Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA)

Transcription

1 IR1083 November 2017 Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) U.S. reportable accounts guidance notes Please direct all comments and correspondence to

2 Contents Introduction 3 What is a U.S. Reportable Account? 3 What is a financial account? 3 Depository Account 5 Custodial Account 5 Equity or Debt Interests 6 Cash value insurance contract 9 Annuity contract 9 When is a financial account maintained by a Reporting NZFI? 10 How does a Reporting NZFI that maintains a financial account determine who holds the account? 10 How does a Reporting NZFI that maintains a financial account determine whether the account is a U.S. Reportable account? 11 What accounts are excluded from being U.S. Reportable Accounts? 13 Equity or debt interests which are regularly traded on an established securities market 13 Non-investment linked annuities (conventional annuity) 13 Excluded Financial Accounts in Annex II of the IGA 13 Whai Rawa approved retirement savings scheme 13 Retirement and Pension Account 14 Non-Retirement Savings Accounts 14 Certain Term Life Insurance Contracts 14 Account Held by an Estate 14 Escrow Accounts 14 Partner Jurisdiction Accounts 15 Tax Pooling Accounts 15 What information does a Reporting NZFI need to obtain and report about a U.S. Reportable Account? 15 Account Closures 16 Amounts Paid or Credited 17 2

3 Introduction 1. The Intergovernmental Agreement ("IGA") between the United States of America ("U.S.") and New Zealand ("NZ") to improve international tax compliance and to implement FATCA was signed on 12 June The domestic legislation required to give effect in New Zealand to FATCA reporting received Royal Assent on 30 June 2014 and the IGA and the associated domestic legislation have effect from 1 July The IGA has been brought into effect by Order in Council and came into force on 3 July The following guidance is provided by the Inland Revenue to Reporting New Zealand Financial Institutions ("Reporting NZFIs") 1 to assist them in understanding their obligations to identity and report on U.S. Reportable Accounts - as part of their due diligence requirements under the IGA. 3. Article 2 of the IGA requires the NZ Inland Revenue to annually and automatically exchange with the U.S. the information specified in Article 2(2) relating to U.S. Reportable Accounts. Concurrently, a Reporting NZFI will be treated by the U.S. as complying with FATCA, where, amongst other things, 2 in terms of Article 4(1)(a) of the IGA, it identifies U.S. Reportable Accounts that it maintains and reports on them annually to the NZ Inland Revenue, to enable the NZ Inland Revenue to meet its exchange of information obligations under Article 2 of the IGA. 4. These guidance notes contain a number of examples elaborating on the obligations that Reporting NZFIs have to identify and report on such accounts. These examples are set out in U.S. dollars. This is because the relevant thresholds in the IGA are set out in U.S. dollars. The IGA contains a "currency translation rule" (see Annex I VI C(4) of the IGA). This rule provides that for the purposes of determining the balance or value of financial accounts denominated in a currency other than the U.S. dollar, a Reporting NZFI must convert the U.S. dollar threshold amounts described in Annex I into such currency using a published spot rate determined as of the last day of the calendar year preceding the year in which the Reporting NZFI is determining the balance or value. 3 What is a U.S. Reportable Account? 4 5. A "U.S. Reportable Account" is defined in the IGA to mean a financial account: maintained by a Reporting NZFI; and held by one or more Specified U.S. persons; or held by a Non-U.S. entity 5 with one or more controlling persons that is a Specified U.S. person. 6. The following elements of the definition of the U.S. Reportable Account are discussed in more detail below: "financial account", "financial account maintained by a Reporting NZFI", and "financial account held by one or more Specified U.S. persons or by a Non- U.S. entity with one or more controlling persons that is a Specified U.S. person." What is a financial account? 7. The first key element of the definition of "U.S. Reportable Account" is that the account is a "financial account". The term financial account is broadly defined and may include products or obligations that would not normally be regarded as a financial account in ordinary commercial terms e.g. an equity interest in an investment entity or a cash value insurance contract. 8. When applying the definition of "financial account" in the IGA a Reporting NZFI will need to consider accounts which are excluded from this definition (discussed below), and, therefore, cannot be U.S. Reportable Accounts. A Reporting NZFI will not be required to report on these accounts to the Inland Revenue. 9. There are also various "balance or value" threshold exemptions in the IGA (see Inland Revenue's "due diligence" guidance notes) that mean that a Reporting NZFI will not be required (or indeed able) 6 to report certain accounts (i.e. accounts with a balance or value that is below the relevant threshold) as being a U.S. Reportable Account. 1 Non-reporting NZFIs (for example, sponsored investment entities and controlled foreign corporations and financial institutions with a local client base coming within Annex II of the IGA) can also have some limited FATCA due diligence obligations. To the extent that these guidance notes refer to a Reporting NZFI's due diligence obligations these references should also be read as applying to such Non-reporting NZFIs that have these obligations. The distinction between Reporting NZFIs and Non-Reporting NZFIs is outlined in detail in Inland Revenue's "registration" guidance notes. 2 Reporting NZFIs will also have other FATCA obligations (including needing to report on payments that they make to non-participating financial institutions) pursuant to Article 4 of the IGA. This is explained in more detail in Inland Revenue's "due diligence" guidance notes. 3 Inland Revenue's web-site sets out how such currency conversion can occur (See 4 A Reporting NZFI will not need to identify and report an account as a "U.S. Reportable Account" if the account is exempted by balance or value threshold in the IGA, not identified as a "U.S. Reportable Account" after applying the due diligence procedures in Annex I of the IGA (unless there is a change in circumstance, or balance or value that means that further due diligence needs to be carried out and the account is then identified as being a U.S. Reportable Account), or the account is an excluded account (discussed below). 5 However, as outlined below, Reporting NZFIs will only need to report on Non-U.S. entity financial accounts (that are not exempted or excluded) as being U.S. Reportable accounts if the accounts are held by passive NFFEs with one or more controlling persons that are Specified U.S. Persons. A New Zealand trust which is not a financial institution is an example of an entity which could be a passive NFFE (where it is not an Active NFFE). 6 The "reporting" of such accounts is set out as being an "excluded choice" in terms of section 185 F(7) of the Tax Administration Act

4 10. The term "financial account" is defined in Article 1(1)(s) of the IGA and means an account maintained by a financial institution, and includes: (1) In the case of an entity that is a financial institution solely because it is an investment entity, any equity or debt interest (other than interests that are regularly traded on an established securities market) in the financial institution. (2) In the case of a financial institution not described paragraph (1) 7 any equity or debt interest in the financial institution (other than interests that are regularly traded on an established securities market), if (i) the value of the debt or equity interest is determined, directly or indirectly, primarily by reference to assets that give rise to U.S. source withholdable payments, and (ii) the class of interests was established with a purpose of avoiding reporting in accordance with the IGA. (3) Any cash value insurance contract and any annuity contract issued or maintained by a financial institution, other than a noninvestment-linked, non- transferable immediate life annuity that is issued to an individual and monetizes a pension or disability benefit provided under an account, product, or arrangement that is excluded from the definition of financial account in Annex II of the IGA. [Notwithstanding the foregoing, the term "financial account" does not include any account, product, or arrangement that is excluded from the definition of financial account in Annex II of the IGA. For the purposes of the IGA, interests are "regularly traded" if there is a meaningful 8 volume of trading with respect to the interests on an ongoing basis, and an "established securities market" 9 means an exchange that is officially recognized and supervised by a governmental authority in which the market is located and that has a meaningful annual value of shares traded on the exchange. For the purposes of this definition of "financial account" in the IGA, an interest in a financial institution is not "regularly traded" and shall be treated as a financial account if the holder of the interest (other than a financial institution acting as an intermediary) is registered on the books of such financial institution. The preceding sentence will not apply to interests first registered on the books of such financial institution prior to July 1, 2014, and with respect to interests first registered on the books of such financial institution on or after July 1, 2014, a financial institution is not required to apply the preceding sentence prior to January 1, 2016.] 11. The term "financial account" also covers "depository accounts" and "custodial accounts" maintained by a financial institution. 12. A financial institution may maintain more than one type of account. For example, an entity that is a depository institution may maintain both depository and custodial accounts. Example 1: Reporting NZFI is a depository institution that also provides trustee and custodial services. Reporting NZFI maintains both depository accounts and custodial accounts. 10 Reporting NZFI receives gross income from custodial services (the holding of financial assets and related financial services) that equates to 15% of its total gross income (during the previous three years ending 31 December). Therefore, Reporting NZFI is not a custodial institution. 11 Reporting NZFI carries out due diligence in relation to these depository and custodian accounts and identifies that four of them (two of the depository accounts and two of the custodial accounts) have a balance or value that exceeds the reporting threshold 12 and are held by Specified U.S. Persons. Is Reporting NZFI required to report on these accounts? Yes. Reporting NZFI is a depository institution as defined in the IGA. It is irrelevant that Reporting NZFI is not a custodial institution. The only requirement is that the entity is at least one type of financial institution as defined in the IGA and is a Reporting NZFI. 13. In the following paragraphs we discuss the types of financial accounts in more detail. 7 This would cover situations such as where a financial institution is solely a custodial, depository, or specified insurance company or where a financial institution has combined features of various types of financial institution (e.g. both a custodial institution and investment entity), and, therefore, is not "solely" a financial institution because it is an investment entity. The various types of financial institutions are outlined in detail in Inland Revenue's "registration" guidance notes. 8 Whether there is a "meaningful volume of trading" will be a question of fact and degree. Inland Revenue considers that if, for instance, interests are traded on an established securities market and relate to a "widely held company" (based on the Income Tax Act 2007 definition) there can be a presumption that a meaningful volume of trading has occurred, unless this presumption is rebutted by evidence to the contrary (such as the entity being a dormant entity). 9 The Inland Revenue considers that the New Zealand Stock Market as administered by NZX Limited, the Australian Stock Market as administered by the Australian Securities Exchange, and the New York Stock Exchange registered under the US Securities Exchange Act 1934 are examples of "established securities markets". 10 It is assumed, for the purposes of this example, that the accounts are not excluded accounts (discussed below). 11 The meaning of "custodial institution" is set out in detail in Inland Revenue's "registration" guidance notes. 12 These thresholds are explained in detail in Inland Revenue's due diligence guidance notes. 4

5 Depository Account 14. A depository account maintained by a financial institution will (unless excluded) 13 be a financial account. The term "depository account" is defined in Article 1(1)(t) of the IGA and includes any commercial, checking, savings, time, 14 or thrift account, 15 or an account that is evidenced by a certificate of deposit, thrift certificate, investment certificate, certificate of indebtedness, or other similar instrument maintained by a financial institution in the ordinary course of a banking or similar business. A depository account also includes an amount held by an insurance company pursuant to a guaranteed investment contract or similar agreement to pay or credit interest. 15. A depository account does not require that interest be paid on the account to the account holder 16. A depository account will also include credit cards 17 (where the financial institution permits deposits to be made by the account holder in excess of the amount due to the financial institution) and pre-loaded cash cards e.g. pre-loaded foreign currency travel cards Therefore, the definition of depository account is broad and extends beyond conventional depository accounts to cover, for example, certificates of indebtedness and instruments maintained by depository institutions in the ordinary course of their business. The breadth of this definition means that, as explained below, for depository institutions there may be an overlap between "depository accounts" and "debt interests." In other words, an account may be both a depository account and a debt interest. This is conceptually similar to how the same entity can be two types of financial institution for FATCA purposes (for example, an entity could be both a depository institution and an investment entity). 19 Custodial Account 17. A custodial account maintained by a financial institution will (unless excluded) 20 also be a financial account. The term "custodial account" is defined in Article 1(1)(u) of the IGA and means an account (other than an insurance contract or annuity contract) for the benefit of another person that holds any financial instrument or contract held for investment (including, but not limited to, a share or stock in a corporation, a note, bond, debenture, or other evidence of indebtedness, a currency or commodity transaction, a credit default swap, a swap based upon a nonfinancial index, a notional principal contract, an insurance contract or annuity contract, and any option or other derivative instrument). 18. An insurance (including a cash value insurance contract) or annuity contract are not custodial accounts, but can be assets held in a custodial account. Example 2: Custodial Limited is a custodial institution and a Reporting NZFI and provides a safe custody service for securities e.g. debt interest or shares, held on behalf of its customers. Custodial Limited holds the securities as bare trustee for their clients who are the beneficial owners. 21 Custodial Limited carries out all administrative aspects related to holding the securities i.e. collection of income, taking care of corporate actions relating to shares, sales and acquisitions, and dealing with all correspondence. Is this a custodial account? Yes, it is an account for the benefit of clients which holds financial instruments i.e. shares, debt interests, etc. Custodial Limited will (provided that the accounts are not excluded see below) need to carry out due diligence on the account holders (the clients who are the beneficial owners) to determine whether the accounts are U.S. Reportable Accounts, and, therefore, need to be reported. 12 These thresholds are explained in detail in Inland Revenue's due diligence guidance notes. 13 These exclusions are discussed below. 14 Inland Revenue views a "time account" as simply the same as a term deposit account. Where a term deposit is in whole or in part rolled over at maturity, the new term deposit is not required to be treated as a "new" account (see Inland Revenue's "due diligence" guidance notes regarding a detailed outline of what constitutes a "new" account). This will apply to term deposits where the roll-over decision is made prior to maturity, or within a reasonable time after the term deposit matures. 15 We are not aware of the expression "thrift account" being used specifically in New Zealand, but would view a thrift account as simply a savings account. 16 This is implicit from the inclusion of checking accounts in the "depository account" definition in Article 1(1)(t) of the IGA. Credit amounts in checking accounts do not normally pay interest to the account holder. 17 We note that FATCA contains a number of provisions that are potentially relevant in the context of credit cards: the U.S. $50,000 rule that applies in relation to new entity accounts (to exempt such accounts where the Reporting NZFI implements policies and procedures to prevent an account balance owed to the account holder exceeding U.S. $50,000) and the "qualified credit card issuer" category in annex II of the IGA. These matters are elaborated on in Inland Revenue's "due diligence" and "registration" guidance notes. 18 Although credit card accounts are not specifically referred to in this definition, the fact they are referred to in other parts of the IGA implies that they are depository accounts. A pre-loaded cash card would perform the same function as a credit card which permits the account holder to make deposits in excess of the amount due, so would also constitute a depository account. 19 The relevant types of financial institutions are outlined in detail in Inland Revenue's "registration" guidance notes. 20 These exclusions are discussed below. 21 For the purposes of this example it is assumed that the clients themselves who hold the relevant beneficial interest, as opposed to the clients holding that interest on behalf of someone else. 5

6 Example 3: Online Escrow Ltd provides an on-line escrow service for buyers and suppliers of goods and services. On-line Escrow Ltd is a custodial institution and a Reporting NZFI. John has an antique vase which Julie wishes to buy for U.S. $75,000. To secure the purchase price, John opens an on-line escrow account with On-line Escrow Ltd, and specifies that he is the supplier and Julie is the buyer. Julie deposits 10% of the purchase price into the on-line escrow account as security, pending completion of the transaction. Julie then receives the vase, pays the remaining 90% of the purchase price into the account, and notifies On-line Escrow Ltd that the purchase price (less escrow fees) can be released to John. There is no income earned on the assets in the account. Is John's escrow account a financial account? No, whilst it satisfies the definition of custodial account, it is excluded from the definition of financial account under the escrow exclusion in Annex II of the IGA, 22 because it is an account to secure Julie's obligation to pay the purchase price of personal property and the other elements of the escrow account exclusion are satisfied. The escrow account exclusion in the IGA is discussed in more detail below. Example 4: Margin Ltd is a custodial institution and a Reporting NZFI. It provides margin lending to customers to acquire shares. Vanessa is a Specified U.S. Person, and approaches Margin Ltd for a loan. Vanessa has U.S. $200,000 to invest and based on the margin lending ratio of 50%, Margin Ltd is prepared to lend Vanessa U.S. $200,000. In total then she has U.S. $400,000 to invest in approved securities. To secure the loan to Vanessa, the shares are transferred into the name of Margin Ltd and held as security until the loan is repaid. Dividends on the shares are credited to Vanessa during the term of the security arrangement. A fall in the market value of the shares below U.S. $400,000 will trigger a margin call on the loan to restore the margin lending ratio to 50%. Is Vanessa's margin loan a U.S. Reportable Account? Yes, it is a custodial account held by a Specified U.S. Person. The financial account exclusion in Annex II 23 of the IGA for escrow accounts does not apply to margin lending accounts. The escrow account exclusion in the IGA is discussed in more detail below. Equity or Debt Interests 19. An "equity" or "debt" interest maintained by a financial institution will (unless excluded) 24 also be a financial account in the following circumstances: (1) Where the equity or debt interest (other than where those interest are regularly traded on an established securities market) is in a financial institution which is a financial institution solely because it is an investment entity. (2) Where the equity or debt interest (other than where those interest are regularly traded on an established securities market) is in a financial institution, other than one described in paragraph (1) 25 if (i) the value equity or debt interest is determined, directly or indirectly, primarily by reference to assets which give rise to U.S. source withholdable payments and (ii) the class of interest was established with a purpose of avoiding reporting in accordance with the IGA. [For the purposes of the IGA, interests are "regularly traded" if there is a meaningful volume of trading with respect to the interests on an ongoing basis, and an "established securities market" 26 means an exchange that is officially recognized and supervised by a governmental authority in which the market is located and that has a meaningful annual value of shares traded on the exchange. For the purposes of the definition of "financial account" in the IGA, an interest in a financial institution is not "regularly traded" and shall be treated as a financial account if the holder of the interest (other than a financial institution acting as an intermediary) is registered on the books of such financial institution. The preceding sentence will not apply to interests first registered on the books of such financial institution prior to July 1, 2014, and with respect to interests first registered on the books of such financial institution on or after July 1, 2014, a financial institution is not required to apply the preceding sentence prior to January 1, 2016.] 20. An "equity interest" is defined in Article 1(1)(v) of the IGA to mean, in the case of a partnership that is a financial institution, either a capital or profits interest in the partnership. In the case of a trust that is a financial institution, an equity interest is considered to be held by any person treated as a settlor or beneficiary 27 of all or a portion of the trust, or any other natural person exercising ultimate effective control over the trust. For example, a settlor of a trust has and holds an equity interest in the trust which the settlor settles. 21. In the context of a company or corporation, the Inland Revenue considers that an equity interest will be either shares or stock which represents an ownership interest in the company or corporation. 22 The Annex II (of the IGA) exclusions are discussed in detail below. 23 The Annex II (of the IGA) exclusions are discussed in detail below. 24 These exclusions are discussed below. 25 This would covers situations such as where a financial institution is solely a custodial, depository, or specified insurance company or where a financial institution has combined features of various types of financial institution (e.g. both a custodial institution and investment entity), and, therefore, is not "solely" a financial institution because it is an investment entity. 26 We consider that the NZX, the NZDX, and the NZAX are examples of established securities markets. 27 A Specified U.S. person shall be treated as being a beneficiary of a foreign trust if such Specified U.S. person has the right to receive directly or indirectly (for example, through a nominee) a mandatory distribution or may receive, directly or indirectly, a discretionary distribution from the trust. 6

7 22. The expression "debt interest" is not defined in the IGA or the U.S. Treasury Regulations. The Inland Revenue considers that a debt interest is any interest created when a lender lends money to a borrower. In the FATCA context any loan by a lender to a financial institution will create a debt interest in the financial institution. The debt interest can arise through, for example, a simple loan, a bond issue or note issue. As noted above, for depository institutions, there could be an overlap between the definition of debt interest and the definition of depository account (due to the breadth of the definition of depository account) i.e. an account could have the character of being both a debt interest and a depository account in the context of such businesses. 28 Example 5: Reporting NZFI is a property investment trust that is a managed investment scheme under the Financial Markets Conduct Act Units in the property trust are listed on the NZX. There is a meaningful volume of trading with respect to these interests on an ongoing basis. The NZX is an exchange that is officially recognized and supervised by a governmental authority in New Zealand and that has a meaningful annual value of shares traded on the exchange. Therefore, the NZX is an "established securities market." Reporting NZFI is an investment entity and does not satisfy any of the other "financial institution" definitions in the IGA. On 1 June 2016 Custodial Institution Limited (a custodial institution) obtains 1,000,000 units in Reporting NZFI (with a value of U.S. $1,000,000) as a custodial intermediary for underlying individual investors, which include Specified U.S. Persons. Custodial Institution Limited is registered as the holder of the units on the books of Reporting NZFI. Is the interest that Custodial Institution Limited holds in Reporting NZFI (as a result of holding the units) a "financial account" that could be a U.S. Reportable Account from Reporting NZFI's perspective? 29 Reporting NZFI is a financial institution "solely" because it is an investment entity. This means that paragraph (1) of the definition of "financial account" in Article 1(1)(s) of the IGA is relevant. The units are "equity interests" in Reporting NZFI. This is because the unit holders are beneficiaries of the unit trust. These "equity interests" are "regularly traded" on an established securities market (the NZX). Custodial Institution Limited is the holder of these units and is registered as such on Reporting NZFI's books. Custodial Institution Limited is a financial institution acting as an intermediary (for the underlying investors). Therefore, Custodial Institution Limited's interest in Reporting NZFI is an equity interest that is "regularly traded" and is excluded from the definition of "financial account", and, therefore, cannot be a U.S. Reportable Account. This means that Reporting NZFI will not need to carry out due diligence in relation to this account. On the other hand, Custodial Institution Limited will 30 be required to report on any Specified U.S. Persons, which are account holders (i.e. the underlying individual investors) of the custodial account. Example 6: Reporting NZFI is a property investment trust that is a managed investment scheme under the Financial Markets Conduct Act Units in the property trust are listed on the NZX. There is a meaningful volume of trading with respect to these interests on an ongoing basis. The NZX is an exchange that is officially recognized and supervised by a governmental authority in New Zealand and that has a meaningful annual value of shares traded on the exchange. Therefore, the NZX is an "established securities market." Reporting NZFI is an investment entity and does not satisfy any of the other "financial institution" definitions in the IGA. On 1 June 2016 Mr Toms obtains 1,000,000 units in Reporting NZFI (with a value of U.S. $1,000,000). Mr Toms is registered as the holder of the units on the books of Reporting NZFI. Is the interest that Mr Toms holds in Reporting NZFI (as a result of holding the units) a "financial account" that could be a U.S. Reportable Account? 31 Reporting NZFI is a financial institution "solely" because it is an investment entity. This means that paragraph (1) of the definition of "financial account" in Article 1(1)(s) of the IGA is relevant. The units are "equity interests" in the property trust. This is because the unit holders are beneficiaries of the unit trust. Mr Toms is the holder of these units that is registered as such on Reporting NZFI's books. Mr Toms is not a financial institution. The definition of "financial account" in the IGA deems an equity or debt interest to be not "regularly traded", where the holder of that interest (other than a financial institution acting as an intermediary) is "registered on the books" of the financial institution. Therefore, even though the units are factually regularly traded on an established securities market, Mr Toms' interest in Reporting NZFI is an equity interest that is deemed to not be "regularly traded" (the interest was acquired after the effective dates of the transitional provisions). This means that this interest is a financial account and could be a U.S. Reportable Account. Therefore, Reporting NZFI will need to carry out due diligence in relation to this account. We note that this answer would be the same even if Mr Toms' interest was held through a non-financial intermediary (that is not a financial institution) as nominee. In such an instance, Mr Toms would still be the relevant account holder. The definition of "account holder" (in Article 1(1)(dd) of the IGA) is explained in detail below. 28 It is noted that such an account would still be a single account (and, therefore, potentially a single U.S. Reportable Account). This point merely relates to the character of the account. 29 It is assumed for the purposes of this example that the account is not a depository account or a custodial account and is not an excluded account coming within Annex II of the IGA (discussed below). 30 This is based on the assumption that Custodial Institution Limited will be a Reporting NZFI. 31 It is assumed for the purposes of this example that the account is not a depository account or a custodial account and is not an excluded account coming within Annex II of the IGA (discussed below). 7

8 Example 7: The same facts as example 6, other than as to when Mr Toms acquires the units. On 1 August 2014 Mr Toms obtains 1,000,000 units in Reporting NZFI (with a value of U.S. $1,000,000). Mr Toms is registered as the holder of the units on the books of Reporting NZFI. On 1 January 2016 Mr Toms remains the holder of the interests. Does Reporting NZFI need to carry out FATCA due diligence on the account of Mr Toms? Yes. Reporting NZFI is a financial institution "solely" because it is an investment entity. This means that paragraph (1) of the definition of "financial account" in Article 1(1)(s) of the IGA is relevant. The units are "equity interests" in the property trust. This is because the unit holders are beneficiaries of the unit trust. Mr Toms is the holder of these units that is registered as such on Reporting NZFI's books. Mr Toms is not a financial institution. The definition of "financial account" in the IGA deems an equity or debt interest (held from 1 January 2016) to be not "regularly traded", where the holder of that interest (other than a financial institution acting as an intermediary) is "registered on the books" of the financial institution. Therefore, even though the units are factually regularly traded on an established securities market, Mr Toms' interest in Reporting NZFI is an equity interest that is (from 1 January 2016) deemed to not be "regularly traded". This means that this interest is a financial account and could be a U.S. Reportable Account. Therefore, Reporting NZFI will need to carry out due diligence in relation to this account. Example 8: The same facts as example 6, other than as to when Mr Toms obtains and sells the units. On 1 August 2014 Mr Toms obtains 1,000,000 units in Reporting NZFI (with a value of U.S. $1,000,000). Mr Toms is registered as the holder of the units on the books of Reporting NZFI. On 1 December 2015 Mr Toms sells all of his units in Reporting NZFIs. Did Mr Toms ever have a financial account that Reporting NZFI would need to carry out due diligence on? No. Reporting NZFI is a financial institution "solely" because it is an investment entity. This means that paragraph (1) of the definition of "financial account" in Article 1(1)(s) of the IGA is relevant. The units are "equity interests" in the property trust and are factually regularly traded. They were also sold before 1 January They were not financial accounts from the point they were purchased until when they were sold (as the "regularly traded" exclusion from the definition of "financial account" applied - due to the transitional provision). This means that Mr Toms never held a financial account. Therefore, Reporting NZFI does not need to carry out FATCA due diligence on the account that Mr Toms held. Example 9: Reporting NZFI is a depository institution. Reporting NZFI has issued outstanding bonds with a face value of U.S. $200,000,000 listed on the NZX Debt Market ("NZDX"). There is a meaningful volume of trading with respect to these interests on an ongoing basis. The NZDX is an established securities market. The bonds were not established with a purpose of avoiding reporting in accordance with the IGA. On 1 June 2016 Ms Glen purchases U.S. $500,000 of Reporting NZFI's corporate bonds. Ms Glen is registered as the holder on the books of Reporting NZFI. Is Ms Glen's interest in Reporting NZFI a "financial account" that could be a U.S. Reportable Account? 32 The bonds are "debt interests" in a depository institution. Therefore, Reporting NZFI is not a financial institution "solely" because it is an investment entity (i.e. it is a depository institution). This means that paragraph (2) of the definition of "financial account" in Article 1(1)(s) of the IGA is relevant. The bonds are factually regularly traded on an established securities market. However, Ms Glen is registered as the holder of the bonds on Reporting NZFI's books. Ms Glen is not a financial institution. Therefore, the bonds are deemed to not be "regularly traded". However, Reporting NZFI did not establish the bonds with a purpose of avoiding reporting in accordance with the IGA. Therefore, in terms of paragraph (2) of the definition of "financial account", the bonds are not a debt interest financial account. This means that, provided that the bonds do not constitute depository accounts, 33 Reporting NZFI will not need to carry out due diligence in relation to this account. 32 It is assumed for the purposes of this example that the account is not a depository account or a custodial account and is not an excluded account coming within Annex II of the IGA (discussed below). 33 The definition of "depository account" in Article 1(1)(t) of the IGA "includes any commercial, checking, savings, time, or thrift account, or an account that is evidenced by a certificate of deposit, thrift certificate, investment certificate, certificate of indebtedness, or other similar instrument maintained by a Financial Institution in the ordinary course of a banking or similar business. A depository account also includes an amount held by an insurance company pursuant to a guaranteed investment contract or similar agreement to pay or credit interest thereon." This definition is very broad and extends to cover debt instruments maintained by a financial institution in the ordinary course of a banking or similar business. This means that a debt instrument maintained by a depository institution could be a depository account of that institution. This will depend on the nature of the instrument and whether such an institution maintains such an account in the ordinary course of their banking or similar business. 8

9 Example 10: Bank Magic Ltd is a depository institution and a Reporting NZFI. To strengthen its capital adequacy position it issues 5 year mandatory conversion convertible notes ("MCCNs") which pay an interest rate based on a standard commercial benchmark. The MCCNs convert to shares in Bank Magic Ltd, at the lower of $20 or a 2% discount to the average of the daily volume weighted average price of the shares for the previous 14 business days. A meaningful volume of the MCCNs are regularly traded on the NZX (an established securities market) on an on-going basis. On 1 June 2016 Custodial New Zealand Limited (a custodial institution) purchases U.S. $500,000 of Bank Magic Ltd's MCCNs. Custodial New Zealand Limited is registered as such on the books of Bank Magic Ltd as being the holder of the interest as a custodial intermediary for underlying individual investors, which include Specified US Persons. Is Custodial New Zealand Limited's interest in Bank Magic Ltd a "financial account" maintained by Bank Magic Ltd that could be a U.S. Reportable Account? 34 No. The MCCNs are "debt/equity interests" in a depository institution. Therefore, Bank Magic Ltd is not a financial institution "solely" because it is an investment entity. This means that paragraph (2) of the definition of "financial account" in Article 1(1)(s) of the IGA is relevant. The MCCNs are hybrid securities having both debt and equity characteristics. The MCCNs clearly constitute a "debt or equity interest" in terms of paragraph (2) of the definition of "financial account." The MCCNs are regularly traded on an established securities market and are held by a financial institution acting as an intermediary. Therefore, they come within the "regularly traded" exclusion in paragraph (2) of the definition of "financial account". Accordingly, Custodial New Zealand Limited's interest in Bank Magic Ltd is not a debt or equity interest "financial account". This means that, provided that the interest does not constitute a depository account, Bank Magic Ltd will not need to carry out due diligence in relation to this account. However, Custodial Institution Limited 35 will be required to report on any Specified U.S. Persons, which are account holders (i.e. the underlying individual investors) of the custodial account. Cash value insurance contract 23. A "cash value insurance contract" issued or maintained by a financial institution will (unless excluded) 36 also be a financial account. 24. The term "cash value insurance contract" is defined in Article 1(1)(y) of the IGA as meaning an insurance contract (other than an indemnity reinsurance contract between two insurance companies) that has a cash value greater than U.S. $50,000. "Insurance contract" and "cash value" are, in turn, also defined in the IGA. 25. "Insurance contract" is defined in Article 1(1)(w) of the IGA as meaning a contract (other than an annuity contract) under which the issuer agrees to pay an amount upon the occurrence of a specified contingency involving mortality, morbidity, accident, liability, or property risk. 26. "Cash value" is defined in Article 1(1)(z) of the IGA as meaning the greater of (i) the amount that the policyholder is entitled to receive upon surrender or termination of the contract (determined without reduction for any surrender charge or policy loan), and (ii) the amount the policyholder can borrow under or with regard to the contract. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the term "cash value" does not include an amount payable under an insurance contract as: (1) a personal injury or sickness benefit or other benefit providing indemnification of an economic loss incurred upon the occurrence of the event insured against; (2) a refund to the policyholder of a previously paid premium under an insurance contract (other than under a life insurance contract) due to policy cancellation or termination, decrease in risk exposure during the effective period of the insurance contract, or arising from a redetermination of the premium due to correction of posting or other similar error; or (3) a policyholder dividend based upon the underwriting experience of the contract or group involved. Annuity contract 27. An annuity contract maintained by a financial institution will (unless excluded) 37 also be a financial account provided that it is not a noninvestment-linked, non- transferable immediate life annuity that is issued to an individual and monetizes a pension or disability benefit provided under an account that is excluded from the definition of financial account in Annex II of the IGA discussed below. 28. The term "annuity contract" is defined in Article 1(1)(x) of the IGA as meaning a contract under which the issuer agrees to make payments for a period of time determined in whole or in part by reference to the life expectancy of one or more individuals. The term also includes a contract that is considered to be an annuity contract in accordance with the law, regulation, or practice of the jurisdiction in which the contract was issued, and under which the issuer agrees to make payments for a term of years. 34 It is assumed for the purposes of this example that the account is not a depository account or a custodial account and is not an excluded account coming within Annex II of the IGA (discussed below). 35 This is based on the assumption that Custodial Institution Limited will be a Reporting NZFI. 36 These exclusions are discussed below. 37 These exclusions are discussed below. 9

10 When is a financial account maintained by a Reporting NZFI? 29. Another key element of the definition of "U.S. Reportable Account" is that the financial account is "maintained" 38 by a Reporting NZFI. 30. A custodial account is "maintained" by a Reporting NZFI that holds custody over the assets in the account. A depository account, cash value insurance contract or annuity contract is "maintained" by a Reporting NZFI that is obligated (excluding an agent) to make payments in respect of the account or contract. Any equity or debt interest in a Reporting NZFI is "maintained" by the issuing NZFI. Example 11: Mr H has a depository account at Bank A (a Reporting NZFI). The account is a financial account. Bank A is obligated to make payments to Mr H in respect of this account. Therefore, this account is a financial account that is maintained by Bank A. How does a Reporting NZFI that maintains a financial account determine who holds the account? 31. Another key element of the definition of "U.S. Reportable Account" involves determining who "holds" the financial account (i.e. whether the account is held by one or more Specified U.S. persons or by a Non-U.S. entity passive NFFE with one or more controlling persons that are Specified U.S. persons, and, therefore, assuming that the account is not exempted or excluded, is a U.S. Reportable account). 32. The IGA does not define "held by". However, the definition of "account holder" in Article 1(1)(dd) of the IGA is relevant for determining what "held by" means in this context. 33. An "account holder" is defined in Article 1(1)(dd) of the IGA to mean: " the person listed or identified as the holder of a Financial Account by the Financial Institution that maintains the account. A person, other than a Financial Institution, holding a Financial Account for the benefit or account of another person as agent, custodian, nominee, signatory, investment advisor, or intermediary, is not treated as holding the account for the purposes of this Agreement, and such other person is treated as holding the account. For purposes of the immediately preceding sentence, the term "Financial Institution' does not include a Financial Institution organized or incorporated in a U.S. Territory. In the case of a Cash Value Insurance Contract or an Annuity Contract, the Account Holder is any person entitled to access the Cash Value or change the beneficiary of the contract. If no person can access the Cash Value or change the beneficiary, the Account Holder is any person named as the owner in the contract and any person with a vested entitlement to payment under the terms of the contract. Upon the maturity of a Cash Value Insurance Contract or an Annuity Contract, each person entitled to receive a payment under the contract is treated as an Account Holder." 34. A "person" is defined in (b)(94) of the U.S. Treasury Regulations to mean a person defined in section 7701(a)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code. Under section 7701(a)(1) the term "person" includes an individual, a trust, estate, partnership, association, company, or corporation. It is clear for the purposes of FATCA, that an account holder can be an entity (e.g. trust or partnership) that would not ordinarily have a separate legal personality. This means that trusts and partnerships are "persons" that can be account holders for the purposes of FATCA. 35. In the case of a cash value insurance contract or annuity contract, the account holder is any person entitled to access the cash value or change the beneficiary of the contract. If no person can access the cash value or change the beneficiary, the account holder is any person named as the owner in the contract and any person with a vested entitlement to payment under the terms of the contract. Upon the maturity of a cash value insurance contract or an annuity contract, each person entitled to receive a payment under the contract is treated as an account holder. 36. An "account holder" does not include a person (other than a financial institution 39 ) who holds an account for another person as ".agent, custodian, nominee, signatory, investment advisor, or intermediary." In these circumstances the person on whose behalf the account is held is the account holder. The Inland Revenue expects that Reporting NZFIs will have in place reasonable procedures to determine whether an account holder holds an account on behalf of another person. Where a Reporting NZFI follows those procedures and determines that there is no "on behalf of" relationship, then it will be appropriate for the Reporting NZFI to treat the person that is "listed or identified" as holding the account as being the account holder. For new individual account openings, it would be appropriate that a Reporting NZFI would include questions as to what capacity the account opener intends to hold a financial account so that they are in a position to determine whether such an "on behalf of" relationship exists. Example 12: On 1 August 2014 Ms B opens up a bank account (a financial account) 40 with a Reporting NZFI and requests that her daughter Lucy be included as a signatory to the account. The account holder is Ms B. Lucy is not an account holder as she is only a signatory to the account. The Reporting NZFI will need to apply the new individual account due diligence procedures in relation to Ms B's account to determine whether it is a U.S. Reportable Account. 38 Refer to (b)(5) of the U.S. Treasury Regulations for an explanation of when a financial institution will be considered to "maintain" an account. 39 This reference to "financial institution" does not include a financial institution organized or incorporated in a U.S. Territory. 40 It is assumed, for the purposes of this example, that the account balance or value exceeds the threshold exemptions in the IGA and that the account is not an excluded account. 10

11 Example 13: Ms C is a trustee of her discretionary family trust. The beneficiaries include Ms C's four children. On 1 August 2014 Ms C opens up an account (a financial account) 41 with a Reporting NZFI and it is noted in the account opening documentation that Ms C and the other trustees hold the account in their capacity as trustees for Ms C's family trust. The account holder is the trust (an entity) and not Ms C or other trustees or any of the beneficiaries. The Reporting NZFI will need to apply the new entity account due diligence procedures 42 in relation to the trust's account to determine whether it is a U.S. Reportable Account. Example 14: Mr B is a trustee of his fixed family trust. The beneficiaries are Mr B's two children. On 1 August 2014 Mr B opens up an account (a financial account) 43 with a Reporting NZFI but does not advise in the account opening documentation (or otherwise) that the account is to be held in his capacity as trustee for Mr B's family trust. The Reporting NZFI does not know or have reason to know of the existence of the trust relationship. The account holder will be Mr B and not the trust. The Reporting NZFI will need to apply the new individual account due diligence procedures in relation to Mr B's account to determine whether it is a U.S. Reportable Account. How does a Reporting NZFI that maintains a financial account determine whether the account is a U.S. Reportable account? 37. A Reporting NZFI will also need to determine whether financial accounts that it maintains (that are not exempted or excluded) are, in this respect, "held by" one or more Specified U.S. persons or by a Non-U.S. entity that is a passive NFFE 44 with one or more controlling persons that is a Specified U.S. person, and, therefore, are U.S. Reportable Accounts. 38. The terms "Specified U.S. Person", "Non-U.S. entity", and "controlling persons" are, in turn, all defined in Article 1(1) of the IGA. We will now briefly set out these definitions, before explaining how they feed into the definition of "U.S. Reportable Accounts" and the process that Reporting NZFIs will need to apply to identify such accounts. 39. "Specified U.S. Persons" is defined in Article 1(1)(ff) of the IGA to mean a "U.S. person" other than: 45 a corporation the stock of which is regularly traded on one or more established securities markets [For the purposes of the IGA, interests are "regularly traded" if there is a meaningful volume of trading with respect to the interests on an ongoing basis, and an "established securities market" 46 means an exchange that is officially recognized and supervised by a governmental authority in which the market is located and that has a meaningful annual value of shares traded on the exchange]; any corporation that is a member of the same expanded affiliated group as a corporation the stock of which is regularly traded on one or more established securities markets; the U.S. or any wholly owned agency or instrumentality thereof; any State of the U.S., any U.S. Territory, any political subdivision of any of the foregoing, or any wholly owned agency or instrumentality of any one or more of the foregoing; any regulated investment company as defined in section 851 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code or any entity registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a-64); a dealer in securities, commodities, or derivative financial instruments (including notional principal contracts, futures, forwards, and options) that is registered as such under the laws of the U.S. or any State; or any one of the following as specifically defined in the U.S. Internal Revenue Code: certain organizations exempt from taxation (including certain trusts that are tax exempt or that are otherwise described in the U.S. Internal Revenue Code), certain individual retirement plans, certain banks, certain real estate investment trusts, any common trust fund, certain brokers A "U.S. Person" is, in turn, defined in Article 1(1)(ee) of the IGA to mean the following: a U.S. citizen or resident individual; a partnership or corporation organized in the U.S. or under the U.S. law; certain trusts that are subject to U.S. law in terms of their administration which are controlled by a US person; or an estate of a deceased U.S. citizen or resident. 41 It is assumed, for the purposes of this example, that the account balance or value exceeds the threshold exemptions in the IGA and that the account is not an excluded account. 42 These procedures are discussed in detail in Inland Revenue's "due diligence" guidance notes. 43 It is assumed, for the purposes of this example, that the account balance or value exceeds the threshold exemptions in the IGA and that the account is not an excluded account. 44 Reporting NZFIs will only need to report on Non-U.S. entity financial accounts (that are not exempted or excluded) as being U.S. Reportable Accounts if the accounts are held by passive NFFEs with one or more controlling persons that are Specified U.S. Persons. 45 This is a summary of the definition of "Specified U.S. Person" in the IGA. The reader should consult the definition of "Specified U.S. Person" in the IGA to see the full definition. 46 The Inland Revenue considers that the New Zealand Stock Market as administered by NZX Limited, the Australian Stock Market as administered by the Australian Securities Exchange, and the New York Stock Exchange registered under the U.S. Securities Exchange Act 1934 are examples of "established securities markets". 47 The reader should consult the definition of "Specified U.S. Person" in Article 1(1)(ff) of the IGA to identify the specific section references in the U.S. Internal Revenue Code relating to these entities or persons. 11