Income levels in Northern Ontario

Transcription

1 Income levels in Northern 2001 Census Research Paper Series: Report #10 May 30, 2003 A report prepared for: Northern Local Training and Adjustment Boards Muskoka, Nipissing, Parry Sound Sudbury and Manitoulin Far Northeast North Superior Northwest

2 The Training Boards of Northern Income levels in Northern 2001 Census Research Paper Series: Report #10 Prepared for the Training Boards of Northern by Chris Southcott, Ph.D., Lakehead University Background to the Report: Executive Summary This study has been prepared for the 5 existing Local Training and Adjustment Boards in Northern. Due to the particular economic conditions in Northern, it is very important for the Northern Boards to properly understand the demographic and economic trends occurring in their region. This is the tenth research report in a series that examines the current trends in Northern using data from the 2001 Census. Based on concerns expressed in Environmental Scans, this report attempts to examine the current levels of in Northern. It focuses on comparisons with the levels in as a whole, and internal regional differences. Methodology: This report is based on newly released data from the 2001 Census as prepared by Statistics Canada. Data is also used from other Census years as compiled by Statistics Canada. Findings: The analysis of the 2001 Census data for has shown us several important facts about levels in Northern. They are as follows: The average of individuals in Northern is lower than the provincial average The median of individuals in Northern is lower than the provincial average Differences in levels of between Northern and are increasing The average and median s of families in Northern is lower than the provincial averages Differences in the levels of families between Northern and are increasing The average employment of both full time workers and part time workers is less then the provincial average Differences in the employment levels of workers in Northern and are increasing Resource dependent communities and suburb communities have the highest levels of in Northern 2

3 1.1 Background to the Report Income levels in Northern Section 1: Introduction This study has been prepared for the 5 existing Local Training and Adjustment Boards in Northern. The Muskoka, Nipissing, Parry Sound Local Training and Adjustment Board (Board #20), the Sudbury and Manitoulin Training and Adjustment Board (Board #21), the Far Northeast Training Board (Board #23), the North Superior Training Board (Board #24) and the Northwest Training and Adjustment Board (Board #25) are among the 25 Local Training and Adjustment Boards established in in These Boards were created to assist in assessing the training needs and issues of each area. Each Board is made up of representatives of the key labour market partner groups including primarily business and labour but also including educators and trainers, women, aboriginals, persons with disabilities, francophones, and racial minorities. The Boards also have non-voting representatives from the municipal, provincial, and federal governments. The Boards are sponsored by Human Resources and Development Canada and the Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities. Due to the particular economic conditions in Northern, it is very important for the Northern Boards to properly understand the demographic and economic trends occurring in their region. Economic growth in Northern has been significantly less then the provincial average since the 1970s. Since training is seen as an important development tool by people in the region, regional Boards are therefore necessarily involved in economic development discussions. Income levels are important both as a comparative indicator of economic development and as a potential tool for economic development. This is the tenth research report in a series that examines the current trends in Northern using data from the 2001 Census. The first report analyzed the general population trends following release of that data in March, The second report looked at trends in youth out-migration using the 2001 Census data released in July, The third report looked at the extent to which the population of Northern is aging. The fourth report examined trends in migration patterns. The fifth report examined labour force participation in the region. The sixth report analyzed the industrial structure. The seventh report looked at occupational structure. The eighth looked at women in the workforce while the ninth examined levels of education Section 2: Background to the Issue in Northern 2.1 Introduction to Northern Northern comprises almost 89% of the land mass of but represents only 7.4% of the total population of the province (2001 Census). As the region has no legislated boundaries, the definition of the region varies, especially as concerns its southern border. Currently, for the purpose of statistical analysis, the federal government has defined Northern as comprising the Greater Sudbury Division and the following districts: Kenora, Rainy River, Thunder Bay, Algoma, Cochrane, Manitoulin, Sudbury, Timiskaming, Nipissing, and Parry Sound. Prior to 2000, this definition of Northern was also used by the provincial government for program delivery. In 2000, however, the government decided to also include the Muskoka Municipality in its definition of Northern. This inclusion is somewhat problematic in that the socio-economic characteristics of the Muskoka Municipality differ from that of the other districts in Northern. Despite this, this study will use the provincial definition of Northern since one of the Northern Training Boards (LTAB #20) also includes the Muskoka Municipality. The history of continuous settlement by non-natives in Northern is relatively recent when compared to the rest of. Settlement in earnest started with the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the late 1870s and 1880s. This was soon followed by the construction of the Canadian Northern Railway and the Grand Trunk and National Transcontinental Railways. Most non-native communities in the region were initially railway towns. 3

4 Following the building of the railways, the region s growth has been driven primarily by the forest industry and by mining. For the most part, communities were developed by large resource extraction corporations based outside the region rather than by local entrepreneurs. This fact has meant that the social and economic structure of this region exhibits several unique characteristics such as: 2 1) An overdependence on natural resource exploitation - This has meant a high degree of vulnerability to resource depletion, world commodity prices, corporate policy changes, the boom and bust cycles of the resource industries, changes in the Canadian exchange rate, and changes in government policies regarding Northern. 3 2) A high degree of dependency on external forces - The fact that most communities were developed by outside forces means that local entrepreneurship has been more limited than in other areas. This has served as a barrier to the cultivation of an entrepreneurial culture in these communities. This dependence is also seen in the area of political decision-making. Unlike most areas of, Northern is made up of s instead of Counties. Unlike Counties, s do not have regional governments. Northern is unique in in that unlike the Counties of Southern there is no regional government serving as an intermediary between the provincial government and municipalities. 4 While all communities in the region share some common characteristics, Northern can be divided internally into three different types of communities: Small and Medium-sized cities - Northern includes 5 cities with over 40,000 inhabitants. They are, in order of size, Sudbury (155,219), Thunder Bay (109,016), Sault Ste. Marie (74,566), North Bay (52,771), and Timmins (43,686). 5 While these centers are heavily dependent on resource industries they are also relatively diversified in that they tend to be important centers for health, education, and other services for the outlying regions. Resource Dependent Communities - The vast majority of the remaining non-native communities in the region are resource dependent communities, or single industry towns, which share many distinct characteristics. 6 These communities are smaller and less diversified economically than the small and medium-sized cities. They are much more directly dependent on resource industries. First Nations Communities - The region of Northern is unique in terms of its large number of Aboriginal communities. As of 2001, the Aboriginal population makes up between 10 and 11.5% of the population of the region. 7 The population in the area of the region north of the 50 th parallel is almost entirely made up of these communities. First Nations communities face the greatest number of social and economic challenges of all the communities in the region. 2.2 The History of Income Levels in Northern As was pointed out in the Northern Training Boards Regional Outlook of 2000, jobs in blue collar industries had been the largest single group of jobs in the regional economy since the arrival of the railways and the origins of the forest industries and mining industries. 8 Historically this has been a factor which differentiated the region from many other regions in. Northern has traditionally had a higher percentage of these types of jobs than for the province as a whole. These jobs were in logging and forestry, mining, construction, and transportation. Since 1945, wages in these occupations have tended to be relatively high. This was a result of high rates of unionization in these industries, and a need for companies to pay higher wages to attract workers to the more isolated resource dependent communities of the region. 9 At the same time, up until the 1960s, much of the work in the forest industry was seasonal. While wages were quite high, workers in the forest industry often did not work all year round. Data from the 1941 Census shows that the wages of male workers were less than the average but that this difference is explained by the fact that Northern workers were employed for less weeks than the average for. 4

5 Wages for women tended to be lower in Northern since, until recently, there have been few jobs for women in the resource dependent communities of Northern. 10 When employment was available it was often seasonal or for shorter periods of time. Aboriginal communities are an important part of Northern. Historically, these communities have a higher dependence on a non-wage traditional economy. Members of these communities have been used in the region as a reserve army of the unemployed and are integrated into the wage economy primarily during periods of labour shortages. 11 Section 3: Methodology This report attempts to describe the levels in Northern based on newly released data from the 2001 Census as prepared by Statistics Canada. The description will be done through a comparison of the levels of as a whole and through an examination of internal regional differences. Data for the 2001 Census is from special profiles ordered from Statistics Canada by the researcher. Where possible, trends will be examined using data from previous censuses. 3.1 Potential problems with our method Our method has three potential problems which must be mentioned: sampling error, the random rounding technique used by Statistics Canada, and problems with data for Aboriginal communities in Northern. Unlike the first three reports in this series, the data used in this report is not from 100% of the population. Statistics Canada has two census forms; a short one that goes to all residences, and a long one, Form 2B, which goes to 20% of residences. The data analyzed here is from Form 2B. This data is therefore a sample of total possible responses. It is meant to represent 100% of the population but, being a sample, it often does not. When the responses from the sample differ from what the responses would be from the entire population, we say there is sampling error. 12 Using statistical analyses, we can calculate what the likelihood of sampling error is for a given number of responses. Generally speaking, the larger the number of respondents, the less sampling error is a problem. In our study, the data from smaller communities has a higher possibility of sampling error. Another potential problem is the use of random rounding by Statistics Canada in its census data. 13 In order to ensure confidentiality, census data is round up or down to the nearest 5 count. This has an insignificant effect on large numbers. On very small numbers however this process can introduce a significant degree of error. This does not have a significant effect on numbers for the districts of Northern. This limits our ability to be confident about numbers for very small communities in Northern. The third problem was mentioned in the first report in this series dealing with population change. The population figures for the census divisions in Northern are not as reliable as the census divisions in most of. This is due to the large number of Aboriginal communities which, for various reasons, are improperly counted. If Statistics Canada can not properly count a community, the population of that community is not included in the population totals for that census division. As a result, the population figures for almost all the census divisions in Northern are incomplete. Comparison from census year to census year becomes difficult when a particular community was not counted in one year but counted in another year. In the report on population change, the statistics were adjusted to try and deal with this problem. This was not done for this report. This means that there is a certain degree of error in the statistics used in the report. This type of error only applies to the section of the report that compares data from previous census years with that of

6 3.2 Types of Income This report will examine as reported in the 2001 Census and those of previous years. The that is reported in the 2001 Census is the for the previous year. In other words, analyzed in the 2001 Census is for the year When Statistics Canada lists in recent census data, it refers to coming from three main sources. The first source is called employment. This includes from wages and salaries, net farm, and self-employment from unincorporated business and/or professional practice. 14 The second type of is investment and other. This represents dividends, interest and other investment ; retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities; and other. The final type of is government transfer payments. This includes Old Age Security pensions, Guaranteed Income Supplements, Canada Pension Plan and Quebec Pension Plan benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Canada Child Tax benefits and other from government sources. 15 Total refers to the combination of all three of these types of. In this study we will compare the differences in the types of as well as the differences in employment and total. 3.3 Average Income and Median Income Statistics Canada provides the data for two main summary measures of : average and median. These measures are not the same and each is useful for different purposes. Average for a particular community or district is obtained by taking the total amount of in that particular community or district and dividing this amount by the total number of people in this particular community or district that declared having an. This is a simple statistic that gives a good indication of the relative amount of total in a particular community. This is useful in comparing communities or regions that have different populations. Despite its name, average is not necessarily a good indicator of what the average of most people in a particular community is. This indicator can represent skewed or distorted information. If there are a few people that have extremely high levels of in a particular community while the vast majority of people have low levels of, the measure average may lead some people to think that the average of everyone is relatively high. For this reason, median is often a better indicator of total levels of and the relative distribution of this. Median represents the middle point, so that one half of s are above this level and one half are below Data for Northern As was mentioned earlier, Statistics Canada does not list data for Northern. All data for Northern is produced by combining data from the 12 Census Divisions mentioned above that make up Northern. Figures for average, median, and types of are obtained by special calculations where the average for each census division is multiplied by the number of earners in that census division. The totals for all 12 census divisions in Northern are then added up and divided by the total of earners in all 12 census divisions. When levels are analyzed, they are often analyzed in constant dollars. When this is done, the levels in a particular year are changed according to changes in inflation indicated by changes in the Consumer Price Index. This is done to determine whether has increased or decreased in constant dollars using a particular year as a base. This report does use this tool in its analysis of levels. This report is primarily concerned with comparing relative differences in levels between regions and communities and as such, real changes in levels from year to year are of a lesser importance. 6

7 Section 4: Income Levels in Northern 4.1 Types of Income Northern has a higher dependence on government transfer payments than as a whole Figure 1 shows the types of as a percentage of total for the year Employment accounts for only 71.9% of total in Northern whereas in as a whole it accounts for 78.7% of all. In Northern, investment and other accounts for 13.1% of while in it represents 11.5%. The difference in employment and investment and other can be related to the fact that Northern now has an older population than as a whole. 17 What is quite noticeable in Figure 1 is the difference in the dependence on government transfer payments between Northern and. In as a whole, government transfer payments represent 9.8% of total. In Northern, this source of represents 15% of total. Northern s dependence on government transfer payments as total is 53% higher than that of as a whole. Types of Income as a Percentage of Total Income: 2000 % of Total Income Northern Employment Government transfer payments Investment and Other Figure 1: Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Canada, The differences in levels of dependence on government transfer payments between Northern and have increased since 1996 Figure 2 shows the historical differences of levels of dependence on government transfer payments between Northern and since Since 1985, Northern has always had a higher dependence on government transfer payments as a percentage of its total. From 1985 until 1995, the difference between the two actually declined. In 1985, Northern s dependence was 41.5% higher than that of as a whole. By 1995, this difference had declined to 33.4%. As was noted above, in the 2001 Census, this difference was back up to 53% in

8 Percentage of Total Income Coming From Government Transfer Payments % of Total Income Northern Figure 2: Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Canada, 1986, 1991, 1996, and Income Distribution Northern has a lower percentage of high earners Figure 3 lists the distribution pattern of Northern compared to the provincial averages. It shows that s in Northern are somewhat more evenly distributed than for as a whole. This is seen most readily in the fact that in Northern in the year 2000, only 9.7% of the population earned $60,000 or more. The average for the province of was significantly higher at 13.1%. The percentage of high earners in Northern was over 26% lower than the provincial average Northern has a slightly higher percentage of low earners While Northern has a significantly lower percentage of high earners, Figure 3 also shows that it has a higher percentage of low earners. The difference is not as extreme as with high earners however. The percentage of people in Northern that earned less than $10,000 in 2000 was The percentage of people in as a whole that earned less than $10,000 in 2000 was 22.5%. The means that the percentage of people in Northern that earned less than $10,000 in 2000 was 13.1% higher than the provincial average. 8

9 Income Distribution $60,000 and over $50,000 - $59,999 $45,000 - $49,999 $40,000 - $44,999 $35,000 - $39,999 $30,000 - $34,999 $25,000 - $29,999 $20,000 - $24,999 $15,000 - $19,999 $12,000 - $14,999 $10,000 - $11,999 $ 7,000 - $ 9,999 $ 5,000 - $ 6,999 $ 3,000 - $ 4,999 $ 1,000 - $ 2,999 Under $1,000 Northern Figure 3: Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Canada, Average and Median Incomes of Individuals The average of individuals in Northern is lower than the provincial average Average and Median Incomes of Individuals: 2000 Total Annual Income Average $ Median $ Northern Figure 4: Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Canada, 2001 Figure 4 illustrates the differences in the average and median s of individuals in Northern. Looking at average s, the average total of individuals in for the year 2000 was $32,865. The average total of individuals in Northern was $27,502. Average s in Northern were 16.3% less than the provincial average. 9

10 4.3.2 The median of individuals in Northern is lower than the provincial average Similar differences are found when one looks at the median of individuals. In 2000, the median of all people living in was $24,816. In Northern, the median in 2000 was $20,946. The median in Northern was 15.6% less than the provincial average Differences in levels of between Northern and are increasing Table 1 shows the changes in average and median s from 1985 to 2000 in Northern and. What is notable is that for both average s and median s, the differences between Northern and have increased over this period. Looking at average s, in 1985, the average for Northern was only 9% less than the average for as a whole. By 1990 this difference had increased to 11.7% but by 1995 it had fallen back to 9.9%. From 1995 to 2000 the difference increased to the point where in 2000, the average for Northern was 16.3% lower than the average for. This represents a 64.8% increase in the difference between the average for Northern and the average for. Table 1: Changes in Average and Median Incomes of Individuals 1985 to 2000 Average Incomes Median Income Northern Percentage Difference Northern from Northern Percentage Difference Northern from Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Canada, 1986, 1991, 1996, and The figures for median s show an even greater increase in differences. In 1985, the median for Northern was only 2.3% less than the average for. By 1990 this difference had increased to 8.8%. From 1995 to 2000, the difference had increased from 10.1% to 15.6%. This represents a change of 55.1% from 1995 to Average and Median Incomes of Families Table 2: Changes in Average and Median Incomes of Census Families 1985 to 2000 Average Incomes Median Income Northern Percentage Difference Northern from Northern Percentage Difference Northern from Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Canada, 1986, 1991, 1996, and

11 4.4.1 The average and median s of families in Northern is lower than the provincial averages Table 2 lists the average and median s of census families in Northern and from 1985 to As was the case for individuals, the average and median s of families in Northern is lower than the averages for as a whole. In 2000, the average census family in Northern was 18.6% less than the average census family in. The median census family in Northern was 13% less than the median census family in Differences in the levels of families between Northern and are increasing Table 2 also shows that, as was the case for individuals, differences in the levels of families between Northern and are increasing. The increases for families are somewhat less extreme and less continuous. From 1985 to 1990, differences in levels increased. From 1990 to 1995, however, these differences actually decreased rather significantly. Despite this, from 1995 to 2000, differences in levels between Northern and increased quite dramatically. During this period the difference in average census family s increased by 72.4%. The difference in median census family s almost doubled. It increased by 93.2%. 4.5 Employment Income Northern has a higher percentage of part-time earners As was pointed out above, the differences in total between Northern and can be partially explained by the difference in age structure between the two regions. To what degree is uncertain. To understand differences in that are less affected by age structure we can examine employment. As has already been noted, employment includes from wages and salaries, net farm, and self-employment from unincorporated business and/or professional practice. As it excludes retirement, it tends to be less affected by age structure. 19 Employment is affected by the percentage of full time workers compared to part time workers. Total average employment in a community that has a higher percentage of part time workers will generally tend to be lower than in a community that has a higher percentage of full time workers. Table 3 compares the percentage of full time and part time employment earners in and Northern from 1985 to It shows that Northern has a higher percentage of part year, part time workers. The relative differences in percentage of full time and part time work between and Northern have been stable from 1985 to There is a slight decline overall in part time work in both and Northern. This decline is primarily due to the decline in part-time employment for women. The percentage of part time, part year work among men has been relatively stable

12 Table 3: Percentage of Full time and Part time employment earners 1985 to Ont. Nor. Ont. Ont. Nor. Ont Ont. Nor. Ont Ont. Nor. Ont All earners working full year, full time All earners working part year or part time Male earners working part year or part time Female earners working part year or part time Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Canada, 1986, 1991, 1996, and The average employment of both full time workers and part time workers is less then the provincial average Table 4 shows the average employment for all employment earners, full time employment earners, and part time employment earners. For the year 2000, full time workers in Northern earned 11.6% less than the provincial average. Part time workers earned 10.6% less. Table 4: Changes in Average Employment Income: 1985 to 2000 Average employment Average employment Total Population 15 years and Total Population 15 years and over with over with Worked full year, full time $ Northern $ % Diff. in average wages $ Northern $ % Diff. in average wages Average employment Total Population 15 years and over with Worked part year or part time $ Northern $ % Diff. in average wages ¹ 24258¹ ¹ 19864¹ Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Canada, 1986, 1991, 1996, and ¹ See footnote Differences in the employment levels of workers in Northern and are increasing Table 4 also shows the degree to which differences in the employment levels of workers in Northern are increasing. In 1985, full time workers in Northern made essentially the same as the provincial average. By 1995 full time workers in Northern were making 4.5% less then the averages for the province. From 1995 to 2000, this difference increased dramatically to 11.6%. Similar patterns are found when comparing the of part time workers. In 1985, part time workers in Northern actually made 3.4% more than the average of part time workers in. By 1995 the situation had reversed itself and part time workers in Northern were making 3.4% less than the provincial average. As was the case for full time workers, from 1995 to 2000 the difference in employment for part time workers jumped to 10.6%. 12

13 4.6 Internal Differences Table 5: Income Levels of s in Northern : 2000 Average Median Total Total Income in $ Income in $ Percentage Difference from Provincial Average Percentage Difference from Provincial Average Median Census Family Total Income in $ Percentage Difference from Provincial Average Muskoka Municipality Nipissing Parry Sound Manitoulin Sudbury Greater Sudbury Division Timiskaming Cochrane Algoma Thunder Bay Rainy River Kenora Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Canada, The of Thunder Bay and the Greater Sudbury Division have the highest levels in Northern Table 5 shows the levels for all of the districts in Northern and compares these to the provincial average. It lists the average total for individuals, the median total for individuals, and the median total for census families. One notes in the table that levels for all districts in Northern are below the provincial average. At the same time, there are certain internal regional differences. For average total for individuals, median total for individuals, and median total for census families, the of Thunder Bay and the Greater Sudbury Division have the highest levels of in Northern. Indeed, the median total for census families in the of Thunder Bay is only 1% less than the provincial average The s of Manitoulin, Timiskaming, and Parry Sound have the lowest levels in Northern At the opposite end of the scale fall the s of Manitoulin, Timiskaming, and Parry Sound. The of Manitoulin has the lowest level of for all three categories listed in Table 5. The of 13

14 Timiskaming has the second lowest median total for individuals while the of Parry Sound has the second lowest average total for individuals and the second lowest median total for census families. Table 6 lists the differences in employment levels for the districts of Northern for It shows that the patterns in employment levels are very similar to the patterns for total levels mentioned above. Table 6: Employment Income Levels of s in Northern : 2000 Average employment Total Population 15 years and over with Average employment Total Population 15 years and over with Worked full year, full time Average employment Total Population 15 years and over with Worked part year or part time Muskoka Municipality Nipissing Parry Sound Manitoulin Sudbury Greater Sudbury Division Timiskaming Cochrane Algoma Thunder Bay Rainy River Kenora Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Canada, Resource dependent communities and suburb communities have the highest levels of in Northern Table 7 lists the communities in Northern with the highest total average in This table includes only those communities with 500 earners or more. As was mentioned in the methodology section of this report, figures from smaller communities are less reliable than figures from larger communities due to sampling error. In the case of average s, Statistics Canada has calculated the standard error for each community. This standard error represents the amount by which the calculated figure for average could be wrong. These figures are listed in the table. 14

15 Table 7: Communities in Northern with the Highest Total Average Income 2000* Type of Community Population 15 years of age and over with Percentage of Income earners making more than $60,000 Average Total Standard error of average $ Local Board Terrace Bay TP White River TP Manitouwadge TP Hornepayne TP Marathon T Dubreuilville TP Shuniah TP O'Connor TP Conmee TP Red Rock TP Red Lake T Alberton TP Smooth Rock T Falls Schreiber TP Sudbury, UNO Unorganized, North Part Sioux Lookout T Dryden C Rainy River, UNO Unorganized Machar TP Oliver TP Paipoonge East Ferris TP Kenora C Hearst T Nipigon TP Fort Frances T Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Canada, *Includes only those communities with at least 500 earners. Analysis of these communities show there are a large number of resource dependent communities with high levels of. Of these 25 high communities, 10 are heavily dependent on forestry and three are heavily dependent on mining. 22 Of the remaining communities, 5 are suburb communities. 15

16 Section 5: Comparing the Training Board Areas of Northern Table 8: Income Levels in the Northern Training Board Areas: 2000 % of Income as Government transfer payments Pop. 15 years and over with Average Total for Median Total Total Number of Census Families Median Total Census Family Northern LAB # LAB # LAB # LAB # LAB # LAB # Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Canada, The Muskoka, Nipissing, Parry Sound Local Training and Adjustment Board (Board #20) Table 8 shows the levels of in 2000 for each of the Local Boards in Northern. Local Board #20, which includes the Muskoka Municipality and the s of Parry Sound and Nipissing, has the lowest average total s and lowest median total s. It also has the lowest median census family s. In addition, it has the second greatest dependency on government transfer payments as a percentage of its. Table 9: Levels of Communities in the Board 20 Area Type of Community Pop. 15 years and over with Average Total for Census Family Local Board # Gravenhurst T Bracebridge T Lake of Bays TP Huntsville T Muskoka Lakes TP Georgian Bay TP Moose Point 79 R South Algonquin TP Papineau-Cameron TP Mattawan TP Mattawa T Calvin TP Bonfield TP Chisholm TP East Ferris TP North Bay C West Nipissing T

17 Type of Community Pop. 15 years and over with Average Total for Census Family Temagami T Nipissing 10 R Nipissing, Unorganized, UNO South Part Nipissing, Unorganized, UNO North Part Seguin TP The Archipelago TP McMurrich/Monteith TP Perry TP Kearney T Armour TP Burk's Falls VL Ryerson TP McKellar TP McDougall TP Parry Sound T Carling TP Whitestone TP Magnetawan TP Strong TP Sundridge VL Joly TP Machar TP South River VL Powassan T North Himsworth TP Nipissing TP Shawanaga 17 R Parry Island First Nation R French River 13 R Dokis 9 R Magnetewan 1 R Parry Sound, UNO Unorganized, North East Part Parry Sound, Unorganized, Centre Part UNO Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Canada, Sudbury and Manitoulin Training and Adjustment Board (Board #21) Local Board #21, also known as the Sudbury and Manitoulin Training and Adjustment Board, includes the of Manitoulin, the Greater Sudbury Division, and most of the of Sudbury. This area has the 17

18 second highest average total s in the region and the second highest median census family s. Table 10: Levels of Communities in the Board 21 Area Type of Community Pop. 15 years and over with Average Total for Census Family LAB # Tehkummah TP Central Manitoulin TP Assiginack TP Northeastern Manitoulin T and the Islands Billings TP Gordon TP Gore Bay T Burpee and Mills TP Killarney T Whitefish River R Sucker Creek 23 R Sheguiandah 24 R Sheshegwaning 20 R M'Chigeeng 22 (West Bay R ) Manitoulin, Unorganized, UNO West Part French River T St.-Charles T Markstay-Warren T Sables-Spanish Rivers TP Espanola T Baldwin TP Nairn and Hyman TP Whitefish Lake 6 R Mattagami 71 R Sudbury, Unorganized, UNO North Part Greater Sudbury C Wahnapitei 11 R Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Canada, Local Board #22 23 Local Board #22 comprises most of the of Algoma. This Board Area has the second lowest average total s, the second lowest median total s, and the second lowest median census family s. In addition, it has the greatest dependency on government transfer payments as a percentage of its. 18

19 Table 11: Levels of Communities in the Board 22 Area Type of Community Pop. 15 years and over with Average Total for Census Family Local Board # Jocelyn TP Hilton TP Hilton Beach VL St. Joseph TP Laird TP Tarbutt and Tarbutt TP Additional Johnson TP Plummer Additional TP Bruce Mines T Thessalon 12 R Thessalon T Huron Shores TP Blind River T Shedden TP North Shore TP Elliot Lake C Macdonald, Meredith and TP Aberdeen Additional Sault Ste. Marie C Prince TP Sagamok R Serpent River 7 R Mississagi River 8 R Garden River 14 R Michipicoten TP Gros Cap 49 R Dubreuilville TP White River TP Algoma, Unorganized, North Part UNO Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Canada, The Far Northeast Training and Adjustment Board (Board #23) Local Board #23, also known as the Far Northeast Training and Adjustment Board, comprises the s of Cochrane and Timiskaming and small parts of the s of Kenora, Algoma, and Sudbury. The levels in this Board area are the closest to the regional averages. 19

20 Table 12: Levels of Communities in the Board 23 Area Type of Community Pop. 15 years and over with 20 Average Total for Census Family Local Board # Coleman TP Latchford T Cobalt T Haileybury T Harris TP Dymond TP New Liskeard T Hudson TP Kerns TP Harley TP Casey TP Brethour TP Hilliard TP Armstrong TP Thornloe VL James TP Dack TP Charlton T Evanturel TP Englehart T Chamberlain TP Matachewan TP Matachewan 72 R McGarry TP Larder Lake TP Gauthier TP Kirkland Lake T Timiskaming, Unorganized, UNO West Part Black River-Matheson TP Timmins C Iroquois Falls T Cochrane T Smooth Rock Falls T Fauquier-Strickland TP Moonbeam TP Kapuskasing T Val Rita-Harty TP Opasatika TP Hearst T Mattice-Val Côté TP Cochrane, Unorganized, North Part UNO

21 Type of Community Pop. 15 years and over with Average Total for Census Family Fort Albany (Part) 67 R Hornepayne TP Duck Lake 76B R Chapleau 75 R Chapleau TP Attawapiskat 91A R Peawanuck R Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Canada, North Superior Training Board (Board #24) Local Board #24 is also known as the North Superior Training Board. It comprises the of Thunder Bay and several Aboriginal communities just north of the boundaries of the of Thunder Bay. This area has the highest levels of in Northern. Table 13: Levels of Communities in the Board 24 Area Type of Community Pop. 15 years and over with Average Total for Census Family Local Board # Neebing TP Thunder Bay C Oliver Paipoonge TP Gillies TP O'Connor TP Conmee TP Shuniah TP Dorion TP Red Rock TP Nipigon TP Schreiber TP Terrace Bay TP Marathon T Manitouwadge TP Ginoogaming First Nation R Greenstone T Aroland 83 R Osnaburgh 63A R Thunder Bay, Unorganized UNO Fort Hope 64 R Lansdowne House R Webequie R Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Canada,

22 5.6 The Northwest Training and Adjustment Board (Board #25) Local Board #25 is also known as the Northwest Training and Adjustment Board. It is comprised of the of Rainy River and most of the of Kenora. This area is notable as having the lowest dependence on government transfer payments as a percentage of its. It also has levels of close to the regional averages. Table 14: Levels of Communities in the Board 25 Area Type of Community Pop. 15 years and over with Average Total for Census Family Local Board # Atikokan TP Alberton TP Fort Frances T La Vallee TP Emo TP Chapple TP Morley TP Dawson TP Rainy River T Lake of the Woods TP Big Grassy River 35G R Rainy Lake 18C R Rainy Lake 26A R Seine River 23A R Rainy River, Unorganized Ignace TP Whitefish Bay 33A R Sioux Narrows Nestor Falls TP Kenora C Machin TP Dryden C Ear Falls TP Sioux Lookout T Red Lake T Slate Falls R Pickle Lake TP Osnaburgh 63B R Lac Seul 28 R Wabigoon Lake 27 R English River 21 R Lake Of The Woods 37 R Kenora 38B R Poplar Hill R Shoal Lake (Part) 39A R Rat Portage 38A R Deer Lake R

23 Type of Community Pop. 15 years and over with Average Total for Census Family Sandy Lake 88 R Fort Severn 89 R Wabauskang 21 R Wapakeka 2 R The Dalles 38C R Kenora, Unorganized UNO Muskrat Dam Lake R Kee-Way-Win R Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Canada, Section 6: Observations The analysis of the 2001 Census data for has shown us several important facts about levels of in Northern. They are as follows: Northern has a higher dependence on government transfer payments than as a whole The differences in levels of dependence on government transfer payments between Northern and have increased since 1996 Northern has a lower percentage of high earners Northern has a slightly higher percentage of low earners The average of individuals in Northern is lower than the provincial average The median of individuals in Northern is lower than the provincial average Differences in levels of between Northern and are increasing The average and median s of families in Northern is lower than the provincial averages Differences in the levels of families between Northern and are increasing Northern has a higher percentage of part-time earners The average employment of both full time workers and part time workers is less then the provincial average Differences in the employment levels of workers in Northern and are increasing The of Thunder Bay and the Greater Sudbury Division have the highest levels in Northern The s of Manitoulin, Timiskaming, and Parry Sound have the lowest levels in Northern Resource dependent communities and suburb communities have the highest levels of in Northern 23

24 Endnotes 1 As this report is being written, Board #22, covering most of the Algoma, does not actually exist as a formal training board, having been dissolved in Despite this, the report includes data for this Board area. 2 This has been pointed out by several government studies undertaken over the past 30 years including the Royal Commission on the Northern Environment (Fahlgren Commission). Final Report, Toronto, 1985 and the Task Force on Resource Dependent Communities in Northern, (the Rosehart Report) Final Report, For an elaboration on these points see Dadgostar, B., Jankowski, W.B., and Moazzami, B. The Economy of Northwestern : Structure, Performance and Future Challenges, Thunder Bay: Centre for Northern Studies, Lakehead University, For a detailed discussion of this aspect of Northern see McBride, Stephen, McKay, Sharon, and Hill, Mary Ellen. Unemployment in a Northern Hinterland: The Social Impact of Political Neglect in Chris Southcott (ed.) A Provincial Hinterland: Social Inequality in Northwestern, Halifax: Fernwood, Canada, 2001 Census. 6 An elaboration on these unique characteristics can be found in Randall, James and R. G. Ironside Communities on the Edge: An Economic Geography of Resource-Dependent Communities in Canada The Canadian Geographer 40(10):17-35, The percentage varies according to whether the respondents claim Aboriginal identity or Aboriginal origins. In Northern, 9.9% of the population claims an Aboriginal identity while 11.5% claim Aboriginal origins. 8 Southcott, Chris. A Regional Outlook for Northern Boards: A Northern Approach to Regional Labour Force Development, Dryden: Training Boards of Northern, 2000, p.5, 6. Blue collar industrial employment includes the following census categories as contained in the 1980 Standard Industrial Categories: Logging and Forestry, Mining and Quarrying, Manufacturing, Construction, Transportation and Storage, Communication and Utilities. Longitudinal consistency requires that the categories of Agriculture and Trapping and Fishing also be included in this definition as the 1986 public profile categories did not separate these categories from Mining and Primary Forestry employment. 9 See Lucas, Rex Minetown, Milltown, Railtown: Life in Canadian communities of single industry, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, See Southcott, C. Single Industry Towns in a Post-Industrial Era: Northwestern as a Case Study. Research Reports, Centre for Northern Studies, Lakehead University, See also Gill, Alison, Women in Isolated Resource Towns: An Examination of Gender Differences in Cognitive Structures Geoforum 21(3): , See Dunk, Thomas W. Indian Participation in the Industrial Economy on the North Shore of Lake Superior, Thunder Bay Historical Museum Society Papers and Records XV: 3-13, The following is the explanation of sampling error found in the 2001 Census Dictionary: Sampling Errors Estimates obtained by weighting up responses collected on a sample basis are subject to error due to the fact that the distribution of characteristics within the sample will not usually be identical to the distribution of characteristics within the population from which the sample has been selected. The potential error introduced by sampling will vary according to the relative scarcity of the characteristics in the population. For large cell values, the potential error due to sampling, as a proportion of the cell 24