Policies and practices regarding the articulation of professional, family and personal life in Norway an analysis adopting a time use approach

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1 Policies and practices regarding the articulation of professional, family and personal life in Norway an analysis adopting a time use approach Ragni Hege Kitterød Institute for Social Research, Norway hege.kitterod@samfunnsforskning.no Lisboa

2 The Norwegian context: Labour market All adults expected to participate in the labour market Standard weekly work hours: 37.5 hours More women than men in higher education High female labour force participation, few full time housewives Women often work part-time (37 %) Gender segregation, horizontally - Women dominate in the public sector, in education, health and social work - Men dominate in the private sector, manufacturing and finance Gender segregation vertically - Women underrepresented in management positions A gender wage gap Compressed wage structure 2

The Norwegian context: Work-family policies Aims A dual-earner/dual-carer family model Facilitate mothers employment More active fathering practices

subsidised childcare A generous parental leave scheme, including a father s quota A cash-for-childcare scheme Right to reduced work hours for welfare reasons

3 The Norwegian context: Work-family policies Aims A dual-earner/dual-carer family model Facilitate mothers employment More active fathering practices Beneficial for fathers and children Encourage women s labour force participation Choice and flexibility Measures Affordable and high-quality publicly subsidised childcare A generous parental leave scheme, including a father s quota A cash-for-childcare scheme Right to reduced work hours for welfare reasons A commission to study male roles appointed in Headed by Jens Stoltenberg (Secretary General of NATO) A woman friendly welfare state? A father friendly welfare state? 3

4 100 % In your opinion, which family model is the best one? 90 % 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0 % Gender equal Her jobb less demanding Male breadwinner Don't know Gender equal: Both partners have equally demanding jobs and share housework and childcare equally between them. Gender equal light: Her job is less demanding than his, she has the main responsibility for housework and childcare. Male breadwinner: Only he has paid work, she is responsible for housework and childcare. Source: Ipsos Public Affairs

5 Employment and labour force participation among women and men years % Labour force, men Employed, men Labour force, women Employed, women Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Norway

6 Contractual work hours among employed men and women in different age groups, 2015 (percent) Men Women years years years years years years years years years years years 0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % years years years years years years years years years years years 0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % Part time, short Part time, long Full time - 39 hours Full time hours Full time 45 hours + Part time, short Part time, long Full time - 39 hours Full time hours Full time 45 hours + Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Norway

7 Contractual work hours among men and women years. 100 % Men Women 90 % 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0 % Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Norway

8 Students in tertiary education in Norway by sex and field of education, 2015 Health, welfare and sport Education Social sciences and law Humanities and arts Business and administration Primary industries Natural sciences, vocational and technical Transport and communications, safety etc. General programmes Unspecified field of study All 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 % Men Women Source: Adult education, Statistics Norway

9 Employed men and women by occupation, 2015 (percent.) Men Women Mangers 9 6 Professionals Technicians and associate professionals Clerical support workers 4 8 Service and sales workers Agricultural. Forestry and fishery workers 3 1 Craft and related trade workers 17 1 Plant and machine operators and assemblers 11 2 Other occupations 5 6 Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Norway

10 Gender wage gap: Monthly wages, women and men. Full-time equivalents, 2015 (NOK). ALL EDUCATION Primary education Upper secondary University, undergraduate University, graduate SECTOR Private Public, health enterprise Public, municipalities Public, central government Women Men Source: Wage statistics, Statistics Norway

11 Percentage of women and men in boards and executive committees in the 100 largest companies in Norway, BOARDS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES Total Cief Executive Officers Line positions Staff positions 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 % Women Men Source: Norwegian Gender Balance Scoregard

12 Labour force participation among married/cohabiting mothers with children in different age groups Source: Labour Force Survey, Statistics Norway

13 Percentage of children in kindergarten in different age groups years 4 years 3 years 2 years 1 year 0 years Source: Children in kindergarten, Statistics Norway

14 Labour force participation among married/cohabiting mothers and kindergarten attendance among young children % Labour force, children 0-2 Labour force, children 3-6 Kindergarten 1-2 Kindergarten 3-5 Source: Labour Force Survey and Children in kindergarten, Statistics Norway

15 Parental leave in Norway, maximum number of weeks (80% wage compensation) Mother, before delivery Mother, after delivery Common, can be shared Father

16 The cash-for childcare benefit in Norway Year Age of eligible children (months) Benefit per month (No day care) months NOK months NOK months NOK months NOK months NOK months NOK months NOK months NOK months NOK

Five time use surveys conducted by Statistics Norway: 1971-72 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2010-11 Diaries and interviews Samples of individuals, not

17 Five time use surveys conducted by Statistics Norway: Diaries and interviews Samples of individuals, not couples or households Each participant keep a diary for two consecutive days The days spread evenly throughout the year Activities coded by a professional team

18 Data: Time-use surveys based on diaries 18

19 Some characteristics of the Norwegian time use surveys Age group Net sample, days 7,075 6,600 6,174 6,801 7,932 Response rate, % Time intervals, diary 15 minutes 15 minutes 15 minutes 10 minutes 10 minutes Number of days, diary 2/ Interviews 2, visits 2, visits 2, visits 2 (visit/ telephone) CAPTURED IN THE DIARY Main activity X X X X X Secondary activity X X (only day 2) X X Where/travelling X X X X X Time with other people X X X X Time alone X X X Time in local community X X Looking after children/ill X 1,telephone

Five main activity categories: Paid work (including travelling time) Unpaid work Education Personal activities (sleep, meals, personal care) Leisure Other Unpaid work: Core housework (food

20 Five main activity categories: Paid work (including travelling time) Unpaid work Education Personal activities (sleep, meals, personal care) Leisure Other Unpaid work: Core housework (food preparation, dish washing, housecleaning, washing clothes) Active childcare (caring for children, help with home work, playing with children, escorting them) Maintenance work (remodelling, construction, care of garden and property, care of pets) Purchase of goods and services (purchase of grocery and goods, medical treatment, visit to public offices) Other (purchase of grocery and goods, medical treatment, visit to public offices) 20

21 Time spent on various activities among men and women years (average per day). 100 % 90 % 80 % Men Women 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % Other Leisure Personal Education Unpaid work Paid work 10 % 0 % Source: Time Use Surveys, Statistics Norway

22 Time spent on unpaid work among men and women in different age groups (average per day, minutes). Men Women Source: Time Use Surveys, Statistics Norway

23 Time spent on paid work and family work among fathers and mothers with children 0-14 years (average per day, minutes). Fathers Mothers Source: Time Use Surveys, Statistics Norway

24 Time spent on various types of household work among married/cohabiting fathers and mothers with children 0-14 years (average per day, minutes). Fathers Mothers Source: Time Use Surveys, Statistics Norway 24

25 Core housework among fathers and mothers with children 0-14 years of age. Average time spent by all, percentage who performed the activity, and average time spent by those who performed the activity (hours and minutes). Average, Fathers Mothers all Percentage performers Average, performers Source: Time Use Surveys, Statistics Norway 25

26 Time spent on paid and unpaid work work among married/cohabiting fathers and mothers with children in different age groups (average per day, hours and minutes). Fathers Mothers Children 0-2 years Paid work Unpaid work Children 3-6 years Paid work Unpaid work Children 7-14 years Paid work Unpaid work Source: Time Use Surveys, Statistics Norway

27 Time spent on paid and unpaid work work among married/cohabiting fathers and mothers with children 0-14 years on weekdays and weekends (average per day, hours and minutes). Fathers Mothers Weekdays Paid work Unpaid work Weekends Paid work Unpaid work Source: Time Use Surveys, Statistics Norway

28 Does the presence of small children impact men s time use? Results from OLS-regressions of time spent on paid work. Fathers and mothers with children 0-19 years, (minutes per day). Fathers Mothers Age of youngest child 0-1 years years years years Ref years Controls: Number of children, age of youngest child, day of week. Red=statistically significant at 0.05-level Source: Time Use Surveys, Statistics Norway 28

29 Results from OLS-regressions of time spent on unpaid work. Fathers and mothers with children 0-19 years, (minutes per day). Fathers Mothers Age of youngest child 0-1 years years years years Ref years Controls: Number of children, age of youngest child, day of week. Red=statistically significant at 0.05-level. Source: Time Use Surveys, Statistics Norway 29

30 Does full-time work entail a double burden for mothers? Total workload among parents with children in different age groups (average per day, hours and minutes). Children 0-6 years Children 7-19 years Fathers Mothers Fathers Mothers Paid work Unpaid work Education Total workload 1 (paid work, unpaid work, education) Total workload 2 (total workload 1 + secondary activities) Total workload 3 (total workload 1 + time with children) N (days) Source: Time Use Surveys, Statistics Norway

31 Results from OLS regressions of the effect of gender on total workload (minutes per day). (Reference: Mothers) Children 0-6 years Both full time He full time, she part time He full time, she not employed Other Total workload Total workload Total workload Children 7-19 years Total workload ,50 Total workload Total workload N (days) 0-6 years N (days) 7-19 years Controls: Number of children, age of youngest child, day of week. Red=statistically significant at 0.05-level Source: Time Use Surveys, Statistics Norway

A typology of dual-earner couples in Norway Neo-traditional (24%) She works part time He works full time, often long hours She is main responsible for housework and childcare He is responsible for

responsible for maintenance work Generalized Gender Equal (24%) Both partners work full time, seldom long hours Housework and childcare shared almost equally, no specialization of tasks He is

32 A typology of dual-earner couples in Norway Neo-traditional (24%) She works part time He works full time, often long hours She is main responsible for housework and childcare He is responsible for maintenance work Gender-Equal Light (35%) She works part time or full time (not long hours) He works full time, often long hours She is main responsible for housework, childcare shared equally He is responsible for maintenance work Generalized Gender Equal (24%) Both partners work full time, seldom long hours Housework and childcare shared almost equally, no specialization of tasks He is responsible for maintenance work Specialized Gender Equal (18%) She works full time, sometimes long hours He works full time, sometimes long hours Housework and childcare shared almost equally, the partners specialize in different tasks He is responsible for the maintenance work Source: Norwegian Generations and Gender survey Multinomial latent class model. Kitterød, R. H. and Lappegård, T (2012): Family Relations 61:

Gender equality in Norway: Challenges for the future In spite of high female employment rates, women still spend less time in the labour market and more time on family work than men.

33 Gender equality in Norway: Challenges for the future In spite of high female employment rates, women still spend less time in the labour market and more time on family work than men. Low employment rates among some groups of immigrant women. Gender segregated labour market and educational choices Women underrepresented in corporate management positions. The welfare state paradox? Women more often than men withdraw from high-commitment careers when children arrive. The arrival of children still impacts women s wages more than men s. Many couples share paid and unpaid equally. Still, in 50 percent of the couples, the male partner spends most time in the labour market. The reverse pattern is rare. Still gender-equality light in Norway?

Unpaid work of older adults in OECD countries

Unpaid work of older adults in OECD countries Veerle Miranda OECD Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs Social Situation Observatory, 29 novembre 211 TIME USE IN OECD COUNTRIES Data sources