STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONING OF SELF HELP GROUPS IN PUNJAB
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1 Indian J. Agric. Res., 41 (3) : , 2007 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONING OF SELF HELP GROUPS IN PUNJAB V. Randhawa and Sukhdeep Kaur Mann Department of Extension Education, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana , India ABSTRACT The concept of Self Help Groups (SHG) is relatively new to Punjab and there is dearth of empirical data regarding analysis of SHGs in the state. The present study therefore focussed on tracing the genesis and structure and evaluate the functional aspects of SHGs. The study sample comprised 222 SHG leaders and 888 SHG members from 74 randomly selected blocks. The major findings revealed that majority of SHGs were promoted by GOs and there were few SHGs promoted by NGOs. The results of the study revealed that monthly meetings was their regular feature and majority of SHGs was using saving for interloaning purposes. Further, majority of the SHGs were performing badly in terms of capacity building of members. Therefore, future focus of SHG must be on capacity building and skill upgradation of rural women. INTRODUCTION Experiments in various developing countries proved that poor can be helped by organising them into small Self Help Groups (SHGs) and to touch the core of poverty, women could be the best agents. The group concept provides necessary mental courage to withstand crisis and carry on the activity without break. Moreover, the concept of group formation is the best strategy to enlighten women on certain important issues like small family norm, health, environment, education etc. The concept of Self Help Groups gained significance, especially after 1976 when Professor Mohammed Yunus of Bangladesh began experimenting with microcredit and women SHGs. The strategy made a quiet revolution in Bangladesh in poverty eradication by empowering the poor women (UNDP 1994). In India the concept of Self Help Groups can be traced back to the Gandhian Grama Swaraj movement. It was mainly concerned with the poor and it is for the people and of the people. The existence of traditional saving groups has a long and successful history in India. Informal SHGs oriented to saving and credit functions are not a new phenomenon (Desai and Namboodiri 2001). SHGs were widespread in the traditional and ancient times and they were the main basis of functioning of these societies. With the increase in modernisation, the needs of societies have undergone a change. In response to this, there is a revival of traditional SHGs with new structure and content to support the changing needs of people. This new concept of SHGs was introduced in India in 1985 by NABARD. Most of the SHGs of the country are concentrated in southern India and about are in Andhra Pradesh alone followed by Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra (Rao, 2002). Though the formation of SHGs is relatively a new phenomenon in Punjab still it has gained huge popularity lately. Many institutions are encouraging and inspiring formation of thrift and credit groups in Punjab to channelize the various poverty alleviation and social development programmes for women. Hence, the present study was planned with the following objectives: Objectives 1. To trace the genesis and structure of selected self help groups promoted by different organisations in Punjab.
2 158 INDIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 2. To explore the functional aspects of SHGs in promoting microsaving and interloaning activities. MATERIAL AND METHODS The present study based on survey research design covered all the 17 districts of Punjab. For the selection of an appropriate sample, multistage random sampling technique was adopted. In the first instance out of total 140 blocks from 17 districts, 50 per cent of the blocks from each district were randomly selected. In the second stage, three credit linked SHGs in the selected blocks were chosen at random. These groups represented all types of SHGs promoted by different institutions i.e. NGOs, GOs and Banks operating in rural areas to empower rural communities. Thus, number of selected SHGs was calculated to be 222 (74 x 3 = 222). Out of these 222 SHGs, seven were promoted by NGOs, 36 by banks and 179 SHGs were promoted by government organisations. From each selected SHG one group leader was interviewed. Thus, a total number of 222 leaders constituted the sample of the study. Besides, from each SHG four members were selected randomly for the purpose of data collection. Thus, total sample size of SHG members was 888 (222 x 4 = 888). Data was collected through interview schedule. Different interview schedules were prepared for collecting data from SHG members and SHG leader. In order to analyse structure and functioning of SHGs in terms of genesis, savings, meetings, interloaning, leadership pattern etc. items were formed on a multiple choice items and free response items. For selecting various variables under these categories relevant literature, SHG leaders, SHG members and promoting institutions were consulted. Data was analysed by using appropriate statistical procedures such as frequencies, percentages and z-tests. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Genesis and structure of SHGs Data in Table 1 shows the genesis and structure of SHGs promoted by different agencies/institutions. The data revealed that majority of the groups i.e. 45 per cent were formulated during the year The number of group members in each group varied from In NGO promoted SHGs (NGOPSHGs) majority (86 per cent) of the groups were having members whereas this percentage of having members in a group came down to 78 and 59 per cent for bank promoted SHGs (BPSHGs) and government organisation promoted SHGs (GOPSHGs) respectively. Regarding the change in group size per cent of the respondents reported change in group size and the reasons given for change were - marriage of the members, default in repayment or new membership. It is evident from Table 1 that homogeneity in the standard of living of group numbers was one of major criterion for SHG formation as reported by per cent NGOPSHGs, 100 per cent GOPSHGs and 50 per cent BPSHGs. Motivational factors for joining the SHGs The information regarding the factors that motivated the members to join SHG was also collected. As perceived by the respondents the motivational factors for joining the SHGs were manifold. Table 2 shows the reasons given by the respondents for joining the SHGs. Nearly 95 per cent of the respondents from GOPSHGs reported that they joined the group for availing subsidy whereas per cent of the respondents from the BPSHGs joined the SHGs for availing loan. Higher percentage of respondents from GOPSHGs were motivated by subsidy as the government programme such as SGSY had provision for subsidy to the SHGs.
3 Vol. 41, No. 3, Table 1. Genesis and Structure of SHGs in Punjab Indicator Categories Type of promoting institution Total NGOPSHGs GOPSHGs BPSHGs (n =222) =7) (n 2 =179) (n 3 =36) 1. Year of group (2.23) - 4 (1.80) formation (30.73) 4 (11.11) 59 (26.58) (42.86) 72 (40.22) 26 (72.22) 101 (45.49) (57.14) 48 (26.82) 6 (16.67) 58 (26.13) 2. Group size member 6 (85.71) 106 (59.22) 28 (77.78) 140 (63.06) member 1 (14.29) 73 (40.73) 8 (22.22) 82 (36.94) 3. Change in group Yes 3 (42.86) 74 (41.34) 19 (52.78) 96 (43.24) size since inception No 4 (57.14) 105 (58.66) 17 (47.22) 126 (56.76) 4. Criteria for SHG Homogeneity in 6 (85.71) 179 (100.00) 18 (50.00) - formation* the standard of living Proximity of stay 4 (57.14) 36 (20.11) 11 (30.56) - Homogeneity in 4 (57.14) 102 (56.98) 17 (47.22) - activity performed Any other 1 (14.29) 8 (4.47) 5 (13.89) - * Multiple response; Figures in parentheses indicate percentages. Table 2. Motivational factors for joining SHGs Motivational Type of promoting institution z-value factors NGOPSHGs GOPSHGs BPSHGs NGO/GO NGO/Bank GO/Bank = 28) (n 2 = 716) (n 3 = 144) For availing loan 7 (25.00) 538 (75.14) 68 (47.22) 5.88*** 2.17** 6.70*** For promoting saving habits 19 (67.86) 196 (27.37) 49 (34.03) 4.64*** 3.35** 1.61 For family welfare - 2 (0.28) 1 (0.69) For economic independence 12 (42.86) 337 (47.07) 52 (36.11) ** For availing subsidy (95.25) 83 (57.64) 17.89*** 5.59*** *** For social security - 1 (0.14) 1 (0.69) For technical training 16 (57.14) 4 (0.56) 9 (6.25) 18.16*** 6.99*** 5.11*** Any other 4 (14.29) 6 (0.84) 4 (2.78) 6.06*** 2.65*** 1.98 Multiple response; Figures in parentheses indicate percentages; *** Significant at 1% level of significance; ** Significance at 5% level of significance. Calculation of z-values further lent support to the findings that the motivating factors for joining SHGs as opined by respondents belonging to different promoting institutions were significantly different for the reasons of getting loan, availing subsidy, technical training and promoting saving habits. This can be attributed to the fact that in GOPSHGs members were motivated and enticed by subsidy and easy loans whereas in case of NGOPSHGs technical training was a major motivational factor for joining the SHG. Leadership pattern of sampled SHGs Findings of the study revealed that majority (nearly 80 per cent) of the SHGs selected their leaders through consensus methods and very few SHGs used election
4 160 INDIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH method for selecting their leaders. According to NABARD guidelines the leaders of SHGs were to be elected a fresh once in a year or once in two year. But contrary to this, in nearly 94 per cent of the selected SHGs, the same leaders were found to hold position since inception. The findings are in conformity with those of Rao (2004) who reported that in nearly 99 per cent of the selected SHGs, no election has taken place for leader and rotation of leader was also reported in only 33 per cent of cases. Functioning of SHGs Functioning of SHGs was studied in respect of four parameters i.e. meetings, savings, interloaning and training. Conduct and regularity of meeting of SHGs Regular meeting of SHG members is mandatory requirement to ensure smooth functioning of SHGs, effective participation of members and consensus involvement on various problems facing the group. SHGs promoted by different institutions have all been found holding the meetings. The main objective of group meetings as revealed by the study was collecting saving and discussing interloaning related issues as cent per cent respondents of all the three type of SHGs reported this (Table 3). Regarding the frequency of meetings it was found that meetings were conducted on monthly basis by per cent of SHGs and in 95 per cent of SHGs, meetings were not conducted regularly. Majority of the SHGs (75.22 per cent) reportedly conducted group meetings in the afternoon. This can be attributed to the fact that rural women are usually free in the afternoon after completing their household responsibilities. Compulsory attendance of members in the meetings was the pre-requisite for the smooth functioning of the group. It was one of the indicators that ensures the active participation of members in the group in a democratic manner. More than 90 per cent attendance was true to per cent NGOPSHGs, per cent GOPSHGs and per cent BPSHGs. Data in Table 3 further reveals that majority of the respondents (49.09 per cent) reported that the duration of meetings was two hours. The NGOPSHGs and BPSHGs were mainly conducting meetings at their office bearers residence followed by common place such as Gurduwara, Panchayat office, village community hall etc. However, majority (55.31 per cent) of GOPSHGs were conducting meetings in the Anganwadi centres. There is a provision for imposing penalty or fine for remaining absent from SHG meetings. Imposition of fine was 100 per cent in case of NGOPSHGs whereas in GOPSHGs and BPSHGs per cent and per cent of SHGs respectively were found to impose no fine for absenteeism. A penalty amount ranged from Re. 1 to Rs. 5. Saving and interloaning process As the basic objective of promoting SHGs among the poor women was to develop the habit of saving and using saving amount towards meeting the emergent and credit needs of the SHG members. Saving and interloaning activities of different SHGs are presented in Table 4. Data revealed that amount of saving contributed by different SHGs was found to range between Rs. 10 to Rs According to SHG rules amount of saving per month per member should be decided jointly by all members. Data in table 4 substantiated the fact that per cent of NGOPSHGs, per cent GOPSHGs and 75 per cent BPSHGs reportedly took joint decision about the values of saving amount. Findings in the table further revealed that nearly 77 per cent of the SHGs in all the three groups were found to be regular in their contribution towards savings.
5 Vol. 41, No. 3, Table 3. Conduct and regularity of meetings of SHGs Characteristics Type of promoting institution Total NGOPSHGs GOPSHGs BPSHGs (n=222) = 7) (n 2 = 179) (n 3 = 36) Objectives of the meeting* To discuss Savings 7 (100) 179 (100) 36 (100) Interloaning 7 (100) 179 (100) 36 (100) Problem of the group members 5 (71.43) 88 (49.16) 31 (86.11) Any other 2 (28.57) 39 (21.79) 12 (33.33) Frequency of meetings Monthly 7 (100) 135 (75.42) 23 (63.89) 165 (74.32) Fortnightly - 29 (16.20) 7 (19.44) 36 (16.22) Weekly - 6 (3.35) 4 (11.11) 10 (4.50) No regular meeting - 9 (5.03) 2 (5.56) 11 (4.95) Timings of the meeting Morning 4 (57.14) 19 (10.61) 18 (50.00) 41 (18.47) Afternoon 3 (42.86) 152 (84.92) 12 (33.33) 167 (75.22) Evening - 8 (4.47) 6 (16.67) 14 (6.31) Attendance in meeting More than 90% 5 (71.43) 57 (31.85) 8 (22.22) 70 (31.53) 70% to 90% 2 (28.57) 109 (60.89) 21 (58.33) 132 (59.46) Less than 70% - 13 (7.26) 7 (19.44) 20 (9.00) Duration of the meetings One hour - 64 (35.75) 18 (50.00) 82 (36.94) Two hour 7 (100) 87 (48.60) 15 (41.67) 109 (49.09) More than two hour - 28 (15.65) 3 (8.33) 31 (13.96) Venue of meetings In the Anganwadi Centre - 99 (55.31) - 99 (44.59) At office bearers residence 4 (57.14) 57 (31.84) 20 (55.56) 81 (36.48) At common place of the village 3 (42.86) 23 (12.85) 16 (44.4) 42 (18.92) Penalty/fine for absenteeism No fine - 39 (21.79) 7 (19.44) 46 (20.77) Re. 1 5 (71.43) 18 (10.06) 14 (38.89) 37 (16.67) Rs. 2 2 (28.57) 117 (65.36) 9 (25.00) 128 (57.66) Rs. 5-5 (2.79) 6 (16.67) 11 (4.95) * Multiple response; Figures in parentheses indicate percentages. Table 4. Savings and interloaning activities of SHGs Parameters Type of promoting institution z-value NGOPSHGs GOPSHGs BPSHGs NGO/ NGO/ GO/ = 7) (n 2 = 179) (n 3 = 36) GO Bank Bank Amount contributed towards saving Rs (3.91) Rs (28.57) 5 (2.79) *** 3.28*** 1.21 Rs (42.86) 92 (51.40) 28 (77.78) ** Rs (28.57) 71 (39.66) 6 (16.62) *** Rs (1.12) 2 (5.56) Rs (1.12) (Contd.
6 162 INDIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH Parameters Type of promoting institution z-value NGOPSHGs GOPSHGs BPSHGs NGO/ NGO/ GO/ = 7) (n 2 = 179) (n 3 = 36) GO Bank Bank Decision about saving amount President - 10 (5.59) 9 (25.00) *** Secretary - 26 (14.52) ** All the group members jointly 5 (71.43) 94 (52.51) 27 (75.00) ** Any other 2 (28.57) 49 (27.37) *** 3.57*** Regularity in contribution towards savings Yes 5 (71.43) 137 (76.54) 29 (80.56) No 2 (28.57) 42 (23.45) 7 (19.44) Purpose of utilizing group saving* Making purchases for group - 19 (10.61) ** Inter-loaning among group members 7 (100) 179 (100) 32 (88.89) *** Giving loan to outside group member 5 (51.43) 63 (35.20) 18 (50.00) Monthly interest rate for inter-loaning 1 % - 36 (20.11) *** 2 % 7 (100) 143 (79.89) 36 (100) *** Monthly Interest rate for outsiders 2 % - 12 (19.05) ** 3 % 5 (100) 42 (66.67) 15 (83.33) % - 9 (14.29) 3 (16.67) Figures in parentheses indicate percentages; *** Significant at 1% level of significance; ** Significance at 5% level of significance. Hundred per cent each of NGOPSHGs and GOPSHGs and nearly 89 per cent of BPSHGs were using the saving amount for interloaning among group members. If the saving amount was not fully utilized in interloaning process it was kept in the bank, with the treasurer or with the president. It was reported that in all the NGOPSHGs and BPSHGs monthly interest rate was 2 per cent and nearly 80 per cent of GOPSHGs were charging the same rate of interest. Giving loan to women outside the group was considered as important source of income for SHGs. Hundred per cent groups from NGOPSHGs, per cent from GOPSHGs and per cent from BPSHGs charged 3 per cent from outside group members. Non-members preferred obtaining loans from these SHGs because in some villages money lenders were charging much more interest rate that varied from 5 per cent to 10 per cent (Table 4). Training for capacity building of SHGs The capacity building of SHG members through vigorous training plays an important role in empowering women and future sustainability of SHGs. The findings revealed that all the NGOPSHGs had received training on SHG orientation as well as training on income generating activities. The BPSHGs and GOPSHGs performed badly in terms of capacity building of SHG member. It is evident from Fig. 2 that per cent of BPSHGs and per cent of GOPSHGs had not received any sort of training, not even training on SHG concept and orientation. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS In Punjab, GOs, NGOs and banks have facilitated the creation of SHGs and majority of the SHGs have been promoted by GOs. The typical size of SHG is around members and they save on an average Rs Rs. 200
7 Vol. 41, No. 3, per month per member. The SHG working is being managed through consensus basis. Greater need was felt by SHG members for capacity building and skill development. Therefore, future SHG strategy must focus more and more on skill oriented training and capacity building of members. REFERENCES Desai, B. and Namboodri, N.V. (2001). Organisation and Management of Rural Financial Sector : Text, Cases and Exercises. Oxford and IBH Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Rao, V.M. (2002). Kurukshetra, 50: Rao, V. (2004). Soc. Welfare, 51: UNDP (1994). Empowerment of Women: UNDP Report Human Development in Bangladesh, New York.
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