EPD INCONE DISTRIBUTION PROJECT DATA ON INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN NEPAL. Satish Kansal. Division Working Paper No March 1981
|
|
- Hugo Bradley
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized EPD INCONE DISTRIBUTION PROJECT DATA ON INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN NEPAL Satish Kansal Division Working Paper No March 1981 Economic and Social Data Division Economic Analysis and Projections Department Development Policy Staff The World Bank DRAFT Division Working Papers report on work in progress and are circulated for Bank staff use to stimulate discussion and comment. The views and interpretations in a Working Paper are those of the author and may not be attributed to the World Bank or its affiliated organizations.
2 DATA ON INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN NEPAL This paper evaluates the household Slarvey of Employment, Income Distribution, and Consumption Patterns in Nepal and the estimates of income distribution derived therefrom. Based on this evaluation it then adjusts the survey data for under-coverage of income and derives a more representative distribution of household income. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DATA DIVISION ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND PROJECTIONS DEPARTMENT MARCH e
3 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction... 1 Page II. The Household Survey of Employment, Income and Consuamption: A Brief Description... 2 III. The HOusehold Survey: An Evaluation... 4 IV. Data Adjustment and Derivation of New Income Distribution Estimates... 7 V. Concluding Remarks References Appendix Tables... 14
4 DATA ON INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN NEPAL I. Introduction Nepal, one of the poorest countries in the world, does not have a long tradition of household income and expenditure surveys. Its Central Bureau of Statistics conducted the nation's first household budget survey in , in a part of the Kathmandu district. This was a pilot survey to test the possibilities of obtaining household budget data; its findings have never been published. In the Nepal Rashtra Bank (the central bank of Nepal) undertook an urban household buidget survey, primarily to determine the expenditure patterns of households in urban areas and development centers, to help derive expenditure weighits for the construction of consumer price indices. The survey also collected data on household income and living conditions. However, because the income estimates lacked a sufficiently reliable standard for the classification of households by income levels, the reports used total consumption expenditure to estimate income distribution. Moreover, as the survey referred only to urban areas, which cover about 5 percent of total households in Nepal, its results cannot be considered representative of the country as a whole. In early 1977, Nepal's National Planning Commission conducted the first nationwide Survey of Employment, Income Distribution, and Consumption Patterns in Nepal, for the period This paper evaluates that survey and the estimates for household income distribution derived therefrom. It also discusses the survey's various shortcomings and, with them in mind, adjusts its estimates of household income distribution
5 -2- II. The Household Survey of Employment, Income, and Consumption: A Brief Description The National Planning Commission carried out the survey with a view to providing a sound data base for identifying pockets of unemployment and underemployment, those areas affected by low levels of income and consumption, and the concentration of income. a. Coverage The survey sample covered private households, excluding institutional households. b. Sample Selection The sample consisted of 4,037 rural households and 932 urban households.l/ The sampling fractions were 0.19% and 0.82% for rural and urban areas, respectively.z/ Sample households were selected through a three-stage stratified random sampling process, the first stage being the districts, the second stage the village and town panchayats, and the third stage the households within the selected town and village panchayats. The sample was designed to represent each of the development regions as well as the specific geographical parts (mountains, hills, and tarai).3/ 1/ The effective sample size for income distribution was 3,664 for rural areas and 932 for urban areas. Village panchayats and urban panchayats were defined as rural and urban areas, respectively. A "panchayat" is the smallest local administration unit. 2/ The National Planning Commission estimated the number of households in at million in rural Nepal and million in urban Nepal. 3/ Nepal is divided into four development regions: Eastern, Central, Western, and Far-Western.
6 -3- c. Definition of Household and Income For the purposes of the survey, a "household" is a group of persons, related or unrelated, who live together and generally share a common kitchen. A single person is treated as a household if he/she maintains a kitchen. A "family" is a group of persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption and that generally share a common kitchen. While the survey data on income refer to family members, consumption expenditure data refer to household members. Family income includes earnings in cash and kind of all family members (before income tax deductions). It also includes transfers such as retirement pensions, regular contributions received by family members, and gifts. It excludes the imputed rents of owner-occupied and free houses and the imputed value of the free collection of domestic materials (mainly fuelwood).l/ Household consumption expenditure is the sum of all expenditures incurred or imputed on various items from own produce, purchased, borrowed, or received free of charge. It includes the imputed value of freely collected domestic materials (like fuelwood). However, it is not clear from the report whether or not'the imputed rent from owner occupied and free houses is included. d. Survey Methodology and Reference Period The survey was conducted between March 24 and July 22, Data were collected through interviews, during which the enumerator filled out the questionnaire with the help of the head of the household and other household members. The reference period was one year: April 16, 1976 to April 15, 1977 for rural areas and July 16, 1976 to July 15, 1977 for urban areas. 1/ Survey figures on income do not include the income of domestic servants, as they are considered household members but not family members. This, however, # is not a serious problem as domestic servants are employed only by few urban households.
7 -4- III. The Household Survey: An Evaluation a. Non-enumeration Non-enumeration was negligible, as data were collected from 4,969 sample households (4,037 rural and 932 urban), almost identical in size to the planned sample of 4,980 households (4,040 rural and 940 urban). However, in the survey report, rural income distribution is based on information from 3,664 households (giving a 9.2% non-utilization rate for rural areas), apparently omitting those households where the heads of households reported no occupation (primarily aged persons living mainly on transfer incomes). It seems that the 373 households were left out erroneously. In urban areas, income distribution is based on informaticn from all 932 sample households although about 9.5% of these heads of households reported no occupation. We have adjusted the rural income distribution for the omission of the 373 rural households and have worked out an adjusted distribution for all 4,037 rural households. (Details are given in Section IV.) b. Reference Period The survey was conducted during March 24 to July 22, 1977, using as the reference period the agricultural year (April 16, 1976 to April 15, 1977) for rural areas and the fiscal year (July 16, 1976 to July 15, 1977) for urban areas. This means that those households interviewed in the earlier part of the survey period must have estimated their income for that period falling beyond the date of survey. Strictly speaking, this should give an imprecise estimate of household income. Nonetheless, the survey should actually give fairly reliable income figures for rural areas, where agriculture is the major source of income, because it was conducted after the harvesting period.l/ 1/ According to the survey, about 86 percent of rural households were engaged in agriculture activity.
8 -5- In urban areas reported income figures should also be fairly accurate because, according to 1971 census,- about one-third of the urban economically active population was engaged in agriculture and about 70% of economically active non-agriculture persons were salary and wage earners. Thus, altogether, 81% of.the economically active urban population wereengaged in agriculture activity or were salary and wage earners. It would thus be possible to get reliable household annual income figures for them even if a small part of reference period fell beyond the date of survey. Table 1 gives the distribution of the economically active urban population by employment status. Table 1: DISTRIBUTION OF ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE URBAN POPULATION BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS (1971 CENSUS) Agriculture Non-agriculture Total (Numbers (%) M (Numbers ) (%) (Numbers ) (%) Employer , Employee 6, , , Self employed 38, , , Unpaid family workers 2, , , Total 47, , , / The surveydoes not give the distribution of households according to the employment status of the head of the household.
9 -6- c. Income coverage The survey definition of household income refers to earnings in cash and kind and current transfer income accruing to all present family members;-but excludes imputed income from owner-occupied houses and the free collection of domestic materials (mainly fuelwood). We have adjusted the survey income figures for these exclusions. This adjusted income works out to be about 11% hi,gher than the survey estimates. (Details are given in Section IV.) We have compared the total household income as estimated from the survey data (after adjusting for under-coverage) with the same aggregate derived from national accounts and government budget data. Unfortunately, because the national accounts data were scanty, it was not possible to USE them-to deri-ve.a precise-figure for household income. However, tentative estimates show that private household income in was about 15,500- million rupees (Rs.)-/ The adjusted estimate of total household income worked out to be Rs. 15,125 million, with the two figures for income differing by only 2.4 percent (Table 2). This suggests that under reporting of income in the survey was not significant. Year / Gross Domestic Product at market prices 17,280 Rs. mill. a. less depreciation 767 b. less indirect taxes 1,025 Net Domestic Product at factor costs 15,488 a. less govt. income from property and enterprises 77 b. less savings of the corporate sector about 30 c. less corporate taxes about 40 d. plus govt. transfers to private households about 150
10 -7- Table 2: SURVEY ESTIMATE OF AGGREGATE HOUSEHOLD INCOME, Rural Urban Combined Average household income (Rs.) 5,569 12,711 Estimated number of households (thousands) 2, Estimated total household income (Rs. mill.) 12,068 1,449 13,517 Imputed rent and fuelwood (Rs. mill.) - - 1,608 Adjusted total household income (Rs. mill.) ,125 National accounts estimate of household income (Rs. mill.) 15,500 The adjusted survey figure for household income might still be a marginal understatement as we have adjusted for only the imputed value of freely collected fuelwood (within the larger category of freely collected domestic materials). However, for all practical purposes, the adjusted household income distribution should be representative of Nepal.-l IV. Data Adjustment and Derivation of New Income Distribution Estimates As was pointed out above, the rural income distribution of the survey is derived from the income data of 3,664 households, although the average household income is based on all 4,037 rural sample households. The excluded 373 rural households appear to have been those where the head of the household did not report an occupation. The survey report also gives the distribution of the sample's rural households by farm category together with the average household income for each category (Appendix Table 1). 1/ The implicit assumption is that the unadjusted under-reported income is proportionately distributed over the different income classes.
11 -8- The sample includes 418 landless households, with an average income of Rs. 4,956 (of which Rs. 4,690 were from non-agriculture sources). We have assumed that the 373 households omitted from the rural income distributi-on belong to this category, with its average income of Rs. 4,956. We distributed them between the two income classes with average incomes Rs. 4,500 and Rs. 6,500 yielding an overall average income for the 373 households equal to that of the landless housenolds included in the survey. The second adjustment we made on the imputed rental income (excluded in the survey). We have estimated it at Rs. 927 million for all of Nepal, or Rs. 407 per household (Tab'e 3). To distribute it over the different income levels, we used the survey estimates of the average number of rooms occupied by the households in the different income classes. Survey data on housing are available only for. kural households for few income classes. We used the available data on rural housing conditions for all of Nepal because rural households account for 90% of the total imputed rent and for 95% of the total households in Nepal (Table 4). Finally, we made a third adjustment for the imputed value of freely collected fuelwood by family members. According to the National Planning Commission, the average annual household expenditure on fuel and light was Rs. 373, of which Rs. 298 was the imputed value (80%) of the freely collected fuelwood. We added Rs. 298 to each of the income classes, assuming that the free collection of fuel is more prevalent in the lower income classes than in the higher income classes, although the total expenditure on fuel and light (imputed plus actual) of upper income households was much higher.
12 Table 3: IMPUTED RENTAL INCOME, Urban Kathmandu Other Unit Rural Valley areas Total Combined 1. No. of households , , Households in rented houses " neg Households in own or free houses " 2, , Annual imputed rent per household Rupees , Total imputed rental income (= 3 x 4) Rs.mill Average imputed rent per household Rupees Source: Report on National Accounts Project, National Planning Commission Secretariat, Nepal, August Table 4: PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY NUMBER OF ROOMS AND BY INCOME LEVELS AND THE IMPUTED RENT FOR EACH INCOME CLASS Average Income Levels No. of Up to 2,500 2,500-15,000 15,000 & above Rooms Up to two rooms Three rooms or more Total % of households by different income levels Average number of rooms Imputed rent per household (Rs.) Source: Survey.
13 Table 5 gives the adjusted figures for shares of income by dec4.es of households for rural, urban, and combined areas for Income distribution for all of Nepal was derived by combining rural and urban distributions in proportion to their total number of estimated households.l/ -'-'*---Tab1le_5:- INCOME DISTRIBUTION, (ADJUSTED) Cummulative % Cummulative % Thare of Income of households Rural Urban Combined Gini Ratio Table 6 gives the unadjusted shares of income by deciles of households, derived from the original data in the survey report. The distribution of households and of income by income levels are given in Appendix Tables A2 to A4 for unadjusted survey data and in Tables A5 to A7 after the adjustments had been made. A comparison of Tables 5 and 6 shows that the Gini ratio for the adjusted distribution of Nepal has declined to 0.53,as compared to 0.57 for the original distribution. The share of income of the lowest 20 percent of households has increased from 3.1% to 4.6%; for the top 10 percent income share it has declined from 50.7% to 46.5%. A/ In the survey report the combined income distribution is derived by adding the rural and urban sample households, thus giving more weight to urban areas.
14 Table 6: INCOME DISTRIBUTION, (UNADJUSTED) Cummulative % of house- Cummulative % share of income hold Rural Urban Combined Gini Ratio Source: National PLanning Commission, Nepal.
15 V. Concluding Remarks We have estimated household income distribution in Nepal for using the country's first nationwide household survey. Results show that'riural intoeom ineqianity- is'considerably higher than its urban counterpart. This may be the result, in part, of the highly unequal distribution of agricultural landholdings and, in part, of the nature 'of the classification of the urban-rural areas. Some of the village panchayats (12 in the 1971 census) that are included in rural areas have a population of more than ten thousand. In fact, their population is more than that of some of the town panchayats (included in the urban areas) with well developed market centers. Thus, so-called rural Nepal is a mixture of rural and urban areas; the rural income inequality should not be viewed as an indicator for rural households in the true sense. The above' distiribution of household income seems to be the first available estimate for Nepal, because the World Bank Social Indicators Data Sheets and Shail Jai'n's'study on Size Distribution of Income do not give figures for Nepal. As such, it is not possible to compare the abovementioned distribution with any other similar distribution. 4i
16 REFERENCES 1. A Survey of Employment, Income Distribution and Consumption Patterns in Nepal, , Summary Report, Volume IV, National Planning Commission, Nepal, Sept Report on National Accounts Project, National Planning Commission, Nepal, August Population Census, 1971, Abstracts, 1975, National Planning Commission, Nepal, Statistical Abstracts, Figures and Facts about Taxation since 1959, Ministry of Finance, Department of Taxation, Nepal, Nepal, Development Performance and Prospects, A World Bank Country Study, December, 1979.
17 APPENDIX TABLES Table Al: NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS AND AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD INCOME FROM AGRICULTURE AND NON-AGRICULTURE SOURCES BY DIFFERENT FARM CATEGORIES, RURAL NEPAL, Number Farm of- Annual Average Household Income in Rupees Category households Total Agriculture Non-Agriculture (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 1. Landless 418 4, , Marginal (IR) 222 3,518 1,824 1, (UNIR) 819; 4,876 2,493 2,?33 4. Small (IR) 305 5,706 4,177 1, i (UNIR) 956 4,909 3,574 1, Medium (IR) 221 8,647 6,805 1, " (UNIR) 581 5,866 4,584 1, Large (IR) ,158 8,227 1, it (UNIR) 379 6,597 5,144 1, Total 4,037 5,569 3,588 1,981 IR = Irrigated UNIR = Unirrigated Source: A Survey of Employment, Income Distribution and Consumption Patterns in Nepal, National Planning Commission, Nepal, Sept
18 Table A2t DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS, AVERAGE INCOME PER HOUSEHOLD,AND SHARE OF INCOME BY DIFFERENT INCOME CLASSES, RURAL NEPAL, Annual Annual income Sample households average Share of income classes (Rs.) Numbers % household % Cum. % income(rs.).(1) (2), (3) (-4)- (5) (6) 1. below , , ,500-2, , ,500-3, , ,500-4, , ,000-5, , ,000-8, , ,000-10, , ,000-15, , ,000-25, , ,000-40, , ,000-75, , ,000 and above , All classes 3, /1 Average household income is taken to be two-thirds of the upper limit of the income class, following Mehran's Portable method, "Dealing with grouped income distribution data" by Farhad Mehran, ILO, Geneva. WEP 2-23/WP 20. August Source: A Survey of Employment, Income Distribution and Consumption Patterns in Nepal, National Planning Commission, Nepal, Sept
19 Table A3: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS, AVERAGE INCOME PER HOUSEHOLD AND SHARE OF INCOME-.BY DIFFERENT INCOME CLASSES, URBAN NEPAL, Annual Annual income Sample households average Share of income classes (Rs.) Numbers % household % Cum. % income (Rs.) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 1. below V , , ,500-2, , ,500-3, , ,500-4, , ,000-5, , ,000-8, , ,000-10, , ,000-15, , ,000-25, , ,000-40, , ,000-75, , ,000 and above , All classes /1 Average household income is taken to be two-thirds of the upper limit of the income class following Mehran's Portable Method, "Dealing with grouped income distribution data"by Farhad Mehran, ILO, Geneva, WEP 2-23/WP 20, August Source: A Survey of Employment. Income Distribution and Consumption Patterns in Nepal, National Planning Commission, Nepal, Sept I
20 Table A4: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS AND SHARE OF INCOME BY DIFFERENT INCOME CLASSES, (Rural and Urban Combined) Annual income Sample households Share of-income classes (Rs.) Numbers % % Cum. % (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 1. below , ,500-2, ,500-3, ,500-4, ,000-5, ,000-8, ,000-10, ,000-15, ,000-25, ,000-40, ,000-75, ,000 and above All classes 4, Source: Derived from Tables 2 and 3.
21 Table A5: ADJUSTED DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS AND INCOME AND ADJUSTED AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD INCOME BY INCOME LEVELS, RURAL NEPAL, Adjusted Annual Sample households Average Share of Income Income Number h household S Cum.% Classes (Rs.) income (Rs.) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 1. Below , , ,500-2, , ,500-3, , ,500-4, , ,000-5, , ,000-8, , ,000-10, , ,000-15, , ,000-25, , ,000-40, , ,000-75, , ,000 and above , All classes 4, Source: Derived from Table A2 after adjustments. 4V
22 Table A6: ADJUSTED DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS AND INCOME AND ADJUSTED AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD INCOME BY INCOME LEVELS, URBAN NEPAL, Adjusted Annual -Sample households Average Share of Income Income Number % household % Cum.% Classes(Rs.) income (Rs.) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 1. Below , , ,500-2, , ,500-3, , ,500-4, , ,000-5, , ,000-8, , ,000-10, , ,000-15, , ,000-25, , ,000-40, , ,000-75, , ,000 and above , All classes Source: Derived from Table A3 after adjustments.. t...~gs0f' a,A.;>.W,P....WS.#Z.R~'fii..i... 'f:... 2tI i...,i e S -i L & t ( X A.1 f. t 9 t ' f a d. t t. t..
23 Table A7: ADJUSTED DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS AND INCOME BY INCOME LEVELS, (Rural and Urban Combined) Annual income Households Share of Income Classes(Rs.) %%. Cum.% (1) (2) (3) (4) 1. Below , ,500-2, ,500-3, ,500-4, ,000-5, ,000-8, ,000-10, ,000-15, ,000-25, ,000-40, ,000-75, ,00 and above All classes Source: Derived from Tables A5 and A6.
For Staff Use Only EPD INCOME DISTRIBUTION PROJECT DATA ON INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN SIERRA LEONE. Satish Kansal. Division Working Paper No.
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized EPD INCOME DISTRIBUTION PROJECT DATA ON INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN SIERRA LEONE Satish Kansal
More informations- s SS 4 / o%f Satish Kansal Division Working Paper No July 1981
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized s- s SS 4 / o%f EPD INCOME DISTRIBUTION PROJECT DATA ON INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN BANGLADESH
More informationEPD INCOME DISTRIBUTION PROJECT. Jong-goo Park. Division Working Paper No August 1980
Public Disclosure Authorized DRAFT EPD INCOME DISTRIBUTION PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized DATA ON INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Jong-goo Park Public Disclosure Authorized Division Working
More informationSources: Surveys: Sri Lanka Consumer Finance and Socio-Economic Surveys (CFSES) 1953, 1963, 1973, 1979 and 1982
Sri Lanka Sources: Paukert 1973, Table 6 p.104-105 Jain 1975 Cromwell 1977, Table 1 Lecaillon et al. 1984, Table 4 p. 26-27 UN 1985 Bhalla 1988 Fields 1989 Datt 1994 World Bank Poverty Monitoring Database
More information2006 Family Income and Expenditure Survey (Final Results)
2006 Family Income and Expenditure Survey (Final Results) Reference Number: 412 Release Date: Thursday, February 5, 2009 Increase in average annual family income and expenditure In 2006, the average annual
More informationINCOME DISTRIBUTION AND INEQUALITY MEASURES IN SINGAPORE
Conference on Chinese Population and Socioeconomic Studies: Utilizing the 2000/2001 round Census Data Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 19-21 June 2002, Hong Kong SAR INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND
More informationCONSUMPTION POVERTY IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO April 2017
CONSUMPTION POVERTY IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO 2012-2015 April 2017 The World Bank Europe and Central Asia Region Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit www.worldbank.org Kosovo Agency of Statistics
More informationUse of the Federal Empowerment Zone Employment Credit for Tax Year 1997: Who Claims What?
Use of the Federal Empowerment Zone Employment Credit for Tax Year 1997: Who Claims What? by Andrew Bershadker and Edith Brashares I n an attempt to encourage revitalization of economically distressed
More informationCHAPTER \11 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION. decades. Income distribution, as reflected in the distribution of household
CHAPTER \11 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Income distribution in India shows remarkable stability over four and a half decades. Income distribution, as reflected in the distribution of
More informationA Case Study on Socio - Economic Conditions of Agricultural Labourers in Idaikal Village in Tirunelveli District. Dr. T.
Volume: 3; No: 2; June-2017. pp 256-264. ISSN: 2455-3921 A Case Study on Socio - Economic Conditions of Agricultural Labourers in Idaikal Village in Tirunelveli District Dr. T. Vijayanthi Assistant Professor
More informationA Profile of the Working Poor, 2011
Cornell University ILR School DigitalCommons@ILR Federal Publications Key Workplace Documents 4-2013 A Profile of the Working Poor, 2011 Bureau of Labor Statistics Follow this and additional works at:
More informationFINAL QUALITY REPORT EU-SILC
NATIONAL STATISTICAL INSTITUTE FINAL QUALITY REPORT EU-SILC 2006-2007 BULGARIA SOFIA, February 2010 CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 3 1. COMMON LONGITUDINAL EUROPEAN UNION INDICATORS 3 2. ACCURACY 2.1. Sample
More informationMeasuring Informal Employment through Labor Force Survey : Nepal s Case. Uttam Narayan Malla Central Bureau of Statistics Nepal
Measuring Informal Employment through Labor Force Survey : Nepal s Case Uttam Narayan Malla Central Bureau of Statistics Nepal Informal activities and sources of data Nepalese economy virtually functions
More informationIndiana Lags United States in Per Capita Income
July 2011, Number 11-C21 University Public Policy Institute The IU Public Policy Institute (PPI) is a collaborative, multidisciplinary research institute within the University School of Public and Environmental
More informationCASEN 2011, ECLAC clarifications Background on the National Socioeconomic Survey (CASEN) 2011
CASEN 2011, ECLAC clarifications 1 1. Background on the National Socioeconomic Survey (CASEN) 2011 The National Socioeconomic Survey (CASEN), is carried out in order to accomplish the following objectives:
More informationCONTENTS. I) IMPROVEMENTS ON THE BASIC INDICATORS OF THE YEARS 2002 & Text II) THE RESULTS OF THE YEAR Text
CONTENTS I) IMPROVEMENTS ON THE BASIC INDICATORS OF THE YEARS 2002 & 2003... Text II) THE RESULTS OF THE YEAR 2003...Text Graphics : Sheet Name Graphic 1. The labour force participation, employment and
More informationPROGRAM ON HOUSING AND URBAN POLICY
Institute of Business and Economic Research Fisher Center for Real Estate and Urban Economics PROGRAM ON HOUSING AND URBAN POLICY WORKING PAPER SERIES WORKING PAPER NO. W06-001B HOUSING POLICY IN THE UNITED
More informationTHE CAYMAN ISLANDS LABOUR FORCE SURVEY REPORT SPRING 2017
THE CAYMAN ISLANDS LABOUR FORCE SURVEY REPORT SPRING 2017 Published AUGUST 2017 Economics and Statistics Office i CONTENTS SUMMARY TABLE 1: KEY LABOUR FORCE INDICATORS BY STATUS... 1 SUMMARY TABLE 2: KEY
More informationNepal Living Standards Survey III 2010 Sampling design and implementation
Nepal Living Standards Survey III 2010 Sampling design and implementation Background The Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Government of Nepal, undertook the third Nepal Living Standards Survey (NLSS
More informationSierra Leone 2014 Labor Force Survey. Basic Information Document
Sierra Leone 2014 Labor Force Survey Basic Information Document ACRONYMS GIZ ILO LFS SSL Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit International Labour Organization Labor Force Survey Statistics
More informationTable 1 sets out national accounts information from 1994 to 2001 and includes the consumer price index and the population for these years.
WHAT HAPPENED TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME IN SOUTH AFRICA BETWEEN 1995 AND 2001? Charles Simkins University of the Witwatersrand 22 November 2004 He read each wound, each weakness clear; And struck his
More informationJong-goo Park. Divisi'on Working Paper No October 1980
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized EPD INCOME DISTRIBUTION PROJECT DATA ON THEl Jong-goo Park DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME IN
More informationPoverty Profile Executive Summary. Azerbaijan Republic
Poverty Profile Executive Summary Azerbaijan Republic December 2001 Japan Bank for International Cooperation 1. POVERTY AND INEQUALITY IN AZERBAIJAN 1.1. Poverty and Inequality Measurement Poverty Line
More informationIn 2012, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, about. A Profile of the Working Poor, Highlights CONTENTS U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS M A R C H 2 0 1 4 R E P O R T 1 0 4 7 A Profile of the Working Poor, 2012 Highlights Following are additional highlights from the 2012 data: Full-time workers were considerably
More informationTime-use by age and gender: the case of Serbia
Distr.: General May 1 English Economic Commission for Europe Conference of European Statisticians Work Session on Gender Statistics Vilnius, Lithuania 1-3 June 1 Item of the provisional agenda (Work-life
More information1. The Armenian Integrated Living Conditions Survey
MEASURING POVERTY IN ARMENIA: METHODOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS Since 1996, when the current methodology for surveying well being of households was introduced in Armenia, the National Statistical Service of
More informationMETHODOLOGY. Who Pays? A Distributional Analysis of the Tax Systems in All 50 States, 6th Edition
METHODOLOGY The Institute on Taxation & Economic Policy has engaged in research on tax issues since 1980, with a focus on the distributional consequences of both current law and proposed changes. Much
More information2007 Minnesota Tax Incidence Study
2007 Minnesota Tax Incidence Study (Using November 2006 Forecast) An analysis of Minnesota s household and business taxes. March 2007 2007 Minnesota Tax Incidence Study Analysis of Minnesota s household
More informationWeights reference period: 2003/2004 Nigeria Living Standard Survey (NLSS)
Nigeria A: Identification Title of the CPI: Country Composite Index Organisation responsible: National Bureau of Statistics Periodicity: Monthly Index reference period: November 2009 = 100 Weights reference
More informationIslamic Republic of Iran
Islamic Republic of Iran A: Identification Title of the CPI: Consumer Price Index Organisation responsible: Statistical Centre of Iran (SCI) Periodicity: Monthly Price reference period: 2002 = 100 Index
More informationInequality in China: Recent Trends. Terry Sicular (University of Western Ontario)
Inequality in China: Recent Trends Terry Sicular (University of Western Ontario) In the past decade Policy goal: harmonious, sustainable development, with benefits of growth shared widely Reflected in
More informationIncome inequality an insufficient consumption in China. Li Gan Southwestern University of Finance and Economics Texas A&M University
Income inequality an insufficient consumption in China Li Gan Southwestern University of Finance and Economics Texas A&M University 目 1 An Introduction of CHFS Contents 2 3 Inequality and Consumption A
More informationPublic Disclosure Authorized DRAFT EPD INCOME DISTRIBUTION PROJECT DATA ON INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN PANAMA. Public Disclosure Authorized.
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized EPD INCOME DISTRIBUTION PROJECT DATA ON INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN PANAMA Jong-goo Park Division
More informationFinal Report. The Economic Impact and Tax Revenue Impact of Nebraska Supply/Marketing and Regional Cooperatives
A Bureau of Business Research Report From the University of Nebraska Lincoln Final Report The Economic Impact and Tax Revenue Impact of Nebraska Supply/Marketing and Regional Cooperatives Prepared for
More informationCOMMENTARY NUMBER Household Income, August Housing Starts September 18, 2013
COMMENTARY NUMBER 558 2012 Household Income, August Housing Starts September 18, 2013 At An 18-Year Low, 2012 Real Median Household Income Was Below Levels Seen in 1968 through 1974 2012 Income Variance
More informationUNRISD UNITED NATIONS RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
UNRISD UNITED NATIONS RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Wealth and Income Inequalities Imogen Mogotsi prepared for the UNRISD project on Poverty Reduction and Policy Regimes November 2007 Geneva
More informationBackground Notes SILC 2014
Background Notes SILC 2014 Purpose of Survey The primary focus of the Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) is the collection of information on the income and living conditions of different types
More informationCopies can be obtained from the:
Published by the Stationery Office, Dublin, Ireland. Copies can be obtained from the: Central Statistics Office, Information Section, Skehard Road, Cork, Government Publications Sales Office, Sun Alliance
More informationPoverty and Inequality in the Countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States
22 June 2016 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE CONFERENCE OF EUROPEAN STATISTICIANS Seminar on poverty measurement 12-13 July 2016, Geneva, Switzerland Item 6: Linkages between poverty, inequality
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2013-2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationCOMMUNITY REINVESTMENT ACT PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
PUBLIC DISCLOSURE July 25, 2011 COMMUNITY REINVESTMENT ACT PERFORMANCE EVALUATION Bank of Millbrook RSSD No. 175609 3263 Franklin Avenue Millbrook, New York 12545 FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF NEW YORK 33 LIBERTY
More informationIn general, expenditure inequalities are lower than the income inequalities for all consumption categories as shown by the Lorenz curve for four
In general, expenditure inequalities are lower than the income inequalities for all consumption categories as shown by the Lorenz curve for four major categories of expenditure (Figures 9 and 10). According
More informationTell us what you think. Provide feedback to help make American Community Survey data more useful for you.
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2016 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found on
More informationTrends and Scenario of Poverty in Nepal
MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive Trends and Scenario of Poverty in Nepal Prabin Khanal Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University, Japan 30. November 2012 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/43191/
More informationMexico Sources: Surveys: Censo de la Población 1950 Encuesta de los ingresos y egresos de la población 1956, 1957
Mexico Sources: Navarrete 1960 Weisskoff 1970 Paukert 1973, Table 6 p.104-105 Jain 1975 Cromwell 1977, Table 1 Bergsman 1980 UN 1981 Felix 1982, Tables 1 and 2 p. 267 and 268 van Ginneken 1982 Lecaillon
More information1 - Organisation, functions and duties
1 - Organisation, functions and duties Introduction The Department of Economics and Statistics in Himachal Pradesh is functioning since the year 1955-56. The Directorate of Economics & Statistics came
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates
DP05 ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year s Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found on the
More informationAmerican Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationPUBLIC DISCLOSURE COMMUNITY REINVESTMENT ACT PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
PUBLIC DISCLOSURE May 12, 1997 COMMUNITY REINVESTMENT ACT PERFORMANCE EVALUATION Bank of Avoca 02-36-0480 18 North Main Street Avoca, New York 14809 Federal Reserve Bank of New York 33 Liberty Street,
More informationGender Pay Differences: Progress Made, but Women Remain Overrepresented Among Low- Wage Workers
Cornell University ILR School DigitalCommons@ILR Federal Publications Key Workplace Documents 10-2011 Gender Pay Differences: Progress Made, but Women Remain Overrepresented Among Low- Wage Workers Government
More informationDilli Raj Joshi Director Sandhya Dahal K C Statistics Officer CBS, Nepal
Presentation on the operational aspects of household surveys covered in session 8 and 9, including experience with CAPI or collecting self-reported data Dilli Raj Joshi Director Sandhya Dahal K C Statistics
More informationEducation and Employment Status of Dalit women
Volume: ; No: ; November-0. pp -. ISSN: -39 Education and Employment Status of Dalit women S.Thaiyalnayaki PhD Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, India. Abstract
More informationNur Layali Mohd Ali Khan Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Nur Layali Mohd Ali Khan Department of Statistics, Malaysia Dubai, United Arab Emirates Department of Statistics, Malaysia www.dosm.gov.my #fanstatstic StatsMalaysia DrUzirMahidin StatsMalaysia Dr_Uzir
More informationLabour force, Employment and Unemployment Year 2017
Labour force, Employment and Unemployment Year 2017 Introduction 1. This ninth issue of the Economic and Social Indicators presents a set of estimates of labour force, employment and unemployment for the
More informationSELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2008-2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationEconomic Development and Subjective Well-Being. An in-depth study based on VARHS 2012
Economic Development and Subjective Well-Being An in-depth study based on VARHS 2012 Introduction Aim: Understand how the many dimensions of economic development affect happiness/life satisfaction in rural
More information1981 Population Census Preliminary Report on Labour Force Composition
1981 Population Census Preliminary Report on Labour Force Composition Section 1 - Introduction Section 2 * Broad conclusions Section 3 * Detailed findings (i) Labour force participation and unemployment
More informationHousehold Income and Expenditure Survey Analysis Report
Household Income and Expenditure Survey Analysis Report Federated States of Micronesia 2005 November 2007 Division of Statistics Office of Statistics, Budget and Economic Management, Overseas Development
More informationRESULTS OF THE KOSOVO 2015 LABOUR FORCE SURVEY JUNE Public Disclosure Authorized. Public Disclosure Authorized. Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized RESULTS OF THE KOSOVO 2015 LABOUR FORCE SURVEY JUNE 2016 Kosovo Agency of Statistics
More informationInstitutional Determinants of the Retirement Patterns of China s Urban and Rural Residents John Giles, Xiaoyan Lei, Yafeng Wang, Yaohui Zhao October
Institutional Determinants of the Retirement Patterns of China s Urban and Rural Residents John Giles, Xiaoyan Lei, Yafeng Wang, Yaohui Zhao October 2012 1 Introduction China is facing the challenge of
More informationModel Policy for Defining Indigent for Purposes of Burial at Township s Expense
Model Policy for Defining Indigent for Purposes of Burial at Township s Expense Generally: The purpose of this policy is to ensure compliance with Ohio Revised Code 9.15(C) which mandates that a township
More informationREPUBLIC OF ZAMBIA CENTRAL STATISTICAL OFFICE PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE 2012 LABOUR FORCE SURVEY
REPUBLIC OF ZAMBIA CENTRAL STATISTICAL OFFICE PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE 2012 LABOUR FORCE SURVEY This report presents preliminary results of the 2012 Labour Force Survey. The results presented herein
More informationPUBLIC DISCLOSURE. July 16, 2002 COMMUNITY REINVESTMENT ACT PERFORMANCE EVALUATION UINTA COUNTY STATE BANK RSSD# 85052
PUBLIC DISCLOSURE COMMUNITY REINVESTMENT ACT PERFORMANCE EVALUATION UINTA COUNTY STATE BANK RSSD# 85052 P.O. BOX 159 MOUNTAIN VIEW, WYOMING 82939 Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City 925 Grand Boulevard
More informationVolume Author/Editor: National Accounts Review Committee. Volume URL:
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: The National Economic Accounts of the United States: Review, Appraisal, and Recommendations
More informationACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates
DP05 ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates Supporting documentation on code lists, subject definitions, data accuracy, and statistical testing can be found
More informationWorking Party on National Accounts
Unclassified Unclassified Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 22-Oct-2015 English - Or. English STATISTICS DIRECTORATE COMMITTEE
More informationSurveys on Informal Sector: Objectives, Method of Data Collection, Adequacy of the Procedure and Survey Findings
Surveys on Informal Sector: Objectives, Method of Data Collection, Adequacy of the Procedure and Survey Findings 1. Introduction 1.1 The term informal sector has been debated much in the recent past at
More information60% of household expenditures on housing, food and transport
Household Budget Survey 2015/2016 17 July 2017 60% of household expenditures on housing, food and transport The Inquérito às Despesas das Famílias 2015/2016 (Household Budget Survey/HBS series) definitive
More informationAN APPLICATION OF THE CEQ EFFECTIVENESS INDICATORS: THE CASE OF IRAN
AN APPLICATION OF THE CEQ EFFECTIVENESS INDICATORS: THE CASE OF IRAN Ali Enami Working Paper 58 November 2016 (Revised July 2017) 1 The CEQ Working Paper Series The CEQ Institute at Tulane University works
More informationEconomic activity framework
CHAPTER 7 LABOR MARKET ACTIVITIES Background Economic activity and employment are shaped by many factors, including the size of the ing-age, educational and skill level of the labor force, and availability
More informationWikiLeaks Document Release
WikiLeaks Document Release February 2, 2009 Congressional Research Service Report RL30317 CAPITAL GAINS TAXATION: DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS Jane G. Gravelle, Government and Finance Division Updated September
More informationGENERAL INFORMATION. INSTITUTION'S CRA RATING: This institution is rated "Satisfactory."
GENERAL INFORMATION The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) requires each federal financial supervisory agency to use its authority when examining financial institutions subject to its supervision, to assess
More informationAn Investigation of Determinants and Constraints of Urban Employment in Shone Town, Ethiopia
An Investigation of Determinants and Constraints of Urban Employment in Shone Town, Ethiopia Mamo Esayas Ambe Department of Economics, Wolaita Sodo University, P.o.Box 138, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia Abstract
More informationSTUDY ON SOME PROBLEMS IN ESTIMATING CHINA S GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
Review of Income and Wealth Series 48, Number 2, June 2002 STUDY ON SOME PROBLEMS IN ESTIMATING CHINA S GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT BY XU XIANCHUN Department of National Accounts, National Bureau of Statistics,
More informationResearch Report No. 69 UPDATING POVERTY AND INEQUALITY ESTIMATES: 2005 PANORA SOCIAL POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE
Research Report No. 69 UPDATING POVERTY AND INEQUALITY ESTIMATES: 2005 PANORA SOCIAL POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE Research Report No. 69 UPDATING POVERTY AND INEQUALITY ESTIMATES: 2005 PANORAMA Haroon
More information