GDP Growth Inflation e 2018 e e 2018 e Advanced 1,6 2,1 1,9 0,8 1,6 1,7 Euro Area 1,7 2,1 1,6 0,2 1,5 1,1

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1 GDP Growth % e 218 e e 218 e Advanced 1,6 2,1 1,9,8 1,6 1,7 United-States 1,6 2,3 2,6 1,3 1,9 2,3 Japan 1, 1,7 1, -,1,4,6 United-Kingdom 1,8 1,5 1,,6 2,8 2,8 Euro Area 1,7 2,1 1,6,2 1,5 1,1 Germany 1,8 1,8 2,,4 1,9 1,7 France 1,1 1,6 1,6,3 1,4 1, Italy 1, 1,3,9 -,1 1,3,8 Spain 3,3 2,8 2,2 -,3 2,3 1,5 Emerging 4,1 4,6 4,9 4,4 3,1 3,4 China 6,7 6,6 6,4 2, 1,8 2,3 India 7,5 7,3 7,8 4,9 4,9 5,2 Brazil -3,5 1, 3, 8,8 3,6 3,8 Russia -,6 1,2 2, 7,1 4,2 4,3 World 3,1 3,5 3,7 2,8 2,5 2,7 Source : BNP Paribas Group Economic Research (e: Estimates & forecasts,) Inflation In the US, in spite of a weak 217 start, the US economy should continue to do well, supported by the housing market, external demand This could have a rather inflationary impact since the economy is already close to its potential, and unemployment is very low. We expect inflation to keep round the official target of The Fed would probably keep on (cautiously) hiking rates We see the Fed Funds target at 1.25% by year end, by mid-218. The Euro area recovery appears to be self-sustaining, also spreading across countries Intra-EU trade continues to build, signalling stronger domestic demand Indeed, corporate investment is doing well, while private consumption is getting stronger along with employment The ECB s QE and zero interest rate policy continues to revive credit and money supply growth. Inflation has rebounded in the wake of higher oil prices, but the core CPI trend remains very subdued, at around 1%, which argues for the ECB to maintain the status quo in 217.

2 EcoCharts// September 217 economic-research.bnpparibas.com 2 Interest rates, % ######## ######## ######## End of period Q1 Q2 Q3e Q4e Q1e Q2e Q3e Q4e e 218e US Fed Funds 1, 1,25 1,25 1,25 1,5 1,75 2, 2,25,75 1,25 2,25 Libor 3m $ 1,15 1,3 1,2 1,5 1,75 1,9 2,5 2,25 1, 1,5 2,25 T-Notes 1y 2,4 2,3 2,2 2,6 3, 3,1 3,25 3,25 2,45 2,6 3,25 Ezone ECB Refi Rate,,,,,,,,,,, Euribor 3m -,33 -,33 -,33 -,36 -,36 -,36 -,36 -,16 -,32 -,36 -,16 Bund 1y,33,47,29,6,8 1, 1,2 1,4,11,6 1,4 OAT 1y,97,82,74 1,5 1,25 1,45 1,65 1,8,69 1,5 1,8 UK Base rate,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,5,25,25,5 Gilts 1y 1,7 1,19 1,1 1,2 1,25 1,4 1,55 1,8 1,24 1,2 1,8 Japan BoJ Rate -,6 -,7 -,1 -,1 -,1 -,1 -,1 -,1 -,6 -,1 -,1 JGB 1y,7,9,6,7,8,8,8,8,5,7,8 Exchange Rates End of period Q1 Q2 Q3e Q4e Q1e Q2e Q3e Q4e e 218e USD EUR / USD 1,7 1,14 1,15 1,13 1,15 1,17 1,19 1,2 1,5 1,13 1,2 USD / JPY 111,43 112,36 115, 118, 12, 118, 116, 114, 116,64 118, 114, EUR EUR / GBP,86,88,88,9,89,89,87,85,85,9,85 EUR / CHF 1,7 1,9 1,12 1,12 1,12 1,12 1,12 1,15 1,7 1,12 1,15 Source : BNP Paribas Group Economic Research / GlobalMarkets (e: Estimates & forecasts) 3 Euro-dollar 4 Interest rates Euro-dollar exchange rate Spot price 1,5 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,1 8-sept. 1,2 Government Bond Yields (1 year) US Germany 3% 1% -1% - Spread 8-sept. 2,1%,3 1, % Interest rates 6 Oil market Government Bond Yields (1 year) France ----Germany 3% 8-sept. Oil price (Brent) $ per barrel, spot 12 8-sept. 8 1%,6, %

3 EcoCharts// September 217 economic-research.bnpparibas.com 3 7 US, business climate 8 US, investment cycle vs corporate profits ISM Manufacturing Orders The business climate is less euphoric, but still good in the manufacturing good Nonfinancial corporate, fixed investment (% value added) [L] Nonfinancial corporate, net profits (% value added) [R] Corporate investment and profits are now relatively far along in the cycle. 9 US, domestic oil market recovers 1 US, consumption is marking a pause US Oil market Oil production (mb/d) ---- Number of drillings [R] After dropping sharply, the number of drillings is on the rise again. US oil production is also recovering Private consumption, 3m/3m, ann. [L] Retail sales, vol., 3m/3m, ann. [R] 3% -3% car sales (adjusted to scale) 15% % Still trending at around annually, but weaker car sales 5% -5% 11 US, housing market on a good shape 12 US, housing market on a good shape ---- Housing starts, x [L] NAHB [R] The NAHB index points to an ongoing increase in housing starts Housing starts, x [L] Inventories in months of sales [R] Inventories are still very low (in months of sales)

4 EcoCharts// September 217 economic-research.bnpparibas.com 4 13 US, non-farm payrolls vs unemployment rate 14 US, labour force participation rate Monthly change in nonfarm payrolls (x) [L] Unemployment rate [R] The US unemployment rate has dropped below 5%, the estimated level of NAIRU, the threshold below which wages and inflation are supposed to begin accelerating again. 9% 7% 5% Participation rate 2-64 aged population 81% 79% 77% 75% The participation rate among the working age population (2-64 year) stopped falling recently, a further indication that the labour market is in better shape. 15 US, muted tensions over prices 16 US, muted tensions over wages US inflation Core Headline 3% 1% -1% Energy [RHS] % Energy Energy was largely responsible for the past upturn in headline inflation. So far, core inflation (excluding food and energy) has remained rather stable. US Augmented Phillips curve ( ) XAxis: Unemployment rate ; YAxis: Real hourly wage rate 2,5%, 31/7/17 R² =,75-2,5% 3% 5% 7% Real hourly wage growth is near zero, very low at this stage of the cycle. 17 US, credit to corporates keeps healthy 18 US, higher leverage in corporate sector Credit to corporate*, net flows, an $bn [L] Banks tightening credit, % [R] , 6, 3,, -3, Thanks to accommodating credit conditions, credit flows to corporates (loans & bond issues) have returned to healthy precrisis levels. Non-Financial Corporates debt & profits ratios Gross debt [L] ---- Net profits after tax [R] 1 Récessions A cause for future concern? US companies are heavily in debt again, while their profitability is eroding, a configuration that has often preceded recessions.

5 EcoCharts// September 217 economic-research.bnpparibas.com 5 19 US, low corporate spreads 2 US, trade with Mexico and China US BBB corporate spreads [L] ----Oil price, $ per barrel [R] China + Mexico share in total US imports 35% Corporate spreads have become very sensitive to oil prices in the US. One explanation is the size of the highly-leveraged shale oil sector Too big to tax 21 US, Fed funds rate and core inflation 22 US, real Fed funds rate and unemployment rate 25% 15% 5% Fed funds Core CPI, yy Fed funds rate vs Unemployment Fed funds [Grey = real, LHS] U. Rate [RHS] Although the Fed funds rate has ticked upwards, it is still below the core inflation rate With such low unemployment, the real Fed funds rate should be positive. But this is not the case, and the Fed is still behind the curve. 23 US, dollar effective exchange rates 24 US, external accounts Dollar, real effective exchange rate 1973 = Sources : Thomson Datastream, IMF, BNP Paribas Looking at the real effective exchange rate (trade weighted & adjusted for inflation), the dollar is now near its long-term equilibrium level. Current account balance % GDP External deficits have narrowed as US consumers get a grip on their debt habit. They also reflect the surge in the shale oil industry, and the reduction in America s energy dependency.

6 EcoCharts// September 217 economic-research.bnpparibas.com 6 25 China, various activity indicators 26 China, change in growth determinants Growth indicators (y/y) GDP Ind. output Electr. output 3 25% 2 15% 1 5% -5% Sources : Thomson Datastream, IMF, BNP Paribas Electricity output rebounded by early 217, although this could be due to special seasonal factors. US, households debt ratio, % GDP [L] ---- China, exports, % GDP [R] Bent on deleveraging, US consumers are importing less from China. 27 China, investment has come down 28 China, credit Fixed investment, % GDP ---- Private consumption, % of GDP 45% 4 35% Sources : Thomson Datastream, IMF, BNP Paribas Excessive investment leads to surplus capacity, which is one of the lessons of the global turmoil triggered by the financial crisis in A contraction began in 215. Credit outstanding as % of GDP Total ----Bank lending Bonds, entrusted loans, bank's acceptances, financial trusts... China has the highest internal debt ratio of the emerging countries. 29 China, trade surpluses remain large 3 China, leading the Commodity cycle Trade balance (% GDP) Total Excluding Food&Energy Food&Energy 15% Cement output in China, y/y [LHS] ---- World commodity prices (CRB spot) [RHS] % 15% 35% -5% Sources : Thomson Datastream, IMF, BNP Paribas External surpluses are still huge, even though they have narrowed somewhat since mid-216 (rebound in oil prices). -15% % The Cement industry has experienced its first recession in China between 214 and 215, putting downward pressure on world commodity prices.

7 EcoCharts// September 217 economic-research.bnpparibas.com 7 31 Euro area, lagging behind 32 Euro area, consumption remains strong GDP, vol. (28 = ) US ----EMU Although growth has improved, it still lags behind the US. Private consumption, yy Retail sales, vol., yy Consumption continues to be the main driving force behind the euro area recovery, as suggested by healthy retail sales. 33 Germany, GDP growth vs business surveys 34 France, GDP Growth vs business surveys GDP, q/q, ann. [L] PMI composite [RHS] ----PMI Manuf. [RHS] 62 GDP, q/q, ann. [L] PMI Composite [RHS] The year 217 starts on a positive note Thomson Datastream, *BNP Paribas nowcast model French GDP growth is trending at a close to annual path. 35 France, housing activity bottoms out 36 France, car registrations bottom out Housing market Starts (12m cumulated) ---- Surveys [RHS] 5 2 New car registrations Monthly, x Surveys suggest the housing market recovery will gain momentum in Sources : Thomson Datastream, European Commission BNP Paribas Back to normal levels..

8 EcoCharts// September 217 economic-research.bnpparibas.com 8 37 Italy, GDP growth vs business surveys 38 Spain, GDP growth vs business surveys GDP, q/q, ann. [L] PMI composite [RHS] ----PMI Manuf. [RHS] 5, ,5% 54, ,5% 42-5, Italian GDP growth should strengthen a little in early 217. GDP, q/q, ann. [L] PMI composite [RHS] ----PMI Manuf. [RHS] 5, 2,5%, -2,5% -5, The Spanish economy is still on the roll Euro area, fixed investment vs cap. utilization rate 4 Euro area, corporate fixed investment vs profits Corporate investment % of GDP (LHS) ----Capacity utilisation rate (RHS) 11,5% 9 Corporate investment % of GDP (LHS) ---- Corp. profit index (27 =, RHS) 11,5% 12 11, 85% 11, 1,5% 8 1,5% 98 1, 75% 1, 96 9,5% Higher capacity utilisation rates 7 9,5% and the stabilisation of profit margins trigger an upturn in corporate investment France, fixed investment vs corporate profit 42 France, fixed investment vs corporate debt Corporate investment % of GDP (LHS) ----Operating earnings % of value added (RHS) 13% 3 Corporate investment % of GDP (LHS) ----Corporate debt % of value added (RHS) 13% 14 33% % 31% 3 11% % Investment in France has been rather resilient compared to other countries, and despite the downturn in corporate profits Credit has been a support factor for investment in France.

9 EcoCharts// September 217 economic-research.bnpparibas.com 9 43 Corporate debt ratio, diverging trends 44 Euro area, trend in corporate fixed investment Nonfinancial corporate debt as % of value added Germany ----France Investment in Mach. & Equipt., 28 = (vol.) Spain ---- Italy The French corporate sector is not the most leveraged in Europe. Yet unlike Germany, its debt ratio has increased significantly over the past decade Corporate investment revives in keeping with profit margins, but not at the same pace across the board. 45 Euro area, trend in private debt ratios 46 Euro area, trend in exports Private sector debt ratio (% of GDP) 21 (Q1) 217 (Q1) US UK JP ES FR IT BD Sources : Banque de France, BNP Paribas Have been down everywhere, except in France EU Export Volume Index (s.a., 213 = ) Intra EU Extra EU Sources : Eurostat, BNP Paribas External trade has been weaker outside Europe, and stronger within. 47 Euro Area, credit to corporates vs bank lending survey 48 Spain, credit to corporates (<1y, EUR 1mn) Credit to corporate*, net flows EUR bn [L] Expected tightening, % [R] Expected demand, % [R] The ECB bank lending surveys are improving as lending standards return to normal. The private sector s demand for credit is getting stronger Credit to corporates, EURbn (<1y & EUR 1mn) 12m cumulated net flows ----Monthly net flows (annualized) Credit to corporates (under 1 year and EUR 1mn) is recovering in Spain.

10 EcoCharts// September 217 economic-research.bnpparibas.com 1 49 Euro area, financing conditions improve 5 Euro area, consumer credit recover Bank's lending rates to corporates (<1Y & EUR 1mn) Italy Spain ----France 7% 5% 3% 1% The convergence of lending rates signals a reduction in fragmentation. Euro are consumer credit 12m cumulated flows, EURbn Consumer credit is firmly back in positive territory. 51 Monetary aggregates, Euro area vs US 52 Euro area, base money surge with the QE Monetary aggregates (28 = ) US (M3) ----EMU (M2) 18 Money base R.Reserves Ex.Reserves D. Facility For a long time, monetary support was stronger in the US than in the euro area, but this changed when the ECB launched its asset purchase program The ECB s TLTRO programme temporarily inflated the money base (bank holdings with the ECB), which is now increasing in keeping with QE. 53 Euro area, M3 vs core inflation rate 54 Euro Area, ECB refi rate vs determinants CPI Core y/y [L] M3, y/y [R] 3, 2,5% 2, 1,5% 1,,5%, M3 is bottoming out as investors shift away from longer-term financial liabilities and into liquid assets. The ECB s QE programme is also encouraging this trend. 15% 1 9% 3% -3% Core inflation rate [L] Unemployment rate [R, inv.] "Refi" rate [L] 4,5% 4, 3,5% 3, 2,5% 2, 1,5% 1,,5%, % 9% 1 11% 1 13% The refi has held at. since March 16, 216, while the deposit facility rate (DFR) is negative at -.4. The ECB has dropped the Taylor rule at least for now.

11 EcoCharts// September 217 economic-research.bnpparibas.com Italian 1 year rates 56 Spanish 1 year rates Italy, Govt. bond yields 1y ----2y 8-sept. Spain, Govt. bond yields 1y ----2y 8-sept. 1,9 1,5 -,1 -, Rebounding, albeit from historical lows. Still relatively low. 57 France, over several maturities 58 Euro, still rather cheap France, Govt. bond yields 1y 5y y 3% 1% -1% Few tensions across the board, at all maturities. 8-sept.,6 -,3 -,61% Trend in th euro (211 = ) Against the dollar ---- Trade weighted The euro is weak relative to all currencies, especially the USD. PPP is Euro-dollar vs interest rates spreads 6 Euro-dollar vs ECB s balance sheet 2Y yields spreads [R] Euro vs dollar [L] 1,5 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,1 1, ,,, -, -1, -1, -2, The German-US yield spread is likely to remain very negative in the foreseeable period, which is likely to strain the euro. ECB's balance sheet vs euro-dollar ECB Balance Sheet, bn [L] ---- /$ [R] The ECB s asset purchase programme, combined with a negative deposit facility rate, has put continuous downward pressure on the exchange rate. 1,5 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,1 1,

12 EcoCharts// September 217 economic-research.bnpparibas.com US, S&P5 Trend in Operating earnings 62 US, S&P5 index vs operating earnings S&P5 Operating earning per share ($, annual) Trend ----Actual $ 8 6 US stock market S&P5 ----Annual EPS (adjusted to scale) $ Operating earnings are near their long-term trend An all-time high. 63 US, S&P 5 Fed model 64 Euro Area, 1y Yield spreads vs public debt S&P 5 Price-to-earnings ratio [R] Risk premium [L] The PE ratio (based on trend EPS) is high, but the risk premium on the risk-free rate (Treasuries) is not so low. with some details X Axis: Gross debt as % of GDP (216) Y Axis: 1y yield spread vs Germany (8-9-17) NL IR FI AT ES FR BE PT IT GR GDP Gen. Gov. fiscal balance Interests payment Public debt Total Primary Struct. Total 217 bn bn %GDP %GDP %GDP bn %GDP Av. rate bn %GDP Rating S&P Germany ,9,5 1,7,6 38,5 1,2 1, ,8 AAA France ,2-3, -1,2-2,3 41,3 1,8 1, ,9 AA Italy ,7-2,2 1,7-2, 66,3 3,9 3, ,1 BBB- Spain ,4-3,2 -,6-3,4 3,3 2,6 2, ,2 BBB+ Netherlands 718 3,7,5 1,5,2 7, 1, 1, ,8 AAA Belgium 436-8,2-1,9,7-1,6 11,5 2,6 2, ,6 AA Austria 36-4,7-1,3,7-1,1 7,2 2, 2, ,8 AA+ Greece 182-2,2-1,2 2, 2,5 5,8 3,2 1, ,8 B- Portugal 191-3,4-1,8 2,4-2,2 8, 4,2 3, ,5 BB+ Finland 218-4,7-2,2-1,1-1,3 2,2 1, 1, ,5 AA+ Ireland 28-1,5 -,5 1,6-1,1 6, 2,2 3, 26 73,5 A+ EMU ,1-1,4,7-1,1 228,2 2,1 2, ,4 UK , -3, -,5-3,4 58,9 2,5 2, ,6 AA EU ,4-1,6,4-1,7 39,4 2, 2, ,8

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14 BNP Paribas (215). All rights reserved. Prepared by Economic Research BNP PARIBAS Registered Office: 16 boulevard des Italiens 759 PARIS Tel: +33 () Internet : Publisher: Jean Lemierre. Editor: William De Vijlder