Short-term Inflation analysis and forecasts. November 2017 RESEARCH SERVICES DEPARTMENT RESEARCH AND ECONOMIC PROGRAMMING DIVISION

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1 Short-term Inflation analysis and forecasts November 2017 RESEARCH SERVICES DEPARTMENT RESEARCH AND ECONOMIC PROGRAMMING DIVISION

2 c 2017 Bank of Jamaica Nethersole Place Kingston Jamaica Telephone: (876) Fax: (876) Website: ISSN Printed in Jamaica

3 Preface This report reviews recent trends in inflation and presents the outlook for the remainder of the fiscal year. The analysis is based on trends in short-term domestic demand and supply indicators as well as imported inflation. These factors inform the assumptions for the shortterm inflation forecasting model Monthly Inflation Sub-Index Model (MISI). Table of Contents 1.0 Review of Outturn Factors Underpinning the Revised Forecast Trends in demand Trends in supply Import prices Trends in Core Inflation Revised Forecast Summary and Conclusion 8 Appendices 10 Tables and Figures Figure 1: Trend in Monthly Inflation... 1 Figure 2: Regional Inflation... 1 Figure 3: Inflation Contribution... 2 Figure 4: Short-term Indicators of Demand. 3 Figure 5: Industrial Electricity Sales... 4 Figure 6: International Oil Prices... 5 Figure 7: International Grains Prices... 5 Figure 8: Core Inflation (12-month change)... 6 Figure 9: Monthly Inflation Fan Chart... 9 Figure 10: Trends in Selected Agriculture Production... 10

4 Short term Inflation Analysis and Forecast 1.0 Review of Outturn For November 2017, there was inflation of 0.6 per cent, which compares to inflation of 0.4 per cent recorded for November 2016 and average inflation of 0.2 per cent for November of the last five years. Given the November 2017 outturn, annual point-to-point inflation was 4.9 per cent, above the 1.7 per cent as at November 2016 and the 4.7 per cent outturn as at October 2017 (Figure 1). The outturn for November 2017 was above the 5-year monthly average for November. Figure 1: Trend in Monthly Inflation For November 2017, the Greater Kingston Metropolitan Area (GKMA) recorded higher levels of inflation relative to the Other Urban Centres (OUC) and the Rural Area (RA). The main contributor to the higher movement in GKMA was an increase in Food & Non-Alchoholic Beverages (FNB) due to mainly higher price increases for vegetables and starchy foods (Figure 2). Figure 2: Regional Inflation November 2017 Research Services Department 1

5 Short term Inflation Analysis and Forecast Inflation in November 2017 was primarily driven by increases in Food & Non-Alcoholic Beverages (FNB) and Transport (TRAN). The increase in FNB was primarily due to increases in the prices of vegetables and starchy foods. The increase in TRAN was mainly attributed to higher petrol prices and air travel costs. Inflationary pressure for the month was tempered by a reduction in Housing, Water, Electricity, Gas & Other Fuels (HWEG) due to lower electricity rates. Figure 3: Inflation Contribution Inflation for November 2017 primarily reflected increases in vegetables and starchy foods. Blue bars = positive and Red bars = negative MIS= Miscellaneous Goods & Services, R&A=Restaurants & Accommodation Services, ED=Education, R&C=Recreation & Culture, COM=Communication, TRAN= Transport, HLTH=Health, FHERM=Furnishings, Household Equipment & Routine Household Maintenance, HWEG=Housing, Water, Electricity, Gas & Other Fuels, C&F=Clothing & Footwear, ABT=Alcoholic Beverages & Tobacco, FNB=Food & Non- Alcoholic Beverages Source: STATIN November 2017 Research Services Department 2

6 Short term Inflation Analysis and Forecast 2.0 Factors Underpinning the Revised Forecast 2.1 Trends in demand The main indicators of domestic demand monitored by the BOJ gave mixed results for the review period. The 12-month average of the real value of imports is estimated to have accelerated to 2.7 per cent for the three months to November 2017 relative to 2.0 per cent in October. For the three months ended November 2017, the estimated quarterly 12-month average change of the real value of debit and credit card transactions decelerated to 0.9 per cent relative to 1.9 per cent in the previous month (Figure 6). Figure 4: Short-term Indicators of Demand The indicators of domestic demand monitored by the BOJ gave mixed results. November 2017 Research Services Department 3

7 Short term Inflation Analysis and Forecast 2.2 Trends in supply For November 2017, RADA s forecast had suggested that the supply of most starches and vegetables were increasing relative to the previous month 1. Monthly inflation for the Vegetables and Starchy Foods sub-division accelerated in November However, surveys carried out by the Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries (MOA) and CAC indicated a deceleration in the rate of increase in agricultural prices in December 2017 relative to November 2. The 12-month average change in industrial electricity sales, used as a proxy for industrial production decelerated in November 2017 relative to the same measure three months prior (see Figure 5). Domestic agriculture commodity prices are expected to decelerate in December 2017 relative to November. Figure 5: Industrial Electricity Sales The indicator of industrial productivity decelerated in November This forecast was done prior to island-wide rains October and November 2 This forecast was done prior to island-wide rains October and November November 2017 Research Services Department 4

8 Short term Inflation Analysis and Forecast 2.3 Import prices In November 2017 crude oil prices rose by 9.8 per cent to an average of US$56.66 per bbl. The increase in prices mainly emanated from growing optimism that major oil producers will extend output cuts beyond March Additionally, there were reports that exports from Iraq s northern fields declined by 40.0 per cent in the first half of November. Furthermore, fears of a potential disruption in Saudi Arabia s crude oil output following the arrest of high-ranking officials also influenced higher prices. As at December 2017, crude oil prices rose by 2.3 per cent to an average of US$57.95 per bbl. The increase in prices mainly emanated from the release of US government data which revealed an unexpected decline in crude inventories, as well as news of supply disruptions in Libya. Oil prices rose in November and December Figure 6: International Oil Prices Figure 7: International Grains Prices November 2017 Research Services Department 5

9 Short term Inflation Analysis and Forecast For November 2017, the grains price index advanced by 1.3 per cent. This outturn mainly reflected increases of 2.3 per cent and 2.0 per cent in the prices of hard-wheat and rice, respectively. The increase in the grains index was partly offset by a decline in soft-wheat prices. For December 2017, the grains price index advanced by 0.7 per cent. This outturn mainly reflected an increase of 2.5 per cent and 1.0 per cent in the price of hard-wheat and rice, respectively. The increase in the grains index was partly offset by a decline of in soft-wheat prices. The grains price index advanced in November and December. 2.4 Trends in Core Inflation For November 2017, the monthly change in CPI without Agriculture and Fuel (CPI-AF) and CPI without Food and Fuel (CPI-FF) were unchanged at 0.2 per cent. The Trimmed Mean (TRIM) accelerated to 0.4 per cent relative to 0.2 per cent in the previous month. As at November 2017, all three annual point-to-point measures of core inflation accelerated relative to October The CPI-AF, CPI-FF and TRIM accelerated to 2.7 per cent, 2.4 per cent and 2.5 per cent from 2.6 per cent, 2.3 per cent and 2.2 per cent respectively. The measures of annual core inflation accelerated in November 2017 relative to the previous month Figure 8: Core Inflation (12-month change) November 2017 Research Services Department 6

10 Short term Inflation Analysis and Forecast 3.0 Revised Forecast Inflation for December 2017 is forecasted to mainly reflect increases in HWEG, FNB and TRAN. An increase in HWEG is due to higher electricity costs stemming from a rise in fuel cost. Upward pressure from FNB is expected due to higher non-processed food prices stemming from the impact of the adverse rainfall that took place in October/November. TRAN is expected to reflect increases in petrol prices as a well as air fare. Inflation in January and February 2018 is anticipated to mainly reflect increases in the costs of utilities and petrol, reflected in HWEG and TRAN. Headline inflation for FY2017/18 is anticipated to fall within the target range of 4.0 per cent to 6.0 per cent. Inflation for FY2017/18 is forecasted to fall within the target range of 4.0 per cent to 6.0 per cent. The overall risks are viewed to be balanced over the next four quarters (see Figure 9). The main upside risks to the inflation forecast are higher than expected increases in agricultural commodity prices associated with the adverse rains in October/November 2017, higher than anticipated international grain and oil prices, adverse weather and stronger than anticipated demand conditions. The major downside risks include quicker than anticipated recovery of the agricultural sector following flood rain damage, lower than projected international commodity prices and weaker than anticipated demand. November 2017 Research Services Department 7

11 Short term Inflation Analysis and Forecast 4.0 Summary and Conclusion For November 2017, there was inflation of 0.6 per cent which was primarily driven by increases Food & Non-Alcoholic Beverages (FNB) and Transport (TRAN). The increase in FNB primarily reflected the upward movement in the prices of vegetables and starchy foods. The increase in TRAN primarily reflected higher petrol prices. Inflationary pressure for the month was partly offset by a reduction in the Housing, Water, Electricity, Gas & Other Fuels (HWEG) division due to lower electricity rates. Inflation in December is forecasted to mainly reflect increases in FNB due to higher prices for vegetables and starchy foods. Inflation in January is anticipated to mainly reflect increases in HWEG, FNB and TRAN. For fiscal year 2017/18, inflation is projected to fall within the target range of 4.0 per cent to 6.0 per cent. November 2017 Research Services Department 8

12 Short term Inflation Analysis and Forecast Figure 9: Monthly Inflation Fan Chart November 2017 Research Services Department 9

13 Short term Inflation Analysis and Forecast Appendices Figure 10: Trends in Selected Agriculture Production November 2017 Research Services Department 10

14 Short term Inflation Analysis and Forecast November 2017 Research Services Department 11

15 Table 1A JAMAICA: HEADLINE INFLATION RATES Nov / 3 Month Monthly 3 mth* 3mth# 12 Month* 12 Month# FYTD CYTD C.P.I AVG. C.P.I % change % change % change % change % change % change % change Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov / December 2006 = 100 * Point to Point # Moving average Source: STATIN November 2017 Research Services Department 12

16 Table 1B JAMAICA: CPI WITHOUT FOOD AND FUEL Nov / 3 Month Monthly 3 mth* 3mth# 12 Month* 12 Month# FYTD CYTD CPI-FF Avg.CPIFF % change % change % change % change % change % change % change Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov /January 2000 = 100 * Point to Point # Moving average Source: BOJ November 2017 Research Services Department 13

17 Table 1C JAMAICA: CPI WITHOUT AGRICULTURE AND FUEL Nov / 3 Month Monthly 3 mth* 3mth# 12 Month* 12 Month# FYTD CYTD CPI-AF Avg.CPIAF % change % change % change % change % change % change % change Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov /January 2000 = 100 * Point to Point # Moving average Source: BOJ November 2017 Research Services Department 14

18 Table 1D JAMAICA: CPI WITHOUT FUEL Nov / 3 Month Monthly 3 mth* 3mth# 12 Month* 12 Month# FYTD CYTD CPI-AF Avg.CPIA % change % change % change % change % change % change % change Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov /January 2000 = 100 * Point to Point # Moving average Source: BOJ November 2017 Research Services Department 15

19 Table 2 Regional Inflation Nov-MTH GKMA OUC RA Inflation(%) Inflation(%) Inflation(%) 01 FOOD & NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES Food Bread and Cereals Meat Fish and Seafood Milk, Cheese and Eggs Oils and Fats Fruit Vegetables and Starchy Foods Vegetables Starchy Foods Sugar, Jam, Honey, Chocolate and Confectionery Food Products n.e.c Non-Alcoholic Beverages Coffee, Tea and Cocoa Mineral Waters, Soft Drinks, Fruit and Vegetable Juices ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES & TOBACCO CLOTHING & FOOTWEAR Clothing Footwear HOUSING, WATER, ELECTRICITY, GAS & OTHER FUELS Rentals for Housing Maintenance and Repair of Dwelling Water Supply and Miscellaneous Services Related to the Dwelling Electricity, Gas and Other Fuels FURNISHINGS, HOUSEHOLD EQUIPMENT & ROUTINE HOUSEHOLD MAINTENANC Furniture and Furnishings (inc. Floor Coverings) Household Textiles Household Appliances Glassware, Tableware and Household Utensils Tools and Equipment for House and Garden Goods and Services for Routine Household Maintenance HEALTH Medical Products, Appliances and Equipment Health Services TRANSPORT COMMUNICATION RECREATION & CULTURE EDUCATION RESTAURANTS & ACCOMMODATION SERVICES MISCELLANEOUS GOODS & SERVICES ALL DIVISIONS November 2017 Research Services Department 16

20 Table 3A Component Contribution to Inflation Nov Weight in Monthly Weighted % Contrib'n the CPI Inflation(%) Inflation to Inflation 01 FOOD & NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES Food Bread and Cereals Meat Fish and Seafood Milk, Cheese and Eggs Oils and Fats Fruit Vegetables and Starchy Foods Vegetables Starchy Foods Sugar, Jam, Honey, Chocolate and Confectionery Food Products n.e.c Non-Alcoholic Beverages Coffee, Tea and Cocoa Mineral Waters, Soft Drinks, Fruit and Vegetable Juices ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES & TOBACCO CLOTHING & FOOTWEAR Clothing Footwear HOUSING, WATER, ELECTRICITY, GAS & OTHER FUELS Rentals for Housing Maintenance and Repair of Dwelling Water Supply and Miscellaneous Services Related to the Dwelling Electricity, Gas and Other Fuels FURNISHINGS, HOUSEHOLD EQUIPMENT & ROUTINE HOUSEHOLD MAINTE Furniture and Furnishings (inc. Floor Coverings) Household Textiles Household Appliances Glassware, Tableware and Household Utensils Tools and Equipment for House and Garden Goods and Services for Routine Household Maintenance HEALTH Medical Products, Appliances and Equipment Health Services TRANSPORT COMMUNICATION RECREATION & CULTURE EDUCATION RESTAURANTS & ACCOMMODATION SERVICES MISCELLANEOUS GOODS & SERVICES ALL DIVISIONS November 2017 Research Services Department 17

21 Table 3B Inflation Comparison Nov-MTH & 2017 Weight in the CPI MTH MTH 01 FOOD & NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES Food Bread and Cereals Meat Fish and Seafood Milk, Cheese and Eggs Oils and Fats Fruit Vegetables and Starchy Foods Vegetables Starchy Foods Sugar, Jam, Honey, Chocolate and Confectionery Food Products n.e.c Non-Alcoholic Beverages Coffee, Tea and Cocoa Mineral Waters, Soft Drinks, Fruit and Vegetable Juices ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES & TOBACCO CLOTHING & FOOTWEAR Clothing Footwear HOUSING, WATER, ELECTRICITY, GAS & OTHER FUELS Rentals for Housing Maintenance and Repair of Dwelling Water Supply and Miscellaneous Services Related to the Dwelling Electricity, Gas and Other Fuels FURNISHINGS, HOUSEHOLD EQUIPMENT & ROUTINE HOUSEHOLD MAINTENA Furniture and Furnishings (inc. Floor Coverings) Household Textiles Household Appliances Glassware, Tableware and Household Utensils Tools and Equipment for House and Garden Goods and Services for Routine Household Maintenance HEALTH Medical Products, Appliances and Equipment Health Services TRANSPORT COMMUNICATION RECREATION & CULTURE EDUCATION RESTAURANTS & ACCOMMODATION SERVICES MISCELLANEOUS GOODS & SERVICES ALL DIVISIONS November 2017 Research Services Department 18

22 Table 4A CYTD Component Contribution to Inflation Jan-Nov Weight in CYTD Weighted % Contrib'n the CPI Inflation(%) Inflation to Inflation 01 FOOD & NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES Food Bread and Cereals Meat Fish and Seafood Milk, Cheese and Eggs Oils and Fats Fruit Vegetables and Starchy Foods Vegetables Starchy Foods Sugar, Jam, Honey, Chocolate and Confectionery Food Products n.e.c Non-Alcoholic Beverages Coffee, Tea and Cocoa Mineral Waters, Soft Drinks, Fruit and Vegetable Juices ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES & TOBACCO CLOTHING & FOOTWEAR Clothing Footwear HOUSING, WATER, ELECTRICITY, GAS & OTHER FUELS Rentals for Housing Maintenance and Repair of Dwelling Water Supply and Miscellaneous Services Related to the Dwelling Electricity, Gas and Other Fuels FURNISHINGS, HOUSEHOLD EQUIPMENT & ROUTINE HOUSEHOLD MAINTE Furniture and Furnishings (inc. Floor Coverings) Household Textiles Household Appliances Glassware, Tableware and Household Utensils Tools and Equipment for House and Garden Goods and Services for Routine Household Maintenance HEALTH Medical Products, Appliances and Equipment Health Services TRANSPORT COMMUNICATION RECREATION & CULTURE EDUCATION RESTAURANTS & ACCOMMODATION SERVICES MISCELLANEOUS GOODS & SERVICES ALL DIVISIONS November 2017 Research Services Department 19

23 Table 4B CYTD Inflation Comparison Jan-Nov & 2017 Weight in the CPI CYTD CYTD 01 FOOD & NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES Food Bread and Cereals Meat Fish and Seafood Milk, Cheese and Eggs Oils and Fats Fruit Vegetables and Starchy Foods Vegetables Starchy Foods Sugar, Jam, Honey, Chocolate and Confectionery Food Products n.e.c Non-Alcoholic Beverages Coffee, Tea and Cocoa Mineral Waters, Soft Drinks, Fruit and Vegetable Juices ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES & TOBACCO CLOTHING & FOOTWEAR Clothing Footwear HOUSING, WATER, ELECTRICITY, GAS & OTHER FUELS Rentals for Housing Maintenance and Repair of Dwelling Water Supply and Miscellaneous Services Related to the Dwelling Electricity, Gas and Other Fuels FURNISHINGS, HOUSEHOLD EQUIPMENT & ROUTINE HOUSEHOLD MAINTENA Furniture and Furnishings (inc. Floor Coverings) Household Textiles Household Appliances Glassware, Tableware and Household Utensils Tools and Equipment for House and Garden Goods and Services for Routine Household Maintenance HEALTH Medical Products, Appliances and Equipment Health Services TRANSPORT COMMUNICATION RECREATION & CULTURE EDUCATION RESTAURANTS & ACCOMMODATION SERVICES MISCELLANEOUS GOODS & SERVICES ALL DIVISIONS November 2017 Research Services Department 20

24 Table 5A FYTD Component Contribution to Inflation Apr-Nov Weight in FYTD Weighted % Contrib'n the CPI Inflation(%) Inflation to Inflation 01 FOOD & NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES Food Bread and Cereals Meat Fish and Seafood Milk, Cheese and Eggs Oils and Fats Fruit Vegetables and Starchy Foods Vegetables Starchy Foods Sugar, Jam, Honey, Chocolate and Confectionery Food Products n.e.c Non-Alcoholic Beverages Coffee, Tea and Cocoa Mineral Waters, Soft Drinks, Fruit and Vegetable Juices ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES & TOBACCO CLOTHING & FOOTWEAR Clothing Footwear HOUSING, WATER, ELECTRICITY, GAS & OTHER FUELS Rentals for Housing Maintenance and Repair of Dwelling Water Supply and Miscellaneous Services Related to the Dwelling Electricity, Gas and Other Fuels FURNISHINGS, HOUSEHOLD EQUIPMENT & ROUTINE HOUSEHOLD MAINTE Furniture and Furnishings (inc. Floor Coverings) Household Textiles Household Appliances Glassware, Tableware and Household Utensils Tools and Equipment for House and Garden Goods and Services for Routine Household Maintenance HEALTH Medical Products, Appliances and Equipment Health Services TRANSPORT COMMUNICATION RECREATION & CULTURE EDUCATION RESTAURANTS & ACCOMMODATION SERVICES MISCELLANEOUS GOODS & SERVICES ALL DIVISIONS November 2017 Research Services Department 21

25 Table 5B FYTD Inflation Comparison Apr-Nov & 2017 Weight in the CPI FYTD FYTD 01 FOOD & NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES Food Bread and Cereals Meat Fish and Seafood Milk, Cheese and Eggs Oils and Fats Fruit Vegetables and Starchy Foods Vegetables Starchy Foods Sugar, Jam, Honey, Chocolate and Confectionery Food Products n.e.c Non-Alcoholic Beverages Coffee, Tea and Cocoa Mineral Waters, Soft Drinks, Fruit and Vegetable Juices ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES & TOBACCO CLOTHING & FOOTWEAR Clothing Footwear HOUSING, WATER, ELECTRICITY, GAS & OTHER FUELS Rentals for Housing Maintenance and Repair of Dwelling Water Supply and Miscellaneous Services Related to the Dwelling Electricity, Gas and Other Fuels FURNISHINGS, HOUSEHOLD EQUIPMENT & ROUTINE HOUSEHOLD MAINTENA Furniture and Furnishings (inc. Floor Coverings) Household Textiles Household Appliances Glassware, Tableware and Household Utensils Tools and Equipment for House and Garden Goods and Services for Routine Household Maintenance HEALTH Medical Products, Appliances and Equipment Health Services TRANSPORT COMMUNICATION RECREATION & CULTURE EDUCATION RESTAURANTS & ACCOMMODATION SERVICES MISCELLANEOUS GOODS & SERVICES ALL DIVISIONS November 2017 Research Services Department 22

26 Table 6 Annual Component Contribution to Inflation Nov Weight in Annual Weighted % Contrib'n the CPI Inflation(%) Inflation to Inflation 01 FOOD & NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES Food Bread and Cereals Meat Fish and Seafood Milk, Cheese and Eggs Oils and Fats Fruit Vegetables and Starchy Foods Vegetables Starchy Foods Sugar, Jam, Honey, Chocolate and Confectionery Food Products n.e.c Non-Alcoholic Beverages Coffee, Tea and Cocoa Mineral Waters, Soft Drinks, Fruit and Vegetable Juices ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES & TOBACCO CLOTHING & FOOTWEAR Clothing Footwear HOUSING, WATER, ELECTRICITY, GAS & OTHER FUELS Rentals for Housing Maintenance and Repair of Dwelling Water Supply and Miscellaneous Services Related to the Dwelling Electricity, Gas and Other Fuels FURNISHINGS, HOUSEHOLD EQUIPMENT & ROUTINE HOUSEHOLD MAINTEN Furniture and Furnishings (inc. Floor Coverings) Household Textiles Household Appliances Glassware, Tableware and Household Utensils Tools and Equipment for House and Garden Goods and Services for Routine Household Maintenance HEALTH Medical Products, Appliances and Equipment Health Services TRANSPORT COMMUNICATION RECREATION & CULTURE EDUCATION RESTAURANTS & ACCOMMODATION SERVICES MISCELLANEOUS GOODS & SERVICES ALL DIVISIONS November 2017 Research Services Department 23

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