shares of a corporation or his interest in property held individually for new shares with frozen value at fmv of shares or property transferred Shares carrying rights of future growth issued to next generation, directly or via trust

101 Estate Freeze Beneficiary Crossing the Border (cont.) Reasons for estate freeze Limit death tax Crystallization of LCGE Multiplication of LCGE Utilization of various income-splitting techniques Creditor protection Probate planning Benefits associated with incorporation

102 Estate Freeze Beneficiary Crossing the Border (cont.) Common these days for children to cross border and move to US Issues re rollout of trust property Other issues

103 Rollout of Trust Property Where beneficiary is a non-resident of Canada, trust property cannot be rolled out of trust to beneficiary (i.e., prior to 21st anniversary) Trust property can be rolled out to corporation of which the beneficiary is a shareholder Trust deed must permit corporate beneficiaries

104 Thank you!

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