BUSINESS MOTORING - TAX ASPECTS

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1 BUSINESS MOTORING - TAX ASPECTS

2 Business Motoring - Tax Aspects This factsheet focuses on the current tax position of business motoring, a core consideration of many businesses. The aim is to provide a clear explanation of the tax deductions available on different types of vehicle expenditure in a variety of business scenarios. Methods of acquisition Motoring costs, like other costs incurred which are wholly and exclusively for the purposes of the trade are tax deductible but the timing of any relief varies considerably according to the type of expenditure. In particular, there is a fundamental distinction between capital costs and ongoing running costs. Purchase of vehicles Where vehicles are purchased outright, the accounting treatment is to capitalise the asset and to write off the cost over the useful business life as a deduction against profits. This is known as depreciation. The same treatment applies to vehicles financed through hire purchase with the equivalent of the cash price being treated as a capital purchase at the start with the addition of a deduction from profit for the finance charge as it arises. However, the tax relief position depends primarily on the type of vehicle, and the date of expenditure. A tax distinction is made for all businesses between a normal car and other forms of commercial vehicles including vans, lorries and some specialist forms of car such as a driving school car or taxi. Tax relief on purchases Vehicles which are not classed as cars are eligible for the Annual Investment Allowance (AIA) for expenditure incurred. The AIA provides a 100% deduction for the cost of plant and machinery purchased by a business up to an annual limit. The amount of AIA available varies depending on the period of the accounts. The current amount of AIA is 200,000 and prior to 1 January 2016 was 500,000. Where purchases exceed the AIA, a writing down allowance (WDA) is due on any excess in the same period. The WDA available is currently at a rate of 18% or 8% depending on the asset. Cars are not eligible for the AIA, so will only benefit from WDA. Capital allowance boost for low carbon transport A 100% First Year Allowance (FYA) is currently available for businesses purchasing zero-emission goods vehicles or gas refuelling equipment. Both schemes were due to end on 31 March 2018 but have been extended for a further three years. Writing Down Allowances (WDA) The writing down allowance rates are 18% on the main rate pool and 8% which applies to many higher emission cars which are part of the special rate pool. Complex cars! The green car Cars generally only attract the WDA but there is one exception to this and that is where a business purchases a new car with low emissions - a so called 'green' car. Such purchases attract a 100% allowance to encourage businesses to purchase cars which are more environmentally friendly. From April 2015 a 100% write off is only available where the CO2 emissions of the car do not exceed 75g/km (reducing to 50g/km from April 2018). The cost of the car is irrelevant and the allowance is available to all types of business.

3 When did you buy? There have been significant changes to the basis of capital allowances for car purchases and the tax relief thereon. The allowances due are determined by whether the car was purchased from April 2018 (proposed) from April 2015 to April 2018 or between April 2013 and April The dates are 1 April for companies and 6 April for individuals in business. For purchases from April 2018: The annual allowance is dependent on the CO2 emissions of the car. Cars with emissions between gm/km inclusive will qualify for main rate WDA. Cars in excess of 110 gm/km are placed in the special rate pool and will qualify for an annual WDA of 8%. The 100% first year allowance (FYA) will be available on new low emission cars purchased (not leased) by a business is generally available where a car s emissions do not exceed 50 gm/km. If a used car is purchased with CO2 emissions of 50gm/ km or less, this will be placed in the main pool and will receive an annual allowance of 18%. For purchases from April 2015 to April 2018: Cars with emissions between gm/km inclusive currently qualify for main rate WDA. Cars in excess of 130 gm/km are placed in the special rate pool and will qualify for an annual WDA of 8%. The 100% first year allowance (FYA) available on new low emission cars purchased (not leased) by a business is generally available where a car s emissions do not exceed 75gm/km. If a used car is purchased with CO2 emissions of 75gm/ km or less, this will be placed in the main pool and will receive an annual allowance of 18%. For purchases from April 2013 to April 2015: Cars with emissions between gm/km inclusive qualify for main rate WDA. Cars in excess of 130 gm/km are placed in the special rate pool and will qualify for an annual WDA of 8%.The 100% first year allowance (FYA) available on new low emission cars purchased (not leased) by a business is generally available where a car s emissions do not exceed 95 gm/ km. If a used car is purchased with CO2 emissions of 95gm/ km or less, this will be placed in the main pool and will receive an annual allowance of 18%. Non-business Any cars used by the self employed where there is part non business use will still be separately allocated to a single asset pool. The annual allowance will initially be either the current 18% or 8% depending on the CO2 emissions and then the available allowance will be restricted for the private use element. Example A company purchases two cars for 20,000 in its 12 month accounting period to 31 March The dates of purchase and CO2 emissions are as follows: White car Blue car 1 May May Allowances in the year to 31 March 2017 relating to these purchases will be: White car (main pool as emissions less than 130) Blue car (special rate pool as emissions more than 130) 18% = 3,600 8% = 1,600 In the following year to 31 March 2018 the allowances will be:

4 White Blue 18% = 2,952 8% = 1,472 Disposals Where there is a disposal of plant and machinery from the main or special rate pools any balance of expenditure, after taking into account sale proceeds, continues to attract the annual allowance. Where there is a disposal of a car held in a single asset pool, the disposal proceeds are deducted from the balance of the pool and a balancing allowance or a balancing charge is calculated to clear the balance on the pool. This applies to any cars used by the self employed with part non business use whenever purchased. What if vehicles are leased? The first fact to establish with a leased vehicle is whether the lease is really a rental agreement or whether it is a type of purchase agreement, usually referred to as a finance lease. This is because there is a distinction between the accounting and tax treatment of different types of leases. Tax treatment of rental type operating leases (contract hire) The lease payments on operating leases are treated like rent and are deductible against profits. However where the lease relates to a car there may be a portion disallowed for tax. Currently a disallowance of 15% will apply for cars with CO2 emissions which exceed 130gm/km. Example Contract signed 1 April 2017 by a company: The car has CO2 emissions of 136 gm/km and a 6,000 annual lease charge. The disallowed portion would be 900 (15%) so 5,100 would be tax deductible. Tax treatment of finance leased assets These will generally be included in your accounts as fixed assets and depreciated over the useful business life but as these vehicles do not qualify as a purchase at the outset, the expenditure does not qualify for capital allowances unless classified as a long funded lease. Tax relief is generally obtained instead by allowing the accounting depreciation and any interest/finance charges in the profit and loss account a little unusual but a simple solution! Private use of business vehicles The private use of a business vehicle has tax implications for either the business or the individual depending on the type of business and vehicle. Sole traders and partners Where you are in business on your own account and use a vehicle owned by the business irrespective of whether it is a car or van the business will only be able to claim the business portion of any allowances. This applies to capital allowances, rental and lease costs, and other running costs such as servicing, fuel etc. Providing vehicles to employees Where vehicles are provided to employees irrespective of the form of business structure sole trader/partnership/ company a taxable benefit generally arises for private use. A tax charge will also apply where private fuel is provided for use in an employer provided vehicle. For the employer such taxable benefits attract 13.8% Class 1A National Insurance. Vans No charge applies where employees have the use of a van and a restricted private use condition is met. For details on what this means please contact us. Where the condition is not met there is a flat rate charge per annum. These benefits are 3,230 for the unrestricted private use plus an additional 610 for private fuel 2017/ 18 ( 3,350 and 633 for 2018/19).

5 How we can help If you would like further details on any matter contained in this factsheet please contact us. For information of users: This material is published for the information of clients. It provides only an overview of the regulations in force at the date of publication, and no action should be taken without consulting the detailed legislation or seeking professional advice. Therefore no responsibility for loss occasioned by any person acting or refraining from action as a result of the material can be accepted by the authors or the firm.

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