Social and Economic Determinants of Household Food Insecurity in the United States and Canada

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1 Social and Economic Determinants of Household Food Insecurity in the United States and Canada Mark Nord Economic Research Service, USDA 5 th McGill Conference on Global Food Security Montreal, October 17-18, 2012

2 Part of USDA s mission: To harness the Nation's agricultural abundance to end hunger and improve nutrition and health in the United States. USDA Food Assistance Programs: $103.3 billion dollars in FY 2011 Served 1 in 4 Americans Increased sharply since 2008 The heart of the Nation s nutrition safety net

3 Outline of Presentation Stats from USDA s annual report on food security in U.S. households (2011) Household-State multi-level analysis (U.S.) Comparisons: U.S. - Canada Other research findings

4 Annual food security survey U.S.: Current Population Survey Conducted by U.S. Census Bureau 45,000 households Representative of U.S. civilian households Source of employment and poverty statistics Canada: Canadian Community Health Survey, Cycle 2.2 (2004) Conducted by Stats Canada Compiled by Health Canada 35,000 individuals Representative of Canadian civilian population*

5 U.S. Households by Food Security Status, 2011 Food insecure 14.9 % 17.9 million households Food secure: 85.1 % million households With low food security 9.2 % 11.0 million households With very low food security 5.7 % 6.8 million households

6 Trends in food insecurity and unemployment Prevalence rate, food insecurity Annual average unemployment rate Prevalence rate, very low food security

7 Food insecurity by household characteristics, 2011

8 Food insecurity and very low food security by annual income (ratio to poverty line, average )

9 Employment and labor force status of low-income households with very low food security in 2005

10 Prevalence of food insecurity by State, average Below U.S. Average Near U.S. Average Above U.S. Average

11 Factors that account for inter-state differences in food security Characteristics of resident households Income Education Home ownership Employment Disability State-level economy and policies Average wages Cost of housing Participation in food-assistance programs Unemployment rate Residential stability Tax burden on low-income households

12 Factors that account for inter-state differences in food security Taken together, these factors account for most of the inter-state differences in the prevalence of food insecurity (86 % in one study).

13 Percentage of individuals in households with food insecurity among adults, by age of individual

14 72% in Canada, 48 % in U.S.

15 Key Findings Multivariate Analysis Similarities Food security of adults improved with age Single parents with children more likely to be food insecure Adults unemployed or disabled about 3 x more likely to be food insecure College educated much less likely to be food insecure

16 Key Findings Multivariate Analysis (2) Population composition (demographics, income, employment) Accounted for 15-20% of Canada-US difference for adults...and 20-30% of Canada-US difference for children Primary factor education......and, for children, living arrangements Income did NOT contribute, may have slightly offset

17 Key Findings Multivariate Analysis (3) Most of Canada-US difference reflected difference in food security of otherwise similar households (on measured variables) Greatest differences (lower food insecurity in Canada holding other factors constant) Income in upper-middle income-adequacy range Less than high school education Ages 25 years and older (generally increasing difference with age) Children in all age ranges Partially offset by higher food insecurity in Canada for Income in lowest and lower-middle income adequacy range Men living alone and women living alone

18 Findings from ERS study of reduction in very low food security associated with ARRA increase in SNAP benefits Percent of Households Before ARRA (2008) Expected 2009 without ARRA* Actual 2009 with ARRA 0 Households with incomes less than 130% of poverty line Households with incomes 150% to 250% of poverty line

19 For more information.

20 Food Security, Food Insecurity, Hunger Conceptual Definitions (AIN) Food Security: Access by all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life..assured ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways. Food Insecurity: Limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways. Hunger: The uneasy or painful sensation caused by a lack of food. The recurrent and involuntary lack of access to food.

21 Households with children by food security status, 2011 Food insecure (adults or children) 20.6 % Food secure 79.4 % Food insecurity among Adults only (in households with children) 10.6 % Food insecurity, children and adults 10.0 % Low food security among children 9.0 % Very low food security among children 1.0 %

22 Figure 1. Prevalence of food insecurity among adults and children by age of oldest child in the household, average Percent Food insecurity, adults Food insecurity, children Age of oldest child

23 Food insecurity by metropolitan residence and region, 2011

24 2-3 times U.S. poverty line 1-2 times U.S. poverty line U.S. poverty line

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